151
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Rebocho S, Nunes AV, Najdanovic-Visak V, Barreiros S, Simões P, Paiva A. High pressure vapor–liquid equilibrium for the ternary system ethanol/(±)-menthol/carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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152
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Olsen R, Andersen H, Møller H, Eskelund P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Somatosensory and vasomotor manifestations of individual and combined stimulation of TRPM8 and TRPA1 using topical L-menthol andtrans-cinnamaldehyde in healthy volunteers. Eur J Pain 2014; 18:1333-42. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.V. Olsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - H.H. Andersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - H.G. Møller
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - P.W. Eskelund
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - L. Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
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153
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Involvement of transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) in menthol-induced calcium entry, reactive oxygen species production and cell death in rheumatoid arthritis rat synovial fibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 725:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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154
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Abstract
The use of medicinal plants or other naturally derived products to relieve illness can be traced back over several millennia, and these natural products are still extensively used nowadays. Studies on natural products have, over the years, enormously contributed to the development of therapeutic drugs used in modern medicine. By means of the use of these substances as selective agonists, antagonists, enzyme inhibitors or activators, it has been possible to understand the complex function of many relevant targets. For instance, in an attempt to understand how pepper species evoke hot and painful actions, the pungent and active constituent capsaicin (from Capsicum sp.) was isolated in 1846 and the receptor for the biological actions of capsaicin was cloned in 1997, which is now known as TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1). Thus, TRPV1 agonists and antagonists have currently been tested in order to find new drug classes to treat different disorders. Indeed, the transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are targets for several natural compounds, and antagonists of TRPs have been synthesised based on the knowledge of naturally derived products. In this context, this chapter focuses on naturally derived compounds (from plants and animals) that are reported to be able to modulate TRP channels. To clarify and make the understanding of the modulatory effects of natural compounds on TRPs easier, this chapter is divided into groups according to TRP subfamilies: TRPV (TRP vanilloid), TRPA (TRP ankyrin), TRPM (TRP melastatin), TRPC (TRP canonical) and TRPP (TRP polycystin). A general overview on the naturally derived compounds that modulate TRPs is depicted in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carla Meotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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155
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The effect of inhaled menthol on upper airway resistance in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study. Can Respir J 2013; 20:e1-4. [PMID: 23457678 DOI: 10.1155/2013/383019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menthol (l-menthol) is a naturally-occurring cold receptor agonist commonly used to provide symptomatic relief for upper airway congestion. Menthol can also reduce the sensation of dyspnea. It is unclear whether the physiological action of menthol in dyspnea reduction is through its cold receptor agonist effect or whether associated mechanical changes occur in the upper airway. OBJECTIVE To determine whether menthol inhalation alters upper airway resistance in humans. METHODS A randomized, sham-controlled, single-blinded crossover study of inhaled menthol on upper airway resistance during semirecumbent quiet breathing in healthy subjects was conducted. Ten healthy participants (eight female) with a mean (± SD) age of 21±1.6 years completed the study. RESULTS Nasal resistance before testing was similar on both occasions. No differences were found in respiratory frequency (mean ± SEM) (menthol 17.0±1.1 cmH2O⁄L⁄s; sham 16.9±0.9 cmH2O⁄L⁄s), minute ventilation (menthol 7.7±0.5 cmH2O⁄L⁄s; sham 7.9±0.5 cmH2O⁄L⁄s) or total inspiratory time⁄total breath time (menthol 0.4±0.1 cmH2O⁄L⁄s; sham 0.4±0.1 cmH2O⁄L⁄s). The upper airway resistance was similar during menthol (3.47±0.32 cmH2O⁄L⁄s) and sham (3.27±0.28 cmH2O⁄L⁄s) (P=0.33) inhalation. CONCLUSION Inhalation of menthol does not alter upper airway resistance in awake human subjects.
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156
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Serra S, Cominetti AA, Gatti FG, Lavanga D, Ottolina G. p-Menthandiol-vanillin acetals: synthesis and study of their chemo-sensorial properties. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Serra
- C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Via Mancinelli 7 I-20131 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra A. Cominetti
- C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Via Mancinelli 7 I-20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica del Politecnico; Via Mancinelli 7 I-20131 Milano Italy
| | - Davide Lavanga
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica del Politecnico; Via Mancinelli 7 I-20131 Milano Italy
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Via Mancinelli 7 I-20131 Milano Italy
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157
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Rozza AL, Hiruma-Lima CA, Takahira RK, Padovani CR, Pellizzon CH. Effect of menthol in experimentally induced ulcers: pathways of gastroprotection. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:272-8. [PMID: 24121185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on ethnopharmacological indications that Mentha species may be used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, this study aimed to characterize the gastroprotective mechanisms of menthol (ME), the major compound of the essential oil from species of the genus Mentha. The gastroprotective action of ME was analyzed in gastric ulcers that were induced by ethanol or indomethacin in Wistar male rats. The mechanisms responsible for the gastroprotective effect were assessed by analyzing the amount of mucus secreted, involvement of non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) compounds, involvement of calcium ion channels and NO/cGMP/K(+)ATP pathway, gastric antisecretory activity and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. The anti-diarrheal activity and acute toxicity of ME were also evaluated. Oral treatment with ME (50mg/kg) offered 88.62% and 72.62% of gastroprotection against ethanol and indomethacin, respectively. There was an increased amount of mucus and PGE2 production. The gastroprotective activity of ME involved NP-SH compounds and the stimulation of K(+)ATP channels, but not the activation of calcium ion channels or the production of NO. The oral administration of ME induced an antisecretory effect as it decreased the H(+) concentration in gastric juice. ME displayed anti-diarrheal and antiperistaltic activity. There were no signs of toxicity in the biochemical analyses performed in the rats' serum. These results demonstrated that ME provides gastroprotective and anti-diarrheal activities with no toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Rozza
- Morphology Department, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu/SP, Brazil
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158
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Abstract
Many patients suffering from pain and dysfunction attributable to musculoskeletal conditions will use some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of both the quantity and quality of CAM treatments for specific musculoskeletal conditions. Many CAM treatments are used for a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, but may be more commonly used for specific conditions. This article addresses the use of CAM for specific musculoskeletal conditions, followed by a review of other CAM treatments and their potential indications for a multitude of conditions, based on the current medical literature and traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Malone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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159
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Ashoor A, Nordman JC, Veltri D, Yang KHS, Shuba Y, Al Kury L, Sadek B, Howarth FC, Shehu A, Kabbani N, Oz M. Menthol inhibits 5-HT3 receptor-mediated currents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:398-409. [PMID: 23965380 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of alcohol monoterpene menthol, a major active ingredient of the peppermint plant, were tested on the function of human 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. 5-HT (1 μM)-evoked currents recorded by two-electrode voltage-clamp technique were reversibly inhibited by menthol in a concentration-dependent (IC50 = 163 μM) manner. The effects of menthol developed gradually, reaching a steady-state level within 10-15 minutes and did not involve G-proteins, since GTPγS activity remained unaltered and the effect of menthol was not sensitive to pertussis toxin pretreatment. The actions of menthol were not stereoselective as (-), (+), and racemic menthol inhibited 5-HT3 receptor-mediated currents to the same extent. Menthol inhibition was not altered by intracellular 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid injections and transmembrane potential changes. The maximum inhibition observed for menthol was not reversed by increasing concentrations of 5-HT. Furthermore, specific binding of the 5-HT3 antagonist [(3)H]GR65630 was not altered in the presence of menthol (up to 1 mM), indicating that menthol acts as a noncompetitive antagonist of the 5-HT3 receptor. Finally, 5-HT3 receptor-mediated currents in acutely dissociated nodose ganglion neurons were also inhibited by menthol (100 μM). These data demonstrate that menthol, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, is an allosteric inhibitor of 5-HT3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ashoor
- Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, Departments of Pharmacology (A.A., L.A.K., B.S., M.O.) and Physiology (F.C.H.), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (J.C.N., N.K.), School of Systems Biology (D.V.), and Department of Computer Science (A.S.), George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; International Center of Molecular Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine (Y.S.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, California (K.-H.S.Y.)
