151
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Targeting Conservation Actions at Species Threat Response Thresholds. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 36:216-226. [PMID: 33293193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the failure of the world's governments to improve the status of biodiversity by 2020, a new strategic plan for 2030 is being developed. In order to be successful, a step-change is needed to not just simply halt biodiversity loss, but to bend the curve of biodiversity loss to stable or increasing species' populations. Here, we propose a framework that quantifies species' responses across gradients of threat intensity to implement more efficient and better targeted conservation actions. Our framework acknowledges the variation in threat intensities as well as the differences among species in their capacity to respond, and is implemented at a relevant scale for national and international policy-making.
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152
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White TD, Ong T, Ferretti F, Block BA, McCauley DJ, Micheli F, De Leo GA. Tracking the response of industrial fishing fleets to large marine protected areas in the Pacific Ocean. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1571-1578. [PMID: 33031635 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large marine protected areas (MPAs) of unprecedented size have recently been established across the global oceans, yet their ability to meet conservation objectives is debated. Key areas of debate include uncertainty over nations' abilities to enforce fishing bans across vast, remote regions and the intensity of human impacts before and after MPA implementation. We used a recently developed vessel tracking data set (produced using Automatic Identification System detections) to quantify the response of industrial fishing fleets to 5 of the largest MPAs established in the Pacific Ocean since 2013. After their implementation, all 5 MPAs successfully kept industrial fishing effort exceptionally low. Detected fishing effort was already low in 4 of the 5 large MPAs prior to MPA implementation, particularly relative to nearby regions that did not receive formal protection. Our results suggest that these large MPAs may present major conservation opportunities in relatively intact ecosystems with low immediate impact to industrial fisheries, but the large MPAs we considered often did not significantly reduce fishing effort because baseline fishing was typically low. It is yet to be determined how large MPAs may shape global ocean conservation in the future if the footprint of human influence continues to expand. Continued improvement in understanding of how large MPAs interact with industrial fisheries is a crucial step toward defining their role in global ocean management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D White
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tiffany Ong
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Francesco Ferretti
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - Barbara A Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Douglas J McCauley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
| | - Giulio A De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, U.S.A
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153
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Abstract
Nuclear war, beyond its devastating direct impacts, is expected to cause global climatic perturbations through injections of soot into the upper atmosphere. Reduced temperature and sunlight could drive unprecedented reductions in agricultural production, endangering global food security. However, the effects of nuclear war on marine wild-capture fisheries, which significantly contribute to the global animal protein and micronutrient supply, remain unexplored. We simulate the climatic effects of six war scenarios on fish biomass and catch globally, using a state-of-the-art Earth system model and global process-based fisheries model. We also simulate how either rapidly increased fish demand (driven by food shortages) or decreased ability to fish (due to infrastructure disruptions), would affect global catches, and test the benefits of strong prewar fisheries management. We find a decade-long negative climatic impact that intensifies with soot emissions, with global biomass and catch falling by up to 18 ± 3% and 29 ± 7% after a US-Russia war under business-as-usual fishing-similar in magnitude to the end-of-century declines under unmitigated global warming. When war occurs in an overfished state, increasing demand increases short-term (1 to 2 y) catch by at most ∼30% followed by precipitous declines of up to ∼70%, thus offsetting only a minor fraction of agricultural losses. However, effective prewar management that rebuilds fish biomass could ensure a short-term catch buffer large enough to replace ∼43 ± 35% of today's global animal protein production. This buffering function in the event of a global food emergency adds to the many previously known economic and ecological benefits of effective and precautionary fisheries management.
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154
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Cabral RB, Bradley D, Mayorga J, Goodell W, Friedlander AM, Sala E, Costello C, Gaines SD. A global network of marine protected areas for food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28134-28139. [PMID: 33106411 PMCID: PMC7668080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000174117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields. We assembled distribution, life history, and fisheries exploitation data for 1,338 commercially important stocks to derive an optimized network of MPAs globally. We show that strategically expanding the existing global MPA network to protect an additional 5% of the ocean could increase future catch by at least 20% via spillover, generating 9 to 12 million metric tons more food annually than in a business-as-usual world with no additional protection. Our results demonstrate how food provisioning can be a central driver of MPA design, offering a pathway to strategically conserve ocean areas while securing seafood for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reniel B Cabral
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117;
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Darcy Bradley
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Christopher Costello
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
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155
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Serena F, Abella AJ, Bargnesi F, Barone M, Colloca F, Ferretti F, Fiorentino F, Jenrette J, Moro S. Species diversity, taxonomy and distribution of Chondrichthyes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1805518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Serena
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Mazara Del Vallo (TR), Italy
| | | | - F. Bargnesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (Disva), Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
- Cattolica Aquarium, Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - M. Barone
- Fisheries Resources Consultant, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Colloca
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn-Italian National Institute for Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Naples, Italy
| | - F. Ferretti
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (VA), USA
| | - F. Fiorentino
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IRBIM), Mazara Del Vallo (TR), Italy
| | - J. Jenrette
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg (VA), USA
| | - S. Moro
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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156
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Stocker AN, Renner AHH, Knol-Kauffman M. Sea ice variability and maritime activity around Svalbard in the period 2012-2019. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17043. [PMID: 33046813 PMCID: PMC7552395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is strongly impacting the Arctic environment, leading to rapid sea ice loss. In some sectors, the retreating ice edge is perceived as an opportunity to expand and develop economic activities. Previous studies show this development in the Canadian and Russian Arctic. This paper examines mobility patterns of cruise ships and fishing vessels around Svalbard, a major hotspot of maritime activity and retreating sea ice cover, in relation to sea ice variability between August 2012 and September 2019. The results show a slight overall increase in fisheries and cruise activity, as well as remarkable trends of stretching operational seasons and expanding navigational areas in these sectors. Overall increasing activity and changing mobility patterns provoke a discussion about the implications for safe navigation and sustainable management, thus raising issues of high pan-Arctic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Stocker
- Department of Geography, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,University Center of the Westfjords, Isafjordur, Iceland.
