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Xie Z, Huang L, Enkhjargal B, Reis C, Wan W, Tang J, Cheng Y, Zhang JH. Recombinant Netrin-1 binding UNC5B receptor attenuates neuroinflammation and brain injury via PPARγ/NFκB signaling pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:190-202. [PMID: 29162556 PMCID: PMC5894358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an essential mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced brain injury. Recently, Netrin-1 (NTN-1) is well established to exert anti-inflammatory property in non-nervous system diseases through inhibiting infiltration of neutrophil. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of NTN-1 on neuroinflammation, and the potential mechanism in a rat model of SAH. Two hundred and ninety-four male Sprague Dawley rats (weight 280-330 g) were subjected to the endovascular perforation model of SAH. Recombinant human NTN-1 (rh-NTN-1) was administered intravenously. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of NTN-1 and UNC5B, and a selective PPARγ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) were applied. Post-SAH evaluations included neurobehavioral function, brain water content, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that endogenous NTN-1 and its receptor UNC5B level were increased after SAH. Administration of rh-NTN-1 reduced brain edema, ameliorated neurological impairments, and suppressed microglia activation after SAH, which were concomitant with PPARγ activation, inhibition of NFκB, and decrease in TNF-α, IL-6, and ICAM-1, as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO). Knockdown of endogenous NTN-1 increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and MPO, and aggravated neuroinflammation and brain edema. Moreover, knockdown of UNC5B using specific siRNA and inhibition of PPARγ with BADGE blocked the protective effects of rh-NTN-1. In conclusion, our findings indicated that exogenous rh-NTN-1 treatment attenuated neuroinflammation and neurological impairments through inhibiting microglia activation after SAH in rats, which is possibly mediated by UNC5B/PPARγ/NFκB signaling pathway. Exogenous NTN-1 may be a novel therapeutic agent to ameliorating early brain injury via its anti-inflammation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Weifeng Wan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA,Corresponding author: John H. Zhang, MD, PhD, Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus St, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. Tel: 909-558-4723; Fax: 909-558-0119; , Yuan Cheng, MD, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China. Tel: +8623-63693539; Fax: +8623-63693871;
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152
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Zhang Y, Xu D, Qi H, Yuan Y, Liu H, Yao S, Yuan S, Zhang J. Enriched environment promotes post-stroke neurogenesis through NF-κB-mediated secretion of IL-17A from astrocytes. Brain Res 2018; 1687:20-31. [PMID: 29481794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enriched environment (EE) has been shown to promote post-stroke neurogenesis and functional recovery. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remains poorly understood. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion, after which mice were housed in either standard environment (SE) or EE. We found that post-ischemic EE exhibited reduced protein level of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/p65 in cytoplasm and increased its expression correspondingly in nucleus at 28 days post-ischemia (dpi). However, post-ischemic EE had no effects on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in ischemic hemisphere at 28dpi. EE mice treated with NF-kB inhibitor Bay11-7082 had decreased subventricular zone (SVZ) neural precursor cells (NPCs) proliferation, neuronal differentiation and subsequent functional recovery after stroke at 28dpi. Bay11-7082 treatment attenuated the promoting effects of post-ischemic EE on interleukin 17A (IL-17A) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression at 28dpi. Furthermore, our in vitro data revealed that in primary astrocyte cultures addition of Bay11-7082 markedly decreased the expression of IL-17A in both the cell lysate and culture supernatant of activated astrocytes. Blockade of IL-17A with neutralizing antibody abrogated the promoting role of EE in NPCs proliferation derived from SVZ, neuronal differentiation and subsequent functional recovery after stroke. Thus, our results reveal a previously uncharacterized property of NF-κB/IL-17A signaling pathway in EE-mediated neurogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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153
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Hernandes MS, Lassègue B, Hilenski LL, Adams J, Gao N, Kuan CY, Sun YY, Cheng L, Kikuchi DS, Yepes M, Griendling KK. Polymerase delta-interacting protein 2 deficiency protects against blood-brain barrier permeability in the ischemic brain. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:45. [PMID: 29452577 PMCID: PMC5816395 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) is a multifunctional protein that regulates vascular extracellular matrix composition and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic system assembled by endothelial cells, basal lamina, and perivascular astrocytes, raising the possibility that Poldip2 may be involved in maintaining its structure. We investigated the role of Poldip2 in the late BBB permeability induced by cerebral ischemia. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced in Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/- mice. The volume of the ischemic lesion was measured in triphenyltetrazolium chloride-stained sections. BBB breakdown was evaluated by Evans blue dye extravasation. Poldip2 protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. RT-PCR, zymography, and ELISAs were used to measure mRNA levels, activity, and protein levels of cytokines and MMPs. Cultured astrocytes were transfected with Poldip2 siRNA, and mRNA levels of cytokines were evaluated as well as IκBα protein degradation. RESULTS Cerebral ischemia induced the expression of Poldip2. Compared to Poldip2+/+ mice, Poldip2+/- animals exhibited decreased Evans blue dye extravasation and improved survival 24 h following stroke. Poldip2 expression was upregulated in astrocytes exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and siRNA-mediated downregulation of Poldip2 abrogated OGD-induced IL-6 and TNF-α expression. In addition, siRNA against Poldip2 inhibited TNF-α-induced IκBα degradation. TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, VEGF, and MMP expression induced by cerebral ischemia was abrogated in Poldip2+/- mice. The protective effect of Poldip2 depletion on the increased permeability of the BBB was partially reversed by systemic administration of TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Poldip2 is upregulated following ischemic stroke and mediates the breakdown of the BBB by increasing cerebral cytokine production and MMP activation. Therefore, Poldip2 appears to be a promising novel target for the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of cerebral edema in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lula L Hilenski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ning Gao
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel S Kikuchi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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154
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Zhao H, Wan L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Qiu S. FasL incapacitation alleviates CD4 + T cells-induced brain injury through remodeling of microglia polarization in mouse ischemic stroke. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:36-44. [PMID: 29395324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation responses involving the crosstalk between infiltrated T cells and microglia play crucial roles in ischemia stroke. Recent studies showed that Fas ligand (FasL) mutation could reduce post-stroke T cell invasion and microglia activation. In this study, we demonstrated that CD4+ T cells could induce M1 microglia polarization through NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas FasL mutant CD4+ T cells significantly reversed this effect. Besides, Th17/Treg cells balance was skewed into Treg cells after FasL mutation. In addition, conditioned medium from co-culture of FasL mutant CD4+ T cells and microglia could alleviate neuronal injury. Collectively, FasL incapacitation could alleviate CD4+ T cells-induced inflammation through remodeling microglia polarization, suggesting a therapeutic potential for control of inflammation responses after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lihua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Shuwei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
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155
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Boddaert J, Bielen K, ’s Jongers B, Manocha E, Yperzeele L, Cras P, Pirici D, Kumar-Singh S. CD8 signaling in microglia/macrophage M1 polarization in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0186937. [PMID: 29342151 PMCID: PMC5771556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical or M1 activity of microglia/macrophages has been described in several neurodegenerative and brain inflammatory conditions and has also been linked to expansion of ischemic injury in post-stroke brain. While different pathways of M1 polarization have been suggested to occur in the post-stroke brain, the precise underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model, we showed a progressive M2 to M1 polarization in the perilesional brain region with M1 cells becoming one of the dominant subsets by day 4 post-stroke. Comparing key receptors involved in M1 polarization (CD8, IFNγR, Clec4, FcγR, TLR3 and TLR4) and their signal transducers (Syk, Stat1, Irf3, and Traf6) at the day 4 time point, we showed a strong upregulation of CD8 along with SYK transducer in dissected perilesional brain tissue. We further showed that CD8 expression in the post-stroke brain was associated with activated (CD68+) macrophages and that progressive accumulation of CD8+CD68+ cells in the post-stroke brain coincided with increased iNOS (M1 marker) and reduced Arg1 (M2 marker) expression on these cells. In vitro ligand-based stimulation of the CD8 receptor caused increased iNOS expression and an enhanced capacity to phagocytose E. coli particles; and interestingly, CD8 stimulation was also able to repolarize IL4-treated M2 cells to an M1 phenotype. Our data suggest that increased CD8 signaling in the post-stroke brain is primarily associated with microglia/macrophages and can independently drive M1 polarization, and that modulation of CD8 signaling could be a potential target to limit secondary post-stroke brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Boddaert
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenny Bielen
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bart ’s Jongers
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ekta Manocha
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Yperzeele
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Cras
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Edegem, Belgium
- Translational Neuroscience – Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pirici
- Department of Research Methodology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Molecular Pathology Group, Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Translational Neuroscience – Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium
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156
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Kapoor M, Sharma N, Sandhir R, Nehru B. Effect of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on ischemia-reperfusion hippocampus injury in rat brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:458-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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157
