151
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Abstract
Background Malignant glioma is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and is known to exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in its deregulation of different oncogenic pathways. The molecular subclasses of human glioma are not well known. Thus, it is crucial to identify vital oncogenic pathways in glioma with significant relationships to patient survival. Methods In this study, we devised a bioinformatics strategy to map patterns of oncogenic pathway activation in glioma, from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 749 genes were differentially expressed and classified into different glioma grades. Results Using gene expression signatures, we identified three oncogenic pathways (MAPK signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and ErbB signaling pathway) deregulated in the majority of human glioma. Following gene microarray analysis, the gene expression profile in the differential grade glioma was further validated by bioinformatic analyses, with coexpression network construction. Furthermore, we found that cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb (COX5B), the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, was the central gene in a coexpression network that transfers electrons from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen and, in the process, generates an electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The expression level of COX5B was then detected in 87 glioma tissues as well as adjacent normal tissues using immunohistochemistry. We found that COX5B was significantly upregulated in 67 of 87 (77.0%) glioma and glioblastoma tissues, compared with adjacent tissue (p<0.01). Furthermore, statistical analysis showed the COX5B expression level was significantly associated with clinical stage and lymph node status, while there were no correlations between COX5B expression and age or tumor size. Conclusion These data indicate that COX5B may be implicated in glioma pathogenesis and as a biomarker for identification of the pathological grade of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiazhuang Xi
- Department of Public Health, The People's Hospital of Dazu District Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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152
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Hollon TC, Lewis S, Pandian B, Niknafs YS, Garrard MR, Garton H, Maher CO, McFadden K, Snuderl M, Lieberman AP, Muraszko K, Camelo-Piragua S, Orringer DA. Rapid Intraoperative Diagnosis of Pediatric Brain Tumors Using Stimulated Raman Histology. Cancer Res 2017; 78:278-289. [PMID: 29093006 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is essential for providing optimal surgical management of pediatric brain tumors. Current methods for intraoperative histology are time- and labor-intensive and often introduce artifact that limit interpretation. Stimulated Raman histology (SRH) is a novel label-free imaging technique that provides intraoperative histologic images of fresh, unprocessed surgical specimens. Here we evaluate the capacity of SRH for use in the intraoperative diagnosis of pediatric type brain tumors. SRH revealed key diagnostic features in fresh tissue specimens collected from 33 prospectively enrolled pediatric type brain tumor patients, preserving tumor cytology and histoarchitecture in all specimens. We simulated an intraoperative consultation for 25 patients with specimens imaged using both SRH and standard hematoxylin and eosin histology. SRH-based diagnoses achieved near-perfect diagnostic concordance (Cohen's kappa, κ > 0.90) and an accuracy of 92% to 96%. We then developed a quantitative histologic method using SRH images based on rapid image feature extraction. Nuclear density, tumor-associated macrophage infiltration, and nuclear morphology parameters from 3337 SRH fields of view were used to develop and validate a decision-tree machine-learning model. Using SRH image features, our model correctly classified 25 fresh pediatric type surgical specimens into normal versus lesional tissue and low-grade versus high-grade tumors with 100% accuracy. Our results provide insight into how SRH can deliver rapid diagnostic histologic data that could inform the surgical management of pediatric brain tumors.Significance: A new imaging method simplifies diagnosis and informs decision making during pediatric brain tumor surgery. Cancer Res; 78(1); 278-89. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Hollon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Spencer Lewis
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Balaji Pandian
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Mia R Garrard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hugh Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cormac O Maher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn McFadden
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Karin Muraszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Daniel A Orringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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153
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Zhao Z, Shen Y, Hu F, Min W. Applications of vibrational tags in biological imaging by Raman microscopy. Analyst 2017; 142:4018-4029. [PMID: 28875184 PMCID: PMC5674523 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a superb tool to visualize and study the spatial-temporal distribution of chemicals, Raman microscopy has made a big impact in many disciplines of science. While label-free imaging has been the prevailing strategy in Raman microscopy, recent development and applications of vibrational/Raman tags, particularly when coupled with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, have generated intense excitement in biomedical imaging. SRS imaging of vibrational tags has enabled researchers to study a wide range of small biomolecules with high specificity, sensitivity and multiplex capability, at a single live cell level, tissue level or even in vivo. As reviewed in this article, this platform has facilitated imaging distribution and dynamics of small molecules such as glucose, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids, and drugs that are otherwise difficult to monitor with other means. As both the vibrational tags and Raman instrumental development progress rapidly and synergistically, we anticipate that this technique will shed light onto an even broader spectrum of biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA.
