151
|
Bryant CE, Orr S, Ferguson B, Symmons MF, Boyle JP, Monie TP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVI. Pattern recognition receptors in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:462-504. [PMID: 25829385 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Toll, in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as the first described pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in 1996, many families of these receptors have been discovered and characterized. PRRs play critically important roles in pathogen recognition to initiate innate immune responses that ultimately link to the generation of adaptive immunity. Activation of PRRs leads to the induction of immune and inflammatory genes, including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It is increasingly clear that many PRRs are linked to a range of inflammatory, infectious, immune, and chronic degenerative diseases. Several drugs to modulate PRR activity are already in clinical trials and many more are likely to appear in the near future. Here, we review the different families of mammalian PRRs, the ligands they recognize, the mechanisms of activation, their role in disease, and the potential of targeting these proteins to develop the anti-inflammatory therapeutics of the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Bryant
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Selinda Orr
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Martyn F Symmons
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| | - Tom P Monie
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine (C.E.B., J.P.B., T.P.M.), Pathology (B.F.), and Biochemistry (M.F.S., J.P.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (S.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Nagae M, Yamaguchi Y. Sugar recognition and protein-protein interaction of mammalian lectins conferring diverse functions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:108-15. [PMID: 26418728 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in structural analyses of mammalian lectins reveal atomic-level details of their fine specificities toward diverse endogenous and exogenous glycans. Local variations on a common scaffold can enable certain lectins to recognize complex carbohydrate ligands including branched glycans and O-glycosylated peptides. Simultaneous recognition of both glycan and the aglycon moieties enhances the affinity and specificity of lectins such as CLEC-2 and PILRα. Attention has been paid to the roles of galectin and RegIII family of proteins in protein-protein interactions involved in critical biological functions including signal transduction and bactericidal pore formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Exclusive Decoration of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Env with High-Mannose Type N-Glycans Is Not Compatible with Mucosal Transmission in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2015; 89:11727-33. [PMID: 26355090 PMCID: PMC4645679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01358-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) proteins are extensively decorated with N-glycans, predominantly of the high-mannose type. However, it is unclear how high-mannose N-glycans on Env impact viral spread. We show that exclusive modification of SIV Env with these N-glycans reduces viral infectivity and abrogates mucosal transmission, despite increasing viral capture by immune cell lectins. Thus, high-mannose N-glycans have opposed effects on SIV infectivity and lectin reactivity, and a balance might be required for efficient mucosal transmission.
Collapse
|
154
|
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Conde et al. (2015) showed that a costimulatory blockade favors the accumulation of CD209a(+) macrophages which, upon interaction with fucosylated tissue ligands, promotes the expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cell number.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam MF-B242, 1081BT, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam MF-B242, 1081BT, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Otten L, Gibson MI. Discrimination between lectins with similar specificities by ratiometric profiling of binding to glycosylated surfaces; a chemical 'tongue' approach. RSC Adv 2015; 5:53172-53179. [PMID: 27019703 PMCID: PMC4786966 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-lectin interactions dictate a range of signalling and recognition processes in biological systems. The exploitation of these, particularly for diagnostic applications, is complicated by the inherent promiscuity of lectins along with their low affinity for individual glycans which themselves are challenging to access (bio)synthetically. Inspired by how a 'tongue' can discriminate between hundreds of flavours using a minimal set of multiplexed sensors and a training algorithm, here individual lectins are 'profiled' based on their unique binding profile (barcode) to a range of monosaccharides. By comparing the relative binding of a panel of 5 lectins to 3 monosaccharide-coated surfaces, it was possible to generate a training algorithm that enables correct identification of lectins, even those with similar glycan preferences. This is demonstrated to be useful for discrimination between the cholera and ricin toxin lectins showing the potential of this minimalist approach for exploiting glycan complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Otten
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL UK .
| | - M I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry , CV4 7AL UK .
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Drickamer K, Taylor ME. Recent insights into structures and functions of C-type lectins in the immune system. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:26-34. [PMID: 26163333 PMCID: PMC4681411 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-binding C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains fall in five structural groups. Structures for many of these domains, covering all of the groups, have been obtained. Not all human C-type lectins have clear orthologues in other mammals such as mice. Different mechanisms by which C-type lectins initiate signalling remain to be defined. Hetero-oligomeric receptors add to the complexity of overlapping specificities.
The majority of the C-type lectin-like domains in the human genome likely to bind sugars have been investigated structurally, although novel mechanisms of sugar binding are still being discovered. In the immune system, adhesion and endocytic receptors that bind endogenous mammalian glycans are often conserved, while pathogen-binding C-type lectins on cells of the innate immune system are more divergent. Lack of orthology between some human and mouse receptors, as well as overlapping specificities of many receptors and formation of receptor hetero-oligomers, can make it difficult to define the roles of individual receptors. There is good evidence that C-type lectins initiate signalling pathways in several different ways, but this function remains the least well understood from a mechanistic perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Drickamer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen E Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Liu X, Zhang H, Su L, Yang P, Xin Z, Zou J, Ren S, Zuo Y. Low expression of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein in lung cancer and significant correlations with brain metastasis and natural killer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 407:151-60. [PMID: 26150177 PMCID: PMC7101997 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin-related protein (DC-SIGNR) is a type II transmembrane protein which has been reported to bind a variety of pathogens as well as participate in immunoregulation. But the association between the level of DC-SIGNR and lung cancer is unknown. To investigate the clinical diagnostic significance of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer, we investigated serum DC-SIGNR levels in 173 lung cancer patients and 134 healthy individuals using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that serum DC-SIGNR levels in lung cancer patients were lower than that in healthy controls (P = 0.0003). A cut-off value of 3.8998 ng/L for DC-SIGNR predicted the presence of lung cancer with 78.03% sensitivity and 49.25% specificity (area under the curve = 0.6212, P = 0.0003). Strikingly, serum DC-SIGNR levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients with brain metastasis compared to those without metastasis (P = 0.0283). Moreover, the serum concentrations of DC-SIGNR in lung cancer patients also correlated significantly with serum natural killer cells percentage (P = 0.0017). In addition, immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated that the expression of DC-SIGNR in lung tissues of 31 lung cancer patients and 13 tuberculosis patients was significantly lower than that in 18 normal lung tissues (P = 0.0418, 0.0289), and there is no significant difference between tuberculosis tissues and lung cancer tissues (P = 0.2696). These results suggest that DC-SIGNR maybe a promising biological molecule that has the potential for clinical research of lung cancer, whereas its underlying roles are needed to be investigated in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Diagnostic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Pritchard LK, Vasiljevic S, Ozorowski G, Seabright GE, Cupo A, Ringe R, Kim HJ, Sanders RW, Doores KJ, Burton DR, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Moore JP, Crispin M. Structural Constraints Determine the Glycosylation of HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1604-13. [PMID: 26051934 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly glycosylated, trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediates HIV-1 cell entry. The high density and heterogeneity of the glycans shield Env from recognition by the immune system, but paradoxically, many potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) recognize epitopes involving this glycan shield. To better understand Env glycosylation and its role in bNAb recognition, we characterized a soluble, cleaved recombinant trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664) that is a close structural and antigenic mimic of native Env. Large, unprocessed oligomannose-type structures (Man8-9GlcNAc2) are notably prevalent on the gp120 components of the trimer, irrespective of the mammalian cell expression system or the bNAb used for affinity purification. In contrast, gp41 subunits carry more highly processed glycans. The glycans on uncleaved, non-native oligomeric gp140 proteins are also highly processed. A homogeneous, oligomannose-dominated glycan profile is therefore a hallmark of a native Env conformation and a potential Achilles' heel that can be exploited for bNAb recognition and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Pritchard
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Snezana Vasiljevic
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gemma E Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rajesh Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Helen J Kim
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, NY 10021, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katie J Doores