| | - Angelika H H Renner
- Department of Oceanography and Climate, Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maaike Knol-Kauffman
- Norwegian College of Fishery Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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157
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Kaandorp MLA, Dijkstra HA, van Sebille E. Closing the Mediterranean Marine Floating Plastic Mass Budget: Inverse Modeling of Sources and Sinks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11980-11989. [PMID: 32852202 PMCID: PMC7547878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of plastic inputs into the ocean are orders of magnitude larger than what is found in the surface waters. This can be due to discrepancies in the sources of plastic released into the ocean but can also be explained by the fact that it is not well-known what the most dominant sinks of marine plastics are and on what time scales these operate. To get a better understanding on possible sources and sinks, an inverse modeling methodology is presented here for a Lagrangian ocean model, estimating floating plastic quantities in the Mediterranean Sea. Field measurements of plastic concentrations in the Mediterranean are used to inform parametrizations defining various sources of marine plastics and removal of plastic particles because of beaching and sinking. The parameters of the model are found using inverse modeling, by comparison of model results and measurements of floating plastic concentrations. Time scales for the sinks are found, and likely sources of plastics can be ranked in importance. A new mass balance is made for floating plastics in the Mediterranean: for 2015, there is an estimated input of 2100-3400 tonnes, and of plastics released since 2006, about 170-420 tonnes remain afloat in the surface waters, 49-63% ended up on coastlines, and 37-51% have sunk down.
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158
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Rosani U, Abbadi M, Green T, Bai CM, Turolla E, Arcangeli G, Wegner KM, Venier P. Parallel analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs suggests distinct regulatory networks in Crassostrea gigas infected by Ostreid herpesvirus 1. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:620. [PMID: 32912133 PMCID: PMC7488030 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2008, the aquaculture production of Crassostrea gigas was heavily affected by mass mortalities associated to Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) microvariants worldwide. Transcriptomic studies revealed the major antiviral pathways of the oyster immune response while other findings suggested that also small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) such as microRNAs might act as key regulators of the oyster response against OsHV-1. To explore the explicit connection between small non-coding and protein-coding transcripts, we performed paired whole transcriptome analysis of sncRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) in six oysters selected for different intensities of OsHV-1 infection. Results The mRNA profiles of the naturally infected oysters were mostly governed by the transcriptional activity of OsHV-1, with several differentially expressed genes mapping to the interferon, toll, apoptosis, and pro-PO pathways. In contrast, miRNA profiles suggested more complex regulatory mechanisms, with 15 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNA) pointing to a possible modulation of the host response during OsHV-1 infection. We predicted 68 interactions between DE-miRNAs and oyster 3′-UTRs, but only few of them involved antiviral genes. The sncRNA reads assigned to OsHV-1 rather resembled mRNA degradation products, suggesting the absence of genuine viral miRNAs. Conclusions We provided data describing the miRNAome during OsHV-1 infection in C. gigas. This information can be used to understand the role of miRNAs in healthy and diseased oysters, to identify new targets for functional studies and, eventually to disentangle cause and effect relationships during viral infections in marine mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy. .,Coastal Ecology Section, AWI - Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, 25992, List, Germany.
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Timothy Green
- Centre for Shellfish Research & Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | | | | | - K Mathias Wegner
- Coastal Ecology Section, AWI - Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, 25992, List, Germany
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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159
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Global correlates of terrestrial and marine coverage by protected areas on islands. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4438. [PMID: 32895381 PMCID: PMC7477099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many islands are biodiversity hotspots but also extinction epicenters. In addition to strong cultural connections to nature, islanders derive a significant part of their economy and broader wellbeing from this biodiversity. Islands are thus considered as the socio-ecosystems most vulnerable to species and habitat loss. Yet, the extent and key correlates of protected area coverage on islands is still unknown. Here we assess the relative influence of climate, geography, habitat diversity, culture, resource capacity, and human footprint on terrestrial and marine protected area coverage across 2323 inhabited islands globally. We show that, on average, 22% of terrestrial and 13% of marine island areas are under protection status, but that half of all islands have no protected areas. Climate, diversity of languages, human population density and development are strongly associated with differences observed in protected area coverage among islands. Our study suggests that economic development and population growth may critically limit the amount of protection on islands. Islands have disproportionate importance for biodiversity conservation, yet they may be underrepresented in protected areas. Here the authors assess how climate, geography, habitat diversity, and socio-economic conditions explain terrestrial and marine protected area coverage on inhabited islands and in the surrounding seas globally.
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160
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Giménez J, Cardador L, Mazor T, Kark S, Bellido JM, Coll M, Navarro J. Marine protected areas for demersal elasmobranchs in highly exploited Mediterranean ecosystems. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 160:105033. [PMID: 32907736 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are complex socio-ecological systems where sustainable solutions can be best gained by satisfying both conservation and socioeconomic demands. Concretely, the Mediterranean Sea is facing a huge demand of resources and marine activities while hosting abundant and unique biodiversity. It is considered an important elasmobranch hotspot where seventy-two elasmobranch species are present in the basin. Despite the recognised importance of elasmobranchs as umbrella species, to date only a small number of marine protected areas have been designated towards their protection. The paucity of spatially-explicit abundance data on elasmobranchs often precludes the designation of these areas to protect these marine predators. Here, we aimed to identify marine areas to protect elasmobranch species by means of a systematic spatial planning approach. We first estimated the spatial distribution of five elasmobranch species (three sharks and two rays) in the western Mediterranean Sea and then applied Marxan decision support tools to find priority marine conservation areas. We found that the five elasmobranchs are distributed in coastal and slope areas of the southern waters of the study area while in the northern region they are abundant in the continental slope and towards offshore waters. Conservation priority areas were identified in the southern part of the western Mediterranean. Adding more complex cost layers and zoning to the analysis did not alter conservation priority areas, confirming such areas are highly consistent and highly important for elasmobranch protection. The marine conservation priority areas identified here can contribute to designate a proactive area-based protection strategy towards elasmobranch conservation, related species and the habitats that they depend in the western Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Giménez
- Institut de Ciències del Mar - CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences (BEES), University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Laura Cardador
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Tessa Mazor
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - José Maria Bellido
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Calle Varadero 1, Apdo. 22, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Coll
- Institut de Ciències del Mar - CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Navarro
- Institut de Ciències del Mar - CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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161
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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162
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Taheri-Garavand A, Nasiri A, Banan A, Zhang YD. Smart deep learning-based approach for non-destructive freshness diagnosis of common carp fish. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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163
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Frankish CK, Phillips RA, Clay TA, Somveille M, Manica A. Environmental drivers of movement in a threatened seabird: insights from a mechanistic model and implications for conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin K. Frankish
- British Antarctic Survey Cambridge UK
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Thomas A. Clay
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | | | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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164
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Abstract
Human wellbeing relies on the Biosphere, including natural resources provided by ocean ecosystems. As multiple demands and stressors threaten the ocean, transformative change in ocean governance is required to maintain the contributions of the ocean to people. Here we illustrate how transition theory can be applied to ocean governance. We demonstrate how current economic and social systems can adapt to existing pressures and shift towards ocean stewardship through incorporation of niche innovations within and across economic sectors and stakeholder communities. These novel approaches support an emergent but purposeful transition and suggest a clear path to a thriving and vibrant relationship between humans and the ocean. Oceans provide important natural resources, but the management and governance of the ocean is complex and the ecosystem is suffering as a result. The authors discuss current barriers to sustainable ocean governance and suggest pathways forward. Oceans provide important natural resources, but the management and governance of the ocean is complex and the ecosystem is suffering as a result. The authors discuss current barriers to sustainable ocean governance and suggest pathways forward.