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154
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Brusatori M, Auner G, Noh T, Scarpace L, Broadbent B, Kalkanis SN. Intraoperative Raman Spectroscopy. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2017; 28:633-652. [PMID: 28917291 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surgical excision of brain tumors provides a means of cytoreduction and diagnosis while minimizing neurologic deficit and improving overall survival. Despite advances in functional and three-dimensional stereotactic navigation and intraoperative MRI, delineating tissue in real time with physiologic confirmation is challenging. Raman spectroscopy has potential to be an important modality in the intraoperative evaluation of tissue during surgical resection. In vitro experimental studies have shown that this technique can be used to differentiate normal brain tissue from tissue with infiltrating cancer cells and dense cancerous masses with high specificity, indicating the feasibility of this method for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Brusatori
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Gregory Auner
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; The Detroit Institute of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, 15415 E. Jefferson Avenue, Grosse Pointe Park, MI 48230, USA
| | - Thomas Noh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Lisa Scarpace
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Brandy Broadbent
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Smart Sensors and Integrated Microsystems, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Steven N Kalkanis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Josephine Ford Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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155
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Quantitative chemical imaging with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 39:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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156
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Non-labeling multiphoton excitation microscopy as a novel diagnostic tool for discriminating normal tissue and colorectal cancer lesions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6959. [PMID: 28761050 PMCID: PMC5537268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton excitation microscopy (MPM) is regarded as an effective tool that enables the visualization of deep regions within living tissues and organs, with little damage. Here, we report novel non-labeling MPM (NL-MPM) imaging of fresh human colorectal mucosa, which is useful for discriminating cancer lesions from normal tissues quantitatively without any need for resection, fixation, or staining. Using NL-MPM, we visualized three components in human colorectal mucosa, epithelial cells, immune cells, and basement membranes, based on their characteristic patterns of fluorescence. These patterns are characterized by the different auto-fluorescence properties of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and flavin adenine dinucleotide and from second harmonic generation (SHG). NL-MPM images were at least as informative to pathologists as were ‘conventional’ images of fixed tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, two quantitative parameters extracted from NL-MPM images – the nucleus diameter (index N) and the intensity of SHG in the basement membrane (index S) – rendered it possible to diagnose cancer regions effectively. In conclusion, NL-MPM is a novel, promising method for real-time clinical diagnosis of colorectal cancers, and is associated with minimal invasiveness.
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157
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Francis A, Berry K, Chen Y, Figueroa B, Fu D. Label-free pathology by spectrally sliced femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178750. [PMID: 28562695 PMCID: PMC5451135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical “virtual biopsy” is an attractive way to improve disease diagnosis and surgical guidance. Many optical microscopy techniques have been developed to provide diagnostic information without the need for tissue sectioning or staining. Among these techniques, label-free chemical imaging is the most desirable. Recently, it has been shown that narrowband, picosecond stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) can achieve comparable morphological contrast to hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E staining), the ‘gold standard’ of pathology. However, to translate the technique from the bench to the bedside, optimal laser sources and parameters have yet to be identified. Here we describe an improvement to the narrowband SRS microscopy techniques for label-free tissue imaging. Through spectral slicing of broadband, femtosecond pulses, we are able to maintain the same protein/lipid contrast as narrowband SRS while achieving a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Our method draws upon the benefits of femtosecond pulses (e.g. higher peak power) while preserving those of picosecond pulses (e.g. adequate spectral resolution). We demonstrate this achievement through protein/lipid signal and contrast quantification of mouse brain tissue as a function of bandwidth, and comparison with numerical simulations. Further method validation is provided through imaging of additional mouse tissues: liver, kidney, and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kyla Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yikai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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158
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Hoesli RC, Orringer DA, McHugh JB, Spector ME. Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy for Evaluation of Head and Neck Carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 157:448-453. [PMID: 28397572 DOI: 10.1177/0194599817700388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aim to describe a novel, label-free, real-time imaging technique, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy, for histopathological evaluation of head and neck cancer. We evaluated the ability of CRS microscopy to delineate between tumor and nonneoplastic tissue in tissue samples from patients with head and neck cancer. Study Design Prospective case series. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Subjects and Methods Patients eligible were surgical candidates with biopsy-proven, previously untreated head and neck carcinoma and were consented preoperatively for participation in this study. Tissue was collected from 50 patients, and after confirmation of tumor and normal specimens by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), there were 42 tumor samples and 42 normal adjacent controls. Results There were 42 confirmed carcinoma specimens on H&E, and CRS microscopy identified 37 as carcinoma. Of the 42 normal specimens, CRS microscopy identified 40 as normal. This resulted in a sensitivity of 88.1% and specificity of 95.2% in distinguishing between neoplastic and nonneoplastic images. Conclusion CRS microscopy is a unique label-free imaging technique that can provide rapid, high-resolution images and can accurately determine the presence of head and neck carcinoma. This holds potential for implementation into standard practice, allowing frozen margin evaluation even at institutions without a histopathology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Hoesli