- King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Jug G, Anderluh M, Tomašič T. Comparative evaluation of several docking tools for docking small molecule ligands to DC-SIGN. J Mol Model 2015; 21:164. [PMID: 26040678 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Five docking tools, namely AutoDock, FRED, CDOCKER, FlexX and GOLD, have been critically examined, with the aim of selecting those most appropriate for use as docking tools for docking molecules to the lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). This lectin has been selected for its rather non-druggable binding site, which enables complex interactions that guide the binding of the core monosaccharide. Since optimal orientation is crucial for forming coordination bonds, it was important to assess whether the selected docking tools could reproduce the optimal binding conformation for several oligosaccharides that are known to bind DC-SIGN. Our results show that even widely used docking programs have certain limitations when faced with a rather shallow and featureless binding site, as is the case of DC-SIGN. The FRED docking software (OpenEye Scientific Software, Inc.) was found to score as the best tool for docking ligands to DC-SIGN. The performance of FRED was further assessed on another lectin, Langerin. We have demonstrated that this validated docking protocol could be used for docking to other lectins similar to DC-SIGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Jug
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Francesconi O, Nativi C, Gabrielli G, De Simone I, Noppen S, Balzarini J, Liekens S, Roelens S. Antiviral Activity of Synthetic Aminopyrrolic Carbohydrate Binding Agents: Targeting the Glycans of Viral gp120 to Inhibit HIV Entry. Chemistry 2015; 21:10089-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
161
|
Brzezicka K, Echeverria B, Serna S, van Diepen A, Hokke CH, Reichardt NC. Synthesis and microarray-assisted binding studies of core xylose and fucose containing N-glycans. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1290-302. [PMID: 25664929 DOI: 10.1021/cb501023u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a collection of 33 xylosylated and core-fucosylated N-glycans found only in nonmammalian organisms such as plants and parasitic helminths has been achieved by employing a highly convergent chemo-enzymatic approach. The influence of these core modifications on the interaction with plant lectins, with the human lectin DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin), and with serum antibodies from schistosome-infected individuals was studied. Core xylosylation markedly reduced or completely abolished binding to several mannose-binding plant lectins and to DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin receptor present on antigen presenting cells. Employing the synthetic collection of core-fucosylated and core-xylosylated N-glycans in the context of a larger glycan array including structures lacking these core modifications, we were able to dissect core xylose and core fucose specific antiglycan antibody responses in S. mansoni infection sera, and we observed clear and immunologically relevant differences between children and adult groups infected with this parasite. The work presented here suggests that, quite similar to bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, core xylose distorts the conformation of the unsubstituted glycan, with important implications for the immunogenicity and protein binding properties of complex N-glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Brzezicka
- Glycotechnology
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Begoña Echeverria
- Glycotechnology
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Parasite
Glycobiology Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O.
Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Parasite
Glycobiology Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O.
Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels-Christian Reichardt
- Glycotechnology
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER BBN, Paseo Miramón
182, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Ng S, Lin E, Kitov PI, Tjhung KF, Gerlits OO, Deng L, Kasper B, Sood A, Paschal BM, Zhang P, Ling CC, Klassen JS, Noren CJ, Mahal LK, Woods RJ, Coates L, Derda R. Genetically encoded fragment-based discovery of glycopeptide ligands for carbohydrate-binding proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5248-51. [PMID: 25860443 PMCID: PMC5553193 DOI: 10.1021/ja511237n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe an approach to accelerate the search for competitive inhibitors for carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). Genetically encoded fragment-based discovery (GE-FBD) uses selection of phage-displayed glycopeptides to dock a glycan fragment at the CRD and guide selection of synergistic peptide motifs adjacent to the CRD. Starting from concanavalin A (ConA), a mannose (Man)-binding protein, as a bait, we narrowed a library of 10(8) glycopeptides to 86 leads that share a consensus motif, Man-WYD. Validation of synthetic leads yielded Man-WYDLF that exhibited 40-50-fold enhancement in affinity over methyl α-d-mannopyranoside (MeMan). Lectin array suggested specificity: Man-WYD derivative bound only to 3 out of 17 proteins—ConA, LcH, and PSA—that bind to Man. An X-ray structure of ConA:Man-WYD proved that the trimannoside core and Man-WYD exhibit identical CRD docking, but their extra-CRD binding modes are significantly different. Still, they have comparable affinity and selectivity for various Man-binding proteins. The intriguing observation provides new insight into functional mimicry of carbohydrates by peptide ligands. GE-FBD may provide an alternative to rapidly search for competitive inhibitors for lectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Edith Lin
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Katrina F. Tjhung
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Oksana O. Gerlits
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475, United States
| | - Lu Deng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Brian Kasper
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Amika Sood
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Beth M. Paschal
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Lara K. Mahal
- Biomedical Chemistry Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Robert J. Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leighton Coates
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475, United States
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Tjon ASW, van Gent R, Geijtenbeek TB, Kwekkeboom J. Differences in Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Intravenous Immunoglobulin between Mice and Men: More than Meets the Eye. Front Immunol 2015; 6:197. [PMID: 25972869 PMCID: PMC4412134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a therapeutic preparation of polyspecific human IgGs purified from plasma pooled from thousands of individuals. When administered at a high dose, IVIg inhibits inflammation and has proven efficacy in the treatment of various autoimmune and systemic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, IVIg therapy can ameliorate both auto-antibody-mediated and T-cell mediated immune pathologies. In the last few decades, extensive research in murine disease models has resulted in the elucidation of two novel anti-inflammatory mechanisms-of-action of IVIg: induction of FcγRIIB expression by sialylated Fc, and stimulation of regulatory T cells. Whereas controversial findings in mice studies have recently inspired intense scientific debate regarding the validity of the sialylated Fc-FcγRIIB model, the most fundamental question is whether these anti-inflammatory mechanisms of IVIg are operational in humans treated with IVIg. In this review, we examine the evidence for the involvement of these anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the therapeutic effects of IVIg in humans. We demonstrate that although several elements of both immune-modulatory pathways of IVIg are activated in humans, incorrect extrapolations from mice to men have been made on the molecular and cellular components involved in these cascades that warrant for critical re-evaluation of these anti-inflammatory mechanisms of IVIg in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela S W Tjon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gent
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Teunis B Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Czajkowsky DM, Andersen JT, Fuchs A, Wilson TJ, Mekhaiel D, Colonna M, He J, Shao Z, Mitchell DA, Wu G, Dell A, Haslam S, Lloyd KA, Moore SC, Sandlie I, Blundell PA, Pleass RJ. Developing the IVIG biomimetic, hexa-Fc, for drug and vaccine applications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9526. [PMID: 25912958 PMCID: PMC5224519 DOI: 10.1038/srep09526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable clinical success of Fc-fusion proteins has driven intense investigation for even more potent replacements. Using quality-by-design (QbD) approaches, we generated hexameric-Fc (hexa-Fc), a ~20 nm oligomeric Fc-based scaffold that we here show binds low-affinity inhibitory receptors (FcRL5, FcγRIIb, and DC-SIGN) with high avidity and specificity, whilst eliminating significant clinical limitations of monomeric Fc-fusions for vaccine and/or cancer therapies, in particular their poor ability to activate complement. Mass spectroscopy of hexa-Fc reveals high-mannose, low-sialic acid content, suggesting that interactions with these receptors are influenced by the mannose-containing Fc. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provides insight into the mechanisms of hexa-Fc interaction with these receptors and reveals an unexpected orientation of high-mannose glycans on the human Fc that provides greater accessibility to potential binding partners. Finally, we show that this biosynthetic nanoparticle can be engineered to enhance interactions with the human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without loss of the oligomeric structure, a crucial modification for these molecules in therapy and/or vaccine strategies where a long plasma half-life is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4956, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Mekhaiel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianfeng He
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Daniel A Mitchell
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Stuart Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Inger Sandlie
- 1] Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4956, Oslo N-0424, Norway [2] CIR and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia A Blundell