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Wang Y, Ruan W, Mi J, Xu J, Wang H, Cao Z, Saavedra JM, Zhang L, Lin H, Pang T. Balasubramide derivative 3C modulates microglia activation via CaMKKβ-dependent AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in neuroinflammatory conditions. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:101-117. [PMID: 28803158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathological process of cerebral ischemic stroke, but currently there is no effective treatment. After ischemia, microglia-produced proinflammatory mediator expression contributes to the aggravation of neuroinflammation, while anti-inflammatory activation of microglia develops an anti-neuroinflammatory effect via secretion of anti-inflammatory factor. Promoting the anti-inflammatory activation of microglia might be an effective treatment of stroke. Previously, we discovered one derivative of the natural product (+)-balasubramide, compound 3C, that exhibits a remarkably anti-neuroinflammatory effect in vitro with unknown mechanisms. Thus in this study, we aimed to clarify its molecular mechanisms and determine whether compound 3C has a neuroprotective effect after ischemia via regulation on microglial inflammation. We found that compound 3C promoted the anti-inflammatory mediator expression and reduced the proinflammatory mediator expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells and mouse primary microglia cells, which were reversed by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition or AMPK upstream calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKβ) inhibition. Compound 3C also prevented LPS-stimulated JNK activation and enhanced PGC-1α activation in microglia, which was attenuated by AMPK inhibition. Additionally, compound 3C ameliorated depressive behaviors in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mice by promoting the anti-inflammatory activation of microglia. Furthermore, we found that compound 3C markedly reduced brain infarct volume, improved the neurological deficit in rats with ischemia and reduced the activated microglia/macrophage cells in the ischemic area, which concomitantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory mediator expression. A mechanistic study showed that the compound 3C-mediated activation of CaMKKβ, AMPK and PGC-1α is involved in the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of 3C in the brain of LPS-treated mice and ischemic rats. Taken together, our results show that compound 3C could suppress neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo by modulating microglial activation state through the CaMKKβ-dependent AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway, and maybe further be developed as a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of brain disorders such as stroke associated with brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenchen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Junru Mi
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jingzi Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, WA, DC 20057, USA
| | - Luyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hansen Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, WA, DC 20057, USA.
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158
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Wang Y, Wang R, Shi L, Liu S, Liu Z, Song F, Liu Z. Systematic studies on the in vivo substance basis and the pharmacological mechanism of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms leaves by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS coupled with a target-network method. Food Funct 2018; 9:6555-6565. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Acanthopanax Senticosus Harms (ASL) can be used as a food ingredient and also as raw materials for making tea and wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Rongjin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Liqiang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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159
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Hexahydrocurcumin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, attenuates inflammation, and improves antioxidant defenses in a rat stroke model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189211. [PMID: 29220411 PMCID: PMC5722321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether hexahydrocurcumin (HHC) attenuates brain damage and improves functional outcome via the activation of antioxidative activities, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In this study, rats with cerebral I/R injury were induced by a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h, followed by reperfusion. The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, including the sham-operated, vehicle-treated, 10 mg/kg HHC-treated, 20 mg/kg HHC-treated, and 40 mg/kg HHC-treated I/R groups. The animals were immediately injected with HHC by an intraperitoneal administration at the onset of cerebral reperfusion. After 24 h of reperfusion, the rats were tested for neurological deficits, and the pathology of the brain was studied by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. In addition, the brain tissues were prepared for protein extraction for Western blot analysis, a malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, a nitric oxide (NO) assay, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay, a glutathione (GSH) assay, and a glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) assay. The data revealed that the neurological deficit scores and the infarct volume were significantly reduced in the HHC-treated rats at all doses compared to the vehicle group. Treatment with HHC significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation, with a decreased level of MDA and NO and a decreased expression of NF-κB (p65) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the I/R rats. HHC also evidently increased Nrf2 (nucleus) protein expression, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression, the antioxidative enzymes, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Moreover, the HHC treatment also significantly decreased apoptosis, with a decrease in Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and an increase in Bcl-XL, which was in accordance with a decrease in the apoptotic neuronal cells. Therefore, the HHC treatment protects the brain from cerebral I/R injury by diminishing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The antioxidant properties of HHC may play an important role in improving functional outcomes and may offer significant neuroprotection against I/R damage.
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160
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Liu X, Zhang X, Wang F, Liang X, Zeng Z, Zhao J, Zheng H, Jiang X, Zhang Y. Improvement in cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway after Kudiezi injection in rats. Life Sci 2017; 191:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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161
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Wu G, McBride DW, Zhang JH. Axl activation attenuates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway after MCAO in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:59-67. [PMID: 29196212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke activates Toll-like receptors (TLRs), triggering rapid inflammatory cytokine production. Axl signaling has multiple roles, including regulating cytokine secretion, clearing apoptotic cells, and maintaining cell survival, however, its role in inflammation after ischemic stroke has not been examined. We hypothesized that activation of Axl by recombinant Growth-arrest-specific protein 6 (rGas6) attenuates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. METH: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2h of MCAO. One hour after reperfusion, the rats were given an intranasal injection of rGas6, vehicle, or R428 (Axl receptor inhibitor). Neurological scores, infarct volumes, immunofluorescence staining, Morris Water Maze, rotarod test and histology alterations were analyzed. The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Gas6, Axl, STAT1, SOCS1, SOCS3 and the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway were quantified using Western blot. RESULTS Endogenous expressions of Gas6 and Axl decreased significantly by 24h after MCAO. rGas6 reduced brain infarction and improved neurologic deficits scores, and increased expression of Axl and decreased the expressions of TRAF3, TRAF6 and inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Four weeks after MCAO, rGas6 improved long-term neurological behavior and memory. Inhibition of the Axl/TLR/TRAF/NF-κB pathway reversed the brain protection by rGas6. CONCLUSION rGas6 reduced the neurological deficits by inhibiting neuroinflammation via the TLR/TRAF/NF-κB signaling pathway. rGas6 can be used as potential treatment to ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Wu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Devin W McBride
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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162
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Jin R, Xiao AY, Chen R, Granger DN, Li G. Inhibition of CD147 (Cluster of Differentiation 147) Ameliorates Acute Ischemic Stroke in Mice by Reducing Thromboinflammation. Stroke 2017; 48:3356-3365. [PMID: 29114092 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.018839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation and thrombosis currently are recognized as critical contributors to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. CD147 (cluster of differentiation 147), also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, can function as a key mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. CD147 expression is increased in the brain after cerebral ischemia, but its role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke remains unknown. In this study, we show that CD147 acts as a key player in ischemic stroke by driving thrombotic and inflammatory responses. METHODS Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in C57BL/6 mice by a 60-minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals were treated with anti-CD147 function-blocking antibody (αCD147) or isotype control antibody. Blood-brain barrier permeability, thrombus formation, and microvascular patency were assessed 24 hours after ischemia. Infarct size, neurological deficits, and inflammatory cells invaded in the brain were assessed 72 hours after ischemia. RESULTS CD147 expression was rapidly increased in ischemic brain endothelium after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Inhibition of CD147 reduced infarct size and improved functional outcome on day 3 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neuroprotective effects were associated with (1) prevented blood-brain barrier damage, (2) decreased intravascular fibrin and platelet deposition, which in turn reduced thrombosis and increased cerebral perfusion, and (3) reduced brain inflammatory cell infiltration. The underlying mechanism may include reduced NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation, MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) activity, and PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of CD147 ameliorates acute ischemic stroke by reducing thromboinflammation. CD147 might represent a novel and promising therapeutic target for ischemic stroke and possibly other thromboinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey (R.J., G.L.); and Department of Neurosurgery (R.C., R.J., G.L.) and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L., D.N.G.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Adam Y Xiao
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey (R.J., G.L.); and Department of Neurosurgery (R.C., R.J., G.L.) and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L., D.N.G.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Rui Chen
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey (R.J., G.L.); and Department of Neurosurgery (R.C., R.J., G.L.) and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L., D.N.G.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - D Neil Granger
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey (R.J., G.L.); and Department of Neurosurgery (R.C., R.J., G.L.) and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L., D.N.G.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Guohong Li
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey (R.J., G.L.); and Department of Neurosurgery (R.C., R.J., G.L.) and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L., D.N.G.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport.