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165
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Slower nutrient stream suppresses Subarctic Atlantic Ocean biological productivity in global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15504-15510. [PMID: 32571954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000851117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth system models (ESMs) project that global warming suppresses biological productivity in the Subarctic Atlantic Ocean as increasing ocean surface buoyancy suppresses two physical drivers of nutrient supply: vertical mixing and meridional circulation. However, the quantitative sensitivity of productivity to surface buoyancy is uncertain and the relative importance of the physical drivers is unknown. Here, we present a simple predictive theory of how mixing, circulation, and productivity respond to increasing surface buoyancy in 21st-century global warming scenarios. With parameters constrained by observations, the theory suggests that the reduced northward nutrient transport, owing to a slower ocean circulation, explains the majority of the reduced productivity in a warmer climate. The theory also informs present-day biases in a set of ESM simulations as well as the physical underpinnings of their 21st-century projections. Hence, this theoretical understanding can facilitate the development of improved 21st-century projections of marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
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166
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Park J, Lee J, Seto K, Hochberg T, Wong BA, Miller NA, Takasaki K, Kubota H, Oozeki Y, Doshi S, Midzik M, Hanich Q, Sullivan B, Woods P, Kroodsma DA. Illuminating dark fishing fleets in North Korea. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb1197. [PMID: 32923605 PMCID: PMC7455503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing threatens resource sustainability and equity. A major challenge with such activity is that most fishing vessels do not broadcast their positions and are "dark" in public monitoring systems. Combining four satellite technologies, we identify widespread illegal fishing by dark fleets in the waters between the Koreas, Japan, and Russia. We find >900 vessels of Chinese origin in 2017 and >700 in 2018 fished illegally in North Korean waters, catching an estimated amount of Todarodes pacificus approximating that of Japan and South Korea combined (>164,000 metric tons worth >$440 million). We further find ~3000 small-scale North Korean vessels fished, mostly illegally, in Russian waters. These results can inform independent oversight of transboundary fisheries and foreshadow a new era in satellite monitoring of fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoon Park
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jungsam Lee
- Korea Maritime Institute, Busan, South Korea
| | - Katherine Seto
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Brian A. Wong
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nathan A. Miller
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- SkyTruth, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA
| | - Kenji Takasaki
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kubota
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshioki Oozeki
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Quentin Hanich
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | - Paul Woods
- Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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167
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Cardiec F, Bertrand S, Witt MJ, Metcalfe K, Godley BJ, McClellan C, Vilela R, Parnell RJ, le Loc’h F. "Too Big To Ignore": A feasibility analysis of detecting fishing events in Gabonese small-scale fisheries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234091. [PMID: 32520945 PMCID: PMC7286497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In many developing countries, small-scale fisheries provide employment and important food security for local populations. To support resource management, the description of the spatiotemporal extent of fisheries is necessary, but often poorly understood due to the diffuse nature of effort, operated from numerous small wooden vessels. Here, in Gabon, Central Africa, we applied Hidden Markov Models to detect fishing patterns in seven different fisheries (with different gears) from GPS data. Models were compared to information collected by on-board observers (7 trips) and, at a larger scale, to a visual interpretation method (99 trips). Models utilizing different sampling resolutions of GPS acquisition were also tested. Model prediction accuracy was high with GPS data sampling rates up to three minutes apart. The minor loss of accuracy linked to model classification is largely compensated by the savings in time required for analysis, especially in a context of nations or organizations with limited resources. This method could be applied to larger datasets at a national or international scale to identify and more adequately manage fishing effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Cardiec
- IRD, Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Gabon Program, Libreville, Gabon
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- IRD, UMR Marbec, Univ Montpelier, CNRS, Ifremer, Sète, France
| | - Matthew J. Witt
- Hatherly Laboratories, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Metcalfe
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J. Godley
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raul Vilela
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Gabon Program, Libreville, Gabon
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168
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169
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Development Trends and Frontiers of Ocean Big Data Research Based on CiteSpace. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern socio-economic development and climate prediction depend greatly on the application of ocean big data. With the accelerated development of ocean observation methods and the continuous improvement of the big data science, the challenges of multiple data sources and data diversity have emerged in the ocean field. As a result, the current data magnitude has reached the terabyte scale. Currently, the traditional theoretical foundation and technical methods have their inherent limitations and demerits that cannot satisfied the temporal and spatial attributes of the current ocean big data. Numerous scholars and countries were involved in ocean big data research. To explore the focus and current status, and determine the topics of research on bursts and acquisition of trend related to ocean big data, 400 articles between 1990 and 2019 were collected from the “Web of Science.” Combined with visualization software CiteSpace, bibliometrics method and literature combing technology, the pivotal literature related to ocean big data, including significant level countries, institutions, authors, journals and keywords were recognized. A synthetical analysis has revealed research hot spots and research frontiers. The purpose of this study is to provide researchers and practitioners in the field of ocean big data with the main research domains and research hotspots, and orientation for further research.