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Ponichtera HE, Stadecker MJ. Dendritic cell expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a: A novel innate parasite-sensing mechanism inducing Th17 cells that drive severe immunopathology in murine schistosome infection. Exp Parasitol 2015; 158:42-7. [PMID: 25913088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following infection with the trematode helminth Schistosoma mansoni, CBA mice develop severe parasite egg-induced hepatic granulomatous inflammation as well as prominent CD4(+) T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. By comparison, C57BL/6 mice develop mild hepatic immunopathology, egg stimulation of DCs does not result in IL-1β and IL-23 production, and Th17 cells fail to develop. To investigate the reasons for strain-specific differences in antigen presenting cell (APC) reactivity to eggs, we performed a comparative gene profiling analysis of normal bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and found that CBA DCs display markedly elevated expression of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). In particular, expression of CD209a, a murine homologue of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), was strikingly higher in CBA than BL/6 DCs. High CD209a surface expression was observed in various CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations; however, only DCs, and not macrophages, B cells or neutrophils, were able to induce Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Lentiviral gene silencing in CBA DCs, and over-expression in BL/6 DCs, demonstrated CD209a to be critical for egg-induced DC IL-1β and IL-23 production necessary for Th17 cell differentiation and expansion. These findings reveal a novel innate parasite-sensing mechanism promoting CD4(+) Th17 cells that mediate severe immunopathology in schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Ponichtera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Miguel J Stadecker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Venkatraman Girija U, Furze CM, Gingras AR, Yoshizaki T, Ohtani K, Marshall JE, Wallis AK, Schwaeble WJ, El-Mezgueldi M, Mitchell DA, Moody PCE, Wakamiya N, Wallis R. Molecular basis of sugar recognition by collectin-K1 and the effects of mutations associated with 3MC syndrome. BMC Biol 2015; 13:27. [PMID: 25912189 PMCID: PMC4431178 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collectin-K1 (CL-K1, or CL-11) is a multifunctional Ca(2+)-dependent lectin with roles in innate immunity, apoptosis and embryogenesis. It binds to carbohydrates on pathogens to activate the lectin pathway of complement and together with its associated serine protease MASP-3 serves as a guidance cue for neural crest development. High serum levels are associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, where spontaneous clotting can lead to multiple organ failure. Autosomal mutations in the CL-K1 or MASP-3 genes cause a developmental disorder called 3MC (Carnevale, Mingarelli, Malpuech and Michels) syndrome, characterised by facial, genital, renal and limb abnormalities. One of these mutations (Gly(204)Ser in the CL-K1 gene) is associated with undetectable levels of protein in the serum of affected individuals. RESULTS In this study, we show that CL-K1 primarily targets a subset of high-mannose oligosaccharides present on both self- and non-self structures, and provide the structural basis for its ligand specificity. We also demonstrate that three disease-associated mutations prevent secretion of CL-K1 from mammalian cells, accounting for the protein deficiency observed in patients. Interestingly, none of the mutations prevent folding or oligomerization of recombinant fragments containing the mutations in vitro. Instead, they prevent Ca(2+) binding by the carbohydrate-recognition domains of CL-K1. We propose that failure to bind Ca(2+) during biosynthesis leads to structural defects that prevent secretion of CL-K1, thus providing a molecular explanation of the genetic disorder. CONCLUSIONS We have established the sugar specificity of CL-K1 and demonstrated that it targets high-mannose oligosaccharides on self- and non-self structures via an extended binding site which recognises the terminal two mannose residues of the carbohydrate ligand. We have also shown that mutations associated with a rare developmental disorder called 3MC syndrome prevent the secretion of CL-K1, probably as a result of structural defects caused by disruption of Ca(2+) binding during biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Christopher M Furze
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Alexandre R Gingras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0726, USA.
| | - Takayuki Yoshizaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Katsuki Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Jamie E Marshall
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - A Katrine Wallis
- Department of Applied Science and Health, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Wilhelm J Schwaeble
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | | | - Daniel A Mitchell
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire Coventry, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Peter C E Moody
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Nobutaka Wakamiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Lectins from opportunistic bacteria interact with acquired variable-region glycans of surface immunoglobulin in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2015; 125:3287-96. [PMID: 25784678 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-609404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) expression is a key feature of most B-cell lymphomas, but the mechanisms of BCR signal induction and the involvement of autoantigen recognition remain unclear. In follicular lymphoma (FL) B cells, BCR expression is retained despite a chromosomal translocation that links the antiapoptotic gene BCL2 to the regulatory elements of immunoglobulin genes, thereby disrupting 1 heavy-chain allele. A remarkable feature of FL-BCRs is the acquisition of potential N-glycosylation sites during somatic hypermutation. The introduced glycans carry mannose termini, which create potential novel binding sites for mannose-specific lectins. Here, we investigated the effect of N-linked variable-region glycosylation for BCR interaction with cognate antigen and with lectins of different origins. N-glycans were found to severely impair BCR specificity and affinity to the initial cognate antigen. In addition, we found that lectins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia bind and stimulate FL cells. Human exposure to these bacteria can occur by contact with soil and water. In addition, they represent opportunistic pathogens in susceptible hosts. Understanding the role of bacterial lectins might elucidate the pathogenesis of FL and establish novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
168
|
Gordts SC, Renders M, Férir G, Huskens D, Van Damme EJM, Peumans W, Balzarini J, Schols D. NICTABA and UDA, two GlcNAc-binding lectins with unique antiviral activity profiles. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1674-85. [PMID: 25700718 PMCID: PMC7537945 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the antiviral properties of a unique lectin (NICTABA) produced by the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum. METHODS Cellular assays were used to investigate the antiviral activity of NICTABA and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies were performed to study the sugar specificity and the interactions of both lectins with the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1. RESULTS The N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)-binding lectins exhibited broad-spectrum activity against several families of enveloped viruses including influenza A/B, Dengue virus type 2, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and HIV-1/2. The IC50 of NICTABA for various HIV-1 strains, clinical isolates and HIV-2 assessed in PBMCs ranged from 5 to 30 nM. Furthermore, NICTABA inhibited syncytium formation between persistently HIV-1-infected T cells and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes and prevented DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 transmission to CD4+ target T lymphocytes. However, unlike many other antiviral carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) described so far, NICTABA did not block HIV-1 capture to DC-SIGN+ cells and it did not interfere with the binding of the human monoclonal antibody 2G12 to gp120. SPR studies with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins showed that the affinity of NICTABA for gp120 and gp41 was in the low nanomolar range. The specific binding of NICTABA to gp120 could be prevented in the presence of a GlcNAc trimer, but not in the presence of mannose trimers. NICTABA displayed no antiviral activity against non-enveloped viruses. CONCLUSIONS Since CBAs possess a high genetic barrier for the development of viral resistance and NICTABA shows a broad antiviral activity profile, this CBA may qualify as a potential antiviral candidate with a pleiotropic mode of action aimed at targeting the entry of enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Gordts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Renders
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Férir
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Huskens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Willy Peumans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Vergne I, Gilleron M, Nigou J. Manipulation of the endocytic pathway and phagocyte functions by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 4:187. [PMID: 25629008 PMCID: PMC4290680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan is a major immunomodulatory lipoglycan found in the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related human pathogens. It reproduces several salient properties of M. tuberculosis in phagocytic cells, including inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis as well as autophagy. In this review, we present our current knowledge on lipoarabinomannan structure and ability to manipulate the endocytic pathway as well as phagocyte functions. A special focus is put on the molecular mechanisms employed and the signaling pathways hijacked. Available information is discussed in the context of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Toulouse, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
The evolution of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptors and mannose C-type lectin receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:109-40. [PMID: 25595802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) commonly evolves between and within infected individuals, at virus transmission, and during disease progression. This evolution includes altered interactions between the virus and its coreceptors, i.e., chemokine receptors, as well as mannose C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Transmitted/founder viruses are predominantly restricted to CCR5, whereas the subsequent intrapatient evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use during progressive disease can be subdivided into two distinct pathways. Accordingly, the CCR5-restricted virus population is either gradually replaced by virus variants able to use CXCR4 or evolves toward an altered, more flexible use of CCR5. Despite a strong dependency on these coreceptors for host cell entry, HIV-1 also interacts with other cell surface molecules during target cell attachment, including the CLRs. The virus interaction with the CLRs may result either in the efficient transfer of virus to CD4(+) T cells or in the degradation of the virus in endosomal compartments. The determinants of the diverse outcomes depend on which CLR is engaged and also on the glycan makeup of the envelope glycoproteins, which may evolve with the strength of the immune pressure during the disease course. With the current clinical introduction of CCR5 antagonists and the development of additional entry inhibitors, knowledge on the evolution and baseline characteristics of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptor and CLR interactions may play important roles for individualized and optimized treatment strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the evolution of HIV-1 interactions with these receptors.
