151
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Eom HJ, Chatterjee N, Lee J, Choi J. Integrated mRNA and micro RNA profiling reveals epigenetic mechanism of differential sensitivity of Jurkat T cells to AgNPs and Ag ions. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:311-8. [PMID: 24974767 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In our previous in vitro study of the toxicity on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), we observed a dramatically higher sensitivity of Jurkat T cells to AgNPs than to Ag ions, and DNA damage and apoptosis were found to be involved in that toxicity. In this study, to understand underlying mechanism of different sensitivity of Jurket T cells to AgNPs and Ag ions, mRNA microarray and micro RNA microarray were concomitantly conducted on AgNPs and Ag ions exposed Jurkat T cells. Surprisingly only a small number of genes were differentially expressed by exposure to each of the silver (15 altered mRNA by AgNPs exposure, whereas 4 altered mRNA by Ag ions exposure, as determined 1.5-fold change as the cut-off value). miRNA microarray revealed that the expression of 63 miRNAs was altered by AgNPs exposure, whereas that of 32 miRNAs was altered by Ag ions exposure. An integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression revealed that the expression of hsa-miR-219-5p, was negatively correlated with the expression of metallothionein 1F (MT1F) and tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), in cells exposed to AgNPs; whereas, the expression of hsa-miR-654-3p was negatively correlated with the expression of mRNA, endonuclease G-like 1 (EDGL1) in cells exposed to Ag ions. Network analysis were further conducted on mRNA-miRNA pairs, which revealed that miR-219-5p-MT1F and -TRIB3 pairs by AgNPs are being involved in various cellular processes, such as, oxidative stress, cell cycle and apoptosis, whereas, miR-654-3p and ENDOGL1 pair by Ag ions generated a much simpler network. The putative target genes of AgNPs-induced miR-504, miR-33 and miR-302 identified by Tarbase 6.0 are also found to be involved in DNA damage and apoptosis. These results collectively suggest that distinct epigenetic regulation may be an underlying mechanism of different sensitivity of Jurkat T cells to AgNPs and Ag ion. Further identification of putative target genes of DE miRNA by AgNPs and Ag ions may provide additional clues for the mechanism of differential toxicity. Overall results suggest that epigenetic mechanism is involved in toxicity of AgNPs and Ag ions in Jurkat T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Eom
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental system Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental system Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Lee
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental system Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, South Korea.
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152
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Baldwin RM, Morettin A, Côté J. Role of PRMTs in cancer: Could minor isoforms be leaving a mark? World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:115-29. [PMID: 24921003 PMCID: PMC4050107 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methylation of a variety of protein substrates, many of which have been linked to the development, progression and aggressiveness of different types of cancer. Moreover, aberrant expression of PRMTs has been observed in several cancer types. While the link between PRMTs and cancer is a relatively new area of interest, the functional implications documented thus far warrant further investigations into its therapeutic potential. However, the expression of these enzymes and the regulation of their activity in cancer are still significantly understudied. Currently there are nine main members of the PRMT family. Further, the existence of alternatively spliced isoforms for several of these family members provides an additional layer of complexity. Specifically, PRMT1, PRMT2, CARM1 and PRMT7 have been shown to have alternative isoforms and others may be currently unrealized. Our knowledge with respect to the relative expression and the specific functions of these isoforms is largely lacking and needs attention. Here we present a review of the current knowledge of the known alternative PRMT isoforms and provide a rationale for how they may impact on cancer and represent potentially useful targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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153
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Mowen KA, David M. Unconventional post-translational modifications in immunological signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:512-20. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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154
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Han X, Li R, Zhang W, Yang X, Wheeler CG, Friedman GK, Province P, Ding Q, You Z, Fathallah-Shaykh HM, Gillespie GY, Zhao X, King PH, Nabors LB. Expression of PRMT5 correlates with malignant grade in gliomas and plays a pivotal role in tumor growth in vitro. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:61-72. [PMID: 24664369 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) catalyzes the formation of ω-NG,N'G-symmetric dimethylarginine residues on histones as well as other proteins. These modifications play an important role in cell differentiation and tumor cell growth. However, the role of PRMT5 in human glioma cells has not been characterized. In this study, we assessed protein expression profiles of PRMT5 in control brain, WHO grade II astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) by immunohistochemistry. PRMT5 was low in glial cells in control brain tissues and low grade astrocytomas. Its expression increased in parallel with malignant progression, and was highly expressed in GBM. Knockdown of PRMT5 by small hairpin RNA caused alterations of p-ERK1/2 and significantly repressed the clonogenic potential and viability of glioma cells. These findings indicate that PRMT5 is a marker of malignant progression in glioma tumors and plays a pivotal role in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT 1020, 1530 3rd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3410, USA,
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155
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Ibrahim R, Matsubara D, Osman W, Morikawa T, Goto A, Morita S, Ishikawa S, Aburatani H, Takai D, Nakajima J, Fukayama M, Niki T, Murakami Y. Expression of PRMT5 in lung adenocarcinoma and its significance in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1397-405. [PMID: 24775604 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) has been implicated in various cancers, its expression pattern in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and tissues has not been elucidated enough. In this study, microarray analysis of 40 non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines showed that PRMT5 was a candidate histone methyltransferase gene that correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Immunocytochemical analysis of these cell lines indicated that the expression of PRMT5 was localized to the cytoplasm of E-cadherin-low and vimentin-high cell lines, whereas it was predominant in the nucleus and faint in the cytoplasm of E-cadherin-high and vimentin-low cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung adenocarcinoma cases (n = 130) revealed that the expression of PRMT5 was high in the cytoplasm of 47 cases (36%) and the nuclei of 34 cases (26%). The marked cytoplasmic expression of PRMT5 was frequently observed in high-grade subtypes (1 of 17 low grade, 21 of 81 intermediate grade, and 25 of 32 high grade; P < .0001) such as solid adenocarcinoma with the low expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 (the master regulator of lung) and low expression of cytokeratin 7 and E-cadherin (2 markers for bronchial epithelial differentiation), whereas the high nuclear expression of PRMT5 was frequently noted in adenocarcinoma in situ, a low-grade subtype (6 of 17 low grade, 25 of 81 intermediate grade, and 3 of 32 high grade; P = .0444). The cytoplasmic expression of PRMT5 correlated with a poor prognosis (P = .0089). We herein highlighted the importance of PRMT5 expression, especially its cytoplasmic expression, in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and loss of the bronchial epithelial phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ibrahim
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Wael Osman
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Human Pathology Department, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Shigeki Morita
- Human Pathology Department, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Human Pathology Department, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Division of Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiya Takai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Human Pathology Department, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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156
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Yan F, Alinari L, Lustberg ME, Martin LK, Cordero-Nieves HM, Banasavadi-Siddegowda Y, Virk S, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Bell EH, Wojton J, Jacob NK, Chakravarti A, Nowicki MO, Wu X, Lapalombella R, Datta J, Yu B, Gordon K, Haseley A, Patton JT, Smith PL, Ryu J, Zhang X, Mo X, Marcucci G, Nuovo G, Kwon CH, Byrd JC, Chiocca EA, Li C, Sif S, Jacob S, Lawler S, Kaur B, Baiocchi RA. Genetic validation of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 as a candidate therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1752-65. [PMID: 24453002 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive histologic subtype of brain cancer with poor outcomes and limited treatment options. Here, we report the selective overexpression of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 as a novel candidate theranostic target in this disease. PRMT5 silences the transcription of regulatory genes by catalyzing symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues on histone tails. PRMT5 overexpression in patient-derived primary tumors and cell lines correlated with cell line growth rate and inversely with overall patient survival. Genetic attenuation of PRMT5 led to cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and loss of cell migratory activity. Cell death was p53-independent but caspase-dependent and enhanced with temozolomide, a chemotherapeutic agent used as a present standard of care. Global gene profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified the tumor suppressor ST7 as a key gene silenced by PRMT5. Diminished ST7 expression was associated with reduced patient survival. PRMT5 attenuation limited PRMT5 recruitment to the ST7 promoter, led to restored expression of ST7 and cell growth inhibition. Finally, PRMT5 attenuation enhanced glioblastoma cell survival in a mouse xenograft model of aggressive glioblastoma. Together, our findings defined PRMT5 as a candidate prognostic factor and therapeutic target in glioblastoma, offering a preclinical justification for targeting PRMT5-driven oncogenic pathways in this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Yan