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160
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Andersen H, Olsen R, Møller H, Eskelund P, Gazerani P, Arendt-Nielsen L. A review of topical high-concentration L-menthol as a translational model of cold allodynia and hyperalgesia. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:315-25. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.H. Andersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - R.V. Olsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - H.G. Møller
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - P.W. Eskelund
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - P. Gazerani
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
| | - L. Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Department of Health Science and Technology; Faculty of Medicine; Aalborg University; Denmark
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161
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Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Ford JG, Samet JM, Spivack SD. Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143:e1S-e29S. [PMID: 23649439 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900 s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research. METHODS A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk. RESULTS Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application. CONCLUSIONS Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Alberg
- Hollings Cancer Center and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jean G Ford
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan M Samet
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Simon D Spivack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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162
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Kabbani N. Not so Cool? Menthol's discovered actions on the nicotinic receptor and its implications for nicotine addiction. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:95. [PMID: 23898298 PMCID: PMC3720998 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine cigarette smoke is a large public health burden worldwide, contributing to various types of disease. Anti-tobacco media campaigns and control programs have significantly reduced smoking in the United States, yet trends for menthol cigarette smoking have not been as promising. Menthol cigarette smoking is particularly prevalent among young adults and African Americans, with implications for long-term impacts on health care. Continuing high rates of menthol cigarette addiction call into question the role of menthol in nicotine addiction. To date, a biological basis for the high rate of addiction and relapse among menthol cigarette smokers has not been defined. Studies have demonstrated a role for menthol in the metabolism of nicotine in the body. More recent findings now reveal an interaction between menthol and the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor in cells. This receptor is central to the actions of nicotine in the brain, and plays an important role in nicotine addiction. The newly discovered effect of menthol on nACh receptors may begin to explain the unique addictive properties of menthol cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
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163
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Ashoor A, Nordman JC, Veltri D, Yang KHS, Al Kury L, Shuba Y, Mahgoub M, Howarth FC, Sadek B, Shehu A, Kabbani N, Oz M. Menthol binding and inhibition of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67674. [PMID: 23935840 PMCID: PMC3720735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol is a common compound in pharmaceutical and commercial products and a popular additive to cigarettes. The molecular targets of menthol remain poorly defined. In this study we show an effect of menthol on the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor function. Using a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, menthol was found to reversibly inhibit α7-nACh receptors heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Inhibition by menthol was not dependent on the membrane potential and did not involve endogenous Ca2+-dependent Cl− channels, since menthol inhibition remained unchanged by intracellular injection of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA and perfusion with Ca2+-free bathing solution containing Ba2+. Furthermore, increasing ACh concentrations did not reverse menthol inhibition and the specific binding of [125I] α-bungarotoxin was not attenuated by menthol. Studies of α7- nACh receptors endogenously expressed in neural cells demonstrate that menthol attenuates α7 mediated Ca2+ transients in the cell body and neurite. In conclusion, our results suggest that menthol inhibits α7-nACh receptors in a noncompetitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ashoor
- Departments of Pharmacology Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jacob C. Nordman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Veltri
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Keun-Hang Susan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Lina Al Kury
- Departments of Pharmacology Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaroslav Shuba
- Departments of Pharmacology Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Mahgoub
- Departments of Pharmacology Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Frank C. Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Departments of Pharmacology Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amarda Shehu
- Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Murat Oz
- Departments of Pharmacology Laboratory of Functional Lipidomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
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164
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TRPM8 is the principal mediator of menthol-induced analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain. Pain 2013; 154:2169-2177. [PMID: 23820004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Menthol, the cooling natural product of peppermint, is widely used in medicinal preparations for the relief of acute and inflammatory pain in sports injuries, arthritis, and other painful conditions. Menthol induces the sensation of cooling by activating TRPM8, an ion channel in cold-sensitive peripheral sensory neurons. Recent studies identified additional targets of menthol, including the irritant receptor, TRPA1, voltage-gated ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. It remains unclear which of these targets contribute to menthol-induced analgesia, or to the irritating side effects associated with menthol therapy. Here, we use genetic and pharmacological approaches in mice to probe the role of TRPM8 in analgesia induced by L-menthol, the predominant analgesic menthol isomer in medicinal preparations. L-menthol effectively diminished pain behavior elicited by chemical stimuli (capsaicin, acrolein, acetic acid), noxious heat, and inflammation (complete Freund's adjuvant). Genetic deletion of TRPM8 completely abolished analgesia by L-menthol in all these models, although other analgesics (acetaminophen) remained effective. Loss of L-menthol-induced analgesia was recapitulated in mice treated with a selective TRPM8 inhibitor, AMG2850. Selective activation of TRPM8 with WS-12, a menthol derivative that we characterized as a specific TRPM8 agonist in cultured sensory neurons and in vivo, also induced TRPM8-dependent analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain. L-menthol- and WS-12-induced analgesia was blocked by naloxone, suggesting activation of endogenous opioid-dependent analgesic pathways. Our data show that TRPM8 is the principal mediator of menthol-induced analgesia of acute and inflammatory pain. In contrast to menthol, selective TRPM8 agonists may produce analgesia more effectively, with diminished side effects.