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel A Orringer
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan B McHugh
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew E Spector
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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159
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Le VH, Yoo SW, Yoon Y, Wang T, Kim B, Lee S, Lee KH, Kim KH, Chung E. Brain tumor delineation enhanced by moxifloxacin-based two-photon/CARS combined microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2148-2161. [PMID: 28736661 PMCID: PMC5516816 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Delineating brain tumor margin is critical for maximizing tumor removal while sparing adjacent normal tissue for better clinical outcome. We describe the use of moxifloxacin-based two-photon (TP)/coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) combined microscopy for differentiating normal mouse brain tissue from metastatic brain tumor tissue based on histoarchitectural and biochemical differences. Moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved compound, was used to label cells in the brain, and moxifloxacin-based two-photon microscopy (TPM) revealed tumor lesions with significantly high cellular density and invading edges in a metastatic brain tumor model. Besides, label-free CARS microscopy showed diminishing of lipid signal due to the destruction of myelin at the tumor site compared to a normal brain tissue site resulting in a complementary contrast for tumor detection. This study demonstrates that moxifloxacin-based TP/CARS combined microscopy might be advantageous for tumor margin identification in the brain that has been a long-standing challenge in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hoan Le
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-Ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
- Co-first authors with equal contribution
| | - Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
- Co-corresponding author:
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-Ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
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160
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Markerfreie molekulare Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe durch lineare und nichtlineare Raman-spektroskopische Ansätze. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien; Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
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161
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Zhang L, Shen S, Liu Z, Ji M. Label-Free, Quantitative Imaging of MoS2
-Nanosheets in Live Cells with Simultaneous Stimulated Raman Scattering and Transient Absorption Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700013. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Sida Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM); Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM); Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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162
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Krafft C, Schmitt M, Schie IW, Cialla-May D, Matthäus C, Bocklitz T, Popp J. Label-Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4392-4430. [PMID: 27862751 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label-free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman-active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber-based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Krafft
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
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163
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Robust and fast characterization of OCT-based optical attenuation using a novel frequency-domain algorithm for brain cancer detection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44909. [PMID: 28327613 PMCID: PMC5361149 DOI: 10.1038/srep44909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is known to alter the local optical properties of tissues. The detection of OCT-based optical attenuation provides a quantitative method to efficiently differentiate cancer from non-cancer tissues. In particular, the intraoperative use of quantitative OCT is able to provide a direct visual guidance in real time for accurate identification of cancer tissues, especially these without any obvious structural layers, such as brain cancer. However, current methods are suboptimal in providing high-speed and accurate OCT attenuation mapping for intraoperative brain cancer detection. In this paper, we report a novel frequency-domain (FD) algorithm to enable robust and fast characterization of optical attenuation as derived from OCT intensity images. The performance of this FD algorithm was compared with traditional fitting methods by analyzing datasets containing images from freshly resected human brain cancer and from a silica phantom acquired by a 1310 nm swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) system. With graphics processing unit (GPU)-based CUDA C/C++ implementation, this new attenuation mapping algorithm can offer robust and accurate quantitative interpretation of OCT images in real time during brain surgery.
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164
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He R, Liu Z, Xu Y, Huang W, Ma H, Ji M. Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and spectroscopy with a rapid scanning optical delay line. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:659-662. [PMID: 28198892 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy that is capable of both high-speed imaging and rapid spectroscopy will be advantageous for detailed chemical analysis of heterogeneous biological specimens. We have developed a system based on spectral focusing SRS technology with the integration of a rapid scanning optical delay line, which allows continuous tuning of SRS spectra by scanning a galvo mirror. We demonstrate SRS spectral measurements of dimethyl sulfoxide solution at low concentrations and multi-color imaging of rice pollens and HeLa cells with line-by-line delay tuning to reduce motion artifacts, as well as fast acquisition of SRS spectra at specific regions of interest.