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170
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Ghosal R, Maity A, Clark T, Longo SB. Variable selection in functional linear concurrent regression. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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171
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Kane IA, Clare MA, Miramontes E, Wogelius R, Rothwell JJ, Garreau P, Pohl F. Seafloor microplastic hotspots controlled by deep-sea circulation. Science 2020; 368:1140-1145. [PMID: 32354839 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although microplastics are known to pervade the global seafloor, the processes that control their dispersal and concentration in the deep sea remain largely unknown. Here, we show that thermohaline-driven currents, which build extensive seafloor sediment accumulations, can control the distribution of microplastics and create hotspots with the highest concentrations reported for any seafloor setting (190 pieces per 50 grams). Previous studies propose that microplastics are transported to the seafloor by vertical settling from surface accumulations; here, we demonstrate that the spatial distribution and ultimate fate of microplastics are strongly controlled by near-bed thermohaline currents (bottom currents). These currents are known to supply oxygen and nutrients to deep-sea benthos, suggesting that deep-sea biodiversity hotspots are also likely to be microplastic hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Kane
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Michael A Clare
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Elda Miramontes
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Roy Wogelius
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James J Rothwell
- Department of Geography, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Pierre Garreau
- IFREMER, Univ. Brest, CNRS UMR 6523, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Florian Pohl
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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172
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Opportunities for big data in conservation and sustainability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2003. [PMID: 32332744 PMCID: PMC7181767 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Big data reveals new, stark pictures of the state of our environments. It also reveals ‘bright spots’ amongst the broad pattern of decline and—crucially—the key conditions for these cases. Big data analyses could benefit the planet if tightly coupled with ongoing sustainability efforts.
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173
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Oil Flow Analysis in the Maritime Silk Road Region Using AIS Data. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring maritime oil flow is important for the security and stability of energy transportation, especially since the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (MSR) concept was proposed. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides public annual oil flow data of maritime oil chokepoints, which do not reflect subtle changes. Therefore, we used the automatic identification system (AIS) data from 2014 to 2016 and applied the proposed technical framework to four chokepoints (the straits of Malacca, Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb, and the Cape of Good Hope) within the MSR region. The deviations and the statistical values of the annual oil flow from the results estimated by the AIS data and the EIA data, as well as the general direction of the oil flow, demonstrate the reliability of the proposed framework. Further, the monthly and seasonal cycles of the oil flows through the four chokepoints differ significantly in terms of the value and trend but generally show an upward trend. Besides, the first trough of the oil flow through the straits of Hormuz and Malacca corresponds with the military activities of the U.S. in 2014, while the second is owing to the outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2015.
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174
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Flower J, Ramdeen R, Estep A, Thomas LR, Francis S, Goldberg G, Johnson AE, McClintock W, Mendes SR, Mengerink K, O'Garro M, Rogers L, Zischka U, Lester SE. Marine spatial planning on the Caribbean island of Montserrat: Lessons for data‐limited small islands. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flower
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management & Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | | | | | - Lennon R. Thomas
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management & Marine Science InstituteUniversity of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | | | - Grace Goldberg
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara California
| | | | - Will McClintock
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara California
| | - Stephen R. Mendes
- Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the EnvironmentGovernment of Montserrat Brades Montserrat
| | | | - Melissa O'Garro
- Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the EnvironmentGovernment of Montserrat Brades Montserrat
| | - Lavern Rogers
- GIS Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the EnvironmentGovernment of Montserrat Brades Montserrat
| | | | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of GeographyFlorida State University Tallahassee Florida
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175
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Hindell MA, Reisinger RR, Ropert-Coudert Y, Hückstädt LA, Trathan PN, Bornemann H, Charrassin JB, Chown SL, Costa DP, Danis B, Lea MA, Thompson D, Torres LG, Van de Putte AP, Alderman R, Andrews-Goff V, Arthur B, Ballard G, Bengtson J, Bester MN, Blix AS, Boehme L, Bost CA, Boveng P, Cleeland J, Constantine R, Corney S, Crawford RJM, Dalla Rosa L, de Bruyn PJN, Delord K, Descamps S, Double M, Emmerson L, Fedak M, Friedlaender A, Gales N, Goebel ME, Goetz KT, Guinet C, Goldsworthy SD, Harcourt R, Hinke JT, Jerosch K, Kato A, Kerry KR, Kirkwood R, Kooyman GL, Kovacs KM, Lawton K, Lowther AD, Lydersen C, Lyver PO, Makhado AB, Márquez MEI, McDonald BI, McMahon CR, Muelbert M, Nachtsheim D, Nicholls KW, Nordøy ES, Olmastroni S, Phillips RA, Pistorius P, Plötz J, Pütz K, Ratcliffe N, Ryan PG, Santos M, Southwell C, Staniland I, Takahashi A, Tarroux A, Trivelpiece W, Wakefield E, Weimerskirch H, Wienecke B, Xavier JC, Wotherspoon S, Jonsen ID, Raymond B. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems. Nature 2020; 580:87-92. [PMID: 32238927 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. .,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Ryan R Reisinger
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France.,CESAB-FRB, Institut Bouisson Bertrand, Montpellier, France.,LOCEAN/IPSL, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, UMR7159, Paris, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Luis A Hückstädt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Philip N Trathan
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Horst Bornemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Anton P Van de Putte
- BEDIC, OD Nature, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rachael Alderman
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Virginia Andrews-Goff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben Arthur
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - John Bengtson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | | | | | - Charles-André Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Peter Boveng
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaimie Cleeland
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Stuart Corney
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J M Crawford
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luciano Dalla Rosa
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Mike Double
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mike Fedak
- Scottish Oceans Institute, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nick Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael E Goebel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly T Goetz
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christophe Guinet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Simon D Goldsworthy
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rob Harcourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jefferson T Hinke
- Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Jerosch
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Knowles R Kerry
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Roger Kirkwood
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gerald L Kooyman
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kieran Lawton
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Azwianewi B Makhado
- Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Birgitte I McDonald
