151
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Lanzavecchia A, Corti D, Sallusto F. Human monoclonal antibodies by immortalization of memory B cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:523-8. [PMID: 18063358 PMCID: PMC7127177 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The administration of hyper immune sera to prevent or treat life-threatening infections is a remarkable milestone in medicine and biotechnology that has been achieved more than a century ago. Yet, the therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies in this field has developed slowly over the last decades. Here we compare and contrast current methods to generate human monoclonal antibodies and highlight the advantages of exploiting the human antibody repertoire using a novel method that allows efficient immortalization and cloning of human memory B cells. This method, which has been successfully applied to isolate broadly neutralizing antibodies against SARS and H5N1 influenza viruses, is expected to accelerate the development of therapeutics in the field of infectious diseases not only by providing neutralizing antibodies for passive serotherapy, but also by generating relevant information for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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152
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Yue WF, Yao ML, Liu JM, Li GL, Li XH, Wu XF, Deng W, Sun HX, Zhou JY, Zhang CX, Miao YG. Manganese superoxide dismutase expressed in silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L enhances the NK activity and splenocyte proliferation against Sarcoma 180 tumor cells in vivo. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:187-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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153
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Xu Y, Jia Z, Zhou L, Wang L, Li J, Liang Y, Zhao T, Ni B, Wu Y. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics of equine anti-SARS-CoV F(ab')(2) in macaque. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1834-40. [PMID: 17996696 PMCID: PMC7106090 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To warrant potential clinical testing, the equine anti-SARS-CoV F(ab')(2) requires evaluation in as many animal models as possible and a safety test in a primate model. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, tolerance and immunity of this kind of antibody in macaques and rats. Results showed that the F(ab')(2) fragments had a normal metabolism in injected animals. The general physiological indexes did not differ between animals injected with anti-SARS-CoV F(ab')(2) or saline. However, a mild inflammatory response in local injection site and a moderate immune response against this antibody in the successively injected animals were observed, which however recovered 3 weeks after the last injection. The antibody titring from 1:100 to 400 against the equine anti-SARS-CoV F(ab')(2) in the inoculated hosts could be detected at week 2 during the successive injections of the equine F(ab')(2). The considerable safety of this antibody used in primates and the fact that the immune system of the host can be motivated by post-injection of the F(ab')(2) indicate that this type of anti-SARS-CoV antibody can be used for prevention and treatment of SASR, especially at the early stage of this virus infection. In addition, it can also provide the precious time for the combined use of other anti-SARS-CoV agents such as antiviral drug and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, People's Republic of China
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154
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McClain MS, Cover TL. Functional analysis of neutralizing antibodies against Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1785-93. [PMID: 17261609 PMCID: PMC1865726 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01643-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin causes a severe, often fatal illness (enterotoxemia) characterized by cardiac, pulmonary, kidney, and brain edema. In this study, we examined the activities of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the C. perfringens epsilon-toxin. Both antibodies inhibited epsilon-toxin cytotoxicity towards cultured MDCK cells and inhibited the ability of the toxin to form pores in the plasma membranes of cells, as shown by staining cells with the membrane-impermeant dye 7-aminoactinomycin D. Using an antibody competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a peptide array, and analysis of mutant toxins, we mapped the epitope recognized by one of the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to amino acids 134 to 145. The antibody competition ELISA and analysis of mutant toxins suggest that the second neutralizing monoclonal antibody also recognizes an epitope in close proximity to this region. The region comprised of amino acids 134 to 145 overlaps an amphipathic loop corresponding to the putative membrane insertion domain of the toxin. Identifying the epitopes recognized by these neutralizing antibodies constitutes an important first step in the development of therapeutic agents that could be used to counter the effects of the epsilon-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S McClain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, A2200 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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155
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Tang JW, Lau JSM, Wong SYN, Cheung JLK, Chan CH, Wong KF, Wong A, Chan PKS. Dose-by-dose virological and hematological responses to intravenous immunoglobulin in an immunocompromised patient with persistent parvovirus B19 infection. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1401-5. [PMID: 17607784 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 42-year-old male with stage IV mantle cell lymphoma received chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. He developed pancytopaenia, and bone marrow examination indicated a parvovirus B19 (PVB 19)-induced red cell aplasia, confirmed by virological tests. Multiple doses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) were given over the following months, with blood samples being taken after each dose for quantitative PVB 19 DNA and hematological testing to assess the response. Each dose of IVIG produced a 1-3 log(10) drop in PVB 19 DNA levels. Eventually, after the fifth dose of IVIG, the PVB 19 DNA was reduced to <10 copies/ml serum, with a gradual improvement in his hematological parameters. This report demonstrates how close monitoring of the virological and hematological response to IVIG therapy for persistent PVB 19 infection in an immunocompromised patient can optimize the usage of this relatively expensive, and sometimes scarce intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Tang