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine; Departments of Neurosurgery; Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Chemical Engineering; Statistics; Pathology; Radiation Oncology; and College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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157
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Shilo K, Wu X, Sharma S, Welliver M, Duan W, Villalona-Calero M, Fukuoka J, Sif S, Baiocchi R, Hitchcock CL, Zhao W, Otterson GA. Cellular localization of protein arginine methyltransferase-5 correlates with grade of lung tumors. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:201. [PMID: 24326178 PMCID: PMC3933389 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) is a chromatin-modifying enzyme capable of methylating histone and non-histone proteins, and is involved in a wide range of cellular processes that range from transcriptional regulation to organelle biosynthesis. As such, its overexpression has been linked to tumor suppressor gene silencing, enhanced tumor cell growth and survival. Material and methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western immunoblot and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize PRMT5 expression in lung cancer cell lines and human tumors. Clinicopathological findings of tissue microarray based samples from 229 patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and 133 cases with pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (NET) were analyzed with regard to nuclear and cytoplasmic PRMT5 expression. Results There was statistically significant difference in PRMT5 messenger RNA expression between tumors and nonneoplastic lung tissues. Immunoblot experiments showed abundant expression of PRMT5 and its symmetric methylation mark H4R3 in lung carcinoma but not in non-neoplastic human pulmonary alveolar and bronchial epithelial cell lines. More than two thirds of lung tumors expressed PRMT5. High levels of cytoplasmic PRMT5 were detected in 20.5% of NSCLC and in 16.5% of NET; high levels of nuclear PRMT5 were detected in 38.0% of NSCLC and 24.0% of NET. Cytoplasmic PRMT5 was associated with high grade in both NSCLC and pulmonary NET while nuclear PRMT5 was more frequent in carcinoid tumors (p < 0.05). Conclusion The observed findings support the role of PRMT5 in lung tumorigenesis and reflect its functional dichotomy in cellular compartments. Virtual slide The virtual slides for this article can be found here:
http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1611895162102528
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, The Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University, 410 W, 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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158
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Wei H, Mundade R, Lange K, Lu T. Protein arginine methylation of non-histone proteins and its role in diseases. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:32-41. [PMID: 24296620 PMCID: PMC3925732 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that can methylate arginine residues on histones and other proteins. PRMTs play a crucial role in influencing various cellular functions, including cellular development and tumorigenesis. Arginine methylation by PRMTs is found on both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Recently, there is increasing evidence regarding post-translational modifications of non-histone proteins by PRMTs, illustrating the previously unknown importance of PRMTs in the regulation of various cellular functions by post-translational modifications. In this review, we present the recent developments in the regulation of non-histone proteins by PRMTs.
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159
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Doyle HA, Yang ML, Raycroft MT, Gee RJ, Mamula MJ. Autoantigens: novel forms and presentation to the immune system. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:220-33. [PMID: 24191689 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.850495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is clear that lupus autoimmunity is marked by a variety of abnormalities, including those found at a macroscopic scale, cells and tissues, as well as more microenvironmental influences, originating at the individual cell surface through to the nucleus. The convergence of genetic, epigenetic, and perhaps environmental influences all lead to the overt clinical expression of disease, reflected by the presences of autoantibodies and tissue pathology. This review will address several specific areas that fall among the non-genetic factors that contribute to lupus autoimmunity and related syndromes. In particular, we will discuss the importance of understanding various protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), mechanisms that mediate the ability of "modified self" to trigger autoimmunity, and how these PTMs influence lupus diagnosis. Finally, we will discuss altered pathways of autoantigen presentation that may contribute to the perpetuation of chronic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester A Doyle
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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160
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Chung J, Karkhanis V, Tae S, Yan F, Smith P, Ayers LW, Agostinelli C, Pileri S, Denis GV, Baiocchi RA, Sif S. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibition induces lymphoma cell death through reactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway and polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2) silencing. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35534-47. [PMID: 24189068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation mediated by lysine- and arginine-specific enzymes plays an essential role in tumorigenesis, and enhanced expression of the type II protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 as well as the polycomb repressor complex PRC2 has been associated with increased cell proliferation and survival. Here, we show that PRMT5 is overexpressed in three different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines and clinical samples as well as in mouse primary lymphoma cells and that it up-regulates PRC2 expression through inactivation of the retinoblastoma proteins RB1 and RBL2. Although PRMT5 epigenetically controls RBL2 expression, it indirectly promotes RB1 phosphorylation through enhanced cyclin D1 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PRMT5 knockdown in non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines and mouse primary lymphoma cells leads to RBL2 derepression and RB1 reactivation, which in turn inhibit PRC2 expression and trigger derepression of its CASP10, DAP1, HOXA5, and HRK pro-apoptotic target genes. We also show that reduced PRMT5 expression leads to cyclin D1 transcriptional repression via loss of TP53K372 methylation, which results in decreased BCL3 expression and enhanced recruitment of NF-κB p52-HDAC1 repressor complexes to the cyclin D1 promoter. These findings indicate that PRMT5 is a master epigenetic regulator that governs expression of its own target genes and those regulated by PRC2 and that its inhibition could offer a promising therapeutic strategy for lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Chung
- From the Departments Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and
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161
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Girardot M, Hirasawa R, Kacem S, Fritsch L, Pontis J, Kota SK, Filipponi D, Fabbrizio E, Sardet C, Lohmann F, Kadam S, Ait-Si-Ali S, Feil R. PRMT5-mediated histone H4 arginine-3 symmetrical dimethylation marks chromatin at G + C-rich regions of the mouse genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:235-48. [PMID: 24097435 PMCID: PMC3874197 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetrical dimethylation on arginine-3 of histone H4 (H4R3me2s) has been reported to occur at several repressed genes, but its specific regulation and genomic distribution remained unclear. Here, we show that the type-II protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 controls H4R3me2s in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). In these differentiated cells, we find that the genome-wide pattern of H4R3me2s is highly similar to that in embryonic stem cells. In both the cell types, H4R3me2s peaks are detected predominantly at G + C-rich regions. Promoters are consistently marked by H4R3me2s, independently of transcriptional activity. Remarkably, H4R3me2s is mono-allelic at imprinting control regions (ICRs), at which it marks the same parental allele as H3K9me3, H4K20me3 and DNA methylation. These repressive chromatin modifications are regulated independently, however, since PRMT5-depletion in MEFs resulted in loss of H4R3me2s, without affecting H3K9me3, H4K20me3 or DNA methylation. Conversely, depletion of ESET (KMT1E) or SUV420H1/H2 (KMT5B/C) affected H3K9me3 and H4K20me3, respectively, without altering H4R3me2s at ICRs. Combined, our data indicate that PRMT5-mediated H4R3me2s uniquely marks the mammalian genome, mostly at G + C-rich regions, and independently from transcriptional activity or chromatin repression. Furthermore, comparative bioinformatics analyses suggest a putative role of PRMT5-mediated H4R3me2s in chromatin configuration in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Girardot
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR 5535, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Laboratoire Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France and Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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162