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San José State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica Muelbert
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Dominik Nachtsheim
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.,Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - Keith W Nicholls
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Silvia Olmastroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.,Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Siena, Italy
| | - Richard A Phillips
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Pistorius
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Joachim Plötz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter G Ryan
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iain Staniland
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Arnaud Tarroux
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Wayne Trivelpiece
- Antarctic Ecosystems Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ewan Wakefield
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henri Weimerskirch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Station d'Écologie de Chizé-La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Barbara Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - José C Xavier
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK.,Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Wotherspoon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ian D Jonsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Raymond
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
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176
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Deith MCM, Brodie JF. Predicting defaunation: accurately mapping bushmeat hunting pressure over large areas. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192677. [PMID: 32156211 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsustainable hunting is emptying forests of large animals around the world, but current understanding of how human foraging spreads across landscapes has been stymied by data deficiencies and cryptic hunter behaviour. Unlike other global threats to biodiversity like deforestation, climate change and overfishing, maps of wild meat hunters' movements-often based on forest accessibility-typically cover small scales and are rarely validated with real-world observations. Using camera trapping data from rainforests across Malaysian Borneo, we show that while hunter movements are strongly correlated with the accessibility of different parts of the landscape, accessibility measures are most informative when they integrate fine-scale habitat features like topography and land cover. Measures of accessibility naive to fine-scale habitat complexity, like distance to the nearest road or settlement, generate poor approximations of hunters' movements. In comparison, accessibility as measured by high-resolution movement models based on circuit theory provides vastly better reflections of real-world foraging movements. Our results highlight that simple models incorporating fine-scale landscape heterogeneity can be powerful tools for understanding and predicting widespread threats to biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairin C M Deith
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200-6270 University Boulevard 15, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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177
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Peltier H, Authier M, Dabin W, Dars C, Demaret F, Doremus G, Canneyt OV, Laran S, Mendez-Fernandez P, Spitz J, Daniel P, Ridoux V. Can modelling the drift of bycaught dolphin stranded carcasses help identify involved fisheries? An exploratory study. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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178
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Lynham J, Nikolaev A, Raynor J, Vilela T, Villaseñor-Derbez JC. Impact of two of the world's largest protected areas on longline fishery catch rates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:979. [PMID: 32080189 PMCID: PMC7033108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the largest protected areas on earth are U.S. National Monuments in the Pacific Ocean. Numerous claims have been made about the impacts of these protected areas on the fishing industry, but there has been no ex post empirical evaluation of their effects. We use administrative data documenting individual fishing events to evaluate the economic impact of the expansion of these two monuments on the Hawaii longline fishing fleet. Surprisingly, catch and catch-per-unit-effort are higher since the expansions began. To disentangle the causal effect of the expansions from confounding factors, we use unaffected control fisheries to perform a difference-in-differences analysis. We find that the monument expansions had little, if any, negative impacts on the fishing industry, corroborating ecological models that have predicted minimal impacts from closing large parts of the Pacific Ocean to fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynham
- Department of Economics, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Saunders Hall 532, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Anton Nikolaev
- Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 103 Keller Hall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jennifer Raynor
- Department of Economics, Wesleyan University, Public Affairs Center 204, 238 Church Street, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Thaís Vilela
- Conservation Strategy Fund, 1636 R St. NW, Suite 3, Washington, DC, 20009, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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179
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Januchowski‐Hartley FA, Vigliola L, Maire E, Kulbicki M, Mouillot D. Low fuel cost and rising fish price threaten coral reef wilderness. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A. Januchowski‐Hartley
- UMR 9190 MARBECIRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- UMR 9220 ENTROPIEInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centré IRD de Nouméa Nouméa New Caledonia
- Department of Biosciences, College of ScienceSwansea University Abertawe UK
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- UMR 9220 ENTROPIEInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centré IRD de Nouméa Nouméa New Caledonia
| | - Eva Maire
- UMR 9190 MARBECIRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER, Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- UMR 9920 ENTROPIE, Laboratoire Excellence LABEX CorailInstitut de recherche pour le développement Perpignan France
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBECIRD‐CNRS‐UM‐IFREMER, Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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180
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181
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Ocean sentinel albatrosses locate illegal vessels and provide the first estimate of the extent of nondeclared fishing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3006-3014. [PMID: 31988130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915499117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With threats to nature becoming increasingly prominent, in order for biodiversity levels to persist, there is a critical need to improve implementation of conservation measures. In the oceans, the surveillance of fisheries is complex and inadequate, such that quantifying and locating nondeclared and illegal fisheries is persistently problematic. Given that these activities dramatically impact oceanic ecosystems, through overexploitation of fish stocks and bycatch of threatened species, innovative ways to monitor the oceans are urgently required. Here, we describe a concept of "Ocean Sentinel" using animals equipped with state-of-the-art loggers which monitor fisheries in remote areas. Albatrosses fitted with loggers detecting and locating the presence of vessels and transmitting the information immediately to authorities allowed an estimation of the proportion of nondeclared fishing vessels operating in national and international waters of the Southern Ocean. We found that in international waters, more than one-third of vessels had no Automatic Identification System operating; in national Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), this proportion was lower on average, but variable according to EEZ. Ocean Sentinel was also able to provide unpreceded information on the attraction of seabirds to vessels, giving access to crucial information for risk-assessment plans of threatened species. Attraction differed between species, age, and vessel activity. Fishing vessels attracted more birds than other vessels, and juveniles both encountered fewer vessels and showed a lower attraction to vessels than adults. This study shows that the development of technologies offers the potential of implementing conservation policies by using wide-ranging seabirds to patrol oceans.