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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156
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Anisimov AP, Amoako KK. Treatment of plague: promising alternatives to antibiotics. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1461-1475. [PMID: 17030904 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague still poses a significant threat to human health, and interest has been renewed recently in the possible use of Yersinia pestis as a biological weapon by terrorists. The septicaemic and pneumonic forms are always lethal if untreated. Attempts to treat this deadly disease date back to the era of global pandemics, when various methods were explored. The successful isolation of the plague pathogen led to the beginning of more scientific approaches to the treatment and cure of plague. This subsequently led to specific antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy for Y. pestis. The use of antibiotics such as tetracycline and streptomycin for the treatment of plague has been embraced by the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Plague as the 'gold standard' treatment. However, concerns regarding the development of antibiotic-resistant Y. pestis strains have led to the exploration of alternatives to antibiotics. Several investigators have looked into the use of alternatives, such as immunotherapy, non-pathogen-specific immunomodulatory therapy, phage therapy, bacteriocin therapy, and treatment with inhibitors of virulence factors. The alternative therapies reported in this review should be further investigated by comprehensive studies of their clinical application for the treatment of plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 142279 Obolensk, Serpukhov District, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Kingsley K Amoako
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. 640, Township Road 9-1, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
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157
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Zhou L, Ni B, Luo D, Zhao G, Jia Z, Zhang L, Lin Z, Wang L, Zhang S, Xing L, Li J, Liang Y, Shi X, Zhao T, Zhou L, Wu Y, Wang X. Inhibition of infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus by equine neutralizing antibody in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 7:392-400. [PMID: 17276898 PMCID: PMC7106264 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The high susceptibility of elderly to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) indicates how crucial it is to protect the elderly by various strategies. Aged BALB/c mice displayed a high susceptibility to SARS-CoV and have been a valuable platform for evaluation of strategies against SARS-CoV infection. In this study, we confirmed the validity of this model using various methods, and verified that equine anti-SARS-CoV F(ab')2 can prevent aged animals from SARS-CoV infection. In a therapeutic setting, treatment with anti-SARS-CoV F(ab')2 decreased viral load more than several thousand folds in the lungs. Thus, this antibody should be a potential candidate for treatment of elderly patients suffering from SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Deyan Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhengcai Jia
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liangyan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 400050, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Songle Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yunfei Liang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinfu Shi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - TingTing Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liyun Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Corresponding authors. Wang is to be contacted at State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China. Wu, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiliang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
- Corresponding authors. Wang is to be contacted at State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, China. Wu, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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158
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Malik MW, Ayub N, Qureshi IZ. Passive immunization using purified IgYs against infectious bursal disease of chickens in Pakistan. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:43-6. [PMID: 16434848 PMCID: PMC3242084 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by Birnavirus. Mortality of infected birds can be best prevented if injected with antibodies. The present study was an attempt to raise specific hyper-immune polyclonal antibodies against IBD virus in Pakistan. Commercial layers divided into four groups were injected with IBD vaccine subcutaneously according to four different treatment regimens. Eggs were collected daily and antibodies were purified from yolk with dextran sulphate. Titers of antibodies in serum and yolk were evaluated with enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and agar gel precipitation test. Antibody titers were significantly higher in yolk than serum. Eggs collected at 28 days post-vaccination had maximum antibody titers. Of treatment regimens, T3 was found to be most effective for hyperimmunization. Lyophilized antibodies stored at 4℃ did not lose their activity till the end of experiment. IBD virus infected birds were injected with purified antibodies which induced 92% recovery as compared to control birds. The study implicates that the purified antibodies may be useful as a therapeutic agent to cure IBD infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasif Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad P.O. Box 45320, Pakistan
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159