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165
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A sensory-labeled line for cold: TRPM8-expressing sensory neurons define the cellular basis for cold, cold pain, and cooling-mediated analgesia. J Neurosci 2013; 33:2837-48. [PMID: 23407943 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1943-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many primary sensory neurons are polymodal, responding to multiple stimulus modalities (chemical, thermal, or mechanical), yet each modality is recognized differently. Although polymodality implies that stimulus encoding occurs in higher centers, such as the spinal cord or brain, recent sensory neuron ablation studies find that behavioral responses to different modalities require distinct subpopulations, suggesting the existence of modality-specific labeled lines at the level of the sensory afferent. Here we provide evidence that neurons expressing TRPM8, a cold- and menthol-gated channel required for normal cold responses in mammals, represents a labeled line solely for cold sensation. We examined the behavioral significance of conditionally ablating TRPM8-expressing neurons in adult mice, finding that, like animals lacking TRPM8 channels (Trpm8(-/-)), animals depleted of TRPM8 neurons ("ablated") are insensitive to cool to painfully cold temperatures. Ablated animals showed little aversion to noxious cold and did not distinguish between cold and a preferred warm temperature, a phenotype more profound than that of Trpm8(-/-) mice which exhibit only partial cold-avoidance and -preference behaviors. In addition to acute responses, cold pain associated with inflammation and nerve injury was significantly attenuated in ablated and Trpm8(-/-) mice. Moreover, cooling-induced analgesia after nerve injury was abolished in both genotypes. Last, heat, mechanical, and proprioceptive behaviors were normal in ablated mice, demonstrating that TRPM8 neurons are dispensable for other somatosensory modalities. Together, these data show that, although some limited cold sensitivity remains in Trpm8(-/-) mice, TRPM8 neurons are required for the breadth of behavioral responses evoked by cold temperatures.
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166
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Cheang WS, Lam MY, Wong WT, Tian XY, Lau CW, Zhu Z, Yao X, Huang Y. Menthol relaxes rat aortae, mesenteric and coronary arteries by inhibiting calcium influx. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:79-84. [PMID: 23380688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Menthol, a naturally occurring compound in mint, is known to give cold sensation. However, previous findings about its pharmacological activity in blood vessels are full of paradox. The present study investigated the action of menthol on vascular reactivity in different arteries isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, e.g. aortae, main mesenteric arteries and coronary arteries. The arterial segments were suspended in organ bath or in wire myograph for measurement of isometric force. Menthol concentration-dependently relaxed all three arteries with similar relaxing sensitivity in arteries contracted by different contractors, KCl, U46619 (9,11-dideoxy-9α,11α-methanoepoxy Prostaglandin F2α) and phenylephrine. Menthol-induced relaxations were unaffected by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME, soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ, or mechanical removal of endothelium. Menthol also concentration-dependently suppressed 60mM KCl-induced constriction and CaCl2-induced contraction in Ca(2+)-free K(+)-containing solution. Calcium fluorescent imaging using fluo-4 showed that 10 min-incubation with 1mM menthol inhibited 60mM KCl-induced Ca(2+) influx in rat aortic smooth muscle cell line A7r5 and vascular smooth muscle of coronary arteries. To conclude, menthol induces relaxation and inhibits contraction in rat aortae, mesenteric and coronary arteries primarily through inhibiting Ca(2+) influx via nifedipine-sensitive Ca(2+) channels in vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai San Cheang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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168
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Molina G, Pimentel MR, Pastore GM. Pseudomonas: a promising biocatalyst for the bioconversion of terpenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1851-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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169
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Kawasaki H, Mizuta K, Fujita T, Kumamoto E. Inhibition by menthol and its related chemicals of compound action potentials in frog sciatic nerves. Life Sci 2013; 92:359-67. [PMID: 23352972 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channels play a role in transmitting sensory information in primary-afferent neurons. TRPV1 agonists at high concentrations inhibit action potential conduction in the neurons and thus have a local anesthetic effect. The purpose of the present study was to know whether TRPM8 agonist menthol at high concentrations has a similar action and if so whether there is a structure-activity relationship among menthol-related chemicals. MAIN METHODS Compound action potentials (CAPs) were recorded from the frog sciatic nerve by using the air-gap method. KEY FINDINGS (-)-Menthol and (+)-menthol concentration-dependently reduced CAP peak amplitude with the IC(50) values of 1.1 and 0.93 mM, respectively. This (-)-menthol activity was resistant to non-selective TRP antagonist ruthenium red; TRPM8 agonist icilin did not affect CAPs, indicating no involvements of TRPM8 channels. p-Menthane, (+)-limonene and menthyl chloride at 7-10 mM minimally affected CAPs. On the other hand, (-)-menthone, (+)-menthone, (-)-carvone, (+)-carvone and (-)-carveol (in each of which chemicals OH or O group was added to p-menthane and limonene) and (+)-pulegone inhibited CAPs with extents similar to that of menthol. 1,8-Cineole and 1,4-cineole were less effective while thymol and carvacrol were more effective than menthol in inhibiting CAPs. SIGNIFICANCE Menthol-related chemicals inhibited CAPs and were thus suggested to exhibit local anesthetic effects comparable to those of lidocaine and cocaine as reported previously for frog CAPs. This result may provide information to develop local anesthetics on the basis of the chemical structure of menthol.