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182
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Bargnesi F, Lucrezi S, Ferretti F. Opportunities from citizen science for shark conservation, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1709574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Bargnesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (Di.S.V.A.), Polytechnic University of Marche, UO CoNISMa, Ancona, Italy
- Cattolica Aquarium, Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - S. Lucrezi
- TREES - Tourism Research in Economics, Environs and Society, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - F. Ferretti
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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183
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Smith JW, Chen Q. Liquid-phase electron microscopy imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8490-8506. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electron microscopy, a new method for real-time nanoscopic imaging in liquid, makes it possible to study cells or biomolecules with a singular combination of spatial and temporal resolution. We review the state of the art in biological research in this growing and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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184
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Claudet J, Bopp L, Cheung WW, Devillers R, Escobar-Briones E, Haugan P, Heymans JJ, Masson-Delmotte V, Matz-Lück N, Miloslavich P, Mullineaux L, Visbeck M, Watson R, Zivian AM, Ansorge I, Araujo M, Aricò S, Bailly D, Barbière J, Barnerias C, Bowler C, Brun V, Cazenave A, Diver C, Euzen A, Gaye AT, Hilmi N, Ménard F, Moulin C, Muñoz NP, Parmentier R, Pebayle A, Pörtner HO, Osvaldina S, Ricard P, Santos RS, Sicre MA, Thiébault S, Thiele T, Troublé R, Turra A, Uku J, Gaill F. A Roadmap for Using the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development in Support of Science, Policy, and Action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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185
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Maina JM, Gamoyo M, Adams VM, D'agata S, Bosire J, Francis J, Waruinge D. Aligning marine spatial conservation priorities with functional connectivity across maritime jurisdictions. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Maina
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMacquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Vanessa M. Adams
- School of Technology, Environments and DesignUniversity of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Stephanie D'agata
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMacquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jared Bosire
- United Nations Environment, Ecosystems DivisionNairobi Convention Nairobi Kenya
| | - Julius Francis
- Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association Zanzibar Tanzania
| | - Dixon Waruinge
- United Nations Environment, Ecosystems DivisionNairobi Convention Nairobi Kenya
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186
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Rodrigues ASL, Monsarrat S, Charpentier A, Brooks TM, Hoffmann M, Reeves R, Palomares MLD, Turvey ST. Unshifting the baseline: a framework for documenting historical population changes and assessing long-term anthropogenic impacts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190220. [PMID: 31679498 PMCID: PMC6863499 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological baselines-reference states of species' distributions and abundances-are key to the scientific arguments underpinning many conservation and management interventions, as well as to the public support to such interventions. Yet societal as well as scientific perceptions of these baselines are often based on ecosystems that have been deeply transformed by human actions. Despite increased awareness about the pervasiveness and implications of this shifting baseline syndrome, ongoing global assessments of the state of biodiversity do not take into account the long-term, cumulative, anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity. Here, we propose a new framework for documenting such impacts, by classifying populations according to the extent to which they deviate from a baseline in the absence of human actions. We apply this framework to the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) to illustrate how it can be used to assess populations with different geographies and timelines of known or suspected impacts. Through other examples, we discuss how the framework can be applied to populations for which there is a wide diversity of existing knowledge, by making the best use of the available ecological, historical and archaeological data. Combined across multiple populations, this framework provides a standard for assessing cumulative anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The past is a foreign country: how much can the fossil record actually inform conservation?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. L. Rodrigues
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS—Université de Montpellier—UPVM—EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Monsarrat
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Charpentier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 (CNRS—Université de Montpellier—UPVM—EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, 28 Rue Mauverney, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of The Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, The Philippines
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Randall Reeves
- Okapi Wildlife Associates, 27 Chandler Lane, Hudson, Quebec, Canada JOP 1HO
| | - Maria L. D. Palomares
- Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Samuel T. Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
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187
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Gennip SJV, Dewitte B, Garçon V, Thiel M, Popova E, Drillet Y, Ramos M, Yannicelli B, Bravo L, Ory N, Luna-Jorquera G, Gaymer CF. In search for the sources of plastic marine litter that contaminates the Easter Island Ecoregion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19662. [PMID: 31873122 PMCID: PMC6927966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtropical gyres are the oceanic regions where plastic litter accumulates over long timescales, exposing surrounding oceanic islands to plastic contamination, with potentially severe consequences on marine life. Islands' exposure to such contaminants, littered over long distances in marine or terrestrial habitats, is due to the ocean currents that can transport plastic over long ranges. Here, this issue is addressed for the Easter Island ecoregion (EIE). High-resolution ocean circulation models are used with a Lagrangian particle-tracking tool to identify the connectivity patterns of the EIE with industrial fishing areas and coastline regions of the Pacific basin. Connectivity patterns for "virtual" particles either floating (such as buoyant macroplastics) or neutrally-buoyant (smaller microplastics) are investigated. We find that the South American shoreline between 20°S and 40°S, and the fishing zone within international waters off Peru (20°S, 80°W) are associated with the highest probability for debris to reach the EIE, with transit times under 2 years. These regions coincide with the most-densely populated coastal region of Chile and the most-intensely fished region in the South Pacific. The findings offer potential for mitigating plastic contamination reaching the EIE through better upstream waste management. Results also highlight the need for international action plans on this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jan van Gennip
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile.
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile.
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France.
- Mercator-Océan International (MOI), Ramonville, France.
| | - Boris Dewitte
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Véronique Garçon
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse, France
| | - Martin Thiel
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | | | - Yann Drillet
- Mercator-Océan International (MOI), Ramonville, France
| | - Marcel Ramos
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuicola Aquapacífico, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Beatriz Yannicelli
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Bravo
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Nicolas Ory
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
- Cluster of Excellence "The Future Ocean", GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre of Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology Department, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Guillermo Luna-Jorquera
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Carlos F Gaymer
- Millennium Nucleus for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Coquimbo, Chile
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188
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Sensing the Same Fishing Fleet with AIS and VIIRS: A Seven-Year Assessment of Squid Jiggers in FAO Major Fishing Area 41. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global Fishing Watch and VIIRS-DNB (visible infrared imaging radiometer suite day/night band) signals are compared for the jigger fleet in FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Major Fishing Area 41 during the maximum feasible time span (2012–2018). Both signals have shown a high degree of consistency at all temporal and spatial scales analyzed, including seasonal cycles, lack of signal for some years and interannual tendencies. This indicates that both signals are a fair representation of the fishing effort exerted by the jigger fleet in this zone. The high degree of consistency does not support views questioning satellite AIS (automatic identification system) as a reliable tool to survey fishing activities. Instead, our results add evidence supporting the value of remote sensing, in particular, when independent sources of information (such as VIIRS-DNB and AIS) are combined, as a relevant tool to add transparency and support compliance of fishing activities in vast and distant regions of the ocean.