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163
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Jiang J, Luo Y, Qin W, Ma H, Li Q, Zhan J, Zhang Y. Electroacupuncture Suppresses the NF-κB Signaling Pathway by Upregulating Cylindromatosis to Alleviate Inflammatory Injury in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:363. [PMID: 29163038 PMCID: PMC5681846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) may reduce inflammatory injury by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway activation after ischemic stroke. Thus, we explored temporal and spatial expression of cylindromatosis (CYLD), a negative feedback inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, to learn whether CYLD is essential for EA and reduction of inflammatory injury after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and CYLD gene interference was used to investigate a potential role of neuroprotection. Rats were treated with EA (1 mA, 20 Hz for 5 min, 2 Hz for 30 min) at Baihui (GV 20), Hegu (LI 4) and Taichong (LR 3) acupoints, once daily, beginning 2 h after focal cerebral ischemia. Microglial activation and co-expression of CYLD and NF-κB were measured with immunofluorescence. Neuronal CX3CL1 expression was assayed to investigate the role of EA in the interaction between neurons and microglia via upregulation of CYLD. Then, CYLD, NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα protein expression was measured with Western blot. CYLD was mainly expressed in neurons of the peri-ischemic area after MCAO/R in rats and EA upregulated CYLD mRNA and protein from 24 to 72 h after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, CYLD overexpression was positively correlated to neurobehavior and negatively connected with infarct volume and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). Upregulation of CYLD by EA prevented NF-κB nuclear translocation and inhibition of neuronal CX3CL1 expression, which repressed activation of microglia. Finally, CYLD silencing significantly weakened suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway by EA. In conclusion, upregulation of CYLD may underlie how EA could alleviate inflammatory injury after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiongli Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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164
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Fan LF, He PY, Peng YC, Du QH, Ma YJ, Jin JX, Xu HZ, Li JR, Wang ZJ, Cao SL, Li T, Yan F, Gu C, Wang L, Chen G. Mdivi-1 ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage via the suppression of inflammation-related blood-brain barrier disruption and endoplasmic reticulum stress-based apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:336-349. [PMID: 28790012 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant modulation of mitochondrial dynamic network, which shifts the balance of fusion and fission towards fission, is involved in brain damage of various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. A recent research has shown that the inhibition of mitochondrial fission alleviates early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained to be elucidated. This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of the inhibition of dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1, a dominator of mitochondrial fission) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neuronal apoptosis following SAH and the potential mechanisms. The endovascular perforation model of SAH was performed in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The results indicated Mdivi-1(a selective Drp1 inhibitor) reversed the morphologic changes of mitochondria and Drp1 translocation, reduced ROS levels, ameliorated the BBB disruption and brain edema remarkably, decreased the expression of MMP-9 and prevented degradation of tight junction proteins-occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1. Mdivi-1 administration also inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), leading to decreased expressions of TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and IL-1ß. Moreover, Mdivi-1 treatment attenuated neuronal cell death and improved neurological outcome. To investigate the underlying mechanisms further, we determined that Mdivi-1 reduced p-PERK, p-eIF2α, CHOP, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression as well as increased Bcl-2 expression. Rotenone (a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial complexes I) abolished both the anti-BBB disruption and anti-apoptosis effects of Mdivi-1. In conclusion, these data implied that excessive mitochondrial fission might inhibit mitochondrial complex I to become a cause of oxidative stress in SAH, and the inhibition of Drp1 by Mdivi-1 attenuated early brain injury after SAH probably via the suppression of inflammation-related blood-brain barrier disruption and endoplasmic reticulum stress-based apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping-You He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hua Du
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yi-Jun Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | | | - Hang-Zhe Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Long Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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165
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Weyel XMM, Fichte MAH, Heckel A. A Two-Photon-Photocleavable Linker for Triggering Light-Induced Strand Breaks in Oligonucleotides. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2183-2190. [PMID: 28678467 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a two-photon-sensitive photocleavable linker based on the 7-diethylaminocoumarin structure and introduced it successfully into DNA strands. First, we demonstrated the inducibility of strand scissions upon irradiation at 365 nm. To verify and visualize the two-photon activity, we used a fluorescence assay based on a DNA strand displacement immobilized in a hydrogel. Additionally, we investigated its use in a new class of DNA decoys that are able to catch and release nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by using light as an external trigger signal. In cell culture we were able to show the regulation of NF-κB-controlled transcription of green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia M M Weyel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manuela A H Fichte
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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166
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Mo Y, Guo R, Zhang Y, Xue W, Cheng B, Zhang Y. Controlled Dual Delivery of Angiogenin and Curcumin by Electrospun Nanofibers for Skin Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:597-608. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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167
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Zhao H, Chen Z, Xie LJ, Liu GF. Suppression of TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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168
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Wu R, Li X, Xu P, Huang L, Cheng J, Huang X, Jiang J, Wu LJ, Tang Y. TREM2 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Brain 2017; 10:20. [PMID: 28592261 PMCID: PMC5461720 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although post-ischemic inflammation induced by the innate immune response is considered an essential step in the progression of cerebral ischemia injury, the role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels of TREM2 were increased in cultured primary microglia after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation and in the ischemic penumbra of the cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion in mice. TREM2 was mainly expressed in microglia, but not in astrocytes, neurons, or oligodendrocytes in mice subjected to MCAO. Manipulating TREM2 expression levels in vitro and in vivo significantly regulated the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators after ischemic stroke. TREM2 overexpression markedly suppressed the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. By contrast, TREM2 gene silencing intensified the inflammatory response, increased neuronal apoptosis and infarct volume, and further exacerbated neurological dysfunction. Our study demonstrated that TREM2 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through the aspect of post-ischemic inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. Pharmacological targeting of TREM2 to suppress the inflammatory response may provide a new approach for developing therapeutic strategies in the treatment of ischemic stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiangpen Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Likui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jingru Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 107, Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China. .,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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169
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Xu S, Zhong A, Ma H, Li D, Hu Y, Xu Y, Zhang J. Neuroprotective effect of salvianolic acid B against cerebral ischemic injury in rats via the CD40/NF-κB pathway associated with suppression of platelets activation and neuroinflammation. Brain Res 2017; 1661:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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170
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Zeng WX, Han YL, Zhu GF, Huang LQ, Deng YY, Wang QS, Jiang WQ, Wen MY, Han QP, Xie D, Zeng HK. Hypertonic saline attenuates expression of Notch signaling and proinflammatory mediators in activated microglia in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia and hypoxic BV-2 microglia. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:32. [PMID: 28288585 PMCID: PMC5348816 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is a major disease that threatens human health in ageing population. Increasing evidence has shown that neuroinflammatory mediators play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia injury. Notch signaling is recognized as the cell fate signaling but recent evidence indicates that it may be involved in the inflammatory response in activated microglia in cerebral ischemia. Previous report in our group demonstrated hypertonic saline (HS) could reduce the release of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in activated microglia, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms have remained uncertain. This study was aimed to explore whether HS would partake in regulating production of proinflammatory mediators through Notch signaling. Results HS markedly attenuated the expression of Notch-1, NICD, RBP-JK and Hes-1 in activated microglia both in vivo and in vitro. Remarkably, HS also reduced the expression of iNOS in vivo, while the in vitro levels of inflammatory mediators Phos-NF-κB, iNOS and ROS were reduced by HS as well. Conclusion Our results suggest that HS may suppress of inflammatory mediators following ischemia/hypoxic through the Notch signaling which operates synergistically with NF-κB pathway in activated microglia. Our study has provided the morphological and biochemical evidence that HS can attenuate inflammation reaction and can be neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia, thus supporting the use of hypertonic saline by clinicians in patients with an ischemia stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-017-0351-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Zeng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Li Han