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Nicholas C, Yang J, Peters SB, Bill MA, Baiocchi RA, Yan F, Sïf S, Tae S, Gaudio E, Wu X, Grever MR, Young GS, Lesinski GB. PRMT5 is upregulated in malignant and metastatic melanoma and regulates expression of MITF and p27(Kip1.). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74710. [PMID: 24098663 PMCID: PMC3786975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) is a Type II arginine methyltransferase that regulates various cellular functions. We hypothesized that PRMT5 plays a role in regulating the growth of human melanoma cells. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated significant upregulation of PRMT5 in human melanocytic nevi, malignant melanomas and metastatic melanomas as compared to normal epidermis. Furthermore, nuclear PRMT5 was significantly decreased in metastatic melanomas as compared to primary cutaneous melanomas. In human metastatic melanoma cell lines, PRMT5 was predominantly cytoplasmic, and associated with its enzymatic cofactor Mep50, but not STAT3 or cyclin D1. However, histologic examination of tumor xenografts from athymic mice revealed heterogeneous nuclear and cytoplasmic PRMT5 expression. Depletion of PRMT5 via siRNA inhibited proliferation in a subset of melanoma cell lines, while it accelerated growth of others. Loss of PRMT5 also led to reduced expression of MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), a melanocyte-lineage specific oncogene, and increased expression of the cell cycle regulator p27Kip1. These results are the first to report elevated PRMT5 expression in human melanoma specimens and indicate this protein may regulate MITF and p27Kip1 expression in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Nicholas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sara B. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Bill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fengting Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saïd Sïf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sookil Tae
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xin Wu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Grever
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Young
- Center for Biostatistics, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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163
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Anupam R, Doueiri R, Green PL. The need to accessorize: molecular roles of HTLV-1 p30 and HTLV-2 p28 accessory proteins in the viral life cycle. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:275. [PMID: 24062732 PMCID: PMC3774995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 and HTLV-2 over the last three decades have provided detailed knowledge on viral transformation, host–viral interactions and pathogenesis. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of adult T cell leukemia and multiple neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases while HTLV-2 disease association remains elusive, with few infected individuals displaying neurodegenerative diseases similar to HTLV-1. The HTLV group of oncoretroviruses has a genome that encodes structural and enzymatic proteins Gag, Pro, and Env, regulatory proteins Tax and Rex, and several accessory proteins from the pX region. Of these proteins, HTLV-1 p30 and HTLV-2 p28 are encoded by the open reading frame II of the pX region. Like most other accessory proteins, p30 and p28 are dispensable for in vitro viral replication and transformation but are required for efficient viral replication and persistence in vivo. Both p30 and p28 regulate viral gene expression at the post-transcriptional level whereas p30 can also function at the transcriptional level. Recently, several reports have implicated p30 and p28 in multiple cellular processes, which provide novel insight into HTLV spread and survival and ultimately pathogenesis. In this review we summarize and compare what is known about p30 and p28, highlighting their roles in viral replication and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaneesh Anupam
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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164
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Abstract
The ubiquitous inducible transcription factor NF-κB plays central roles in immune and inflammatory responses and in tumorigenesis. Complex posttranslational modifications of the p65 subunit (RelA) are a major aspect of the extremely flexible regulation of NF-κB activity. Although phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and lysine methylation of NF-κB have been well described, arginine methylation has not yet been found. We now report that, in response to IL-1β, the p65 subunit of NF-κB is dimethylated on arginine 30 (R30) by protein-arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). Expression of the R30A and R30K mutants of p65 substantially decreased the ability of NF-κB to bind to κB elements and to drive gene expression. A model in which dimethyl R30 is placed into the crystal structure of p65 predicts new van der Waals contacts that stabilize intraprotein interactions and indirectly increase the affinity of p65 for DNA. PRMT5 was the only arginine methyltransferase that coprecipitated with p65, and its overexpression increased NF-κB activity, whereas PRMT5 knockdown had the opposite effect. Microarray analysis revealed that ∼85% of the NF-κB-inducible genes that are down-regulated by the R30A mutation are similarly down-regulated by knocking PRMT5 down. Many cytokine and chemokine genes are among these, and conditioned media from cells expressing the R30A mutant of p65 had much less NF-κB-inducing activity than media from cells expressing the wild-type protein. PRMT5 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, often to a striking degree, indicating that high levels of this enzyme may promote tumorigenesis, at least in part by facilitating NF-κB-induced gene expression.
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165
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The role of arginine methylation in the DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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166
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Pio G, Ceci M, D'Elia D, Loglisci C, Malerba D. A novel biclustering algorithm for the discovery of meaningful biological correlations between microRNAs and their target genes. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14 Suppl 7:S8. [PMID: 23815553 PMCID: PMC3633049 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-s7-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs which have been recognized as ubiquitous post-transcriptional regulators. The analysis of interactions between different miRNAs and their target genes is necessary for the understanding of miRNAs' role in the control of cell life and death. In this paper we propose a novel data mining algorithm, called HOCCLUS2, specifically designed to bicluster miRNAs and target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) on the basis of their experimentally-verified and/or predicted interactions. Indeed, existing biclustering approaches, typically used to analyze gene expression data, fail when applied to miRNA:mRNA interactions since they usually do not extract possibly overlapping biclusters (miRNAs and their target genes may have multiple roles), extract a huge amount of biclusters (difficult to browse and rank on the basis of their importance) and work on similarities of feature values (do not limit the analysis to reliable interactions). RESULTS To overcome these limitations, HOCCLUS2 i) extracts possibly overlapping biclusters, to catch multiple roles of both miRNAs and their target genes; ii) extracts hierarchically organized biclusters, to facilitate bicluster browsing and to distinguish between universe and pathway-specific miRNAs; iii) extracts highly cohesive biclusters, to consider only reliable interactions; iv) ranks biclusters according to the functional similarities, computed on the basis of Gene Ontology, to facilitate bicluster analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that HOCCLUS2 is a valid tool to support biologists in the identification of context-specific miRNAs regulatory modules and in the detection of possibly unknown miRNAs target genes. Indeed, results prove that HOCCLUS2 is able to extract cohesiveness-preserving biclusters, when compared with competitive approaches, and statistically confirm (at a confidence level of 99%) that mRNAs which belong to the same biclusters are, on average, more functionally similar than mRNAs which belong to different biclusters. Finally, the hierarchy of biclusters provides useful insights to understand the intrinsic hierarchical organization of miRNAs and their potential multiple interactions on target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Pio
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Ceci
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica D'Elia
- CNR, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Corrado Loglisci
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Malerba
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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167
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Limm K, Ott C, Wallner S, Mueller DW, Oefner P, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK. Deregulation of protein methylation in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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168
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Structure of the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5-MEP50 reveals a mechanism for substrate specificity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57008. [PMID: 23451136 PMCID: PMC3581573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The arginine methyltransferase PRMT5-MEP50 is required for embryogenesis and is misregulated in many cancers. PRMT5 targets a wide variety of substrates, including histone proteins involved in specifying an epigenetic code. However, the mechanism by which PRMT5 utilizes MEP50 to discriminate substrates and to specifically methylate target arginines is unclear. To test a model in which MEP50 is critical for substrate recognition and orientation, we determined the crystal structure of Xenopus laevis PRMT5-MEP50 complexed with S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). PRMT5-MEP50 forms an unusual tetramer of heterodimers with substantial surface negative charge. MEP50 is required for PRMT5-catalyzed histone H2A and H4 methyltransferase activity and binds substrates independently. The PRMT5 catalytic site is oriented towards the cross-dimer paired MEP50. Histone peptide arrays and solution assays demonstrate that PRMT5-MEP50 activity is inhibited by substrate phosphorylation and enhanced by substrate acetylation. Electron microscopy and reconstruction showed substrate centered on MEP50. These data support a mechanism in which MEP50 binds substrate and stimulates PRMT5 activity modulated by substrate post-translational modifications.