Collapse
|
171
|
Richards SJ, Gibson MI. Optimization of the Polymer Coating for Glycosylated Gold Nanoparticle Biosensors to Ensure Stability and Rapid Optical Readouts. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:1004-1008. [PMID: 35610783 DOI: 10.1021/mz5004882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of new analytical tools to probe pathogenic infection processes and as point-of-care biosensors is crucial to combat the spread of infectious diseases or to detect biological warfare agents. Glycosylated gold nanoparticles that change color due to lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein) mediated aggregation may find use as biosensors but require a polymer coating between the particle surface and sugar to ensure stability in complex media. Here, RAFT polymerization is employed to generate glycosylated polymers to coat gold nanoparticles. Rather than being a passive component, it is shown here that the polymer coating has to be precisely tuned to achieve a balance between saline (steric) stability and speed of the readout. If the polymer is too long it can prevent or slow aggregation and hence lead to a poor readout in sensing assays. The optimized glyco-nanoparticles are also demonstrated to be useful for rapid detection of a ricin surrogate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Richards
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) is heavily glycosylated, with approximately 50% of the Env molecular mass being contributed by N-glycans. HIV-1 Env N-glycans shield the protein backbone and have been shown to play key roles in determining Env structure, surface exposure, and, consequently, antigenicity, infectivity, antibody neutralization, and carbohydrate and receptor binding. Studies of HIV-1 glycosylation have focused mainly on the position of glycosylation, rather than the types of glycans. Also, the role of Env glycan moieties on HIV-1 transmission has not been systematically defined. Using viruses with modified Env glycan content and heterogeneity, we examined the effects of Env glycan moieties on the major events of HIV-1 transmission. Compared to viruses with less oligomannose and more complex Env glycans, viruses with more oligomannose and less complex glycans more efficiently (i) transcytosed across an epithelial cell monolayer, (ii) attached to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), (iii) bound monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), and (iv) trans-infected primary lymphocytes via MoDCs. However, viruses with more oligomannose and less complex glycans displayed impaired infectivity in TZMbl cells, MDMs, primary lymphocytes, and fresh human intestinal tissue. Thus, N-linked Env glycans display discordant effects on the major events of HIV-1 transmission, with mature oligosaccharide structures on Env playing a crucial role in HIV-1 infection. Env glycosylation should be taken into consideration in the development of vaccine strategies to interdict HIV-1 transmission. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env N-glycans shield the protein backbone and play key roles in determining Env structure and surface exposure, thereby impacting Env antigenicity, infectivity, antibody neutralization, and carbohydrate and receptor binding. Studies of HIV-1 glycosylation have focused mainly on the position of glycosylation, rather than the types of glycans. In the study described in this report, we investigated systematically the role of Env glycan moieties on HIV-1 transmission. We show that N-linked Env glycans display discordant effects on the major events of HIV-1 transmission. These data indicate that Env glycan moieties impact HIV-1 transmission and that modulation of Env glycan moieties offers a potential strategy for the development of therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines against HIV-1.
Collapse
|
173
|
Pederson K, Mitchell DA, Prestegard JH. Structural characterization of the DC-SIGN-Lewis(X) complex. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5700-9. [PMID: 25121780 PMCID: PMC4159204 DOI: 10.1021/bi5005014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) is a C-type lectin highly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting dendritic cells. DC-SIGN mediates interactions among dendritic cells, pathogens, and a variety of epithelia, myeloid cells, and endothelia by binding to high mannose residues on pathogenic invaders or fucosylated residues on the membranes of other immune cells. Although these interactions are normally beneficial, they can also contribute to disease. The structural characterization of binding geometries is therefore of interest as a basis for the construction of mimetics that can mediate the effects of abnormal immune response. Here, we report the structural characteristics of the interaction of the DC-SIGN carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) with a common fucosylated entity, the Lewis(X) trisaccharide (Le(X)), using NMR methods. Titration of the monomeric DC-SIGN CRD with Le(X) monitored by 2D NMR revealed significant perturbations of DC-SIGN cross-peak positions in (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra and identified residues near the binding site. Additionally, saturation transfer difference (STD) and transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE) NMR experiments, using a tetrameric form of DC-SIGN, identified binding epitopes and bound conformations of the Le(X) ligand. The restraints derived from these multiple experiments were used to generate models for the binding of Le(X) to the DC-SIGN CRD. Ranking of the models based on the fit of model-based simulations of the trNOE data and STD buildup curves suggested conformations distinct from those seen in previous crystal structures. The new conformations offer insight into how differences between binding of Lewis(X) and mannose-terminated saccharides may be propagated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Pederson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Al-Barwani F, Young SL, Baird MA, Larsen DS, Ward VK. Mannosylation of virus-like particles enhances internalization by antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104523. [PMID: 25122183 PMCID: PMC4133192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Internalization of peptides by antigen presenting cells is crucial for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Mannosylation has been demonstrated to enhance antigen uptake through mannose receptors, leading to improved immune responses. In this study we test the effect of surface mannosylation of protein-based virus-like particles (VLP) derived from Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) on uptake by murine and human antigen presenting cells. A monomannoside and a novel dimannoside were synthesized and successfully conjugated to RHDV VLP capsid protein, providing approximately 270 mannose groups on the surface of each virus particle. VLP conjugated to the mannoside or dimannoside exhibited significantly enhanced binding and internalization by murine dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells as well as human dendritic cells and macrophages. This uptake was inhibited by the inclusion of mannan as a specific inhibitor of mannose specific uptake, demonstrating that mannosylation of VLP targets mannose receptor-based uptake. Consistent with mannose receptor-based uptake, partial retargeting of the intracellular processing of RHDV VLP was observed, confirming that mannosylation of VLP provides both enhanced uptake and modified processing of associated antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Barwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L. Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Baird
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David S. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vernon K. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Otago School of Medical Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Abstract
The virus particles described in previous chapters are vehicles that transmit the viral genome and the infection from cell to cell. To initiate the infective cycle, the viral genome must therefore translocate from the viral particle to the cytoplasm. Via distinct proteins or motifs in their outermost shell, the particles attach initially to specific molecules on the host cell surface. These virus receptors thus mediate penetration of the viral genome inside the cell, where the intracellular infective cycle starts. The presence of these receptors on the cell surface is a principal determinant of virus host tropism. Viruses can use diverse types of molecules to attach to and enter into cells. In addition, virus-receptor recognition can evolve over the course of an infection, and virus variants with distinct receptor-binding specificities and tropism can appear. The identification of virus receptors and the characterization of virus-receptor interactions have been major research goals in virology for the last two decades. In this chapter, we will describe, from a structural perspective, several virus-receptor interactions and the active role of receptor molecules in virus entry.