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165
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166
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Rapid intraoperative histology of unprocessed surgical specimens via fibre-laser-based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1. [PMID: 28955599 PMCID: PMC5612414 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-016-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for intraoperative histopathologic diagnosis are labour- and time-intensive, and may delay decision-making during brain-tumour surgery. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, a label-free optical process, has been shown to rapidly detect brain-tumour infiltration in fresh, unprocessed human tissues. Here, we demonstrate the first application of SRS microscopy in the operating room by using a portable fibre-laser-based microscope and unprocessed specimens from 101 neurosurgical patients. We also introduce an image-processing method – stimulated Raman histology (SRH) – which leverages SRS images to create virtual haematoxylin-and-eosin-stained slides, revealing essential diagnostic features. In a simulation of intraoperative pathologic consultation in 30 patients, we found a remarkable concordance of SRH and conventional histology for predicting diagnosis (Cohen's kappa, κ > 0.89), with accuracy exceeding 92%. We also built and validated a multilayer perceptron based on quantified SRH image attributes that predicts brain-tumour subtype with 90% accuracy. Our findings provide insight into how SRH can now be used to improve the surgical care of brain tumour patients.
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167
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Yang W, Li A, Suo Y, Lu FK, Xie XS. Simultaneous two-color stimulated Raman scattering microscopy by adding a fiber amplifier to a 2 ps OPO-based SRS microscope. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:523-526. [PMID: 28146518 PMCID: PMC6743724 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a label-free chemical imaging technique. Two-color imaging is often necessary to determine the distribution of chemical species in SRS microscopy. Current multi-color SRS imaging methods involve complicated instrumentation or longer data acquisition time or are limited to transmission imaging. In this Letter, we show that by adding a simple fiber amplifier to a 2 ps laser source and optical-parametric-oscillator-based SRS setup, one can achieve simultaneous two-color or frequency modulation SRS microscopy. The fiber amplifier can generate a wavelength tunable laser of ±10 nm around the Stokes laser wavelength at 1031 nm with average power greater than 200 mW. In vivo and ex vivo lipid-protein imaging of mouse brain and skin is demonstrated. To further demonstrate the potential of this technique in high-speed in vivo imaging, white blood cells in a blood stream are imaged in a live mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Current address: Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fa-Ke Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - X. Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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168
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Mertz L. Tech Fights Toughest Tumors: New Robotics Capabilities, Radiation Technologies, and Methods for Spotting Tumor Cells Lead the Way Forward. IEEE Pulse 2017; 8:8-13. [PMID: 28129135 DOI: 10.1109/mpul.2016.2627458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ask any surgical oncologist, and you'll hear the same thing: tumors are insidious. Removing them completely can be very difficult. Sometimes tumors are in hardto-reach areas, and, in many cases, tumor tissue looks so much like normal tissue that surgeons cannot tell exactly what to excise and what to leave alone.
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169
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Vickress J, Lock M, Lo S, Yartsev S. Potential benefit of rotational radiation therapy. Future Oncol 2017; 13:873-874. [PMID: 28067056 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Vickress
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Lock
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Lo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Slav Yartsev
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
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170
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Abstract
Light and optical techniques have made profound impacts on modern
medicine, with numerous lasers and optical devices being currently used in
clinical practice to assess health and treat disease. Recent advances in
biomedical optics have enabled increasingly sophisticated technologies —
in particular those that integrate photonics with nanotechnology, biomaterials
and genetic engineering. In this Review, we revisit the fundamentals of
light–matter interactions, describe the applications of light in
imaging, diagnosis, therapy and surgery, overview their clinical use, and
discuss the promise of emerging light-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sheldon J J Kwok
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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171
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Bioorthogonal chemical imaging of metabolic activities in live mammalian hippocampal tissues with stimulated Raman scattering. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39660. [PMID: 28000773 PMCID: PMC5175176 DOI: 10.1038/srep39660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is an immensely complex system displaying dynamic and heterogeneous metabolic activities. Visualizing cellular metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids in brain with chemical specificity has been a long-standing challenge. Recent development in metabolic labeling of small biomolecules allows the study of these metabolisms at the global level. However, these techniques generally require nonphysiological sample preparation for either destructive mass spectrometry imaging or secondary labeling with relatively bulky fluorescent labels. In this study, we have demonstrated bioorthogonal chemical imaging of DNA, RNA, protein and lipid metabolism in live rat brain hippocampal tissues by coupling stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with integrated deuterium and alkyne labeling. Heterogeneous metabolic incorporations for different molecular species and neurogenesis with newly-incorporated DNA were observed in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus at the single cell level. We further applied this platform to study metabolic responses to traumatic brain injury in hippocampal slice cultures, and observed marked upregulation of protein and lipid metabolism particularly in the hilus region of the hippocampus within days of mechanical injury. Thus, our method paves the way for the study of complex metabolic profiles in live brain tissue under both physiological and pathological conditions with single-cell resolution and minimal perturbation.