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Lu J, Guo Z, Pan X, Wang G, Zhang D, Li Y, Tan B, Ouyang L, Yu X. Passive immunotherapy for influenza A H5N1 virus infection with equine hyperimmune globulin F(ab')2 in mice. Respir Res 2006; 7:43. [PMID: 16553963 PMCID: PMC1459145 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza virus H5N1 has demonstrated considerable pandemic potential. Currently, no effective vaccines for H5N1 infection are available, so passive immunotherapy may be an alternative strategy. To investigate the possible therapeutic effect of antibody against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus on a mammal host, we prepared specific equine anti-H5N1 IgGs from horses vaccinated with inactivated H5N1 virus, and then obtained the F(ab')2 fragments by pepsin digestion of IgGs. Methods The horses were vaccinated with inactivated H5N1 vaccine to prepare anti-H5N1 IgGs. The F(ab')2 fragments were purified from anti-H5N1 hyperimmune sera by a protocol for 'enhanced pepsin digestion'. The protective effect of the F(ab')2 fragments against H5N1 virus infection was determined in cultured MDCK cells by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and in a BALB/c mouse model by survival rate assay. Results By the protocol for 'enhanced pepsin digestion', total 16 g F(ab')2 fragments were finally obtained from one liter equine antisera with the purity of over 90%. The H5N1-specific F(ab')2 fragments had a HI titer of 1:1024, and the neutralization titre of F(ab')2 reached 1: 2048. The in vivo assay showed that 100 μg of the F(ab')2 fragments could protect BALB/c mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza H5N1 virus. Conclusion The availability of highly purified H5N1-specific F(ab')2 fragments may be promising for treatment of influenza H5N1 infection. Our work has provided experimental support for the application of the therapeutic equine immunoglobulin in future large primate or human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahai Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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160
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Lambert PH, Liu M, Siegrist CA. Can successful vaccines teach us how to induce efficient protective immune responses? Nat Med 2005; 11:S54-62. [PMID: 15812491 DOI: 10.1038/nm1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some recently introduced vaccines that have excellent efficacy records have been developed without a clear understanding of their mechanism of protection. In fact, successful vaccines have often emerged out of empirical observations and have only rarely been the result of a rational use of the continuously increasing immunological knowledge available to scientists. However, a posteriori deciphering of the biological bases for the efficacy of successful vaccines should be an essential component of research efforts directed at the development of new vaccines for the most challenging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Henri Lambert
- Centre of Vaccinology, Department of Immunology-Pathology, University of Geneva-CMU, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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161
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Wang X, Ni B, Du X, Zhao G, Gao W, Shi X, Zhang S, Zhang L, Wang D, Luo D, Xing L, Jiang H, Li W, Jiang M, Mao L, He Y, Xiao Y, Wu Y. Protection of Mammalian Cells from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection by Equine Neutralizing Antibody. Antivir Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350501000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aetiological agent for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been determined to be a new type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts. Up to now, there have been no specific drugs to protect against SARS-CoV infection, thus developing effective strategies against this newly emerged viral infection warrants urgent efforts. Adoptive immune therapy with pathogen-specific heterologous immunoglobulin has been successfully used to control the dissemination of many viral infections. To investigate whether a neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV raised in an artiodactylous host can have a protective role on primate cells, we prepared serum IgGs and their pepsin-digested F(ab’)2 fragments from horses inoculated with purified SARS-CoV (BJ-01 strain). The protective effect of the F(ab’)2 fragments against SARS-CoV infection was determined in cultured Vero E6 cells by cytopathic effect (CPE), MTT and plaque-forming assays and in a Balb/c mouse model by CPE and quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed the neutralization titres of F(ab’)2 from three horses all reached at least 1:1600, and 50 μg of the F(ab’)2 fragments could completely neutralize 1x104 TCID50 SARS-CoV in vivo. Additionally, we observed that F(ab’)2 against BJ-01 strain could also protect cells from infection by the variant GZ-01 strain in vitro and in vivo. Our work has provided experimental support for testing the protective equine immunoglobulin in future large primate or human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinan Du
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenda Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinfu Shi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songle Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deyan Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanling Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liwei Mao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangdong He
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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162
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Kuhn C, Markau S, Osten B. Abszedierende Pneumonie bei einer nierentransplantierten Patientin. Internist (Berl) 2005; 46:789-94. [PMID: 15870994 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-005-1428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 39-year old female patient who was kidney transplanted three years ago was admitted to hospital with fever of unknown origin for several days. Blood samples revealed decreased renal function and increased inflammation parameters. Chest X-ray and CT scan showed multiple cavernous structures, some with liquid. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in blood culture samples. With the aid of these results Staphylococcus pneumonia with multiple abscesses was diagnosed. The treatment consisted of removal of the infectious focus and a systemic antibiotic therapy corresponding to the microbiologic results. We describe a case of Staphylococcus pneumonia caused by a infected vascular prosthesis under consideration of immunosuppression in a renal transplanted patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kuhn
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.