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170
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Vanden Abeele F, Kondratskyi A, Dubois C, Shapovalov G, Gkika D, Busserolles J, Shuba Y, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N. Complex modulation of TRPM8 cold receptor by volatile anaesthetics and role in complications of general anaesthesia. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4479-89. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which volatile general anaesthetics (VAs) produce a depression of central nervous system are beginning to be better understood, but little is known about a number of side effects. Here, we show that the cold receptor, TRPM8, is complexly modulated by clinical concentration of VAs in dorsal root ganglion neurons and HEK-293 cells heterologously expressing TRPM8. VAs produced transient enhancement of TRPM8 via a depolarizing shift of its activation towards physiological membrane potentials, followed by a sustained TRPM8 inhibition. Stimulatory action of VAs engaged molecular determinants distinct from those used by the TRPM8 agonist. Transient TRPM8 activation by VAs could explain such side effects as inhibition of respiratory drive, shivering and cooling sensation during the beginning of anaesthesia, whereas the second phase of VA action associated with sustained TRPM8 inhibition may be responsible for hypothermia. Consistent with this, both hypothermia and inhibition of respiratory drive induced by VAs are partially abolished in TRPM8-null animals. Thus, we propose TRPM8 as a new clinical target for diminishing common and serious complications of general anaesthesia.
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171
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Jones PR, Barton C, Morrissey D, Maffulli N, Hemmings S. Pre-cooling for endurance exercise performance in the heat: a systematic review. BMC Med 2012; 10:166. [PMID: 23249542 PMCID: PMC3568721 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance exercise capacity diminishes under hot environmental conditions. Time to exhaustion can be increased by lowering body temperature prior to exercise (pre-cooling). This systematic literature review synthesizes the current findings of the effects of pre-cooling on endurance exercise performance, providing guidance for clinical practice and further research. METHODS The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases were searched in May 2012 for studies evaluating the effectiveness of pre-cooling to enhance endurance exercise performance in hot environmental conditions (≥ 28°C). Studies involving participants with increased susceptibility to heat strain, cooling during or between bouts of exercise, and protocols where aerobic endurance was not the principle performance outcome were excluded. Potential publications were assessed by two independent reviewers for inclusion and quality. Means and standard deviations of exercise performance variables were extracted or sought from original authors to enable effect size calculations. RESULTS In all, 13 studies were identified. The majority of studies contained low participant numbers and/or absence of sample size calculations. Six studies used cold water immersion, four crushed ice ingestion and three cooling garments. The remaining study utilized mixed methods. Large heterogeneity in methodological design and exercise protocols was identified. Effect size calculations indicated moderate evidence that cold water immersion effectively improved endurance performance, and limited evidence that ice slurry ingestion improved performance. Cooling garments were ineffective. Most studies failed to document or report adverse events. Low participant numbers in each study limited the statistical power of certain reported trends and lack of blinding could potentially have introduced either participant or researcher bias in some studies. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence indicates cold water immersion may be the most effective method of pre-cooling to improve endurance performance in hot conditions, although practicality must be considered. Ice slurry ingestion appears to be the most promising practical alternative. Interestingly, cooling garments appear of limited efficacy, despite their frequent use. Mechanisms behind effective pre-cooling remain uncertain, and optimal protocols have yet to be established. Future research should focus on standardizing exercise performance protocols, recruiting larger participant numbers to enable direct comparisons of effectiveness and practicality for each method, and ensuring potential adverse events are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Jones
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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172
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Averbeck B, Rucker F, Laubender R, Carr R. Thermal grill-evoked sensations of heat correlate with cold pain threshold and are enhanced by menthol and cinnamaldehyde. Eur J Pain 2012; 17:724-34. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Averbeck
- Department of Physiology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - F. Rucker
- Department of Physiology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - R.P. Laubender
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Munich; Germany
| | - R.W. Carr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Mannheim; Germany
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173
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Avilés Moreno JR, Partal Ureña F, López González JJ. Hydrogen bonding network in a chiral alcohol: (1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthol. Conformational preference studied by IR–Raman–VCD spectroscopies and quantum chemical calculations. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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174
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El-Arabi AM, Salazar CS, Schmidt JJ. Ion channel drug potency assay with an artificial bilayer chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2409-2413. [PMID: 22549308 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potency of pharmaceutical compounds acting on ion channels can be determined through measurements of ion channel conductance as a function of compound concentration. We have developed an artificial lipid bilayer chip for simple, fast, and high-yield measurement of ion channel conductance with simultaneous solution perfusion. Here we show the application of this chip to the measurement of the mammalian cold and menthol receptor TRPM8. Ensemble measurements of TRPM8 as a function of concentration of menthol and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) enabled efficient determination of menthol's EC(50) (111.8 μM ± 2.4 μM) and 2-APB's IC(50) (4.9 μM ± 0.2 μM) in agreement with published values. This validation, coupled with the compatibility of this platform with automation and parallelization, indicates significant potential for large-scale pharmaceutical ion channel screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad M El-Arabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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175
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Bharate SS, Bharate SB. Modulation of thermoreceptor TRPM8 by cooling compounds. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:248-67. [PMID: 22860192 PMCID: PMC3369806 DOI: 10.1021/cn300006u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ThermoTRPs, a subset of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of cation channels, have been implicated in sensing temperature. TRPM8 and TRPA1 are both activated by cooling. TRPM8 is activated by innocuous cooling (<30 °C) and contributes to sensing unpleasant cold stimuli or mediating the effects of cold analgesia and is a receptor for menthol and icilin (mint-derived and synthetic cooling compounds, respectively). TRPA1 (Ankyrin family) is activated by noxious cold (<17 °C), icilin, and a variety of pungent compounds. Extensive amount of medicinal chemistry efforts have been published mainly in the form of patent literature on various classes of cooling compounds by various pharmaceutical companies; however, no prior comprehensive review has been published. When expressed in heterologous expression systems, such as Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cell lines, TRPM8 mediated currents are activated by a number of cooling compounds in addition to menthol and icilin. These include synthetic p-menthane carboxamides along with other class of compounds such as aliphatic/alicyclic alcohols/esters/amides, sulphones/sulphoxides/sulphonamides, heterocyclics, keto-enamines/lactams, and phosphine oxides. In the present review, the medicinal chemistry of various cooling compounds as activators of thermoTRPM8 channel will be discussed according to their chemical classes. The potential of these compounds to emerge as therapeutic agents is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S. Bharate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, P.E. Society’s Modern
College of Pharmacy for Ladies, Dehu-Alandi Road, Moshi,
Pune, India
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- Medicinal
Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
(CSIR), Canal
Road, Jammu-180001, India
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176