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172
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Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) describes a family of techniques first discovered and developed in the 1960s. Whereas the nascent history of the technique is parallel to that of laser light sources, recent advances have spurred a resurgence in its use and development that has spanned across scientific fields and spatial scales. SRS is a nonlinear technique that probes the same vibrational modes of molecules that are seen in spontaneous Raman scattering. While spontaneous Raman scattering is an incoherent technique, SRS is a coherent process, and this fact provides several advantages over conventional Raman techniques, among which are much stronger signals and the ability to time-resolve the vibrational motions. Technological improvements in pulse generation and detection strategies have allowed SRS to probe increasingly smaller volumes and shorter time scales. This has enabled SRS research to move from its original domain, of probing bulk media, to imaging biological tissues and single cells at the micro scale, and, ultimately, to characterizing samples with subdiffraction resolution at the nanoscale. In this Review, we give an overview of the history of the technique, outline its basic properties, and present historical and current uses at multiple length scales to underline the utility of SRS to the molecular sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Prince
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine , 1436 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis , B-18, 139 Smith Hall, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Eric O Potma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , 1107 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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173
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Valdés PA, Roberts DW, Lu FK, Golby A. Optical technologies for intraoperative neurosurgical guidance. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 40:E8. [PMID: 26926066 DOI: 10.3171/2015.12.focus15550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical optics is a broadly interdisciplinary field at the interface of optical engineering, biophysics, computer science, medicine, biology, and chemistry, helping us understand light-tissue interactions to create applications with diagnostic and therapeutic value in medicine. Implementation of biomedical optics tools and principles has had a notable scientific and clinical resurgence in recent years in the neurosurgical community. This is in great part due to work in fluorescence-guided surgery of brain tumors leading to reports of significant improvement in maximizing the rates of gross-total resection. Multiple additional optical technologies have been implemented clinically, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and imaging, optical coherence tomography, Raman spectroscopy and imaging, and advanced quantitative methods, including quantitative fluorescence and lifetime imaging. Here we present a clinically relevant and technologically informed overview and discussion of some of the major clinical implementations of optical technologies as intraoperative guidance tools in neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Valdés
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston
| | - David W Roberts
- Section of Neurosurgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | | | - Alexandra Golby
- Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.,Radiology, and.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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174
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Hollon T, Lewis S, Freudiger CW, Sunney Xie X, Orringer DA. Improving the accuracy of brain tumor surgery via Raman-based technology. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 40:E9. [PMID: 26926067 DOI: 10.3171/2015.12.focus15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the surgical management of brain tumors, achieving optimal surgical results and identification of tumor remains a challenge. Raman spectroscopy, a laser-based technique that can be used to nondestructively differentiate molecules based on the inelastic scattering of light, is being applied toward improving the accuracy of brain tumor surgery. Here, the authors systematically review the application of Raman spectroscopy for guidance during brain tumor surgery. Raman spectroscopy can differentiate normal brain from necrotic and vital glioma tissue in human specimens based on chemical differences, and has recently been shown to differentiate tumor-infiltrated tissues from noninfiltrated tissues during surgery. Raman spectroscopy also forms the basis for coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy, a