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163
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Rinaldo CR. Passive immunization against poliomyelitis: the Hammon gamma globulin field trials, 1951-1953. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:790-9. [PMID: 15855454 PMCID: PMC1449257 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2004.040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Poliomyelitis has gone from being one of the worst scourges of the 20th century to nearing eradication in the 21st. This success is well known to be attributable to the Salk inactivated and Sabin attenuated poliovirus vaccines.However, before introduction of these vaccines, William McDowall Hammon of the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health led the first major breakthrough in prevention of the disease by using passive immunization in one of the earliest double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. This study provided the first evidence that antibodies to poliovirus could prevent the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, School of Public Health, PA 15261, USA.
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164
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Berghman LR, Abi-Ghanem D, Waghela SD, Ricke SC. Antibodies: an alternative for antibiotics? Poult Sci 2005; 84:660-6. [PMID: 15844826 PMCID: PMC7107177 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.4.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1967, the success of vaccination programs, combined with the seemingly unstoppable triumph of antibiotics, prompted the US Surgeon General to declare that "it was time to close the books on infectious diseases." We now know that the prediction was overly optimistic and that the fight against infectious diseases is here to stay. During the last 20 yr, infectious diseases have indeed made a staggering comeback for a variety of reasons, including resistance against existing antibiotics. As a consequence, several alternatives to antibiotics are currently being considered or reconsidered. Passive immunization (i.e., the administration of more or less pathogen-specific antibodies to the patient) prior to or after exposure to the disease-causing agent is one of those alternative strategies that was almost entirely abandoned with the introduction of chemical antibiotics but that is now gaining interest again. This review will discuss the early successes and limitations of passive immunization, formerly referred to as "serum therapy," the current use of antibody administration for prophylaxis or treatment of infectious diseases in agriculture, and, finally, recent developments in the field of antibody engineering and "molecular farming" of antibodies in various expression systems. Especially the potential of producing therapeutic antibodies in crops that are routine dietary components of farm animals, such as corn and soy beans, seems to hold promise for future application in the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Berghman
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2472, USA.
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165
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van den Brink EN, Ter Meulen J, Cox F, Jongeneelen MAC, Thijsse A, Throsby M, Marissen WE, Rood PML, Bakker ABH, Gelderblom HR, Martina BE, Osterhaus ADME, Preiser W, Doerr HW, de Kruif J, Goudsmit J. Molecular and biological characterization of human monoclonal antibodies binding to the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2005; 79:1635-44. [PMID: 15650189 PMCID: PMC544131 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1635-1644.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were selected from semisynthetic antibody phage display libraries by using whole irradiated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) virions as target. We identified eight human MAbs binding to virus and infected cells, six of which could be mapped to two SARS-CoV structural proteins: the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins. Two MAbs reacted with N protein. One of the N protein MAbs recognized a linear epitope conserved between all published human and animal SARS-CoV isolates, and the other bound to a nonlinear N epitope. These two N MAbs did not compete for binding to SARS-CoV. Four MAbs reacted with the S glycoprotein, and three of these MAbs neutralized SARS-CoV in vitro. All three neutralizing anti-S MAbs bound a recombinant S1 fragment comprising residues 318 to 510, a region previously identified as the SARS-CoV S receptor binding domain; the nonneutralizing MAb did not. Two strongly neutralizing anti-S1 MAbs blocked the binding of a recombinant S fragment (residues 1 to 565) to SARS-CoV-susceptible Vero cells completely, whereas a poorly neutralizing S1 MAb blocked binding only partially. The MAb ability to block S1-receptor binding and the level of neutralization of the two strongly neutralizing S1 MAbs correlated with the binding affinity to the S1 domain. Finally, epitope mapping, using recombinant S fragments (residues 318 to 510) containing naturally occurring mutations, revealed the importance of residue N479 for the binding of the most potent neutralizing MAb, CR3014. The complete set of SARS-CoV MAbs described here may be useful for diagnosis, chemoprophylaxis, and therapy of SARS-CoV infection and disease.