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gao-Feng Zhu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Qiang Huang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yu Deng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Sheng Wang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiang Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Yun Wen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Peng Han
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ke Zeng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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171
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Song L, Pei L, Yao S, Wu Y, Shang Y. NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neurological Diseases, from Functions to Therapies. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:63. [PMID: 28337127 PMCID: PMC5343070 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been identified as a causative factor of multiple neurological diseases. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a subcellular multiprotein complex that is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), can sense and be activated by a wide range of exogenous and endogenous stimuli such as microbes, aggregated and misfolded proteins, and adenosine triphosphate, which results in activation of caspase-1. Activated caspase-1 subsequently leads to the processing of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediates rapid cell death. IL-1β and IL-18 drive inflammatory responses through diverse downstream signaling pathways, leading to neuronal damage. Thus, the NLRP3 inflammasome is considered a key contributor to the development of neuroinflammation. In this review article, we briefly discuss the structure and activation the NLRP3 inflammasome and address the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in several neurological disorders, such as brain infection, acute brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we review a series of promising therapeutic approaches that target the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling including anti-IL-1 therapy, small molecule NLRP3 inhibitors and other compounds, however, these approaches are still experimental in neurological diseases. At present, it is plausible to generate cell-specific conditional NLRP3 knockout (KO) mice via the Cre system to investigate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be instrumental in the development of novel pharmacologic investigations for neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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Sapkota A, Gaire BP, Cho KS, Jeon SJ, Kwon OW, Jang DS, Kim SY, Ryu JH, Choi JW. Eupatilin exerts neuroprotective effects in mice with transient focal cerebral ischemia by reducing microglial activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171479. [PMID: 28178289 PMCID: PMC5298292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation and its-driven neuroinflammation are characteristic pathogenetic features of neurodiseases, including focal cerebral ischemia. The Artemisia asiatica (Asteraceae) extract and its active component, eupatilin, are well-known to reduce inflammatory responses. But the therapeutic potential of eupatilin against focal cerebral ischemia is not known, along with its anti-inflammatory activities on activated microglia. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of eupatilin on focal cerebral ischemia through its anti-inflammation, particularly on activated microglia, employing a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO), combined with lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia. Eupatilin exerted anti-inflammatory responses in activated BV2 microglia, in which it reduced secretion of well-known inflammatory markers, including nitrite, IL-6, TNF-α, and PGE2, in a concentration-dependent manner. These observed in vitro effects of eupatilin led to in vivo neuroprotection against focal cerebral ischemia. Oral administration of eupatilin (10 mg/kg) in a therapeutic paradigm significantly reduced brain infarction and improved neurological functions in tMCAO-challenged mice. The same benefit was also observed when eupatilin was given even within 5 hours after MCAO induction. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of a single administration of eupatilin (10 mg/kg) immediately after tMCAO challenge persisted up to 3 days after tMCAO. Eupatilin administration reduced the number of Iba1-immunopositive cells across ischemic brain and induced their morphological changes from amoeboid into ramified in the ischemic core, which was accompanied with reduced microglial proliferation in ischemic brain. Eupatilin suppressed NF-κB signaling activities in ischemic brain by reducing IKKα/β phosphorylation, IκBα phosphorylation, and IκBα degradation. Overall, these data indicate that eupatilin is a neuroprotective agent against focal cerebral ischemia through the reduction of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sapkota
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Suk Cho
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Wook Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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173
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Fann DYW, Ng GYQ, Poh L, Arumugam TV. Positive effects of intermittent fasting in ischemic stroke. Exp Gerontol 2017; 89:93-102. [PMID: 28115234 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary protocol where energy restriction is induced by alternate periods of ad libitum feeding and fasting. Prophylactic intermittent fasting has been shown to extend lifespan and attenuate the progress and severity of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular (e.g. stroke and myocardial infarction), neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and cancerous diseases in animal models. Stroke is the second leading cause of death, and lifestyle risk factors such as obesity and physical inactivity have been associated with elevated risks of stroke in humans. Recent studies have shown that prophylactic IF may mitigate tissue damage and neurological deficit following ischemic stroke by a mechanism(s) involving suppression of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death pathways in animal stroke models. This review summarizes data supporting the potential hormesis mechanisms of prophylactic IF in animal models, and with a focus on findings from animal studies of prophylactic IF in stroke in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yang-Wei Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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174
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Neuroprotective and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of CSP-1103 in Primary Cortical Neurons Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010184. [PMID: 28106772 PMCID: PMC5297816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CSP-1103 (formerly CHF5074) has been shown to reverse memory impairment and reduce amyloid plaque as well as inflammatory microglia activation in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, it was found to improve cognition and reduce brain inflammation in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Recent evidence suggests that CSP-1103 acts through a single molecular target, the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD), a transcriptional regulator implicated in inflammation and apoptosis. We here tested the possible anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activity of CSP-1103 in a cell-based model of post-ischemic injury, wherein the primary mouse cortical neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). When added after OGD, CSP-1103 prevented the apoptosis cascade by reducing cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation and the secondary necrosis. Additionally, CSP-1103 limited earlier activation of p38 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. These results demonstrate that CSP-1103 is neuroprotective in a model of post-ischemic brain injury and provide further mechanistic insights as regards its ability to reduce apoptosis and potential production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, these findings suggest a potential use of CSP-1103 for the treatment of brain ischemia.
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175
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Daphnetin Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice via Inhibition of TLR4/NF- κB Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2816056. [PMID: 28119924 PMCID: PMC5227117 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2816056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidences indicate that immune-mediated mechanisms contribute to the development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Daphnetin (DAP) is a coumarin derivative extracted from Daphne odora var., which displays anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of DAP on cerebral I/R injury is not yet clear. Recent studies have demonstrated that TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway takes part in the damaging inflammatory process of cerebral I/R injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of DAP on cerebral I/R injury in vivo and its possible mechanisms. DAP was administered before middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in mice. The neurological scores, cerebral infarct sizes, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic neural cells, and the levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, and IκBα were estimated. The results showed that an obvious improvement of neurological scores and infarct sizes was observed in DAP-treated mice after MCAO/R. DAP treatment decreased the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and attenuated neural cells apoptosis. Moreover, DAP treatment decreased the TLR4 expression, IκB-α degradation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Taken together, our results suggested that DAP exerted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral I/R injury. The potential mechanism was involved in the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB mediated inflammatory signaling pathway.