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Guimarães AG, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Monoterpenes with Analgesic Activity-A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana G. Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão SE Brazil
| | - Jullyana S. S. Quintans
- Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DFS/UFS); São Cristóvão SE Brazil
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177
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Hans M, Wilhelm M, Swandulla D. Menthol suppresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptor functioning in sensory neurons via allosteric modulation. Chem Senses 2012; 37:463-9. [PMID: 22281529 PMCID: PMC3348174 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated how the function of native and recombinant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is modulated by the monoterpenoid alcohol from peppermint (−) menthol. In trigeminal neurons (TG), we found that nicotine (75 μM)-activated whole-cell currents through nAChRs were reversibly reduced by menthol in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 111 μM. To analyze the mechanism underlying menthol's action in more detail, we used single channel and whole-cell recordings from recombinant human α4β2 nAChR expressed in HEK tsA201 cells. Here, we found a shortening of channel open time and a prolongation of channel closed time, and an increase in single channel amplitude leading in summary to a reduction in single channel current. Furthermore, menthol did not affect nicotine's EC50 value for currents through recombinant human α4β2 nAChRs but caused a significant reduction in nicotine's efficacy. Taken together, these findings indicate that menthol is a negative allosteric modulator of nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hans
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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178
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Galata M, Mahmoud S. Bioactive Plant Isoprenoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY VOLUME 37 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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179
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides, especially phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P(2)] are required for the activity of many different ion channels. This chapter will highlight various aspects of this paradigm, by discussing current knowledge on four different ion channel families: inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels, KCNQ voltage gated K(+) channels, voltage gated Ca(2+) (VGCC) channels and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. Our main focus is to discuss functional aspects of this regulation, i.e. how changes in the concentration of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) in the plasma membrane upon phospholipase C activation may modulate the activity of ion channels, and what are the major determinants of this regulation. We also discuss how channels act as coincidence detectors sensing phosphoinositide levels and other signalling molecules. We also briefly discuss the available methods to study phosphoinositide regulation of ion channels, and structural aspects of interaction of ion channel proteins with these phospholipids. Finally, in several cases the effect of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is more complex than a simple dependence of ion channel activity on the lipid, and we will discuss some these complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gamper
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK,
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180
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Kuriyama W, Matsumoto T, Ogata O, Ino Y, Aoki K, Tanaka S, Ishida K, Kobayashi T, Sayo N, Saito T. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Esters. Development of an Efficient Catalyst and Processes for Synthesising (R)-1,2-Propanediol and 2-(l-Menthoxy)ethanol. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200234j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kuriyama
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Takaji Matsumoto
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogata
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ino
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Kunimori Aoki
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Kenya Ishida
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Tohru Kobayashi
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Noboru Sayo
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Takao Saito
- Takasago International Corporation, Corporate Research
and Development Division, 4-11, Nishiyawata
1-chome, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
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181
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Gaudioso C, Hao J, Martin-Eauclaire MF, Gabriac M, Delmas P. Menthol pain relief through cumulative inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Pain 2011; 153:473-484. [PMID: 22172548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Menthol is a natural compound of plant origin known to produce cool sensation via the activation of the TRPM8 channel. It is also frequently part of topical analgesic drugs available in a pharmacy, although its mechanism of action is still unknown. Compelling evidence indicates that voltage-gated Na(+) channels are critical for experiencing pain sensation. We tested the hypothesis that menthol may block voltage-gated Na(+) channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. By use of a patch clamp, we evaluated the effects of menthol application on tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 channel subtypes in DRG neurons, and on TTX-sensitive Na(+) channels in immortalized DRG neuron-derived F11 cells. The results indicate that menthol inhibits Na(+) channels in a concentration-, voltage-, and frequency-dependent manner. Menthol promoted fast and slow inactivation states, causing use-dependent depression of Na(+) channel activity. In current clamp recordings, menthol inhibited firing at high-frequency stimulation with minimal effects on normal neuronal activity. We found that low concentrations of menthol cause analgesia in mice, relieving pain produced by a Na(+) channel-targeting toxin. We conclude that menthol is a state-selective blocker of Nav1.8, Nav1.9, and TTX-sensitive Na(+) channels, indicating a role for Na(+) channel blockade in the efficacy of menthol as topical analgesic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gaudioso
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6231, CNRS, CS80011, Bd Pierre Dramard, 13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France
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182
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Behavioral Testing of the Effects of Thermosensitive TRP Channel Agonists on Touch, Temperature, and Pain Sensations. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-011-9222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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183
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Synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and structure–activity relationships of eugenol, menthol, and genistein esters. Chem Nat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-011-9994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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184
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Chen C, Luo W, Isabelle LM, Gareau KD, Pankow JF. The stereoisomers of menthol in selected tobacco products. A brief report. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:741-5. [PMID: 21447840 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol has long been an important flavorant in tobacco products, and both its historical and present uses are topics of increasing debate. Menthol can exist in eight different stereoisomeric forms (as four enantiomeric pairs) that possess different sensory properties. As regards use in tobacco products, the open scientific literature and available industry documents focus on the D-menthol and l-menthol enantiomeric pair, and in particular on l-menthol, but are ambiguous about the actual importance of D-menthol in tobacco products. This study provides the first openly available measurements regarding the stereoisomeric forms of menthol as found in selected United States sub-brands of smokeless tobacco (SLT), cigarettes, and cigarette smoke. METHODS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied using a "chiral" GC column to separate and determine the forms of menthol present in headspace air above various samples of United States sub-brands of SLT, cigarette filler material, and cigarette smoke particulate matter. Additional GC × GC/Time-of-flight mass spectrometry measurements were also made. RESULTS The dominant form of menthol by far in any of the samples was l-menthol. CONCLUSIONS For the selected cigarettes and SLT products tested from the U.S. market, the only form of menthol found was l-menthol. Other forms may be present in products that were not tested. No evidence was found of thermal racemization upon smoking of l-menthol to a d+l mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA.