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169
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Bao X, Zhao S, Liu T, Liu Y, Liu Y, Yang X. Overexpression of PRMT5 promotes tumor cell growth and is associated with poor disease prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:206-17. [PMID: 23292799 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413475452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PRMT5 has been reported to be involved in the processes of tumor progression at various steps. The aim of this study was to examine the role of PRMT5 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In this study, PRMT5 and Ki-67 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in cohorts of normal, benign, and cancerous ovarian tissues. PRMT5 overexpression was observed in 83.1% (98/118) of EOCs, and it was significantly associated with serous type, poor differentiation, advanced tumor stage, lymph node invasion, presence of residual tumor, and high expression of Ki-67 (p<0.05, respectively). Moreover, overexpression of PRMT5 was an independent prognostic marker for decreased overall survival and progression-free survival in univariate survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. In ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and SKOV3, PRMT5 knockdown by siRNA inhibited cell growth/proliferation and induced apoptosis via upregulation of E2F-1. These results suggest that overexpression of PRMT5 correlates with an aggressive malignant phenotype and may constitute a novel prognostic factor for EOC. Thus, PRMT5 may represent a clinically effective new target for therapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Bao
- Department of Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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170
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Chitta KR, Landero Figueroa JA, Caruso JA, Merino EJ. Selenium mediated arsenic toxicity modifies cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species and phosphorylated proteins. Metallomics 2013; 5:673-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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171
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Abstract
There are nine protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) encoded in mammalian genomes, the protein products of which catalyse three types of arginine methylation--monomethylation and two types of dimethylation. Protein arginine methylation is an abundant modification that has been implicated in signal transduction, gene transcription, DNA repair and mRNA splicing, among others. Studies have only recently linked this modification to carcinogenesis and metastasis. Sequencing studies have not generally found alterations to the PRMTs; however, overexpression of these enzymes is often associated with various cancers, which might make some of them viable targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Yang
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C, P.O. BOX 389, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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172
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Abstract
PRMT5 (protein arginine methyltransferase 5) is an enzyme that catalyses transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl methionine to the arginine residues of histones or non-histone proteins and is involved in a variety of cellular processes. Although it is highly expressed in some tumours, its direct role in cancer growth has not been fully investigated. In the present study, in human lung tissue samples we found that PRMT5 was highly expressed in lung cancer cells, whereas its expression was not detectable in benign lung tissues. Silencing PRMT5 expression strongly inhibited proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in tissue culture, and silencing PRMT5 expression in A549 cells also abolished growth of lung A549 xenografts in mice. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the cell growth arrest induced by loss of PRMT5 expression was partially attributable to down-regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling. These results suggest that PRMT5 and its methyltransferase activity is essential for proliferation of lung cancer cells and may serve as a novel target for the treatment of lung cancer.
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173
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Lu Q, Li N, Luo J, Yu M, Huang Y, Wu X, Wu H, Liu XY, Li G. Pinellia pedatisecta agglutinin interacts with the methylosome and induces cancer cell death. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e29. [PMID: 23552401 PMCID: PMC3503292 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinellia pedatisecta agglutinin (PPA) is a specific mannose-binding plant lectin accumulated in the tuber of P. pedatisecta. In the work presented, the cytotoxicity of PPA to cancer cells was investigated through exogenous expression. A PPA gene was transduced into normal and cancer cell lines through plasmid vectors, and the effect of PPA expression was examined. Results showed that PPA translocated into the nucleus, colocalized with DNA and induced cell death. A mannose-binding motif and a V103-W130 region directed the nuclear translocation of PPA. Coprecipitation, mass spectrometry and western blotting analysis further indentified that PPA was associated with the methylosome, which contains methylosome protein 50 and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). Knockdown of PRMT5 significantly inhibited the PPA-induced cell death, suggesting that PPA used the methylosome as a target. Furthermore, Ad.surp-PPA, an adenovirus vector in which the PPA gene was controlled by a survivin promoter (surp), selectively inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell lines. Taken together, the expression of PPA gene elicited significant cytotoxicity to cancer cells through targeting the methylosome and might be developed into a novel agent in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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174
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Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) play important roles in several cellular processes, including signaling, gene regulation, and transport of proteins and nucleic acids, to impact growth, differentiation, proliferation, and development. PRMT5 symmetrically di-methylates the two-terminal ω-guanidino nitrogens of arginine residues on substrate proteins. PRMT5 acts as part of a multimeric complex in concert with a variety of partner proteins that regulate its function and specificity. A core component of these complexes is the WD40 protein MEP50/WDR77/p44, which mediates interactions with binding partners and substrates. We have determined the crystal structure of human PRMT5 in complex with MEP50 (methylosome protein 50), bound to an S-adenosylmethionine analog and a peptide substrate derived from histone H4. The structure of the surprising hetero-octameric complex reveals the close interaction between the seven-bladed β-propeller MEP50 and the N-terminal domain of PRMT5, and delineates the structural elements of substrate recognition.