technique that amplifies spontaneous Raman signals by 10,000-fold, enabling real-time histological imaging without the need for tissue processing, sectioning, or staining. The authors review the relevant basic and translational studies on CRS microscopy as a means of providing real-time intraoperative guidance. Recent studies have demonstrated how CRS can be used to differentiate tumor-infiltrated tissues from noninfiltrated tissues and that it has excellent agreement with traditional histology. Under simulated operative conditions, CRS has been shown to identify tumor margins that would be undetectable using standard bright-field microscopy. In addition, CRS microscopy has been shown to detect tumor in human surgical specimens with near-perfect agreement to standard H & E microscopy. The authors suggest that as the intraoperative application and instrumentation for Raman spectroscopy and imaging matures, it will become an essential component in the neurosurgical armamentarium for identifying residual tumor and improving the surgical management of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Hollon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Spencer Lewis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel A Orringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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175
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Monitoring peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS by label-free stimulated Raman scattering imaging. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13283. [PMID: 27796305 PMCID: PMC5095598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and potential interventions would be facilitated if motor axon degeneration could be more readily visualized. Here we demonstrate that stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy could be used to sensitively monitor peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS mouse models and ALS autopsy materials. Three-dimensional imaging of pre-symptomatic SOD1 mouse models and data processing by a correlation-based algorithm revealed that significant degeneration of peripheral nerves could be detected coincidentally with the earliest detectable signs of muscle denervation and preceded physiologically measurable motor function decline. We also found that peripheral degeneration was an early event in FUS as well as C9ORF72 repeat expansion models of ALS, and that serial imaging allowed long-term observation of disease progression and drug effects in living animals. Our study demonstrates that SRS imaging is a sensitive and quantitative means of measuring disease progression, greatly facilitating future studies of disease mechanisms and candidate therapeutics.
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176
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Correlation between the chemical composition of thermoresponsive nanogels and their interaction with the skin barrier. J Control Release 2016; 243:323-332. [PMID: 27793686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present a comprehensive study for the ability of thermoresponsive nanogels (tNG) to act as cutaneous penetration enhancers. Given the unique properties of such molecular architectures with regard to their chemical composition and thermoresponsive properties, we propose a particular mode of penetration enhancement mechanism, i.e. hydration of the stratum corneum. Different tNG were fabricated using dendritic polyglycerol as a multifunctional crosslinker and three different kinds of thermoresponsive polymers as linear counterpart: poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), p(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate - co - oligo ethylene glycol methacrylate) (DEGMA-co-OEGMA475), and poly(glycidyl methyl ether - co - ethyl glycidyl ether) (tPG). Excised human skin was investigated by means of fluorescence microscopy, which enabled the detection of significant increment in the penetration of tNG as well as the encapsulated fluorescein. The morphology of the treated skin samples was thoroughly investigated by transmission electron microscopy and stimulated Raman spectromicroscopy. We found that tNG can perturbate the organization of both proteins and lipids in the skin barrier, which was attributed to tNG hydration effects. Interestingly, different drug delivery properties were detected and the ability of each investigated tNG to enhance skin penetration correlated well with the degree of induced stratum corneum hydration. The differences in the penetration enhancements could be attributed to the chemical structures of the nanogels used in this study. The most effective stratum corneum hydration was detected for nanogels having additional or more exposed polyether structure in their chemical composition.