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185
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Zhang J, Enix D, Snyder B, Giggey K, Tepe R. Effects of Biofreeze and chiropractic adjustments on acute low back pain: a pilot study. J Chiropr Med 2011; 7:59-65. [PMID: 19674721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcme.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled study was designed to determine the pain-relieving effect of Biofreeze (Performance Health Inc., Export, PA) body surface application and chiropractic adjustments on subjects with acute low back pain (LBP). METHODS The data were collected at the baseline, 2 weeks after treatment, and 4 weeks after treatment for final analyses. Diversified manual adjustments were provided by licensed chiropractors twice a week for 4 weeks to both control and experimental groups. Biofreeze was applied to the lower back area 3 times a day for 4 weeks in the experimental group. Outcome assessments included visual analog scale, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, heart rate variability for stress, and electromyography for low back muscle activity. RESULTS A total of 36 subjects were recruited in the study (25 male). The average age was 34 years. Significant pain reduction was found after each week of treatment in the experimental group (P < .05). The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire did not show significant changes in both groups. There were no significant differences for pain reduction in the control group. Heart rate variability analysis showed no significant change (P > .05) in the experimental group after 4 weeks of Biofreeze and chiropractic adjustments. There were no statistically significant changes in the electromyography readings between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Biofreeze combined with chiropractic adjustment showed significant reduction in LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zhang
- Associate Director of Research, Logan College of Chiropractic, Chesterfield, MO 63017
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186
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Lawrence D, Cadman B, Hoffman AC. Sensory properties of menthol and smoking topography. Tob Induc Dis 2011; 9 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 21624149 PMCID: PMC3102902 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-9-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a great deal known about menthol as a flavoring agent in foods and confections, less is known about the particular sensory properties of menthol cigarette smoke. Similarly, although smoking topography (the unique way an individual smokes a cigarette) has been well studied using non-menthol cigarettes, there is relatively less known about how menthol affects smoking behavior. The objective of this review is to assess the sensory properties of menthol tobacco smoke, and smoking topography associated with menthol cigarettes. The cooling, analgesic, taste, and respiratory effects of menthol are well established, and studies have indicated that menthol’s sensory attributes can have an influence on the positive, or rewarding, properties associated smoking, including ratings of satisfaction, taste, perceived smoothness, and perceived irritation. Despite these sensory properties, the data regarding menthol’s effect on smoking topography are inconsistent. Many of the topography studies have limitations due to various methodological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Lawrence
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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187
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A Phase I Study Evaluating Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Efficacy of L-Menthol in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:221-8. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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188
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Yerger VB. Menthol's potential effects on nicotine dependence: a tobacco industry perspective. Tob Control 2011; 20 Suppl 2:ii29-36. [PMID: 21504929 PMCID: PMC3088468 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine what the tobacco industry knows about the potential effects menthol may have on nicotine dependence. METHODS A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) between 22 February and 29 April, 2010. Of the approximately 11 million documents available in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, the iterative searches returned tens of thousands of results. We qualitatively analysed a final collection of 309 documents relevant the effects of menthol on nicotine dependence. RESULTS The tobacco industry knows that menthol overrides the harsh taste of tobacco and alleviates nicotine's irritating effects, synergistically interacts with nicotine, stimulates the trigeminal nerve to elicit a 'liking' response for a tobacco product, and makes low tar, low nicotine tobacco products more acceptable to smokers than non-mentholated low delivery products. CONCLUSION Menthol is not only used in cigarettes as a flavour additive; tobacco companies know that menthol also has sensory effects and interacts with nicotine to produce tobacco products that are easier to smoke, thereby making it easier to expose smokers, especially those who are new and uninitiated, to the addictive power of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Box 0612, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, USA.
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189
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Yerger VB, McCandless PM. Menthol sensory qualities and smoking topography: a review of tobacco industry documents. Tob Control 2011; 20 Suppl 2:ii37-43. [PMID: 21504930 PMCID: PMC3088462 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.041988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine what the tobacco industry knew about the potential effects of menthol on smoking topography-how a person smokes a cigarette. METHODS A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) between 1 June 2010 and 9 August 2010. We qualitatively analysed a final collection of 252 documents related to menthol and smoking topography. RESULTS The tobacco industry knew that menthol has cooling, anaesthetic and analgesic properties that moderate the harshness and irritation of tobacco. Owing to its physiological effects, menthol contributes to the sensory qualities of the smoke and affects smoking topography and cigarette preference. CONCLUSION Our review of industry studies suggests that the amount of menthol in a cigarette is associated with how the cigarette is smoked and how satisfying it is to the smoker. If menthol in cigarettes was banned, as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is currently considering, new/experimental smokers might choose not to smoke rather than experience the harshness of tobacco smoke and the irritating qualities of nicotine. Similarly, established menthol smokers might choose to quit if faced with an unpleasant smoking alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, USA.
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190
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Klein AH, Iodi Carstens M, McCluskey TS, Blancher G, Simons CT, Slack JP, Furrer S, Carstens E. Novel menthol-derived cooling compounds activate primary and second-order trigeminal sensory neurons and modulate lingual thermosensitivity. Chem Senses 2011; 36:649-58. [PMID: 21511802 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We presently investigated 2 novel menthol derivatives GIV1 and GIV2, which exhibit strong cooling effects. In previous human psychophysical studies, GIV1 delivered in a toothpaste medium elicited a cooling sensation that was longer lasting compared with GIV2 and menthol carboxamide (WS-3). In the current study, we investigated the molecular and cellular effects of these cooling agents. In calcium flux studies of TRPM8 expressed in HEK cells, both GIV1 and GIV2 were approximately 40- to 200-fold more potent than menthol and WS-3. GIV1 and GIV2 also activated TRPA1 but at levels that were 400 times greater than those required for TRPM8 activation. In calcium imaging studies, subpopulations of cultured rat trigeminal ganglion and dorsal root ganglion cells responded to GIV1 and/or GIV2; the majority of these were also activated by menthol and some were additionally activated by the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde and/or the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin. We also made in vivo single-unit recordings from cold-sensitive neurons in rat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). GIV 1 and GIV2 directly excited some Vc neurons, GIV1 significantly enhanced their responses to cooling, and both GIV1 and GIV2 reduced responses to noxious heat. These novel cooling compounds provide additional molecular tools to investigate the neural processes of cold sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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191
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Lee PN. Systematic review of the epidemiological evidence comparing lung cancer risk in smokers of mentholated and unmentholated cigarettes. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11:18. [PMID: 21501470 PMCID: PMC3103484 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND US mentholated cigarette sales have increased considerably over 50 years. Preference for mentholated cigarettes is markedly higher in Black people. While menthol itself is not genotoxic or carcinogenic, its acute respiratory effects might affect inhalation of cigarette smoke. This possibility seems consistent with the higher lung cancer risk in Black men, despite Black people smoking less and starting smoking later than White people. Despite experimental data suggesting similar carcinogenicity of mentholated and non-mentholated cigarettes, the lack of convincing evidence that mentholation increases puffing, inhalation or smoke uptake, and the similarity of lung cancer rates in Black and White females, a review of cigarette mentholation and lung cancer is timely given current regulatory interest in the topic. METHODS Epidemiological studies comparing lung cancer risk in mentholated and non-mentholated cigarette smokers were identified from MedLine and other sources. Study details were extracted and strengths and weaknesses assessed. Relative risk estimates were extracted, or derived, for ever mentholated use and for long-term use, overall and by gender, race, and current/ever smoking, and meta-analyses conducted. RESULTS Eight generally good quality studies were identified, with valid cases and controls, and appropriate adjustment for age, gender, race and smoking. The studies afforded good power to detect possible effects. However, only one study presented results by histological type, none adjusted for occupation or diet, and some provided no results by length of mentholated cigarette use.The data do not suggest any effect of mentholation on lung cancer risk. Adjusted relative risk estimates for ever use vary from 0.81 to 1.12, giving a combined estimate of 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.84-1.02, n = 8), with no increase in males (1.01, 0.84-1.22, n = 5), females (0.80, 0.67-0.95, n = 5), White people (0.87, 0.75-1.03, n = 4) or Black people (0.90, 0.73-1.10, n = 4). Estimates for current and ever smokers are similar. The combined estimate for long-term use (0.95, 0.80-1.13, n = 4) again suggests no effect of mentholation. CONCLUSION Higher lung cancer rates in Black males cannot be due to their greater preference for mentholated cigarettes. While some study weaknesses exist, the epidemiological evidence is consistent with mentholation having no effect on the lung carcinogenicity of cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Lee
- P.N. Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd, Surrey, UK.