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189
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O'Hanlon NJ, Bond AL, Lavers JL, Masden EA, James NA. Monitoring nest incorporation of anthropogenic debris by Northern Gannets across their range. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113152. [PMID: 31521999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic marine debris is a recognised global issue, which can impact a wide range of organisms. This has led to a rise in research focused on plastic ingestion, but quantitative data on entanglement are still limited, especially regarding seabirds, due to challenges associated with monitoring entanglement in the marine environment. However, for seabird species that build substantial surface nests there is the opportunity to monitor nest incorporation of debris that individuals collect as nesting material. Here, we monitored nest incorporation of anthropogenic marine debris by Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus) from 29 colonies across the species' range to determine a) the frequency of occurrence of incorporated debris and b) whether the Northern Gannet is a suitable indicator species for monitoring anthropogenic debris in the marine environment within their range. Using data obtained from visual observations, digital photography and published literature, we recorded incorporated debris in 46% of 7280 Northern Gannet nests, from all but one of 29 colonies monitored. Significant spatial variation was observed in the frequency of occurrence of debris incorporated into nests among colonies, partly attributed to when the colony was established and local fishing intensity. Threadlike plastics, most likely from fishing activities, was most frequently recorded in nests, being present in 45% of 5842 nests, in colonies where debris type was identified. Comparisons with local beach debris indicate a preference for threadlike plastics by Northern Gannets. Recording debris in gannet nests provides an efficient and non-invasive method for monitoring the effectiveness of actions introduced to reduce debris pollution from fishing activities in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina J O'Hanlon
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College UHI, University of the Highlands and Islands, Ormlie Road, Thurso, KW14 7EE, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexander L Bond
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College UHI, University of the Highlands and Islands, Ormlie Road, Thurso, KW14 7EE, Scotland, United Kingdom; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire, HP23 6AP, United Kingdom; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania, 7004, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Masden
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College UHI, University of the Highlands and Islands, Ormlie Road, Thurso, KW14 7EE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A James
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College UHI, University of the Highlands and Islands, Ormlie Road, Thurso, KW14 7EE, Scotland, United Kingdom
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190
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Santos EAP, Silva ACCD, Sforza R, Oliveira FLC, Weber MI, Castilhos JC, López-Mendilaharsu M, Marcovaldi MAAG, Ramos RMA, DiMatteo A. Olive ridley inter-nesting and post-nesting movements along the Brazilian coast and Atlantic Ocean. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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191
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Jørgensen PS, Folke C, Carroll SP. Evolution in the Anthropocene: Informing Governance and Policy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Anthropocene biosphere constitutes an unprecedented phase in the evolution of life on Earth with one species, humans, exerting extensive control. The increasing intensity of anthropogenic forces in the twenty-first century has widespread implications for attempts to govern both human-dominated ecosystems and the last remaining wild ecosystems. Here, we review how evolutionary biology can inform governance and policies in the Anthropocene, focusing on five governance challenges that span biodiversity, environmental management, food and other biomass production, and human health. The five challenges are: ( a) evolutionary feedbacks, ( b) maintaining resilience, ( c) alleviating constraints, ( d) coevolutionary disruption, and ( e) biotechnology. Strategies for governing these dynamics will themselves have to be coevolutionary, as eco-evolutionary and social dynamics change in response to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE104-05 Stockholm, Sweden;,
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Folke
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE104-05 Stockholm, Sweden;,
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE104-05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott P. Carroll
- Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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192
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Kaiser MJ. Recent advances in understanding the environmental footprint of trawling on the seabed. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bottom trawling accounts for nearly a quarter of wild-capture seafood production, but it is associated with physical disturbance of the seabed leading to changes in benthic abundance, habitat structure, and biogeochemical processes. Understanding the processes of benthic depletion and recovery in relation to different types of fishing gears, and in different seabed types, is an important pre-requisite to inform appropriate management measures to limit or reduce the effects of trawling on the seabed. The combined approaches of meta-analysis and modelling that link fishing-gear penetration of the seabed to benthic depletion, and recovery to taxon longevity, have enabled the development of a modelling framework to estimate relative benthic status in areas subject to trawling. Such estimations are highly sensitive to the spatial resolution at which fishing footprint (trawl track) data are aggregated, and this leads to overinflated estimates of fishing impacts on benthos when coarse-level aggregation is applied. These approaches present a framework into which other “sustainability” criteria can be added, e.g., the consideration of carbon footprints of fishing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J. Kaiser
- The Lyell Centre, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- The Lyell Centre, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
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193
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194
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195
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Classifying fishing behavioral diversity using high-frequency movement data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16811-16816. [PMID: 31399551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906766116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of social-ecological systems (SESs) requires an understanding of human behavior. In many SESs, there are hundreds of agents or more interacting with governance and regulatory institutions, driving management outcomes through collective behavior. Agents in these systems often display consistent behavioral characteristics over time that can help reduce the dimensionality of SES data by enabling the assignment of types. Typologies of resource-user behavior both enrich our knowledge of user cultures and provide critical information for management. Here, we develop a data-driven framework to identify resource-user typologies in SESs with high-dimensional data. To demonstrate policy applications, we apply the framework to a tightly coupled SES, commercial fishing. We leverage large fisheries-dependent datasets that include mandatory vessel logbooks, observer datasets, and high-resolution geospatial vessel tracking technologies. We first quantify vessel and behavioral characteristics using data that encode fishers' spatial decisions and behaviors. We then use clustering to classify these characteristics into discrete fishing behavioral types (FBTs), determining that 3 types emerge in our case study. Finally, we investigate how a series of disturbances applied selection pressure on these FBTs, causing the disproportionate loss of one group. Our framework not only provides an efficient and unbiased method for identifying FBTs in near real time, but it can also improve management outcomes by enabling ex ante investigation of the consequences of disturbances such as policy actions.