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176
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Hu H, Zhu X, Lin R, Li Z, Chen L. Suppressive effects of Gua Lou Gui Zhi decoction on MCAO-induced NO and PGE2 production are dependent on the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5141-5147. [PMID: 27779673 PMCID: PMC5355744 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects, and underlying mechanisms, of Gua Lou Gui Zhi decoction (GLGZD) in a rat model of neuroinflammation. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with GLGZD following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neurological function and infarct volume were evaluated to confirm successful generation of the rat model. Subsequently, brain tissues and blood samples were collected for further analysis. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated in peripheral blood samples using the Griess reagent assay and an ELISA, respectively. The relative expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cylooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The associated pathways, including nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways, were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and western blotting. The results demonstrated that treatment with GLGZD significantly inhibited MCAO-induced inflammation; GLGZD suppressed the production of NO and PGE2, and the expression of iNOS and COX‑2, by inhibiting NF‑κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that GLGZD, a potential agent for post‑stroke treatment, may exert anti‑inflammatory effects, thus providing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Hu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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Zhou H, Yang WS, Li Y, Ren T, Peng L, Guo H, Liu JF, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Yang LC, Jin X. Oleoylethanolamide attenuates apoptosis by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in mice with acute ischemic stroke. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:77-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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178
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Chien MY, Chuang CH, Chern CM, Liou KT, Liu DZ, Hou YC, Shen YC. Salvianolic acid A alleviates ischemic brain injury through the inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis and the promotion of neurogenesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:508-519. [PMID: 27609227 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SalA), a chemical type of caffeic acid trimer, has drawn great attention for its potent bioactivities against ischemia-induced injury both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we evaluated SalA's protective effects against acute ischemic stroke by inducing middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO) injuries in mice. Treatment of the mice with SalA (50 and 100μg/kg, i.v.) at 2h after MCAO enhanced their survival rate, improved their moving activity, and ameliorated the severity of brain infarction and apoptosis seen in the mice by diminishing pathological changes such as the extensive breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), nitrosative stress, and the activation of an inflammatory transcriptional factor p65 nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and a pro-apoptotic kinase p25/Cdk5. SalA also intensively limited cortical infarction and promoted the expression of neurogenesis protein near the peri-infarct cortex and subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus by compromising the activation of GSK3β and p25/Cdk5, which in turn upregulated β-catenin, doublecortin (DCX), and Bcl-2, most possibly through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling via the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We conclude that SalA blocks inflammatory responses by impairing NF-κB signaling, thereby limiting inflammation/nitrosative stress and preserving the integrity of the BBB; SalA also concomitantly promotes neurogenesis-related protein expression by compromising GSK3β/Cdk5 activity to enhance the expression levels of β-catenin/DCX and Bcl-2 for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yin Chien
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co., Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Ming Chern
- Division of Neurovascular Disease, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Tong Liou
- Department of Combat Sports and Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Hsuan Chuang University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chang Hou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chuan-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei, Taiwan.
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179
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Regulation of inflammatory responses by neuregulin-1 in brain ischemia and microglial cells in vitro involves the NF-kappa B pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:237. [PMID: 27596278 PMCID: PMC5011915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) was neuroprotective in rats following ischemic stroke. Neuroprotection by NRG-1 was associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory gene expression in brain tissues. Over-activation of brain microglia can induce pro-inflammatory gene expression by activation of transcriptional regulators following stroke. Here, we examined how NRG-1 transcriptionally regulates inflammatory gene expression by computational bioinformatics and in vitro using microglial cells. Methods To identify transcriptional regulators involved in ischemia-induced inflammatory gene expression, rats were sacrificed 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and NRG-1 treatment. Gene expression profiles of brain tissues following ischemia and NRG-1 treatment were examined by microarray technology. The Conserved Transcription Factor-Binding Site Finder (CONFAC) bioinformatics software package was used to predict transcription factors associated with inflammatory genes induced following stroke and suppressed by NRG-1 treatment. NF-kappa B (NF-kB) was identified as a potential transcriptional regulator of NRG-1-suppressed genes following ischemia. The involvement of specific NF-kB subunits in NRG-1-mediated inflammatory responses was examined using N9 microglial cells pre-treated with NRG-1 (100 ng/ml) followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 μg/ml) stimulation. The effects of NRG-1 on cytokine production were investigated using Luminex technology. The levels of the p65, p52, and RelB subunits of NF-kB and IkB-α were determined by western blot analysis and ELISA. Phosphorylation of IkB-α was investigated by ELISA. Results CONFAC identified 12 statistically over-represented transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) in our dataset, including NF-kBP65. Using N9 microglial cells, we observed that NRG-1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 release. LPS increased the phosphorylation and degradation of IkB-α which was blocked by NRG-1. NRG-1 also prevented the nuclear translocation of the NF-kB p65 subunit following LPS administration. However, NRG-1 increased production of the neuroprotective cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and the nuclear translocation of the NF-kB p52 subunit, which is associated with the induction of anti-apoptotic and suppression of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Conclusions Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of NRG-1 are associated with the differential regulation of NF-kB signaling pathways in microglia. Taken together, these findings suggest that NRG-1 may be a potential therapeutic treatment for treating stroke and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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180
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Yang X, Hondur G, Tezel G. Antioxidant Treatment Limits Neuroinflammation in Experimental Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:2344-54. [PMID: 27127934 PMCID: PMC4855827 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Besides primary neurotoxicity, oxidative stress may compromise the glial immune regulation and shift the immune homeostasis toward neurodegenerative inflammation in glaucoma. We tested this hypothesis through the analysis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative outcomes in mouse glaucoma using two experimental paradigms of decreased or increased oxidative stress. Methods The first experimental paradigm tested the effects of Tempol, a multifunctional antioxidant, given through osmotic mini-pumps for drug delivery by constant infusion. Following a 6-week treatment period after microbead/viscoelastic injection-induced ocular hypertension, retina and optic nerve samples were analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and cytokine profiles using specific bioassays. We also analyzed a redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator of neuroinflammation, namely NF-κB. The second paradigm included a similar analysis of the effects of overloaded oxidative stress on retina and optic nerve inflammation in mice knockout for a major antioxidant enzyme (SOD1−/−). Results Increased antioxidant capacity and decreased protein carbonyls and HNE adducts with Tempol treatment verified the drug delivery and biological function. Among a range of cytokines measured, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, exhibited more than 2-fold decreased titers in Tempol-treated ocular hypertensive eyes. Antioxidant treatment also resulted in a prominent decrease in NF-κB activation in the ocular hypertensive retina and optic nerve. Although pharmacological treatment limiting the oxidative stress resulted in decreased neuroinflammation, ocular hypertension–induced neuroinflammatory responses were increased in SOD1−/− mice with defective antioxidant response. Conclusions These findings support the oxidative stress–related mechanisms of neuroinflammation and the potential of antioxidant treatment as an immunomodulation strategy for neuroprotection in glaucoma.
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181
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Nafamostat mesilate improves function recovery after stroke by inhibiting neuroinflammation in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:230-45. [PMID: 27033633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in stroke pathology, making it a promising target for stroke intervention. Nafamostat mesilate (NM), a wide-spectrum serine protease inhibitor, is commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases, such as pancreatitis. However, its effect on neuroinflammation after stroke was unknown. Hence, the effects of NM on the inflammatory response post stroke were characterized. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in rats, NM reduced the infarct size, improved behavioral functions, decreased the expression of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2) in a time-dependent manner and promoted the expression of different anti-inflammatory factors (CD206, TGF-β, IL-10 and IL-4) at different time points. Furthermore, NM could inhibit the expression of proinflammatory mediators and promote anti-inflammatory mediators expression in rat primary microglia following exposure to thrombin combined with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The immune-modulatory effect of NM might be partly due to its inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammasome activation after tMCAO. In addition, NM significantly inhibited the infiltration of macrophage, neutrophil and T lymphocytes, which was partly mediated by the inhibition of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Taken together, our results indicated that NM can provide long-term protection of the brain against tMCAO by modulating a broad components of the inflammatory response.