Collapse
|
176
|
Probert F, Mitchell DA, Dixon AM. NMR evidence for oligosaccharide release from the dendritic-cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin-related (CLEC4M) carbohydrate recognition domain at low pH. FEBS J 2014; 281:3739-50. [PMID: 24976257 PMCID: PMC7164107 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3‐grabbing non‐integrin‐related (DC‐SIGNR), also known as liver/lymph node‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3‐grabbing non‐integrin, CLEC4M, CD209L, and CD299, is a Ca2+‐dependent lectin that has been implicated in increasing the infection rates of several viruses, including HIV, but the physiological role of DC‐SIGNR in healthy cells is currently not known with certainty. A close homologue of DC‐SIGNR, dendritic‐cell specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3‐grabbing non‐integrin, has been shown to act as a recycling endocytic receptor, which binds pathogens at the cell's surface and then releases them in the low pH environment of endosomal compartments. However, it is currently under debate in the literature as to whether DC‐SIGNR plays a similar role. In this work, we used NMR to explore whether the DC‐SIGNR carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) shows any pH dependence in its ability to bind carbohydrates and Ca2+. We found clear evidence of reduced or abolished CRD‐binding affinities for three different glycans at low pH (4.2) as compared to neutral pH (6.8). We also report the assignment of the DC‐SIGNR CRD in the apo form, and use these new results to characterize the degree of structural rearrangement upon binding (or release) of Ca2+. Finally, we report a differential effect of pH on the affinities of glycans containing mannose exclusively versus glycans containing GlcNAc moieties. Our results lead us to propose that the DC‐SIGNR CRD rapidly and reversibly releases glycan ligands and Ca2+ at reduced pH (behaviour that would be expected for an endocytic receptor), and that the binding of mannose‐containing oligosaccharides is more strongly affected by pH than the binding of GlcNAc‐containing oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fay Probert
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
da Silva RC, Cunha Tavares NDA, Moura R, Coelho A, Guimarães RL, Araújo J, Crovella S, Brandão LAC, Silva JDA. DC-SIGN polymorphisms are associated to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immunobiology 2014; 219:859-65. [PMID: 25092567 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder featured by raised glucoses levels. It has been hypothesised that raised glucose levels in T1DM might be recognised as PAMPs, leading to immune response by overloading the cell receptors for pathogens recognition. DC-SIGN is a transmembrane protein, present in dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages: it has an important role in inflammatory response and T cells activation. Notably, DC-SIGN activation and triggering of the immune response depend on the type of ligand, which may lead to a pro or anti-inflammatory pathway. In our association study, we analysed the SNPs rs4804803 (-336 A>G) and rs735239 (-871 A>G), both at DC-SIGN promoter region, in 210 T1DM patients and 157 healthy controls, also looking for a correlation with the age of onset of the disease. We found that the allele G and genotypes G/G and A/G of SNP-871 (rs735239), as well as the alleles G-G (rs735239-rs4804803) and genotypes combined AA-GG (rs735239-rs4804803) were associated with protection of T1DM development. We did not find association between these variations with the age of onset of the disease and the presence of other autoimmune disorders. Our results suggest that SNPs in DC-SIGN promoter region can be associated to protection for T1DM in the Northeast Brazilian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Moura
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antônio Coelho
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Araújo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit of Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lucas André Cavalcanti Brandão
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Pathology Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de Azevêdo Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Jégouzo SAF, Harding EC, Acton O, Rex MJ, Fadden AJ, Taylor ME, Drickamer K. Defining the conformation of human mincle that interacts with mycobacterial trehalose dimycolate. Glycobiology 2014; 24:1291-300. [PMID: 25028392 PMCID: PMC4211601 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose dimycolate, an unusual glycolipid in the outer membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, stimulates macrophages by binding to the macrophage receptor mincle. This stimulation plays an important role both in infection by mycobacteria and in the use of derivatives of mycobacteria as adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The mechanism of trehalose dimycolate binding to the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domain in human mincle has been investigated using a series of synthetic analogs of trehalose dimycolate and site-directed mutagenesis of the human protein. The results support a mechanism of binding acylated trehalose derivatives to human mincle that is very similar to the mechanism of binding to bovine mincle, in which one glucose residue in the trehalose headgroup of the glycolipid is ligated to the principle Ca2+-binding site in the carbohydrate-recognition domain, with specificity for the disaccharide resulting from interactions with the second glucose residue. Acyl chains attached to the 6-OH groups of trehalose enhance affinity, with the affinity dependent on the length of the acyl chains and the presence of a hydrophobic groove adjacent to the sugar-binding sites. The results indicate that the available crystal structure of the carbohydrate-recognition domain of human mincle is unlikely to be in a fully active conformation. Instead, the ligand-binding conformation probably resembles closely the structure observed for bovine mincle in complex with trehalose. These studies provide a basis for targeting human mincle as a means of inhibiting interactions with mycobacteria and as an approach to harnessing the ability of mincle to stimulate the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A F Jégouzo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward C Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Oliver Acton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maximus J Rex
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew J Fadden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maureen E Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kurt Drickamer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Hensler HR, Tomaszewski MJ, Rappocciolo G, Rinaldo CR, Jenkins FJ. Human herpesvirus 8 glycoprotein B binds the entry receptor DC-SIGN. Virus Res 2014; 190:97-103. [PMID: 25018023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) uses DC-SIGN as an entry receptor for dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. The viral attachment protein for DC-SIGN is unknown. HHV-8 virions contain five conserved herpesvirus glycoproteins, a single unique glycoprotein, and two predicted glycoproteins. Previous studies have shown that DC-SIGN binds highly mannosylated glycoproteins. The HHV-8 glycoprotein B (gB) has been reported to be highly mannosylated, and therefore we hypothesized that gB will bind to DC-SIGN. In this report we confirm that gB has a high mannose carbohydrate structure and demonstrate for the first time that it binds DC-SIGN in a dose-dependent manner. We also identify key amino acids in the DC-SIGN carbohydrate recognition domain that are required for HHV-8 infection and compare these results with published binding regions for ICAM-2/3 and HIV-1 gp120. These results clarify some of the initial events in HHV-8 entry and can be used for the design of targeted preventive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Hensler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Monica J Tomaszewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Frank J Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Parran Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Aretz J, Wamhoff EC, Hanske J, Heymann D, Rademacher C. Computational and experimental prediction of human C-type lectin receptor druggability. Front Immunol 2014; 5:323. [PMID: 25071783 PMCID: PMC4090677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian C-type lectin receptors (CTLRS) are involved in many aspects of immune cell regulation such as pathogen recognition, clearance of apoptotic bodies, and lymphocyte homing. Despite a great interest in modulating CTLR recognition of carbohydrates, the number of specific molecular probes is limited. To this end, we predicted the druggability of a panel of 22 CTLRs using DoGSiteScorer. The computed druggability scores of most structures were low, characterizing this family as either challenging or even undruggable. To further explore these findings, we employed a fluorine-based nuclear magnetic resonance screening of fragment mixtures against DC-SIGN, a receptor of pharmacological interest. To our surprise, we found many fragment hits associated with the carbohydrate recognition site (hit rate = 13.5%). A surface plasmon resonance-based follow-up assay confirmed 18 of these fragments (47%) and equilibrium dissociation constants were determined. Encouraged by these findings we expanded our experimental druggability prediction to Langerin and MCL and found medium to high hit rates as well, being 15.7 and 10.0%, respectively. Our results highlight limitations of current in silico approaches to druggability assessment, in particular, with regard to carbohydrate-binding proteins. In sum, our data indicate that small molecule ligands for a larger panel of CTLRs can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Aretz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany ; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany ; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jonas Hanske
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany ; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Dario Heymann