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175
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Leonard S, Gordon N, Smith N, Rowe M, Murray PG, Woodman CB. Arginine Methyltransferases Are Regulated by Epstein-Barr Virus in B Cells and Are Differentially Expressed in Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Pathogens 2012; 1:52-64. [PMID: 25436604 PMCID: PMC4235682 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that aberrant expression of those enzymes which control protein arginine methylation contribute to carcinogenesis, their de-regulation by oncogenic viruses in primary cells has yet to be reported. We first show that the protein arginine methyltransferases, CARM1, PRMT1 and PRMT5 are strongly expressed in Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, and up-regulated in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cell lines. Given that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be detected in approximately 50% of primary HL, we next examined how EBV infection of germinal centre (GC) B cells, the presumptive precursors of HRS cells, modulated the expression of these proteins. EBV infection of GC B cells was followed by the up-regulation of CARM1, PRMT1 and PRMT5, and by the down-regulation of the arginine deiminase, PADI4. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major EBV transforming gene was shown to induce PRMT1 in GC B cells and in a stably transfected B cell line. The recent development of compounds which inhibit PRMT-mediated reactions provides a compelling case for continuing to dissect the contribution of virus induced changes in these proteins to lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leonard
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Naheema Gordon
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Nikki Smith
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Martin Rowe
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Paul G Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ciarán B Woodman
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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176
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Doueiri R, Anupam R, Kvaratskhelia M, Green KB, Lairmore MD, Green PL. Comparative host protein interactions with HTLV-1 p30 and HTLV-2 p28: insights into difference in pathobiology of human retroviruses. Retrovirology 2012; 9:64. [PMID: 22876852 PMCID: PMC3464894 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are closely related human retroviruses, but have unique disease associations. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of an aggressive T-cell leukemia known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and other inflammatory diseases. HTLV-2 infection has not been clearly associated with any disease condition. Although both viruses can transform T cells in vitro, the HTLV-1 provirus is mainly detected in CD4+ T cells whereas HTLV-2 is mainly detected in CD8+ T cells of infected individuals. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode accessory proteins p30 and p28, respectively, which share partial amino acid homology and are required for viral persistence in vivo. The goal of this study was to identify host proteins interacting with p30 and p28 in order to understand their role in pathogenesis. Results Affinity-tag purification coupled with mass spectrometric (MS) analyses revealed 42 and 22 potential interacting cellular partners of p30 and p28, respectively. Of these, only three cellular proteins, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), hnRNP K and 60 S ribosomal protein L8 were detected in both p30 and p28 fractions. To validate the proteomic results, four interacting proteins were selected for further analyses using immunoblot assays. In full agreement with the MS analysis two cellular proteins REGγ and NEAF-interacting protein 30 (NIP30) selectively interacted with p30 and not with p28; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNP H1) bound to p28 and not to p30; and PRMT5 interacted with both p30 and p28. Further studies demonstrated that reduced levels of PRMT5 resulted in decreased HTLV-2 viral gene expression whereas the viral gene expression of HTLV-1 was unchanged. Conclusion The comparisons of p30 and p28 host protein interaction proteome showed striking differences with some degree of overlap. PRMT5, one of the host proteins that interacted with both p30 and p28 differentially affected HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viral gene expression suggesting that PRMT5 is involved at different stages of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 biology. These findings suggest that distinct host protein interaction profiles of p30 and p28 could, in part, be responsible for differences in HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 pathobiology. This study provides new avenues of investigation into mechanisms of viral infection, tropism and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Doueiri
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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177
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Wei TYW, Juan CC, Hisa JY, Su LJ, Lee YCG, Chou HY, Chen JMM, Wu YC, Chiu SC, Hsu CP, Liu KL, Yu CTR. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 is a potential oncoprotein that upregulates G1 cyclins/cyclin-dependent kinases and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT signaling cascade. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1640-50. [PMID: 22726390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that PRMT5, a protein arginine methyltransferase, is involved in tumorigenesis. However, no systematic research has demonstrated the cell-transforming activity of PRMT5. We investigated the involvement of PRMT5 in tumor formation. First, we showed that PRMT5 was associated with many human cancers, through statistical analysis of microarray data in the NCBI GEO database. Overexpression of ectopic PRMT5 per se or its specific shRNA enhanced or reduced cell growth under conditions of normal or low concentrations of serum, low cell density, and poor cell attachment. A stable clone that expressed exogenous PRMT5 formed tumors in nude mice, which demonstrated that PRMT5 is a potential oncoprotein. PRMT5 accelerated cell cycle progression through G1 phase and modulated regulators of G1; for example, it upregulated cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, CDK6, and cyclins D1, D2 and E1, and inactivated retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Moreover, PRMT5 activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signaling cascades. However, only inhibition of PI3K activity, and not overexpression of JNK, blocked PRMT5-induced cell proliferation. Further analysis of PRMT5 expression in 64 samples of human lung cancer tissues by microarray and western blot analysis revealed a tight association of PRMT5 with lung cancer. Knockdown of PRMT5 retarded cell growth of lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, we have characterized the cell-transforming activity of PRMT5 and delineated its underlying mechanisms for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-You W Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
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178
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Karkhanis V, Wang L, Tae S, Hu YJ, Imbalzano AN, Sif S. Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 regulates cellular response to DNA damage by methylating promoter histones H2A and H4 of the polymerase δ catalytic subunit gene, POLD1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29801-14. [PMID: 22761421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of histones by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) impacts genome organization and gene expression. In this report, we show that PRMT7 interacts with the BRG1-based hSWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and specifically methylates histone H2A Arg-3 (H2AR3) and histone H4 Arg-3 (H4R3). To elucidate the biological function of PRMT7, we knocked down its expression in NIH 3T3 cells and analyzed global gene expression. Our findings show that PRMT7 negatively regulates expression of genes involved in DNA repair, including ALKBH5, APEX2, POLD1, and POLD2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed that PRMT7 and dimethylated H2AR3 and H4R3 are enriched at target DNA repair genes in parental cells, whereas PRMT7 knockdown caused a significant decrease in PRMT7 recruitment and H2AR3/H4R3 methylation. Decreased PRMT7 expression also resulted in derepression of target DNA repair genes and enhanced cell resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Furthermore, we show that BRG1 co-localizes with PRMT7 on target promoters and that expression of a catalytically inactive form of BRG1 results in derepression of PRMT7 target DNA repair genes. Remarkably, reducing expression of individual PRMT7 target DNA repair genes showed that only the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase, POLD1, was able to resensitize PRMT7 knock-down cells to DNA-damaging agents. These results provide evidence for the important role played by PRMT7 in epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes and cellular response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrajesh Karkhanis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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179