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192
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Faridi U, Sisodia BS, Shukla AK, Shukla RK, Darokar MP, Dwivedi UN, Shasany AK. Proteomics indicates modulation of tubulin polymerization by L-menthol inhibiting human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation. Proteomics 2011; 11:2115-9. [PMID: 21472860 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is a naturally occurring cyclic monoterpene used in oral hygiene products, confectionary, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, pesticides, and as a flavoring agent. In the present study, we analyzed the differentially expressing proteome in L-menthol-treated Caco-2 cell line as it was found to inhibit cell proliferation. Interestingly, free tubulin proteins were observed to be limited after menthol treatment. Semiquantitative RT-PCR with α-tubulin primers showed no change in the level of RNA expression in menthol-treated cell line. However, tubulin polymerization assay with menthol indicated a trend similar to taxol in promoting microtubule assembly. Further, physical counting of apoptotic nuclei and active caspase-3 assays confirmed onset of apoptosis though the rate was slower as compared with that of taxol treatment. This study is the first report of a monoterpene L-menthol modulating tubulin polymerization and apoptosis to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Faridi
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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193
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Kupisz K, Trebacz K. Effect of cold and menthol on membrane potential in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 141:352-360. [PMID: 21214882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cooling substances such as menthol are perceived as cold sensation because they bind to the same receptor TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin) that activates upon temperature drops. We investigated the effect of menthol on the plant membrane potential to search for analogies between animal and plant perception systems. The study was conducted on the liverwort Conocephalum conicum- a non-vascular plant generating action potentials (APs) in response to different stimuli including cold. (+)Menthol, (-)menthol and (+/-)menthol induced one or more APs, depending on the concentration. In contrast to animal reactions to menthol, threshold concentrations of these isomers were the same (1 mM). The presence of menthol in medium shortened cold-induced APs, whereas low temperature prolonged the repolarization phase of AP evoked by menthol. Cells of C. conicum with anion and potassium channels blocked by anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C) and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl) generate short spike-like voltage transients (VTs) in response to cold and light stimulation. Membrane potential changes evoked by menthol in A9C- and TEACl-treated plants differed significantly from VTs - lasted much longer and frequently occurred in series. 5 mM LaCl(3) , 1 mM EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) (0 Ca(2+) ) but not 0.2 mM verapamil blocked the putative calcium component of AP induced by menthol. Similar inhibitory effect was observed after the application of proton pump inhibitors: 0.05 mM N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), 0.05 mM diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 0.01 mM carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Our results indicate that cold and menthol act independently, activating different membrane transporters in C. conicum cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kupisz
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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194
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Gallagher P, Jones S. A stability and validation study of 1%w/w menthol in aqueous cream. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.1997.tb00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study an analytical method for the determination of menthol in aqueous cream was developed, together with the complete validation of the production process and stability testing of 18 months' retained reference samples. Cream packed in 500ml plastic screw cap containers was tested and studied. Up to now there has only been a small scale (1.40kg) manual manufacture of 1%w/w menthol in aqueous cream without any formal quality control analysis and testing carried out on the product.
The purpose of this work was to enable large scale manufacture of the product, which would require development of an analytical method and validation of the mixing and filling processes. Stability testing of stored reference samples was carried out concurrently.
A stability-indicating, gas-liquid chromatographic method, with the use of an internal standard, was developed and validated for the product. Stability testing of samples stored at 25C ± 1C showed no significant degradation over 18 months. Validation of the manufacturing process by a sequential sampling technique showed the process to be satisfactory and workable at all stages.
The current formulation in use is 1%w/w menthol triturated directly into aqueous cream BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gallagher
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Laboratory, St Thomas's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH
| | - Sean Jones
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Laboratory, St Thomas's Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH
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Starkenmann C, Cayeux I, Brauchli R, Mayenzet F. Hemisynthesis of dihydroumbellulols from umbellulone: new cooling compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:677-683. [PMID: 21190364 DOI: 10.1021/jf103989j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although menthol is a common ingredient used in food products, other molecules also evoke coolness through stimulation of the somatosensory system. To discover new molecules having cooling properties, we virtually screened the chemical structures of terpenes and sesquiterpenes to find structures that are similar to (-)-menthol. We realized that dihydroumbellulols could be good candidates. Although their occurrence was reported in Hyptis pectinata Poit, we were unable to obtain these molecules from the plant or to prove their natural occurrence. Therefore, we extracted (-)-(R)-umbellulone from Umbellularia californica Nutt. The (-)-(R)-umbellulone was reduced to prepare (1R,2R/S)-1-isopropyl-4-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ol, (1R,4R/S)-1-isopropyl-4-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one, and (1R,2RS,4RS)-1-isopropyl-4-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ols, named dihydroumbellulols. Sensory analysis suggested that (1R,2R,4S)-dihydroumbellulol has a pleasant, trigeminal cooling effect, about 2-3 times less cooling than (-)-menthol, with a weak odor slightly reminiscent of eucalyptol. In addition, a previously unreported compound was discovered, (-)-(1R)-1-isopropyl-4-methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one.