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177
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Lin HP, Cheng ZL, He RY, Song L, Tian MX, Zhou LS, Groh BS, Liu WR, Ji MB, Ding C, Shi YH, Guan KL, Ye D, Xiong Y. Destabilization of Fatty Acid Synthase by Acetylation Inhibits De Novo Lipogenesis and Tumor Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6924-6936. [PMID: 27758890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the terminal enzyme in de novo lipogenesis and plays a key role in cell proliferation. Pharmacologic inhibitors of FASN are being evaluated in clinical trials for treatment of cancer, obesity, and other diseases. Here, we report a previously unknown mechanism of FASN regulation involving its acetylation by KAT8 and its deacetylation by HDAC3. FASN acetylation promoted its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. FASN acetylation enhanced its association with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21. Acetylation destabilized FASN and resulted in decreased de novo lipogenesis and tumor cell growth. FASN acetylation was frequently reduced in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples, which correlated with increased HDAC3 expression and FASN protein levels. Our results suggest opportunities to target FASN acetylation as an anticancer strategy. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6924-36. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Peng Lin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou-Li Cheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, National Center for National Center for Protein Science (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Xin Tian
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Zhou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beezly S Groh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wei-Ren Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Biao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, National Center for National Center for Protein Science (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Dan Ye
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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178
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Steinle T, Kumar V, Floess M, Steinmann A, Marangoni M, Koch C, Wege C, Cerullo G, Giessen H. Synchronization-free all-solid-state laser system for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16149. [PMID: 30167121 PMCID: PMC6059832 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an extremely simple and highly stable system for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. An 8-W, 450-fs Yb:KGW bulk oscillator with 41 MHz repetition rate pumps an optical parametric amplifier, which is seeded by a cw tunable external cavity diode laser. The output radiation is frequency doubled in a long PPLN crystal and generates 1.5-ps long narrowband pump pulses that are tunable between 760 and 820 nm with >50 mW average power. Part of the oscillator output is sent through an etalon and creates Stokes pulses with 100 mW average power and 1.7 ps duration. We demonstrate SRS microscopy at a 30-μs pixel dwell time with high chemical contrast, signal-to-noise ratio in excess of 45 and no need for balanced detection, thanks to the favorable noise properties of the bulk solid-state system. Cw seeding intrinsically ensures low spectral drift. We discuss its application to chemical contrast microscopy of freshly prepared plant tissue sections at different vibrational bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Steinle
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vikas Kumar
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andy Steinmann
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Marangoni
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Dpt. of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Dpt. of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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179
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Wei L, Hu F, Chen Z, Shen Y, Zhang L, Min W. Live-Cell Bioorthogonal Chemical Imaging: Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy of Vibrational Probes. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1494-502. [PMID: 27486796 PMCID: PMC5704954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innovations in light microscopy have tremendously revolutionized the way researchers study biological systems with subcellular resolution. In particular, fluorescence microscopy with the expanding choices of fluorescent probes has provided a comprehensive toolkit to tag and visualize various molecules of interest with exquisite specificity and high sensitivity. Although fluorescence microscopy is currently the method of choice for cellular imaging, it faces fundamental limitations for studying the vast number of small biomolecules. This is because common fluorescent labels, which are relatively bulky, could introduce considerable perturbation to or even completely alter the native functions of vital small biomolecules. Hence, despite their immense functional importance, these small biomolecules remain largely undetectable by fluorescence microscopy. To address this challenge, a bioorthogonal chemical imaging platform has recently been introduced. By coupling stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, an emerging nonlinear Raman microscopy technique, with tiny and Raman-active vibrational probes (e.g., alkynes and stable isotopes), bioorthogonal chemical imaging exhibits superb sensitivity, specificity, and biocompatibility for imaging small biomolecules in live systems. In this Account, we review recent technical achievements for visualizing a broad spectrum of small biomolecules, including ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides, amino acids, fatty acids, choline, glucose, cholesterol, and small-molecule drugs in live biological systems ranging from individual cells to animal tissues and model organisms. Importantly, this platform is compatible with live-cell biology, thus allowing real-time imaging of small-molecule dynamics. Moreover, we discuss further chemical and spectroscopic strategies for multicolor bioorthogonal chemical imaging, a valuable technique in the era of "omics". As a unique tool for biological discovery, this platform has been applied to studying various metabolic processes under both physiological and pathological states, including protein synthesis activity of neuronal systems, protein aggregations in Huntington disease models, glucose uptake in tumor xenografts, and drug penetration through skin tissues. We envision that the coupling of SRS microscopy with vibrational probes would do for small biomolecules what fluorescence microscopy of fluorophores has done for larger molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027
| | - Fanghao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027
| | - Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, 10027
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, 10027
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180
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Zhang RR, Kuo JS. Detection of Human Brain Tumor Infiltration With Quantitative Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Neurosurgery 2016; 78:N9-N11. [PMID: 26986648 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000481982.43612.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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181
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Tokunaga K, Fang YC, Yokoyama H, Ozeki Y. Generation of synchronized picosecond pulses by a 1.06-µm gain-switched laser diode for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9617-28. [PMID: 27137575 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose that a gain-switched laser diode (GS-LD) can be used as a picosecond laser source for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. We employed a 1.06-µm GS-LD to generate ~13-ps pulses at a repetition rate of 38 MHz and amplified them to >100 mW with Yb-doped fiber amplifiers. The GS-LD was driven by 200-ps electrical pulses, which were triggered through a toggle flip-flop (T-FF) so that the GS-LD pulses were synchronized to Ti:sapphire laser (TSL) pulses at a repetition rate of 76 MHz. We found the timing jitter of GS-LD pulses to be approximately 2.7 ps in a jitter bandwidth of 7 MHz. We also show that the delay of electrical pulses can be less sensitive to the optical power of TSL pulses by controlling the threshold voltage of the T-FF. We demonstrate the SRS imaging of polymer beads and of HeLa cells with GS-LD pulses and TSL pulses, proving that GS-LD is readily applicable to SRS microscopy as a compact and stable pulse source.