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Wilting RH, Dannenberg JH. Epigenetic mechanisms in tumorigenesis, tumor cell heterogeneity and drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:21-38. [PMID: 22356866 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics and emerging targeted drugs is a devastating problem in the treatment of cancer patients. Multiple mechanisms contribute to drug resistance such as increased drug efflux, altered drug metabolism, secondary mutations in drug targets, and activation of downstream or parallel signal transduction pathways. The rapid kinetics, the reversibility of acquired drug resistance and the absence of genetic mutations suggest an epigenetic basis for drug insensitivity. Similar to the cellular variance seen in the human body, epigenetic mechanisms, through reversible histone modifications and DNA methylation patterns, generate a variety of transcriptional states resulting in a dynamic heterogeneous tumor cell population. Consequently, epigenomes favoring survival in the presence of a drug by aberrant transcription of drug transporters, DNA-repair enzymes and pro-apoptotic factors render cytotoxic and targeted drugs ineffective and allow selection of rare drug-resistant tumor cells. Recent advances in charting cancer genomes indeed strongly indicate a role for epigenetic regulators in driving cancer, which may result in the acquisition of additional (epi)genetic modifications leading to drug resistance. These observations have important clinical consequences as they provide an opportunity for "epigenetic drugs" to change reversible drug-resistance-associated epigenomes to prevent or reverse non-responsiveness to anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel H Wilting
- Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Division of Gene Regulation, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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180
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Lim JH, Choi YJ, Cho CH, Park JW. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 is an essential component of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:254-9. [PMID: 22266372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an enzyme that transfers one or two methyl groups to the arginine residues of histones or non-histone proteins, and that plays critical roles in cellular processes as diverse as receptor signaling and gene expression. Furthermore, PRMT5 is highly expressed in tumors, where it may be associated with tumor growth. Although much research has been conducted on PRMT5, little is known regarding its role in adaption to hypoxia. As hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a key player in hypoxic response, we examined the possible involvement of PRMT5 in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Of the siRNAs targeting PRMT1-8, only PRMT5 siRNA attenuated the hypoxic induction of HIF-1α in A549 cells, and this result was reproducible in all three cancer cell lines examined. PRMT5 knock-down also repressed the promoter activities and the transcript levels of HIF-1-governed genes. Mechanistically, de novo synthesis of HIF-1α protein was reduced in PRMT5-knocked-down A549 cells, and this was rescued by PRMT5 restoration. In contrast, HIF-1α transcription, RNA processing, and protein stability were unaffected by PRMT5 knock-down. Furthermore, PRMT5 was found to be essential for the HIF-1α translation initiated by the 5' UTR of HIF-1α mRNA. Given our results and previous reports, we believe that PRMT5 probably promotes tumor growth by stimulating cell proliferation and by participating in the construction of a tumor-favorable microenvironment via HIF-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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181
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Zhong J, Cao RX, Zu XY, Hong T, Yang J, Liu L, Xiao XH, Ding WJ, Zhao Q, Liu JH, Wen GB. Identification and characterization of novel spliced variants of PRMT2 in breast carcinoma. FEBS J 2011; 279:316-35. [PMID: 22093364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) participate in a number of cellular processes, including cell growth, nuclear/cytoplasmic protein shuttling, differentiation, RNA splicing and post-transcriptional regulation. PRMT2 (also known as HRMT1L1) is clearly involved in lung function, the inflammatory response, apoptosis promotion, Wnt signaling and leptin signaling regulation through different mechanisms. In this study, we report the molecular and cell biological characterization of three novel PRMT2 splice variants isolated from breast cancer cells and referred to as PRMT2α, PRMT2β and PRMT2γ. Compared with the wild-type PRMT2, these variants lack different motifs and therefore generate distinct C-terminal domains. Confocal microscopy scanning revealed a distinct intracellular localization of PRMT2 variants, suggesting that the alternatively spliced C-terminus of PRMT2 can directly influence its subcellular localization. Our findings reveal that these variants are capable of binding to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) both in vitro and in vivo, and the N-terminal regions of these variants contribute to ERα-PRMT2 interactions. Furthermore, these variants were proved to be able to enhance ERα-mediated transactivation activity. Luciferase reporter assays showed that PRMT2s could modulate promoter activities of the ERα-targeted genes of Snail and E-cadherin. In addition, PRMT2 silencing could enhance 17β-estradiol-induced proliferation by regulating E2F1 expression and E2F1-responsive genes in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that overall PRMT2 expression was upregulated in breast cancer tissues and significantly associated with ERα positivity status both in breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer tissues. We speculate that PRMT2 and its splice variants may directly modulate ERα signaling and play a role in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Clinical Medical Research Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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182
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Patel SR, Bhumbra SS, Paknikar RS, Dressler GR. Epigenetic mechanisms of Groucho/Grg/TLE mediated transcriptional repression. Mol Cell 2011; 45:185-95. [PMID: 22169276 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The repression of transcription, through the concerted actions of tissue specific DNA binding proteins, Polycomb repressor complexes, and DNA methylation, is essential for maintaining stem cell pluripotency and for cell fate specification in development. In this report, we show that recruitment of the co-repressor protein Grg4 to a Pax DNA-binding site displaces the adaptor protein PTIP and a histone H3K4me complex. Grg4 recruits the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 to chromatin resulting in symmetric H4R3 dimethylation. PRMT5 is essential for recruiting Polycomb proteins, in a Pax2/Grg4 dependent manner, which results in H3K27 methylation. These data define the early epigenetic events in response to Pax/Grg mediated gene repression and demonstrate that a single DNA binding protein can recruit either an activator or a repressor complex depending on the availability of Grg4. These data suggest a model for understanding the initiation of Groucho/Grg/TLE mediated gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevkumar R Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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183
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Huang J, Vogel G, Yu Z, Almazan G, Richard S. Type II arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 regulates gene expression of inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding Id2 and Id4 during glial cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44424-32. [PMID: 22041901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltranferase that catalyzes monomethylation and symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues. PRMT5 is functionally involved in a variety of biological processes including embryo development and circadian clock regulation. However, the role of PRMT5 in oligodendrocyte differentiation and central nervous system myelination is unknown. Here we show that PRMT5 expression gradually increases throughout postnatal brain development, coinciding with the period of active myelination. PRMT5 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. siRNA-mediated depletion of PRMT5 in mouse primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells abrogated oligodendrocyte differentiation. In addition, the PRMT5-depleted oligodendrocyte progenitor and C6 glioma cells expressed high levels of the inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding, Id2 and Id4, known repressors of glial cell differentiation. We observed that CpG-rich islands within the Id2 and Id4 genes were bound by PRMT5 and were hypomethylated in PRMT5-deficient cells, suggesting that PRMT5 plays a role in gene silencing during glial cell differentiation. Our findings define a role of PRMT5 in glial cell differentiation and link PRMT5 to epigenetic changes during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Huang
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and the Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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184
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Versatility of PRMT5-induced methylation in growth control and development. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:633-41. [PMID: 21975038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation governs important cellular processes that impact growth and proliferation, as well as differentiation and development. Through their ability to catalyze symmetric or asymmetric methylation of histone and non-histone proteins, members of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family regulate chromatin structure and expression of a wide spectrum of target genes. Unlike other PRMTs, PRMT5 works in concert with a variety of cellular proteins including ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers and co-repressors to induce epigenetic silencing. Recent work also implicates PRMT5 in the control of growth-promoting and pro-survival pathways, which demonstrates its versatility as an enzyme involved in both epigenetic regulation of anti-cancer target genes and organelle biogenesis. These studies not only provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which PRMT5 contributes to growth control, but also justify therapeutic targeting of PRMT5.