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166
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Whitton JL, Slifka MK, Liu F, Nussbaum AK, Whitmire JK. The regulation and maturation of antiviral immune responses. Adv Virus Res 2005; 63:181-238. [PMID: 15530562 PMCID: PMC7125551 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(04)63003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-9, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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167
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Abstract
In this article the unique capability of elastin-like protein (ELP) to reversibly precipitate was combined with the high affinity and specificity of antibody-binding domains such as Protein G, Protein L, or Protein LG as a general method for antibody purification that combines in a unique manner the simplicity and robustness of temperature-triggered precipitation with the selectivity of affinity interactions. In a single precipitation step, antibodies derived from different sources (animal sera or hybridoma cell cultures) were selectively recovered by a simple temperature trigger. Due to the versatility of the binding ligands toward different classes of antibodies, we believe that this technology will be useful as an economical, highly efficient, and universal platform for the purification of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,USA
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168
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López-Bueno A, Valle N, Gallego JM, Pérez J, Almendral JM. Enhanced cytoplasmic sequestration of the nuclear export receptor CRM1 by NS2 mutations developed in the host regulates parvovirus fitness. J Virol 2004; 78:10674-84. [PMID: 15367634 PMCID: PMC516389 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10674-10684.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether a DNA virus can evade passive immunotherapy with a polyclonal antiserum, we analyzed the protection of a neutralizing capsid antiserum against a lethal infection of the immunosuppressive strain of the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMi) in 42 immunodeficient mice over a period of 200 days. A few mice were effectively protected, but most developed a delayed lethal leukopenic syndrome during the treatment or weeks afterwards. Unexpectedly, viruses isolated from treated but also from control leukopenic mice showed no amino acid changes throughout the entire capsid coding region, although the viral populations were genetically heterogeneous, mainly in the second exon of the coding sequence of the NS2 nonstructural protein. The NS2 point amino acid changes (T88A, K96E, L103P, and L153 M) that were consistently selected in several mice clustered within the nuclear exportin CRM1 binding domain, in a reading frame that did not alter the overlapping NS1 coding region. These mutations endowed emerging viruses with an increased fitness that was demonstrable by their relative resistance to the neutralizing capsid antiserum in a postentry plaque-forming assay, the rapid overgrowth of a competing wild-type (wt) population in culture, and a larger yield of infectious particles. Mutant NS2 proteins interacted with a higher affinity and sequestered CRM1 in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm more efficiently than the wt. Correspondingly this phenomenon, as well as the following timely ordered release of the NS1 nonstructural protein and the empty capsid from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, occurred markedly earlier in the infection cycle of the mutant viruses. We hypothesize that the enhanced cytoplasmic sequestration of CRM1 by the NS2 mutations selected in mice may trigger pleiotropic effects leading to an accelerated MVMi life cycle and thus to increased fitness. These results strengthen our earlier report on the rapid evolutionary capacity of this mammalian-specific DNA virus in vivo and indicate that the NS2-CRM1 interaction is an important determinant of parvovirus virulence that can be modulated in nature, hampering the effectiveness of passive antibody therapies in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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169
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Fattet S, Cassinotti P, Popovic MB. Persistent human parvovirus B19 infection in children under maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 26:497-503. [PMID: 15284587 DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000134463.09543.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on B19 infection management and chemotherapy schedule consequences in five children treated for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS Between May 2001 and February 2002, five patients between 4 and 12 years of age, receiving maintenance chemotherapy for ALL, presented with symptoms suggesting B19 infection (pallor, fatigue, petechiae and pancytopenia in four patients; generalized rash in two patients; acute hepatitis in one patient). Qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on peripheral blood was used for diagnosis and follow-up of infection; quantitative PCR was used for viral load measurement. Intravenous nonspecific high-dose immunoglobulin therapy was administered until PCR was negative. RESULTS Qualitative B19 DNA was found in the peripheral blood of all patients, confirming the infection. Viral load at diagnosis ranged from 10 to 10 particles/mL blood. B19 DNA was detectable in four patients at 45, 21, 40, and 44 weeks, respectively. Chemotherapy was delayed in all patients. No clear benefit of intravenous immunoglobulin was noted. CONCLUSIONS Infection with B19 is rarely reported in patients with ALL, but it should be suspected when unexplained pancytopenia occurs during chemotherapy. Persistent B19 infection remains a challenge in the management of patients receiving maintenance chemotherapy for ALL, as no specific therapy such as a specific immunoglobulin or vaccine exists. The role of viral load measurement needs to be established in terms of its use in follow-up and evaluation of the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fattet
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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170