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182
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Li Z, Hua C, Pan X, Fu X, Wu W. Carvacrol Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Via Suppression of the Inflammatory Response in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Inflammation 2016; 39:1566-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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183
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Zhang Y, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Meng Y, Zhang L, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats with N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline. J Neurosurg 2016; 126:782-795. [PMID: 28245754 DOI: 10.3171/2016.3.jns152699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' previous studies have suggested that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4), a major actin-sequestering protein, improves functional recovery after neural injury. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an active peptide fragment of Tβ4. Its effect as a treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been investigated. Thus, this study was designed to determine whether AcSDKP treatment improves functional recovery in rats after TBI. METHODS Young adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (no injury); 2) TBI + vehicle group (0.01 N acetic acid); and 3) TBI + AcSDKP (0.8 mg/kg/day). TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. AcSDKP or vehicle was administered subcutaneously starting 1 hour postinjury and continuously for 3 days using an osmotic minipump. Sensorimotor function and spatial learning were assessed using a modified Neurological Severity Score and Morris water maze tests, respectively. Some of the animals were euthanized 1 day after injury, and their brains were processed for measurement of fibrin accumulation and neuroinflammation signaling pathways. The remaining animals were euthanized 35 days after injury, and brain sections were processed for measurement of lesion volume, hippocampal cell loss, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and dendritic spine remodeling. RESULTS Compared with vehicle treatment, AcSDKP treatment initiated 1 hour postinjury significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery (Days 7-35, p < 0.05) and spatial learning (Days 33-35, p < 0.05), reduced cortical lesion volume, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss, reduced fibrin accumulation and activation of microglia/macrophages, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and increased the number of dendritic spines in the injured brain (p < 0.05). AcSDKP treatment also significantly inhibited the transforming growth factor-β1/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AcSDKP treatment initiated 1 hour postinjury provides neuroprotection and neurorestoration after TBI, indicating that this small tetrapeptide has promising therapeutic potential for treatment of TBI. Further investigation of the optimal dose and therapeutic window of AcSDKP treatment for TBI and the associated underlying mechanisms is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; and.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit; and
| | | | - Ye Xiong
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and
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184
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Gu SX, Blokhin IO, Wilson KM, Dhanesha N, Doddapattar P, Grumbach IM, Chauhan AK, Lentz SR. Protein methionine oxidation augments reperfusion injury in acute ischemic stroke. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86460. [PMID: 27294204 PMCID: PMC4902298 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury can exacerbate tissue damage in ischemic stroke, but little is known about the mechanisms linking ROS to stroke severity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that protein methionine oxidation potentiates NF-κB activation and contributes to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We found that overexpression of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), an antioxidant enzyme that reverses protein methionine oxidation, attenuated ROS-augmented NF-κB activation in endothelial cells, in part, by protecting against the oxidation of methionine residues in the regulatory domain of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). In a murine model, MsrA deficiency resulted in increased NF-κB activation and neutrophil infiltration, larger infarct volumes, and more severe neurological impairment after transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This phenotype was prevented by inhibition of NF-κB or CaMKII. MsrA-deficient mice also exhibited enhanced leukocyte rolling and upregulation of E-selectin, an endothelial NF-κB-dependent adhesion molecule known to contribute to neurovascular inflammation in ischemic stroke. Finally, bone marrow transplantation experiments demonstrated that the neuroprotective effect was mediated by MsrA expressed in nonhematopoietic cells. These findings suggest that protein methionine oxidation in nonmyeloid cells is a key mechanism of postischemic oxidative injury mediated by NF-κB activation, leading to neutrophil recruitment and neurovascular inflammation in acute ischemic stroke.
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Abstract
Inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and anti-inflammatory agents may provide a choice of treatment. Triptolide is reported to be anti-inflammatory. In this study, we investigated the effects of triptolide on cultured neuronal cell line in vitro and experimental ischemic stroke in vivo. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulated SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with triptolide. In vivo, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 23 h. Results of this study showed that triptolide treatment reduced the OGD-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis and blocked TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB and p38MAPK in SH-SY5Y cells. Intraperitoneal injection of triptolide showed significant neuroprotective actions in stroke rats. Triptolide attenuated neurological deficit, brain infarct volume, and brain water content, and inhibited activation of NF-κB and p38MAPK. These data show that triptolide protects rats against ischemic cerebral injury via inhibiting NF-κB and p38MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Hao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, #4 Duanxing West Road, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China,
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang C, Bai X, Zhang J, Zhao X, Chen L, Wang L, Zhu C, Cui L, Chen R, Zhao T, Zhao Y. Nobiletin promotes antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses and elicits protection against ischemic stroke in vivo. Brain Res 2016; 1636:130-141. [PMID: 26874072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-ischemic oxidative stress and inflammation play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and may represent therapeutic targets. Nobiletin (NOB) has been reported to elicit a variety of biological effects through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our previous study has demonstrated the beneficial effect of NOB in ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. We therefore further investigated the role of NOB in cerebral ischemia and its potential mechanisms. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: Sham (sham-operated+0.05% Tween-80), permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO+0.9% saline), Vehicle (pMCAO+0.05% Tween-80), NOB-L (pMCAO+NOB 10mg/kg) and NOB-H (pMCAO+NOB 25mg/kg) groups. Rats were pre-administered intraperitoneally once daily for 3 days prior to ischemia and then received once again immediately after surgery. Neurological deficit, brain edema and infarct volume were evaluated at 24h after stroke. Immunohistochemistry, western blot and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD1, NF-κB and MMP-9. SOD1, GSH and MDA were measured by spectrophotometer. RESULTS Compared with Vehicle group, neurological deficits and brain edema were relieved in NOB-H group, infarct volume was lessened in both NOB-L and NOB-H groups (P<0.05). NOB significantly increased the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD1 and GSH, while decreased the levels of NF-κB, MMP-9 and MDA (P<0.05). CONCLUSION NOB may have a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia, and this protection may be through upregulating Nrf2, HO-1 and downregulating NF-κB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xumeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Linyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Electroacupunctre improves motor impairment via inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the sensorimotor cortex after ischemic stroke. Life Sci 2016; 151:313-322. [PMID: 26979777 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Electroacupuncture (EA) is one of the safety and effective therapies for improving neurological and sensorimotor impairment via blockade of inappropriate inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms of anti-inflammation involved is far from been fully elucidated. MAIN METHODS Focal cerebral ischemic stroke was administered by the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery. The MCAO/R rats were accepted EA treatment at the LI 11 and ST 36 acupoints for consecutive 3days. The neurological outcome, animal behaviors test and molecular biology assays were used to evaluate the MCAO/R model and therapeutic effect of EA. KEY FINDINGS EA treatment for MCAO rats showed a significant reduction in the infarct volumes accompanied by functional recovery in mNSS outcomes, motor function performances. The possible mechanisms that EA treatment attenuated the over-activation of Iba-1 and ED1 positive microglia in the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex. Simultaneously, both tissue and serum protein levels of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were decreased by EA treatment in MCAO/R injured rats. The levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were decreased in the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex and blood serum of MCAO/R injured rats after EA treatment. Furthermore, we found that EA treatment prevented from the nucleus translocation of NF-κB p65 and suppressed the expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex. SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study indicated that EA improved the motor impairment via inhibition of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation that invoked NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK and MyD88 produced proinflammatory cytokine in the peri-infract sensorimotor cortex of rats following ischemic stroke.