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185
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Yost JM, Korboukh I, Liu F, Gao C, Jin J. Targets in epigenetics: inhibiting the methyl writers of the histone code. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2011; 5:72-84. [PMID: 21966347 PMCID: PMC3178896 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301005010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are associated with the development of various human diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and psychiatric disorders. Given the significant role of these proteins in human disease, efforts to discover selective small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes are quickly gaining momentum. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the discovery of selective PKMT and PRMT inhibitors. A future perspective on developing methyltransferase inhibitors is also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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186
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Wu J, Xie N, Feng Y, Zheng YG. Scintillation proximity assay of arginine methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:237-44. [PMID: 21821785 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111414903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of arginine residues, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), is one important protein posttranslational modification involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A fast and effective assay for PRMT can provide valuable information for dissecting the biological functions of PRMTs, as well as for screening small-molecule inhibitors of arginine methylation. Currently, among the methods used for PRMT activity measurement, many contain laborious separation procedures, which restrict the applications of these assays for high-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery. The authors report here a mix-and-measure method to measure PRMT activity based on the principle of scintillation proximity assay (SPA). In this assay, (3)H-AdoMet was used as methyl donor, and biotin-modified histone H4 peptide served as a methylation substrate. Following the methylation reaction catalyzed by PRMTs, streptavidin-coated SPA beads were added to the reaction solution, and SPA signals were detected by a MicroBeta scintillation counter. No separation step is needed, which simplifies the assay procedure and greatly enhances the assay speed. Particularly, the miniaturization and robustness suggest that this method is suited for HTS of PRMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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187
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Zhong J, Cao RX, Hong T, Yang J, Zu XY, Xiao XH, Liu JH, Wen GB. Identification and expression analysis of a novel transcript of the human PRMT2 gene resulted from alternative polyadenylation in breast cancer. Gene 2011; 487:1-9. [PMID: 21820040 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The arginine N-methyltransferase 2 protein (PRMT2, also known as HRMT1L1) is thought to act as a coactivator of ERα. The present results show the occurrence of a novel transcript by alternative polyadenylation in the human PRMT2 gene. We demonstrated that the newly identified intron-retaining PRMT2L2 transcript is functionally intact, efficiently translated into protein in vivo. PRMT2 and PRMT2L2 mRNA expression profiles overlap with the distribution of ERα, with the strongest abundance in estrogen target tissues. Transient co-transfection assays demonstrated that PRMT2L2 enhance ERα-mediated transactivation activity of ERE-Luc in a ligand-dependent manner. Confocal microscopy scanning revealed a distinct intra-cellular localization of their fusion proteins, suggesting that the C-terminal region absent in PRMT2L2 is critical for the localization. Statistical analysis further showed that both PRMT2 and PRMT2L2 mRNAexpressions were up-regulated in breast cancer tissues, and significantly associated with ERα positivity status. Thus, post-transcriptional processing mechanism as alternative polyadenylation and splicing may play a crucial role in regulating human PRMT2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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188
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Tae S, Karkhanis V, Velasco K, Yaneva M, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Sif S. Bromodomain protein 7 interacts with PRMT5 and PRC2, and is involved in transcriptional repression of their target genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:5424-38. [PMID: 21447565 PMCID: PMC3141267 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification regulates gene expression, and one major regulatory step in this process is the ability of proteins that recognize epigenetic marks to recruit enzymes required to specify transcriptional outcome. Here we show that BRD7 is a component of hSWI–SNF complexes that interacts with PRMT5 and PRC2. Recruitment studies revealed that BRD7 co-localizes with PRMT5 and PRC2 on ‘suppressor of tumorigenecity 7’ (ST7) and retinoblastoma-like protein 2 (RBL2) promoters in patient-derived B cell lines, and that its association with these target genes correlates with hypermethylation of H3R8, H4R3 and H3K27. Furthermore, inhibition of BRD7 expression reduces PRMT5 and PRC2 recruitment to ST7 and RBL2 promoters; however, only ST7 becomes transcriptionally derepressed. Evaluation of the PRMT5- and PRC2-induced epigenetic marks revealed that while H3(Me2)R8, H4(Me2)R3 and H3(Me3)K27 marks are erased from the ST7 promoter, demethylation of RBL2 promoter histones is incomplete. We also show that the arginine demethylase (RDM) JMJD6, which can erase PRMT5-induced H4R3 methylation, and the H3K27-lysine-specific demethylases, KDM6A/UTX and KDM6B/JMJD3, are differentially recruited to ST7 and RBL2. These findings highlight the role played by BRD7 in PRMT5- and PRC2-induced transcriptional silencing, and indicate that recruitment of specific RDMs and KDMs is required for efficient transcriptional derepression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookil Tae
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH 43210, USA
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189
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Butler JS, Zurita-Lopez CI, Clarke SG, Bedford MT, Dent SYR. Protein-arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) methylates Ash2L, a shared component of mammalian histone H3K4 methyltransferase complexes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12234-44. [PMID: 21285357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.202416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple enzymes and enzymatic complexes coordinately regulate the addition and removal of post-translational modifications on histone proteins. The oncoprotein Ash2L is a component of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) family members 1-4, Setd1A, and Setd1B mammalian histone H3K4 methyltransferase complexes and is essential to maintain global trimethylation of histone H3K4. However, regulation of these complexes at the level of expression and activity remains poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that Ash2L is methylated on arginine residues both in vitro and in cells. We found that both protein-arginine methyltransferases 1 and 5 methylate Arg-296 within Ash2L. These findings are the first to demonstrate that post-translational modifications occur on the Ash2L protein and provide a novel example of cross-talk between chromatin-modifying enzyme complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Butler
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis at The Virginia Harris Cockrell Cancer Research Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Science Park, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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190
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Di Lorenzo A, Bedford MT. Histone arginine methylation. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:2024-31. [PMID: 21074527 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common posttranslational modification (PTM). This type of PTM occurs on both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, and is particularly abundant on shuttling proteins. In this review, we will focus on one aspect of this PTM: the diverse roles that arginine methylation of the core histone tails play in regulating chromatin function. A family of nine protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze methylation reactions, and a subset target histones. Importantly, arginine methylation of histone tails can promote or prevent the docking of key transcriptional effector molecules, thus playing a central role in the orchestration of the histone code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Lorenzo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957, United States
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191
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Feng Y, Li M, Wang B, Zheng YG. Discovery and Mechanistic Study of a Class of Protein Arginine Methylation Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6028-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100416n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- You Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Mingyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Yujun George Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
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192
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Xu X, Hoang S, Mayo MW, Bekiranov S. Application of machine learning methods to histone methylation ChIP-Seq data reveals H4R3me2 globally represses gene expression. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:396. [PMID: 20653935 PMCID: PMC2928206 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, biochemical studies have revealed that epigenetic modifications including histone modifications, histone variants and DNA methylation form a complex network that regulate the state of chromatin and processes that depend on it including transcription and DNA replication. Currently, a large number of these epigenetic modifications are being mapped in a variety of cell lines at different stages of development using high throughput sequencing by members of the ENCODE consortium, the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Program and the Human Epigenome Project. An extremely promising and underexplored area of research is the application of machine learning methods, which are designed to construct predictive network models, to these large-scale epigenomic data sets. Results Using a ChIP-Seq data set of 20 histone lysine and arginine methylations and histone variant H2A.Z in human CD4+ T-cells, we built predictive models of gene expression as a function of histone modification/variant levels using Multilinear (ML) Regression and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Along with extensive crosstalk among the 20 histone methylations, we found H4R3me2 was the most and second most globally repressive histone methylation among the 20 studied in the ML and MARS models, respectively. In support of our finding, a number of experimental studies show that PRMT5-catalyzed symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 is associated with repression of gene expression. This includes a recent study, which demonstrated that H4R3me2 is required for DNMT3A-mediated DNA methylation--a known global repressor of gene expression. Conclusion In stark contrast to univariate analysis of the relationship between H4R3me2 and gene expression levels, our study showed that the regulatory role of some modifications like H4R3me2 is masked by confounding variables, but can be elucidated by multivariate/systems-level approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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193
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Zhou Z, Sun X, Zou Z, Sun L, Zhang T, Guo S, Wen Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Qin J, Li L, Gong W, Bao S. PRMT5 regulates Golgi apparatus structure through methylation of the golgin GM130. Cell Res 2010; 20:1023-33. [PMID: 20421892 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the Golgi apparatus (GA) structure and function depends on Golgi matrix proteins. The posttranslational modification of Golgi proteins such as phosphorylation of members of the golgin and GRASP families is important for determining Golgi architecture. Some Golgi proteins including golgin-84 are also known to be methylated, but the function of golgin methylation remains unclear. Here, we show that the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) localizes to the GA and forms complexes with several components involved in GA ribbon formation and vesicle tethering. PRMT5 interacts with the golgin GM130, and depletion of PRMT5 causes defects in Golgi ribbon formation. Furthermore, PRMT5 methylates N-terminal arginines in GM130, and such arginine methylation appears critical for GA ribbon formation. Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which PRMT5-dependent arginine methylation of GM130 controls the maintenance of GA architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (IGDB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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194
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TbPRMT6 is a type I protein arginine methyltransferase that contributes to cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:866-77. [PMID: 20418380 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00018-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a widespread posttranslational modification of proteins catalyzed by a family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals, this modification affects multiple cellular processes, such as chromatin remodeling leading to transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, DNA repair, and cell signaling. The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei possesses five putative PRMTs in its genome. This is a large number of PRMTs relative to other unicellular eukaryotes, suggesting an important role for arginine methylation in trypanosomes. Here, we present the in vitro and in vivo characterization of a T. brucei enzyme homologous to human PRMT6, which we term TbPRMT6. Like human PRMT6, TbPRMT6 is a type I PRMT, catalyzing the production of monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine residues. In in vitro methylation assays, TbPRMT6 utilizes bovine histones as a substrate, but it does not methylate several T. brucei glycine/arginine-rich proteins. As such, it exhibits a relatively narrow substrate specificity compared to other T. brucei PRMTs. Knockdown of TbPRMT6 in both procyclic form and bloodstream form T. brucei leads to a modest but reproducible effect on parasite growth in culture. Moreover, upon TbPRMT6 depletion, both PF and BF exhibit aberrant morphologies indicating defects in cell division, and these defects differ in the two life cycle stages. Mass spectrometry of TbPRMT6-associated proteins reveals histones, components of the nuclear pore complex, and flagellar proteins that may represent TbPRMT6 substrates contributing to the observed growth and morphological defects.