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany ; Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Van Breedam W, Pöhlmann S, Favoreel HW, de Groot RJ, Nauwynck HJ. Bitter-sweet symphony: glycan-lectin interactions in virus biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:598-632. [PMID: 24188132 PMCID: PMC7190080 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are carbohydrate modifications typically found on proteins or lipids, and can act as ligands for glycan-binding proteins called lectins. Glycans and lectins play crucial roles in the function of cells and organs, and in the immune system of animals and humans. Viral pathogens use glycans and lectins that are encoded by their own or the host genome for their replication and spread. Recent advances in glycobiological research indicate that glycans and lectins mediate key interactions at the virus-host interface, controlling viral spread and/or activation of the immune system. This review reflects on glycan-lectin interactions in the context of viral infection and antiviral immunity. A short introduction illustrates the nature of glycans and lectins, and conveys the basic principles of their interactions. Subsequently, examples are discussed highlighting specific glycan-lectin interactions and how they affect the progress of viral infections, either benefiting the host or the virus. Moreover, glycan and lectin variability and their potential biological consequences are discussed. Finally, the review outlines how recent advances in the glycan-lectin field might be transformed into promising new approaches to antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wander Van Breedam
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Sutkeviciute I, Thépaut M, Sattin S, Berzi A, McGeagh J, Grudinin S, Weiser J, Le Roy A, Reina JJ, Rojo J, Clerici M, Bernardi A, Ebel C, Fieschi F. Unique DC-SIGN clustering activity of a small glycomimetic: A lesson for ligand design. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1377-85. [PMID: 24749535 DOI: 10.1021/cb500054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
DC-SIGN is a dendritic cell-specific C-type lectin receptor that recognizes highly glycosylated ligands expressed on the surface of various pathogens. This receptor plays an important role in the early stages of many viral infections, including HIV, which makes it an interesting therapeutic target. Glycomimetic compounds are good drug candidates for DC-SIGN inhibition due to their high solubility, resistance to glycosidases, and nontoxicity. We studied the structural properties of the interaction of the tetrameric DC-SIGN extracellular domain (ECD), with two glycomimetic antagonists, a pseudomannobioside (1) and a linear pseudomannotrioside (2). Though the inhibitory potency of 2, as measured by SPR competition experiments, was 1 order of magnitude higher than that of 1, crystal structures of the complexes within the DC-SIGN carbohydrate recognition domain showed the same binding mode for both compounds. Moreover, when conjugated to multivalent scaffolds, the inhibitory potencies of these compounds became uniform. Combining isothermal titration microcalorimetry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and dynamic light scattering techniques to study DC-SIGN ECD interaction with these glycomimetics revealed that 2 is able, without any multivalent presentation, to cluster DC-SIGN tetramers leading to an artificially overestimated inhibitory potency. The use of multivalent scaffolds presenting 1 or 2 in HIV trans-infection inhibition assay confirms the loss of potency of 2 upon conjugation and the equal efficacy of chemically simpler compound 1. This study documents a unique case where, among two active compounds chemically derived, the compound with the lower apparent activity is the optimal lead for further drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Sutkeviciute
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38027, France
- CNRS, IBS Grenoble F-38000, France
- CEA, DSV-IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38027, France
- CNRS, IBS Grenoble F-38000, France
- CEA, DSV-IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Sara Sattin
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universita’ di Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Angela Berzi
- Department
of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy
| | - John McGeagh
- Anterio Consult&Research GmbH, Augustaanlage 23, Mannheim D-68165, Germany
| | - Sergei Grudinin
- INRIA Grenoble, Saint Ismier Cedex F-38334, France
- CNRS Laboratoire
Jean Kuntzmann, Grenoble 38041, France
| | - Jörg Weiser
- Anterio Consult&Research GmbH, Augustaanlage 23, Mannheim D-68165, Germany
| | - Aline Le Roy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38027, France
- CNRS, IBS Grenoble F-38000, France
- CEA, DSV-IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Jose J. Reina
- Glycosystems
Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC−Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Glycosystems
Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC−Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio 49, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department
of Physiopatology and Transplantation, University of Milan and Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan 20148, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universita’ di Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Christine Ebel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38027, France
- CNRS, IBS Grenoble F-38000, France
- CEA, DSV-IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38027, France
- CNRS, IBS Grenoble F-38000, France
- CEA, DSV-IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Satchidanandam V, Kumar N, Jumani RS, Challu V, Elangovan S, Khan NA. The glycosylated Rv1860 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits dendritic cell mediated TH1 and TH17 polarization of T cells and abrogates protective immunity conferred by BCG. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004176. [PMID: 24945624 PMCID: PMC4055742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported interferon gamma secretion by human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to recombinant E. coli-expressed Rv1860 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as well as protection of guinea pigs against a challenge with virulent MTB following prime-boost immunization with DNA vaccine and poxvirus expressing Rv1860. In contrast, a Statens Serum Institute Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-SSI) recombinant expressing MTB Rv1860 (BCG-TB1860) showed loss of protective ability compared to the parent BCG strain expressing the control GFP protein (BCG-GFP). Since Rv1860 is a secreted mannosylated protein of MTB and BCG, we investigated the effect of BCG-TB1860 on innate immunity. Relative to BCG-GFP, BCG-TB1860 effected a significant near total reduction both in secretion of cytokines IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10, and up regulation of co-stimulatory molecules MHC-II, CD40, CD54, CD80 and CD86 by infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), while leaving secreted levels of TGF-β unchanged. These effects were mimicked by BCG-TB1860His which carried a 6-Histidine tag at the C-terminus of Rv1860, killed sonicated preparations of BCG-TB1860 and purified H37Rv-derived Rv1860 glycoprotein added to BCG-GFP, but not by E. coli-expressed recombinant Rv1860. Most importantly, BMDC exposed to BCG-TB1860 failed to polarize allogeneic as well as syngeneic T cells to secrete IFN-γ and IL-17 relative to BCG-GFP. Splenocytes from mice infected with BCG-SSI showed significantly less proliferation and secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17, but secreted higher levels of IL-10 in response to in vitro restimulation with BCG-TB1860 compared to BCG-GFP. Spleens from mice infected with BCG-TB1860 also harboured significantly fewer DC expressing MHC-II, IL-12, IL-2 and TNF-α compared to mice infected with BCG-GFP. Glycoproteins of MTB, through their deleterious effects on DC may thus contribute to suppress the generation of a TH1- and TH17-dominated adaptive immune response that is vital for protection against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB), although recognized as an infectious disease for centuries, is still the leading cause of human deaths, claiming a million lives annually. Successful control of TB, either through drugs or effective preventive vaccines has not been achieved despite decades of research. We have studied the role for mannosylated protein Rv1860 of MTB in interfering with the early response of dendritic cells, which belong to the host's innate immune arsenal, to this mycobacterium. We were able to show that incorporating the gene coding for Rv1860 of MTB into the safe vaccine strain BCG resulted in loss of BCG's protective ability in the guinea pig animal model. Using primary mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells in vitro as well as spleen dendritic cells from infected mice, we show in this study that exposure to mannosylated Rv1860 leads to loss of dendritic cell functions such as cytokine secretion and T cell activation. This leads to defective downstream T cell responses to the mycobacteria. We suggest that altering or extinguishing the expression of such glycoproteins by mycobacteria may be a strategy for developing better vaccines against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv S. Jumani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Challu