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196
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Roberson LA, Kiszka JJ, Watson JEM. Need to address gaps in global fisheries observation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:966-968. [PMID: 30537084 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Roberson
- University of Queensland School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Level 2, Steele Building (3), Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Florida International University Department of Biological Sciences, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, U.S.A
| | - James E M Watson
- University of Queensland School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Level 2, Steele Building (3), Room 210, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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197
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Letessier TB, Mouillot D, Bouchet PJ, Vigliola L, Fernandes MC, Thompson C, Boussarie G, Turner J, Juhel JB, Maire E, Caley MJ, Koldewey HJ, Friedlander A, Sala E, Meeuwig JJ. Remote reefs and seamounts are the last refuges for marine predators across the Indo-Pacific. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000366. [PMID: 31386657 PMCID: PMC6684043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1950s, industrial fisheries have expanded globally, as fishing vessels are required to travel further afield for fishing opportunities. Technological advancements and fishery subsidies have granted ever-increasing access to populations of sharks, tunas, billfishes, and other predators. Wilderness refuges, defined here as areas beyond the detectable range of human influence, are therefore increasingly rare. In order to achieve marine resources sustainability, large no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) with pelagic components are being implemented. However, such conservation efforts require knowledge of the critical habitats for predators, both across shallow reefs and the deeper ocean. Here, we fill this gap in knowledge across the Indo-Pacific by using 1,041 midwater baited videos to survey sharks and other pelagic predators such as rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata), mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), and black marlin (Istiompax indica). We modeled three key predator community attributes: vertebrate species richness, mean maximum body size, and shark abundance as a function of geomorphology, environmental conditions, and human pressures. All attributes were primarily driven by geomorphology (35%-62% variance explained) and environmental conditions (14%-49%). While human pressures had no influence on species richness, both body size and shark abundance responded strongly to distance to human markets (12%-20%). Refuges were identified at more than 1,250 km from human markets for body size and for shark abundance. These refuges were identified as remote and shallow seabed features, such as seamounts, submerged banks, and reefs. Worryingly, hotpots of large individuals and of shark abundance are presently under-represented within no-take MPAs that aim to effectively protect marine predators, such as the British Indian Ocean Territory. Population recovery of predators is unlikely to occur without strategic placement and effective enforcement of large no-take MPAs in both coastal and remote locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom B. Letessier
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Phil J. Bouchet
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Wales
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR ENTROPIE, LABEX Corail, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Marjorie C. Fernandes
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
| | - Chris Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
| | - Germain Boussarie
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR ENTROPIE, LABEX Corail, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Jemma Turner
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
| | - Jean-Baptiste Juhel
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR ENTROPIE, LABEX Corail, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BPR4, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Eva Maire
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Julian Caley
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather J. Koldewey
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jessica J. Meeuwig
- School of Biological Sciences and The UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, (M092), Crawley, Australia
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198
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Christin
- Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Department of Biology University of Moncton Moncton NB Canada
| | - Éric Hervet
- Department of Computer Science University of Moncton Moncton NB Canada
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Department of Biology University of Moncton Moncton NB Canada
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O'Farrell S, Sanchirico JN, Spiegel O, Depalle M, Haynie AC, Murawski SA, Perruso L, Strelcheck A. Disturbance modifies payoffs in the explore-exploit trade-off. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3363. [PMID: 31358737 PMCID: PMC6662700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making agents face a fundamental trade-off between exploring new opportunities with risky outcomes versus exploiting familiar options with more certain but potentially suboptimal outcomes. Although mediation of this trade-off is essential to adaptive behavior and has for decades been assumed to modulate performance, the empirical consequences of human exploratory strategies are unknown beyond laboratory or theoretical settings. Leveraging 540,000 vessel position records from 2494 commercial fishing trips along with corresponding revenues, here we find that during undisturbed conditions, there was no relationship between exploration and performance, contrary to theoretical predictions. However, during a major disturbance event which closed the most-utilized fishing grounds, explorers benefited significantly from less-impacted revenues and were also more likely to continue fishing. We conclude that in stochastic natural systems characterized by non-stationary rewards, the role of exploration in buffering against disturbance may be greater than previously thought in humans. The empirical consequences of human explorative strategies are not fully understood. Here the authors find that during undisturbed conditions, more-explorative vessels gained no performance advantage while during a major disturbance event, explorers benefited significantly from less-impacted revenues and were also more likely to continue fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay O'Farrell
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - James N Sanchirico
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Orr Spiegel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Maxime Depalle
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alan C Haynie
- NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Bldg 4, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA
| | - Steven A Murawski
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue South, MSL 200D, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Larry Perruso
- NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Andrew Strelcheck
- NOAA Fisheries, Southeast Regional Office, 263 13th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
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200
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Global spatial risk assessment of sharks under the footprint of fisheries. Nature 2019; 572:461-466. [PMID: 31340216 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effective ocean management and the conservation of highly migratory species depend on resolving the overlap between animal movements and distributions, and fishing effort. However, this information is lacking at a global scale. Here we show, using a big-data approach that combines satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and global fishing fleets, that 24% of the mean monthly space used by sharks falls under the footprint of pelagic longline fisheries. Space-use hotspots of commercially valuable sharks and of internationally protected species had the highest overlap with longlines (up to 76% and 64%, respectively), and were also associated with significant increases in fishing effort. We conclude that pelagic sharks have limited spatial refuge from current levels of fishing effort in marine areas beyond national jurisdictions (the high seas). Our results demonstrate an urgent need for conservation and management measures at high-seas hotspots of shark space use, and highlight the potential of simultaneous satellite surveillance of megafauna and fishers as a tool for near-real-time, dynamic management.
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