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Traggiai E, Becker S, Subbarao K, Kolesnikova L, Uematsu Y, Gismondo MR, Murphy BR, Rappuoli R, Lanzavecchia A. An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus. Nat Med 2004; 10:871-5. [PMID: 15247913 PMCID: PMC7095806 DOI: 10.1038/nm1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Passive serotherapy can confer immediate protection against microbial infection, but methods to rapidly generate human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are not yet available. We have developed an improved method for Epstein-Barr virus transformation of human B cells. We used this method to analyze the memory repertoire of a patient who recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection and to isolate monoclonal antibodies specific for different viral proteins, including 35 antibodies with in vitro neutralizing activity ranging from 10−8M to 10−11M. One such antibody confers protection in vivo in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection. These results show that it is possible to interrogate the memory repertoire of immune donors to rapidly and efficiently isolate neutralizing antibodies that have been selected in the course of natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Traggiai
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, Belllinzona, CH 6500 Switzerland
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, Marburg, D-35037 Germany
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, 20892-8007 Maryland USA
| | | | | | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via Grassi 74, Milano, I-20175 Italy
| | - Brian R Murphy
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, 20892-8007 Maryland USA
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Chiron Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, I-53100 Italy
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vela 6, Belllinzona, CH 6500 Switzerland
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171
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Sui J, Li W, Murakami A, Tamin A, Matthews LJ, Wong SK, Moore MJ, Tallarico ASC, Olurinde M, Choe H, Anderson LJ, Bellini WJ, Farzan M, Marasco WA. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2536-41. [PMID: 14983044 PMCID: PMC356985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307140101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective prophylaxis and antiviral therapies are urgently needed in the event of reemergence of the highly contagious and often fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection. We have identified eight recombinant human single-chain variable region fragments (scFvs) against the S1 domain of spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV from two nonimmune human antibody libraries. One scFv 80R efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV and inhibited syncytia formation between cells expressing the S protein and those expressing the SARS-CoV receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Mapping of the 80R epitope showed it is located within the N-terminal 261-672 amino acids of S protein and is not glycosylation-dependent. 80R scFv competed with soluble ACE2 for association with the S1 domain and bound S1 with high affinity (equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd=32.3 nM). A human IgG1 form of 80R bound S1 with a 20-fold higher affinity of 1.59 nM comparable to that of ACE2 (Kd=1.70 nM), and neutralized virus 20-fold more efficiently than the 80R scFv. These data suggest that the 80R human monoclonal antibody may be a useful viral entry inhibitor for the emergency prophylaxis and treatment of SARS, and that the ACE2-binding site of S1 could be an attractive target for subunit vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Sui
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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172
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Abstract
Following a sixty-year hiatus in western medicine, bacteriophages (phages) are again being advocated for treating and preventing bacterial infections. Are attempts to use phages for clinical and environmental applications more likely to succeed now than in the past? Will phage therapy and prophylaxis suffer the same fates as antibiotics--treatment failure due to acquired resistance and ever-increasing frequencies of resistant pathogens? Here, the population and evolutionary dynamics of bacterial-phage interactions that are relevant to phage therapy and prophylaxis are reviewed and illustrated with computer simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R Levin
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30307, USA.
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173
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Hall AE, Domanski PJ, Patel PR, Vernachio JH, Syribeys PJ, Gorovits EL, Johnson MA, Ross JM, Hutchins JT, Patti JM. Characterization of a protective monoclonal antibody recognizing Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM protein clumping factor A. Infect Immun 2004; 71:6864-70. [PMID: 14638774 PMCID: PMC308922 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.12.6864-6870.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) protein clumping factor A (ClfA) has been shown to be a critical virulence factor in several experimental models of infection. This report describes the generation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) against ClfA. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that MAb 12-9 recognized ClfA protein expressed by all of the clinical S. aureus strains obtained from a variety of sources. In assays measuring whole-cell S. aureus binding to human fibrinogen, MAb 12-9 inhibited S. aureus binding by over 90% and displaced up to 35% of the previously adherent S. aureus bacteria. Furthermore, a single infusion of MAb 12-9 was protective against an intravenous challenge with a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus in a murine sepsis model (P < 0.0001). These data suggest that anti-ClfA MAb 12-9 should be further investigated as a novel immunotherapy for the treatment and prevention of life-threatening S. aureus infections.