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188
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Belinga VF, Wu GJ, Yan FL, Limbenga EA. Splenectomy following MCAO inhibits the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway and protects the brain from neurodegeneration in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:105-113. [PMID: 27049570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B NF-κB inflammatory pathway contributes to secondary inflammation in many diseases including stroke. Moreover, the neuroprotective effect of splenectomy in stroke is supported by a vast body of experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism(s) by which splenectomy enhance neuroprotection in stroke is still poorly understood. Our study aimed to investigate whether post-ischemic splenectomy modulate the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in stroke. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the levels of TLR4 and NF-κB expression in brain areas (parietal lobe, hippocampus and striatum) of rats that underwent: MCAO-splenectomy surgery (MS ); MCAO surgery without splenectomy (MCAO control or MC); Sham MCAO and splenectomy surgery (sham control group or SC group respectively. Apoptosis in these areas was assessed by TUNEL detection technique. RESULTS The levels of TLR4 and NF-κB expression were significantly reduced in splenectomized rats relative to the MS group (P<0.01). Additionally, the number of apoptotic cells in the ischemic hemisphere were significantly higher in both MCAO groups compared to the Sham group (P<0.05), between day 1 and day 7. An exception was observed in the striatum where the difference in apoptotic rate between the MS and sham group was not statistically significant at the same time points. Moreover, the variation apoptotic rate in different cerebral zone correlated to variation in TLR4 and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION In summary, our study provides further evidence of neuroprotective effect of splenectomy in ischemic stroke. Our results suggest that such an effect might be due to the inhibition of theTLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fabrice Belinga
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Guan-Jin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fu-Ling Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Erica Audrey Limbenga
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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189
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Xue Q, Liu Y, He R, Yang S, Tong J, Li X, Chen Y, Xu X. Lyophilized Powder of Catalpol and Puerarin Protects Neurovascular Unit from Stroke. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:367-80. [PMID: 27019622 PMCID: PMC4807157 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunting for an effective medicine for brain stroke has been a medical task in neuroscience for decades. The present research showed that the lyophilized Powder of Catalpol and Puerarin (C-P) in all the tested doses (65.4 mg/kg, 32.7 mg/kg, 16.4 mg/kg) significantly reduced the neurological deficiency, infarct volume and apoptotic cells in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) rats. It also promoted astrocyte processes and prolonged neuron axons in infarct area. Further, it decreased MDA, NO, NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and enhanced the EPOR and GAF-43. 65.4 mg/kg and 32.7 mg/kg C-P could up-regulated EPO and VEGF significantly. In vitro, 49 μg/mL and 24.5 μg/mL C-P decreased the leakage of sodium fluorescein and increased the activity of γ-GTP. Additionally, it increased SOD and decreased MDA, NO, and LDH and decreased NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and unregulated EPO, EPOR, VEGF, and GAP-43. Only the dose of 49 μg/mL increased TEER and Claudin-5 and turned the typically damaged morphologies of neurons, astrocytes and endothelium into a favorable trend. These data imply that C-P improved the recovery of neurological deficiency in motor, sense, balance and reflex, and protected the whole NVU by anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and up-regulating some protective factors. This research provides a candidate medicine for brain stroke and, at the same time, a pattern for drug study targeting NVU in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xue
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ran He
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie Tong
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xu Li
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Chen
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- 1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;; 2. Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmacological Evaluation, Chongqing 400715, China;; 3. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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190
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Liu W, Wang X, Zheng Y, Shang G, Huang J, Tao J, Chen L. Electroacupuncture inhibits inflammatory injury by targeting the miR-9-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway following ischemic stroke. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1618-26. [PMID: 26718002 PMCID: PMC4732826 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of the miR-9-mediated activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway by electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation of the Quchi (LI11) and Zusanli (ST36) acupoints in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The present study demonstrated that EA alleviated the symptoms of neurological deficits and reduced the infarct volume in the rat brains. The expression of miR-9 in the peri-infarct cortex was increased in the EA group compared with the MCAO group, and the expression of NF-κB signaling pathway-associated factors, NF-κB p65, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were reduced. Notably, miR-9 inhibitors were revealed to have the ability to suppress EA-alleviated cerebral inflammation and the expression of NF-κB downstream-related factors, NF-κB p65, TNF-α and IL-1β, and caused no alteration on the level of NF-κB upstream-related protein inhibitor of κBα, suggesting that the cerebral protective efficacy of EA targets miR-9-mediated NF-κB downstream pathway following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co‑innovation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Fujian Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center & Fujian Key Lab of Motor Function Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Guanhao Shang
- Fujian Rehabilitation Tech Co‑innovation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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191
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Bai S, Hu Z, Yang Y, Yin Y, Li W, Wu L, Fang M. Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of Triptolide via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in a Rat MCAO Model. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 299:256-66. [PMID: 26575184 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in humans. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion is widely accepted to mimic stroke in basic medical research. Triptolide is one of the major active components of the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and has been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Since its preclinical effects on stroke were still unclear, we decided to study the effects of Triptolide on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in this study. The results showed that Triptolide treatment significantly attenuates brain infarction volume, water content, neurological deficits, and neuronal cell death rate, which were increased in the MCAO model rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), and NF-κB in the ischemic brains. The administration of Triptolide showed down-regulation of the iNOS, COX-2, GFAP, and NF-κB expression in MCAO rats. It also increased the expression of bcl-2, and suppressed levels of bax and caspase-3 compared with the MCAO group. Our findings revealed that Triptolide exerts its neuroprotective effects against inflammation with the involvement of inhibition of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Bai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yifei Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiyun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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192
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Sternberg Z, Chichelli T, Sternberg D, Sawyer R, Ching M, Janicke D, Ambrus JL, Yu J, Munschauer F. Relationship between Inflammation and Aspirin and Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Responses in Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 25:327-34. [PMID: 26586373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We measured serum levels of proinflammatory/prothrombotic markers P-selectin, CD40L, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and interleukin (IL)-6 in ischemic stroke patients, correlating their levels with the results of aspirin (ASA) and clopidogrel antiplatelet responses, using 3 "point of care" platelet function instruments, thromboelastograph (TEG), Accumetrics (ACU), and impedance aggregometer (IMP). METHODS Patients on chronic ASA regimen at the time of stroke were switched to 300 mg clopidogrel loading dose and 75 mg clopidogrel maintenance dose. Serum levels of the aforementioned inflammatory mediators were measured in 51 patients at baseline (on ASA regimen), and at 26 ± 5 hours and 64 ± 18 hours postclopidogrel administration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS P-selectin, CD40L, and MMP-9 serum levels were reduced; ICAM-1 and IL-6 serum levels showed no difference postclopidogrel administration relative to baseline. Patients' stratification based on ASA dose showed more significant reductions in P-selectin, CD40L, and MMP-9 serum levels postclopidogrel administration in patients who were on baseline 81 mg ASA, as compared to patients on 325 mg ASA. Measurement with TEG was sensitive for correlating ASA antiplatelet responses to serum levels of inflammatory markers, whereas measurements with ACU and IMP were sensitive for correlating clopidogrel antiplatelet responses to serum levels of inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION Clopidogrel exerts both platelet-dependent and platelet-independent anti-inflammatory effects. The association between platelet function and inflammation depends on the platelet function analyzer, the type of antiplatelet agent, the nature of the inflammatory marker, and the time of measurement relative to the time of drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohara Sternberg
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Trevor Chichelli
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Daniel Sternberg
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert Sawyer
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Marilou Ching
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - David Janicke
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Julian L Ambrus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jinhee Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Frederick Munschauer
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center, Buffalo Medical Center, Buffalo, New York
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Anthony Jalin AMA, Lee JC, Cho GS, Kim C, Ju C, Pahk K, Song HY, Kim WK. Simvastatin Reduces Lipopolysaccharides-Accelerated Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-kappa B Activity. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:531-8. [PMID: 26535078 PMCID: PMC4624069 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preceding infection or inflammation such as bacterial meningitis has been associated with poor outcomes after stroke. Previously, we reported that intracorpus callosum microinjection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) strongly accelerated the ischemia/reperfusion-evoked brain tissue damage via recruiting inflammatory cells into the ischemic lesion. Simvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to reduce inflammatory responses in vascular diseases. Thus, we investigated whether simvastatin could reduce the LPS-accelerated ischemic injury. Simvastatin (20 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats prior to cerebral ischemic insults (4 times at 72, 48, 25, and 1-h pre-ischemia). LPS was microinjected into rat corpus callosum 1 day before the ischemic injury. Treatment of simvastatin reduced the LPS-accelerated infarct size by 73%, and decreased the ischemia/reperfusion-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β in LPS-injected rat brains. However, simvastatin did not reduce the infiltration of microglial/macrophageal cells into the LPS-pretreated brain lesion. In vitro migration assay also showed that simvastatin did not inhibit the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-evoked migration of microglial/macrophageal cells. Instead, simvastatin inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, a key signaling event in expressions of various proinflammatory mediators, by decreasing the degradation of IκB. The present results indicate that simvastatin may be beneficial particularly to the accelerated cerebral ischemic injury under inflammatory or infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M A Anthony Jalin