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Harteneck C, Klose C, Krautwurst D. Synthetic modulators of TRP channel activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 704:87-106. [PMID: 21290290 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, 27 TRP channels from 6 related families contribute to a broad spectrum of cellular functions, such as thermo-, pressure-, volume-, pain- and chemosensation. Pain and inflammation-inducing compounds represent potent plant and animal defense mechanisms explaining the great variety of the naturally occurring, TRPV1-, TRPM8-, and TRPA1-activating ligands. The discovery of the first vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) and its involvement in nociception triggered the euphoria and the hope in novel therapeutic strategies treating pain, and this clear-cut indication inspired the development of TRPV1-selective ligands. On the other hand the nescience in the physiological role and putative clinical indication hampered the development of a selective drug in the case of the other TRP channels. Therefore, currently only a handful of mostly un-selective blocker is available to target TRP channels. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing quest for new, natural or synthetic ligands and modulators. In this chapter, we will give an overview on available broad-range blocker, as well as first TRP channel-selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harteneck
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmaceutical Research (ICEPHA), Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany.
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197
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Hersey JC, Nonnemaker JM, Homsi G. Menthol Cigarettes Contribute to the Appeal and Addiction Potential of Smoking for Youth. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12 Suppl 2:S136-46. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Fernander A, Rayens MK, Hahn E, Zhang M, Adkins SM. Menthol smoking, smoke-free policies and cessation services. Addiction 2010; 105 Suppl 1:105-14. [PMID: 21059141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study examined whether menthol cigarette smoking is related to exposure to smoke-free home and work-place policies, availability of cessation services at work and knowledge of cessation resources among current smokers. DESIGN Secondary analysis was conducted using logistic regression of cross-sectional data. SETTING The 2003 and 2006/07 Tobacco Use Supplement (TUS) to the Current Population Survey, administered by the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Census Bureau, formed the basis for this investigation. PARTICIPANTS A total of 66,145 current smokers who participated in the TUS CPS administrations in 2003 and 2006/07. MEASUREMENTS Demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, age, education, income), smoking frequency, menthol cigarette use, status of smoking bans in the work-place and at home, availability of cessation services at work and knowledge of quitting resources were assessed. FINDINGS Among all current smokers with an indoor job, with no smoke-free restrictions at either work or home as the reference, those who smoked menthol cigarettes were about one-third as likely to have a smoke-free policy at both work and home [odds ratio (OR) = 0.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27-0.38]. In the comparison of those with an indoor smoke-free policy at work only versus those with no restrictions, menthol status was a risk factor for not having a work-place restriction (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67-0.93); similarly, within this sample, menthol use was a risk factor for not having a home restriction (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.31-0.46). Among all current smokers, the use of menthol cigarettes was a risk factor for not having a smoking restriction at home (OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.98). Menthol smoking was not related to availability of cessation services offered at work or knowledge of cessation services. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that menthol smoking is associated with lack of policy protection from second-hand smoke exposure. Policymakers and tobacco control professionals should monitor tobacco control efforts to ensure that policies and interventions reach all menthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Fernander
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA.
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Fagan P, Moolchan ET, Hart A, Rose A, Lawrence D, Shavers VL, Gibson JT. Nicotine dependence and quitting behaviors among menthol and non-menthol smokers with similar consumptive patterns. Addiction 2010; 105 Suppl 1:55-74. [PMID: 21059137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study examines the associations between usual cigarette brand (i.e. menthol, non-menthol) and markers for nicotine dependence and quitting behaviors. DESIGN The 2003 and 2006/07 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Surveys were pooled to conduct secondary data analysis. SETTING National data were collected using in-person and telephone computer-assisted interviews by the United States Census Bureau among civilian, non-institutionalized people aged 15 years and older. PARTICIPANTS Data were analyzed among daily current smokers aged 18+ (n = 46,273). MEASUREMENTS The associations between usual cigarette brand and time to first cigarette within 5 and 30 minutes after waking, quit attempts in the past 12 months and length of smoking abstinence in the past 12 months were examined. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were stratified by smoking intensity: ≤5, 6-10, 11-19 and 20+ cigarettes per day. FINDINGS Menthol smokers reported a mean of 13.05 compared with 15.01 cigarettes per day among non-menthol smokers (P < 0.001). Multivariate results showed that among smokers consuming 6-10 cigarettes per day, menthol smokers were significantly more likely than non-menthol smokers to consume their first cigarette within 5 minutes after waking (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.05,1.43). The multivariate models did not show significant associations between usual cigarette brand and quit attempts in past 12 months or duration of smoking abstinence >2 weeks in the past 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this national survey of daily smokers demonstrate that menthol smokers in the United States who report consuming 6-10 cigarettes per day show greater signs of nicotine dependence than comparable non-menthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pebbles Fagan
- National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7337, USA.
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Gating of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels activated by cold and chemical agonists in planar lipid bilayers. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12526-34. [PMID: 20844147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3189-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channel is a major sensor of environmental cold temperatures. It is activated by cold and chemical agonists, such as menthol and icilin. The activation of these channels both by cold and cooling agents requires the presence of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)]. The mechanism of TRPM8 activation by physical and chemical factors is unknown, and the involvement of cellular signaling pathways has been considered. Here we have characterized the gating mechanism of the rat TRPM8 reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers and its activation by different stimuli. In this system, the influence of cellular signaling pathways can be excluded. We found that TRPM8 activated by cold exhibits steep temperature dependence [temperature coefficient (Q(10)) of ∼40], and the channel openings are accompanied by large changes in entropy and enthalpy, suggesting a substantial conformation change. TRPM8 channel behavior upon menthol and icilin activation was distinguishable, and the effect of icilin depended on the presence of calcium on the intracellular side of the protein. Here we also demonstrate that PI(4,5)P(2) is the prime factor that impacts the gating of TRPM8 and that other phosphoinositides are less efficient in supporting channel activity. Menthol increases the potency of PI(4,5)P(2) to activate the channels and increases binding of phosphoinositides to the full-length channel protein. Our data demonstrate conclusively that TRPM8 is gated by cold and its chemical agonists directly, and that dependence of its gating on PI(4,5)P(2) is a result of direct specific interactions with the lipid.
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