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174
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Hill J, Copse C, Leary S, Stagg AJ, Williamson ED, Titball RW. Synergistic protection of mice against plague with monoclonal antibodies specific for the F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2234-8. [PMID: 12654847 PMCID: PMC152045 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.4.2234-2238.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for Yersinia pestis V antigen and F1 antigen, administered singly or in combination, protected mice in models of bubonic and pneumonic plague. Antibodies showed synergy when administered prophylactically and as a therapy 48 h postinfection. Monoclonal antibodies therefore have potential as a treatment for plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Hill
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 OJQ, United Kingdom.
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175
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López-Bueno A, Mateu MG, Almendral JM. High mutant frequency in populations of a DNA virus allows evasion from antibody therapy in an immunodeficient host. J Virol 2003; 77:2701-8. [PMID: 12552010 PMCID: PMC141124 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.4.2701-2708.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree of genetic heterogeneity of DNA virus populations in nature and its consequences for disease control are virtually unknown. The parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMi) was used here to investigate (i) the frequency of antibody-escape mutants in populations of a DNA virus and (ii) the ability of a DNA virus to evade in the long-term a passive monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapy in an immunodeficient natural host. Independent clonal populations of MVMi harbored a high proportion of mutants resistant to neutralizing MAb (mutant frequency = [2.8 +/- 0.5] x 10(-5)) that rapidly evolved under antibody pressure in culture to become mixtures dominated by genotypically diverse escape mutants. Immunodeficient mice naturally infected with clonal populations of MVMi and subsequently treated by intravenous injections of MAb were initially protected from the characteristic viral induced lethal leukopenia. However, some treated animals developed a delayed severe leukopenic syndrome associated with the emergence of genetically heterogeneous populations of MAb-resistant mutants in the MVMi main target organs. The 11 plaque-purified viruses analyzed from an antibody-resistant population obtained from one animal corresponded to four different mutant genotypes, although their consensus sequence remained wild type. All cloned escape mutants harbored single radical amino acid changes within a stretch of seven residues in a surface-exposed loop at the threefold axes of the capsid. This antigenic site, which can tolerate radical changes preserving MVMi pathogenic potential, may thereby allow the virus to evade the immune control. These findings indicate a high genetic heterogeneity and rapid adaptation of populations of a mammal DNA virus in vivo and provide a genetic basis for the failure of passive immunotherapy in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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176
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Finke D, Luther SA, Acha-Orbea H. The role of neutralizing antibodies for mouse mammary tumor virus transmission and mammary cancer development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:199-204. [PMID: 12502785 PMCID: PMC140926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0134988100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection establishes chronic germinal centers and a lifelong neutralizing Ab response. We show that removal of the draining lymph node after establishment of the germinal center reaction led to complete loss of neutralizing Abs despite comparable infection levels in peripheral lymphocytes. Importantly, in the absence of neutralization, only the exocrine organs mammary gland, salivary gland, pancreas, and skin showed strikingly increased infection, resulting in accelerated mammary tumor development. Induction of stronger neutralization did not influence chronic infection levels of peripheral lymphoid organs but strongly inhibited mammary gland infection and virus transmission to the next generation. Taken together, we provide evidence that a tight equilibrium in virus neutralization allows limited infection of exocrine organs and controls cancer development in susceptible mouse strains. These experiments show that a strong neutralizing Ab response induced after infection is not able to control lymphoid MMTV infection. Strong neutralization, however, is capable of blocking amplification of mammary gland infection, tumor development, and virus transmission to the next generation. The results also indicate a role of neutralization in natural resistance to MMTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Finke
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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177
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Matejtschuk P, Chidwick K, Prince A, More JE, Goldblatt D. A direct comparison of the antigen-specific antibody profiles of intravenous immunoglobulins derived from US and UK donor plasma. Vox Sang 2002; 83:17-22. [PMID: 12100384 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2002.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used in a range of immunodeficiency states that require a broad spectrum of protective antibodies to a range of common pathogens. A comparison of the antigen-specific antibody profile of preparations of an IVIG (Vigam) derived from US and UK sourced plasma was performed, and these preparations were also compared with three other IVIG products from different manufacturers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies against a range of bacterial and viral pathogens were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS Similar profiles were found for Vigam made from UK and US source plasma and also for the other three IVIGs tested, but some specific differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS IVIG preparations have a similar therapeutic spectrum of antibodies when prepared from plasma sourced either from the UK or the US.