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunsook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kyungdong University, Wonju 26495, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea
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194
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Jiang Q, Li RP, Tang Y, Wang YQ, Liu C, Guo ML. Bakkenolide-IIIa Protects Against Cerebral Damage Via Inhibiting NF-κB Activation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:943-52. [PMID: 26511680 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to examine the neuroprotective effects of bakkenolide-IIIa, a major novel compound extracted from the rhizome of P. trichinous. METHODS Transient focal cerebral damage model in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in cultured hippocampal neurons were performed. The amount of apoptotic neurons was determined using TUNEL assay. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα were measured using Western blot. The nuclear translocation and activation of NF-κB was measured using a fluorescence microscope and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS Bakkenolide-IIIa (4, 8, 16 mg/kg; i.g.) was administered immediately after reperfusion could reduce the brain infarct volume, and the neurological deficit, as well as a high dose of bakkenolide-IIIa, increases the 72 h survival rate in cerebrally damaged rats. In vitro data demonstrated that bakkenolide-IIIa could increase cell viability and decrease the amount of apoptotic cells in cultured primary hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide-IIIa also dose-dependently increased the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax. These results indicated that inhibition of apoptosis partly mediated the neuroprotection of bakkenolide-IIIa. Furthermore, bakkenolide-IIIa inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, IKKβ, IκBα, and p65 in cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to OGD. Bakkenolide-IIIa not only inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in cultured neurons exposed to OGD, but also inhibited the activation of NF-κB in peri-infarct area in cerebrally damaged rats. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings indicated that bakkenolide-IIIa protects against cerebral damage by inhibiting AKT and ERK1/2 activation and inactivated NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run-Ping Li
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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195
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Picascia A, Grimaldi V, Iannone C, Soricelli A, Napoli C. Innate and adaptive immune response in stroke: Focus on epigenetic regulation. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:111-20. [PMID: 26616880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune response play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke giving their contribution to tissue damage and repair. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation, histone modification and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of stroke. Interestingly, epigenetics can influence the molecular events involved in ischemic injury by controlling the switch from pro- to anti-inflammatory response, however, this is still a field to be fully explored. The knowledge of epigenetic processes could to allow for the discovery of more sensitive and specific biomarkers for risk, onset, and progression of disease as well as further novel tools to be used in both primary prevention and therapy of stroke. Indeed, studies performed in vitro and in small animal models seem to suggest a neuroprotective role of HDAC inhibitors (e.g. valproic acid) and antagomir (e.g. anti-miR-181a) in ischemic condition by modulation of both immune and inflammatory pathways. Thus, the clinical implications of altered epigenetic mechanisms for the prevention of stroke are very promising but clinical prospective studies and translational approaches are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Picascia
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grimaldi
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmela Iannone
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS Research Institute SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Studies of Institutions and Territorial Systems, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- U.O.C. Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; IRCCS Research Institute SDN, Naples, Italy
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196
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Notch-1 signaling regulates astrocytic proliferation and activation after hypoxia exposure. Neurosci Lett 2015; 603:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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197
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Qi J, Han X, Liu HT, Chen T, Zhang JL, Yang P, Bo SH, Lu XT, Zhang J. 17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin attenuates inflammatory responses in experimental stroke. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1713-8. [PMID: 25366476 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone involved in the proper conformation of many proteins. HSP90 inhibitors (17-dimethyl aminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride [17-DMAG]) bind to and inactivate HSP90, suppressing some key signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory process. Since considerable evidence suggests that inflammation accounts for the progression of cerebral ischemic injury, we investigated whether 17-DMAG can modulate inflammatory responses in middle cerebral artery occluded (MCAO) mice. Male C57/BL6 mice were pretreated with 17-DMAG or vehicle for 7 d before being subjected to transient occlusion of middle cerebral artery and reperfusion. Mice were evaluated at 24 h after MCAO for neurological deficit scoring. Moreover, the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of 17-DMAG was investigated with a focus on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. 17-DMAG significantly reduced cerebral infarction and improved neurological outcome. 17-DMAG suppressed activation of microglia and decreased phosphorylation of inhibitory (I)κB and subsequent nuclear translocation of p65, which eventually downregulated expression of NF-κB-regulated genes. These results suggest that 17-DMAG has a promising therapeutic effect in ischemic stroke treatment through an anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University
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198
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Wang T, Guo M, Song X, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Wang W, Fu Y, Cao Y, Zhu L, Zhang N. Stevioside plays an anti-inflammatory role by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in S. aureus-infected mouse mammary glands. Inflammation 2015; 37:1837-46. [PMID: 24858724 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infection. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the primary bacteria responsible for mastitis. Stevioside is isolated from Stevia rebaudiana and is known to have therapeutic functions. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of stevioside in a mouse model of S. aureus-induced mastitis. In this study, the mouse mammary gland was infected with S. aureus to induce the mastitis model. The stevioside was administered intraperitoneally after the S. aureus infection was established. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, ELISA, Western blot, and q-PCR methods were used. The results show that stevioside significantly reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the respective expression of their messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Further studies revealed that stevioside downregulated the TLR2, NF-κB, and (mitogen-activated protein kinase) MAPK signaling pathways in the S. aureus-infected mouse mammary gland. Our results demonstrate that stevioside reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways dose-dependently, but that their mRNA expression was not obviously changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
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199
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Perdomo L, Beneit N, Otero YF, Escribano Ó, Díaz-Castroverde S, Gómez-Hernández A, Benito M. Protective role of oleic acid against cardiovascular insulin resistance and in the early and late cellular atherosclerotic process. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:75. [PMID: 26055507 PMCID: PMC4475625 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several translational studies have identified the differential role between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at cardiovascular level. However, the molecular mechanisms that support the protective role of oleate in cardiovascular cells are poorly known. For these reasons, we studied the protective role of oleate in the insulin resistance and in the atherosclerotic process at cellular level such as in cardiomyocytes (CMs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS The effect of oleate in the cardiovascular insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs were analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR, BrdU incorporation and cell cycle analysis. RESULTS Palmitate induced insulin resistance. However, oleate not only did not induce cardiovascular insulin resistance but also had a protective effect against insulin resistance induced by palmitate or TNFα. One mechanism involved might be the prevention by oleate of JNK-1/2 or NF-κB activation in response to TNF-α or palmitate. Oleate reduced MCP-1 and ICAM-1 and increased eNOS expression induced by proinflammatory cytokines in ECs. Furthermore, oleate impaired the proliferation induced by TNF-α, angiotensin II or palmitate and the apoptosis induced by TNF-α or thapsigargin in VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a differential role between oleate and palmitate and support the concept of the cardioprotector role of oleate as the main lipid component of virgin olive oil. Thus, oleate protects against cardiovascular insulin resistance, improves endothelial dysfunction in response to proinflammatory signals and finally, reduces proliferation and apoptosis in VSMCs that may contribute to an ameliorated atherosclerotic process and plaque stability.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Inflammation
- Insulin Resistance
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/drug effects
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/drug effects
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Oleic Acid/pharmacology
- Palmitates/pharmacology
- Palmitic Acid/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Perdomo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Beneit
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda F Otero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabela Díaz-Castroverde
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Benito
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of San Carlos Clinic Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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200
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Shinjyo N, de Pablo Y, Pekny M, Pekna M. Complement Peptide C3a Promotes Astrocyte Survival in Response to Ischemic Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3076-3087. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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