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha Elangovan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Naseem A. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Mitić N, Milutinović B, Janković M. CA-125 of fetal origin can act as a ligand for dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2014; 19:249-61. [PMID: 24764143 PMCID: PMC6275607 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-014-0194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CA-125 (coelomic epithelium-related antigen) forms the extracellular portion of transmembrane mucin 16 (MUC16). It is shed after proteolytic degradation. Due to structural heterogeneity, CA-125 ligand capacity and biological roles are not yet understood. In this study, we assessed CA-125 as a ligand for dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), which is a C-type lectin showing specificity for mannosylated and fucosylated structures. It plays a role as a pattern recognition molecule for viral and bacterial glycans or as an adhesion receptor. We probed a human DC-SIGN-Fc chimera with CA-125 of fetal or cancer origin using solid- or fluid-phase binding and inhibition assays. The results showed that DC-SIGN binds to CA-125 of fetal origin and that this interaction is carbohydrate-dependent. By contrast, cancer-derived CA-125 displayed negligible binding. Inhibition assays indicated differences in the potency of CA-125 to interfere with DC-SIGN binding to pathogen-related glycoconjugates, such as mannan and Helicobacter pylori antigens. The differences in ligand properties between CA-125 of fetal and cancer origin may be due to specificities of glycosylation. This might influence various functions of dendritic cells based on their subset diversity and maturation-related functional capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninoslav Mitić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Department for Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080, Zemun, Serbia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Ruan GX, Chen YZ, Yao XL, Du A, Tang GP, Shen YQ, Tabata Y, Gao JQ. Macrophage mannose receptor-specific gene delivery vehicle for macrophage engineering. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1847-55. [PMID: 24440421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic system and they exhibit great functional diversity. They have been extensively applied in anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer therapies. However, the application of macrophages is limited by the efficiency of their engineering. The macrophage mannose receptor (MMR, CD206), a C-type lectin receptor, is ubiquitously expressed on macrophages and has a high affinity for mannose oligosaccharides. In the present study, we developed a novel non-viral vehicle with specific affinity for MMR. Mannan was cationized with spermine at a grafted ratio of ∼12% to deliver DNA and was characterized as a stable system for delivery. This spermine-mannan (SM)-based delivery system was evaluated as a biocompatible vehicle with superior transfection efficiency on murine macrophages, up to 28.5-fold higher than spermine-pullulan, 11.5-fold higher than polyethylenimine and 3.0-fold higher than Lipofectamine™ 2000. We confirmed that the SM-based delivery system for macrophages transfection was MMR-specific and we described the intracellular transport of the delivery system. To our knowledge, this is the first study using SM to demonstrate a mannose receptor-specific gene delivery system, thereby highlighting the potential of a novel specific non-viral delivery vehicle for macrophage engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xin Ruan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lei Yao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Anariwa Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Peoples Hospital, 20 Zhaowuda Road, Huhehaote 010010, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu-Ping Tang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Ponichtera HE, Shainheit MG, Liu BC, Raychowdhury R, Larkin BM, Russo JM, Salantes DB, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Yun TJ, Cheong C, Bunnell SC, Hacohen N, Stadecker MJ. CD209a expression on dendritic cells is critical for the development of pathogenic Th17 cell responses in murine schistosomiasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4655-65. [PMID: 24729611 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In murine schistosomiasis, immunopathology and cytokine production in response to parasite eggs are uneven and strain dependent. CBA/J (CBA) mice develop severe hepatic granulomatous inflammation associated with prominent Th17 cell responses driven by dendritic cell (DC)-derived IL-1β and IL-23. Such Th17 cells fail to develop in low-pathology C57BL/6 (BL/6) mice, and the reasons for these strain-specific differences in APC reactivity to eggs remain unclear. We show by gene profiling that CBA DCs display an 18-fold higher expression of the C-type lectin receptor CD209a, a murine homolog of human DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin, compared with BL/6 DCs. Higher CD209a expression was observed in CBA splenic and granuloma APC subpopulations, but only DCs induced Th17 cell differentiation in response to schistosome eggs. Gene silencing in CBA DCs and overexpression in BL/6 DCs demonstrated that CD209a is essential for egg-elicited IL-1β and IL-23 production and subsequent Th17 cell development, which is associated with SRC, RAF-1, and ERK1/2 activation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism controlling the development of Th17 cell-mediated severe immunopathology in helminthic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Ponichtera
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Zhang Q, Su L, Collins J, Chen G, Wallis R, Mitchell DA, Haddleton DM, Becer CR. Dendritic Cell Lectin-Targeting Sentinel-like Unimolecular Glycoconjugates To Release an Anti-HIV Drug. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4325-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4131565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Ministry of Education
and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220
Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jennifer Collins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Guosong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Ministry of Education
and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220
Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Russell Wallis
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 9HN Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Mitchell
- Clinical
Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV2 2DX Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Clark GF. The role of glycans in immune evasion: the human fetoembryonic defence system hypothesis revisited. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:185-99. [PMID: 24043694 PMCID: PMC3925329 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that mechanisms to evade the human immune system may be shared by the conceptus, tumour cells, persistent pathogens and viruses. It is therefore timely to revisit the human fetoembryonic defense system (Hu-FEDS) hypothesis that was proposed in two papers in the 1990s. The initial paper suggested that glycoconjugates expressed in the human reproductive system inhibited immune responses directed against gametes and the developing human by employing their carbohydrate sequences as functional groups. These glycoconjugates were proposed to block specific binding interactions and interact with lectins linked to signal transduction pathways that modulated immune cell functions. The second article suggested that aggressive tumour cells and persistent pathogens (HIV, H. pylori, schistosomes) either mimicked or acquired the same carbohydrate functional groups employed in this system to evade immune responses. This subterfuge enabled these pathogens and tumour cells to couple their survival to the human reproductive imperative. The Hu-FEDS model has been repeatedly tested since its inception. Data relevant to this model have also been obtained in other studies. Herein, the Hu-FEDS hypothesis is revisited in the context of these more recent findings. Far more supportive evidence for this model now exists than when it was first proposed, and many of the original predictions have been validated. This type of subterfuge by pathogens and tumour cells likely applies to all sexually reproducing metazoans that must protect their gametes from immune responses. Intervention in these pathological states will likely remain problematic until this system of immune evasion is fully understood and appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary F. Clark
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research and Division of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Monovalent mannose-based DC-SIGN antagonists: Targeting the hydrophobic groove of the receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:308-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
190
|
Aptamer against mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan inhibits virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice and rhesus monkeys. Mol Ther 2014; 22:940-51. [PMID: 24572295 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major surface lipoglycan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), is an immunosuppressive epitope of M. tb. We used systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) to generate an aptamer (ZXL1) that specifically bound to ManLAM from the virulent M. tb strain H37Rv. Aptamer ZXL1 had the highest binding affinity, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 436.3 ± 37.84 nmol/l, and competed with the mannose receptor for binding to ManLAM and M. tb H37Rv. ZXL1 significantly inhibited the ManLAM-induced immunosuppression of CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) and enhanced the M. tb antigen-presenting activity of DCs for naive CD4(+) Th1 cell activation. More importantly, we demonstrated that injection of aptamer ZXL1 significantly reduced the progression of M. tb H37Rv infections and bacterial loads in lungs of mice and rhesus monkeys. These results suggest that the aptamer ZXL1 is a new potential antimycobacterial agent and tuberculosis vaccine immune adjuvant.
Collapse
|
191
|
Richards SJ, Fullam E, Besra GS, Gibson MI. Discrimination between bacterial phenotypes using glyco-nanoparticles and the impact of polymer coating on detection readouts. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1490-1498. [PMID: 32261368 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification and treatment of bacterial infections remains a major healthcare challenge, especially to ensure appropriate application of a limited spectrum of antibiotics. Here we describe a system capable of discriminating between different strains of Escherichia coli using multivalent, carbohydrate-functionalised, gold nanoparticles based on their different expression levels of the FimH adhesin. Upon binding of the glycosylated nanoparticles to FimH positive bacteria, the nanoparticles' optical properties change enabling the identification of bacteria strain. Comparison between direct conjugation, or via a linker, of the carbohydrate to the nanoparticle revealed significant effects on the performance of the detection system. Using a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer increased the stability, and specificity, of the glycosylated nanoparticles but also reduced aggregation upon bacterial binding. This prevented the well-known red-blue gold colour change, meaning spectrophometric, rather than optical, assessment methods were required. Using this method, FimH positive bacteria could be detected at approximately 1.5 × 107 colony forming units per mL.