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182
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Kuzmin NV, Wesseling P, Hamer PCDW, Noske DP, Galgano GD, Mansvelder HD, Baayen JC, Groot ML. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1889-904. [PMID: 27231629 PMCID: PMC4871089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wesseling
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. de Witt Hamer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. P. Noske
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. D. Galgano
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. D. Mansvelder
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Baayen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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183
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D’Arco A, Brancati N, Ferrara MA, Indolfi M, Frucci M, Sirleto L. Subcellular chemical and morphological analysis by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and image analysis techniques. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1853-64. [PMID: 27231626 PMCID: PMC4871086 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The visualization of heterogeneous morphology, segmentation and quantification of image features is a crucial point for nonlinear optics microscopy applications, spanning from imaging of living cells or tissues to biomedical diagnostic. In this paper, a methodology combining stimulated Raman scattering microscopy and image analysis technique is presented. The basic idea is to join the potential of vibrational contrast of stimulated Raman scattering and the strength of imaging analysis technique in order to delineate subcellular morphology with chemical specificity. Validation tests on label free imaging of polystyrene-beads and of adipocyte cells are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa D’Arco
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
- Second University of Naples (SUN), Department of Information Engineering, I-81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Nadia Brancati
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for High-Performance Computing and Networking, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Ferrara
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maurizio Indolfi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Frucci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for High-Performance Computing and Networking, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Sirleto
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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184
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Lu FK, Calligaris D, Olubiyi OI, Norton I, Yang W, Santagata S, Xie XS, Golby AJ, Agar NYR. Label-Free Neurosurgical Pathology with Stimulated Raman Imaging. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3451-62. [PMID: 27197198 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of brain tumor surgery is to maximize tumor removal without injuring critical brain structures. Achieving this goal is challenging as it can be difficult to distinguish tumor from nontumor tissue. While standard histopathology provides information that could assist tumor delineation, it cannot be performed iteratively during surgery as freezing, sectioning, and staining of the tissue require too much time. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful label-free chemical imaging technology that enables rapid mapping of lipids and proteins within a fresh specimen. This information can be rendered into pathology-like images. Although this approach has been used to assess the density of glioma cells in murine orthotopic xenografts models and human brain tumors, tissue heterogeneity in clinical brain tumors has not yet been fully evaluated with SRS imaging. Here we profile 41 specimens resected from 12 patients with a range of brain tumors. By evaluating large-scale stimulated Raman imaging data and correlating this data with current clinical gold standard of histopathology for 4,422 fields of view, we capture many essential diagnostic hallmarks for glioma classification. Notably, in fresh tumor samples, we observe additional features, not seen by conventional methods, including extensive lipid droplets within glioma cells, collagen deposition in gliosarcoma, and irregularity and disruption of myelinated fibers in areas infiltrated by oligodendroglioma cells. The data are freely available in a public resource to foster diagnostic training and to permit additional interrogation. Our work establishes the methodology and provides a significant collection of reference images for label-free neurosurgical pathology. Cancer Res; 76(12); 3451-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ke Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olutayo I Olubiyi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaiah Norton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Alexandra J Golby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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185
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Kochan K, Chrabaszcz K, Szczur B, Maslak E, Dybas J, Marzec KM. IR and Raman imaging of murine brains from control and ApoE/LDLR−/− mice with advanced atherosclerosis. Analyst 2016; 141:5329-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00107f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IR and Raman imaging combined with chemometric analyses were used to study the biochemical profile of the murine brain tissue from control (C57BL/6J) and ApoE/LDLR−/− mice with advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kochan
- Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian University
| | - Karolina Chrabaszcz
- Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Barbara Szczur
- Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian University
| | - Edyta Maslak
- Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
- Jagiellonian University
| | - Katarzyna M. Marzec
- Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET)
- 30-348 Krakow
- Poland
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186
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Fyfe I. Neurosurgery: Quick check for tumour infiltration. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:667. [PMID: 26526535 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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