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178
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Maynard JA, Maassen CBM, Leppla SH, Brasky K, Patterson JL, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. Protection against anthrax toxin by recombinant antibody fragments correlates with antigen affinity. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20:597-601. [PMID: 12042864 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0602-597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tripartite toxin produced by Bacillus anthracis is the key determinant in the etiology of anthrax. We have engineered a panel of toxin-neutralizing antibodies, including single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) and scFvs fused to a human constant kappa domain (scAbs), that bind to the protective antigen subunit of the toxin with equilibrium dissociation constants (K(d)) between 63 nM and 0.25 nM. The entire antibody panel showed high serum, thermal, and denaturant stability. In vitro, post-challenge protection of macrophages from the action of the holotoxin correlated with the K(d) of the scFv variants. Strong correlations among antibody construct affinity, serum half-life, and protection were also observed in a rat model of toxin challenge. High-affinity toxin-neutralizing antibodies may be of therapeutic value for alleviating the symptoms of anthrax toxin in infected individuals and for medium-term prophylaxis to infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anthrax/drug therapy
- Anthrax/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/drug effects
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacillus anthracis/drug effects
- Bacillus anthracis/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Binding, Competitive/genetics
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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179
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Casal J, Aguilar L, Jado I, Yuste J, Giménez MJ, Prieto J, Fenoll A. Effects of specific antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae on pharmacodynamic parameters of beta-lactams in a mouse sepsis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:1340-4. [PMID: 11959566 PMCID: PMC127147 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.5.1340-1344.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2001] [Revised: 11/25/2001] [Accepted: 01/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A dose-ranging study to investigate the in vivo effects of the presence of specific antibodies on the efficacy of beta-lactam treatment of sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (non-beta-lactam-susceptible serotype 6B isolate) was performed with a BALB/c mouse model. Hyperimmune serum was obtained from mice immunized with the heat-inactivated strain. The rate of mortality was 100% in nontreated animals in the absence of specific antibodies. A single injection of a one-half or one-quarter dilution of hyperimmune serum produced 60 to 40% survival rates. In the absence of specific antibodies, the minimal effective doses of amoxicillin and cefotaxime that produced survival rates of 100 and 80% were 25 and 50 mg/kg of body weight (three times a day for up to six doses), respectively. These doses produced times that the levels in serum remained above the MIC (deltaT > MICs) approximately 30% of the dosing interval. When specific antibodies were present (by administration of a one-half or one-quarter dilution of hyperimmune serum), the minimal effective doses of the antibiotics were 3.12 and 6.25 mg/kg ( approximately 8 times lower), with the deltaT > MICs being approximately 3 and 5% of the dosing interval for amoxicillin and cefotaxime, respectively. This in vivo combined pharmacodynamic effect offers possibilities that can be used to address penicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Casal
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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181
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Roehrig JT, Staudinger LA, Hunt AR, Mathews JH, Blair CD. Antibody prophylaxis and therapy for flavivirus encephalitis infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 951:286-97. [PMID: 11797785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of West Nile (WN) encephalitis in the United States has rekindled interest in developing direct methods for prevention and control of human flaviviral infections. Although equine WN vaccines are currently being developed, a WN vaccine for humans is years away. There is also no specific therapeutic agent for flaviviral infections. The incidence of human WN virus infection is very low, which makes it difficult to target the human populations in need of vaccination and to assess the vaccine's economic feasibility. It has been shown, however, that prophylactic application of antiflaviviral antibody can protect mice from subsequent virus challenge. This model of antibody prophylaxis using murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has been used to determine the timing of antibody application and specificity of applied antibody necessary for successful prophylaxis. The major flaviviral antigen is the envelope (E) glycoprotein that binds cellular receptors, mediates cell membrane fusion, and contains an array of epitopes that elicit virus-neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. The protective efficacy of an E-glycoprotein-specific MAb is directly related to its ability to neutralize virus infectivity. The window for successful application of prophylactic antibody to prevent flaviviral encephalitis closes at about 4 to 6 days postinfection concomitant with viral invasion of the brain. Using murine MAbs to modify human disease results in a human antimouse antibody (HAMA) response that eventually limits the effectiveness of subsequent murine antibody applications. To reduce the HAMA response and make these MAbs more generally useful for humans, murine MAbs can be "humanized" or human MAbs with analogous reactivities can be developed. Antiflaviviral human or humanized MAbs might be practical and cost-effective reagents for preventing or modifying flaviviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Roehrig
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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