Collapse
|
192
|
How calcium makes endocytic receptors attractive. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
193
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ebola virus (EBOV) entry requires the virion surface-associated glycoprotein (GP) that is composed of a trimer of heterodimers (GP1/GP2). The GP1 subunit contains two heavily glycosylated domains, the glycan cap and the mucin-like domain (MLD). The glycan cap contains only N-linked glycans, whereas the MLD contains both N- and O-linked glycans. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on EBOV GP1 to systematically disrupt N-linked glycan sites to gain an understanding of their role in GP structure and function. All 15 N-glycosylation sites of EBOV GP1 could be removed without compromising the expression of GP. The loss of these 15 glycosylation sites significantly enhanced pseudovirion transduction in Vero cells, which correlated with an increase in protease sensitivity. Interestingly, exposing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) by removing the glycan shield did not allow interaction with the endosomal receptor, NPC1, indicating that the glycan cap/MLD domains mask RBD residues required for binding. The effects of the loss of GP1 N-linked glycans on Ca(2+)-dependent (C-type) lectin (CLEC)-dependent transduction were complex, and the effect was unique for each of the CLECs tested. Surprisingly, EBOV entry into murine peritoneal macrophages was independent of GP1 N-glycans, suggesting that CLEC-GP1 N-glycan interactions are not required for entry into this important primary cell. Finally, the removal of all GP1 N-glycans outside the MLD enhanced antiserum and antibody sensitivity. In total, our results provide evidence that the conserved N-linked glycans on the EBOV GP1 core protect GP from antibody neutralization despite the negative impact the glycans have on viral entry efficiency. IMPORTANCE Filovirus outbreaks occur sporadically throughout central Africa, causing high fatality rates among the general public and health care workers. These unpredictable hemorrhagic fever outbreaks are caused by multiple species of Ebola viruses, as well as Marburg virus. While filovirus vaccines and therapeutics are being developed, there are no licensed products. The sole viral envelope glycoprotein, which is a principal immunogenic target, contains a heavy shield of glycans surrounding the conserved receptor-binding domain. We find that disruption of this shield through targeted mutagenesis leads to an increase in cell entry, protease sensitivity, and antiserum/antibody sensitivity but is not sufficient to allow virion binding to the intracellular receptor NPC1. Therefore, our studies provide evidence that filoviruses maintain glycoprotein glycosylation to protect against proteases and antibody neutralization at the expense of efficient entry. Our results unveil interesting insights into the unique entry process of filoviruses and potential immune evasion tactics of the virus.
Collapse
|
194
|
Dong G, Wang C, Wu Y, Cong J, Cheng L, Wang M, Zhao P, Tang L, Zhang C, Wu K. Tat peptide-mediated soluble expression of the membrane protein LSECtin-CRD in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83579. [PMID: 24358298 PMCID: PMC3865297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (hLSECtin), a type II integral membrane protein, containing a Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), has a well-established biological activity, yet its three-dimensional structure is unknown due to low expression yields and aggregation into inclusion bodies. Previous study has demonstrated that the HIV-1 virus-encoded Tat peptide (‘YGRKKRRQRRR’) can increase the yields and the solubility of heterologous proteins. However, whether the Tat peptide could promote the high-yield and soluble expression of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli is not known. Therefore, the prokaryotic expression vector pET28b-Tat-hLSECtin-CRD (using pET28b and pET28b-hLSECtin-CRD as controls) was constructed, and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and induced with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) followed with identifying by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Subsequently, the bacterial subcellular structure, in which overexpressed the heterologous proteins Tat-hLSECtin-CRD and Tat-free hLSECtin-CRD, was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) respectively, and the mannose-binding activity of Tat-hLSECtin-CRD was also determined. Expectedly, the solubility of Tat-LSECtin-CRD significantly increased compared to Tat-free LSECtin-CRD (**p < 0.01) with prolonged time, and the Tat-LSECtin-CRD had a significant mannose-binding activity. The subcellular structure analysis indicated that the bacterial cells overexpressed Tat-hLSECtin-CRD exhibited denser region compared with controls, while dot denser region aggregated in the two ends of bacterial cells overexpressed Tat-free hLSECtin-CRD. This study provided a novel method for improving the soluble expression of membrane proteins in prokaryotic systems by fusion with the Tat peptide, which may be potentially expanded to the expression of other membrane proteins.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Carbohydrate Metabolism/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/isolation & purification
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mannose/metabolism
- Organisms, Genetically Modified
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Solubility
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/chemistry
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Cong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mingqun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengkai Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Tang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Chinese Human Genome Center, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LT); (CZ); (KW)
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of PLA, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LT); (CZ); (KW)
| | - Ke Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LT); (CZ); (KW)
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Kumar S, Naqvi RA, Bhat AA, Rani R, Ali R, Agnihotri A, Khanna N, Rao D. IL-10 production from dendritic cells is associated with DC SIGN in human leprosy. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1488-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
196
|
Goh BC, Rynkiewicz MJ, Cafarella TR, White MR, Hartshorn KL, Allen K, Crouch EC, Calin O, Seeberger PH, Schulten K, Seaton BA. Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of influenza by surfactant protein D revealed by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8527-38. [PMID: 24224757 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a mammalian C-type lectin, is the primary innate inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV) in the lung. Interactions of SP-D with highly branched viral N-linked glycans on hemagglutinin (HA), an abundant IAV envelope protein and critical virulence factor, promote viral aggregation and neutralization through as yet unknown molecular mechanisms. Two truncated human SP-D forms, wild-type (WT) and double mutant D325A+R343V, representing neck and carbohydrate recognition domains are compared in this study. Whereas both WT and D325A+R343V bind to isolated glycosylated HA, WT does not inhibit IAV in neutralization assays; in contrast, D325A+R343V neutralization compares well with that of full-length native SP-D. To elucidate the mechanism for these biochemical observations, we have determined crystal structures of D325A+R343V in the presence and absence of a viral nonamannoside (Man9). On the basis of the D325A+R343V-Man9 structure and other crystallographic data, models of complexes between HA and WT or D325A+R343V were produced and subjected to molecular dynamics. Simulations reveal that whereas WT and D325A+R343V both block the sialic acid receptor site of HA, the D325A+R343V complex is more stable, with stronger binding caused by additional hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with HA residues. Furthermore, the blocking mechanism of HA differs for WT and D325A+R343V because of alternate glycan binding modes. The combined results suggest a mechanism through which the mode of SP-D-HA interaction could significantly influence viral aggregation and neutralization. These studies provide the first atomic-level molecular view of an innate host defense lectin inhibiting its viral glycoprotein target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chong Goh
- Beckman Institute and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Martinez MG, Bialecki MA, Belouzard S, Cordo SM, Candurra NA, Whittaker GR. Utilization of human DC-SIGN and L-SIGN for entry and infection of host cells by the New World arenavirus, Junín virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:612-617. [PMID: 24183720 PMCID: PMC4096786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectins hDC-SIGN and hL-SIGN are important for entry of Junín arenavirus. hDC-SIGN and hL-SIGN substantially augment the use of transferrin receptor. hL-SIGN may act as a co-receptor for Junín arenavirus.
The target cell tropism of enveloped viruses is regulated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular receptors determining susceptibility at a host cell, tissue or species level. However, a number of additional cell-surface moieties can also bind viral envelope glycoproteins and could act as capture receptors, serving as attachment factors to concentrate virus particles on the cell surface, or to disseminate the virus infection to target organs or susceptible cells within the host. Here, we used Junín virus (JUNV) or JUNV glycoprotein complex (GPC)-pseudotyped particles to study their ability to be internalized by the human C-type lectins hDC- or hL-SIGN. Our results provide evidence that hDC- and hL-SIGN can mediate the entry of Junín virus into cells, and may play an important role in virus infection and dissemination in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Martinez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA.,Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN - CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michele A Bialecki
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | - Sandra M Cordo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN - CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nélida A Candurra
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica IQUIBICEN - CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Abstract
The C-type lectins DC-SIGN, DC-SIGNR and LSECtin are encoded by the lectin gene cluster on chromosome 19p13.3 and perform cell-adhesion and pathogen recognition functions on dendritic cells, liver cells and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cells. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR share similar overall gene and protein molecule structures, and they exhibit high affinity for high-mannose carbohydrates. LSECtin, a Ca2+-dependent C-type lectin, interacts with mannose, NAcGlc and fucose. These lectins allow pathogen recognition (e.g., viruses, bacteria and allergens) and cell adhesion for dendritic and endothelial cells in different tissues, which may enhance the infection and facilitate the spread of those pathogens. A better understanding of these lectins may yield information about how pathogens are captured by particular cells and how they spread in different tissues. These studies would provide more detail about the physiopathological mechanisms of viral and bacterial infections and may also lead to new strategies to treat or prevent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Diagnostic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Mathys L, Balzarini J. Exposure of HIV-1 to a combination of two carbohydrate-binding agents markedly delays drug resistance development and selects for virus strains with compromised fitness. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:582-93. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
200
|
Dynamic Micelles of Mannoside Glycolipids are more Efficient than Polymers for Inhibiting HIV-1 trans-Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1813-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bc4000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|