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195
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Wang F, Qin HL. Reciprocal regulation between microRNAs and DNA methylation in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:808-814. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i8.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The research on the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) and DNA methylation belongs to the scope of epigenetics. Both microRNAs (miRNAs) and DNA methylation play an important role in the development and progression of human cancers. Recently, it has been demonstrated that there exist complex reciprocal regulatory mechanisms between microRNAs and DNA methylation. In this paper, we will give a review of the recent advances in understanding such reciprocal regulation in colorectal cancer, with an aim to offer new insight into the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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196
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Ren J, Wang Y, Liang Y, Zhang Y, Bao S, Xu Z. Methylation of ribosomal protein S10 by protein-arginine methyltransferase 5 regulates ribosome biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12695-705. [PMID: 20159986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of ribosomal assembly is a fine tuning mechanism for cell number and organ size control. Many ribosomal proteins undergo post-translational modification, but their exact roles remain elusive. Here, we report that ribosomal protein s10 (RPS10) is a novel substrate of an oncoprotein, protein-arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5). We show that PRMT5 interacts with RPS10 and catalyzes its methylation at the Arg(158) and Arg(160) residues. The methylation of RPS10 at Arg(158) and Arg(160) plays a role in the proper assembly of ribosomes, protein synthesis, and optimal cell proliferation. The RPS10-R158K/R160K mutant is not efficiently assembled into ribosomes and is unstable and prone to degradation by the proteasomal pathway. In nucleoli, RPS10 interacts with nucleophosmin/B23 and is predominantly concentrated in the granular component region, which is required for ribosome assembly. The RPS10 methylation mutant interacts weakly with nucleophosmin/B23 and fails to concentrate in the granular component region. Our results suggest that PRMT5 is likely to regulate cell proliferation through the methylation of ribosome proteins, and thus reveal a novel mechanism for PRMT5 in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqi Ren
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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197
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Kuhn P, Xu W. Protein arginine methyltransferases: nuclear receptor coregulators and beyond. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 87:299-342. [PMID: 20374708 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)87009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in diverse cellular functions. Several PRMTs have been associated with gene expression regulation, in which PRMTs act as histone methyltransferases, secondary coregulators of transcription, or facilitate mRNA splicing and stability. Additional functions include modulation of protein localization, ribosomal assembly, and signal transduction. At the organismal level, several PRMTs appear to be important for development and may play an important role in cancer. The relationships between their cellular and organismal functions are poorly understood; at least in part due to the large body of enzymatic substrates for PRMTs and their transcriptional targets that remain to be determined. Specific PRMT inhibitors have been developed in recent years, which should help to shed light on their diverse biological roles. Connecting PRMT cellular functions with their global effects on an organism will facilitate development of novel treatments for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuhn
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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198
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Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable chromatin alterations that contribute to the temporal and spatial interpretation of the genome. The epigenetic information is conveyed through a multitude of chemical modifications, including DNA methylation, reversible modifications of histones, and ATP-dependent nucleosomal remodeling. Deregulation of the epigenetic machinery contributes to the development of several pathologies, including cancer. Chromatin modifications are multiple and interdependent and they are dynamically modulated in the course of various biological processes. Combinations of chromatin modifications give rise to a complex code that is superimposed on the genetic code embedded into the DNA sequence to regulate cell function. This review addresses the role of epigenetic modifications in cancer, focusing primarily on histone methylation marks and the enzymes catalyzing their removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios C Kampranis
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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199
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Manni I, Artuso S, Careccia S, Rizzo MG, Baserga R, Piaggio G, Sacchi A. The microRNA miR-92 increases proliferation of myeloid cells and by targeting p63 modulates the abundance of its isoforms. FASEB J 2009; 23:3957-66. [PMID: 19608627 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-131847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are 21- to 23-nucleotide RNA molecules that regulate the stability or translational efficiency of target messenger RNAs of proteins involved in cell growth and apoptosis. miR-92 is part of the mir-17-92 cluster, which comprises members with an effect on cell proliferation. However, the role of miR-92 is unknown, and its targets have not been identified. Here, we describe a mechanism through which miR-92 contributes to regulate cell proliferation. Using a miR-92 synthetic double-strand oligonucleotide, we demonstrate that miR-92 increases 32D myeloid cell proliferation and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and inhibits cell death. The effect is miR-92 specific since the miR-92 antagomir inhibits cell proliferation. Moreover, we show that miR-92 acts by modulating p63-isoform abundance through down-regulatation of endogenous DeltaNp63beta. Using luciferase reporters containing p63 3'UTR fragments with wild-type or mutant miR-92 complementary sites, we demonstrate that the wild-type 3'UTR is a direct target of miR-92. Finally, we observed that a miR-92-resistant DeltaNp63beta isoform (without 3'UTR) inhibits cell proliferation and parallels the effect of the antagomir. We conclude that one of the molecular mechanisms through which miR-92 increases cell proliferation is by negative regulation of an isoform of the cell-cycle regulator p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Manni
- Experimental Oncology Department, Istituto Regina Elena, Via delle Messi D'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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200
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Porpaczy E, Bilban M, Heinze G, Gruber M, Vanura K, Schwarzinger I, Stilgenbauer S, Streubel B, Fonatsch C, Jaeger U. Gene expression signature of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with Trisomy 12. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:568-75. [PMID: 19453646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients is largely determined by the karyotype of the malignant clone. We have investigated the gene expression profile associated with trisomy 12 (+12). DESIGN Initially, unselected peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four patients with +12 were compared with 16 CLL controls using microarray analysis. RESULTS were validated by quantitative real-time PCR with RNA from 61 patients (29 with +12, 32 CLL controls). Results Seven genes showing the strongest correlation with +12 in microarray analysis were selected for real-time PCR: HIP1R, MYF6, SLC2A6, CD9 (overexpressed); CD200, P2RY14, RASGRP3 (underexpressed). Four genes were significantly associated with +12: HIP1R (P<0.0001), MYF6 (P=0.007), P2RY14 (P=0.014), CD200 (P=0.028). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis revealed that HIP1R expression was a highly sensitive and specific marker for +12 in CLL patients. MYF6 was exclusively expressed in normal or malignant B cells in peripheral blood but was poorly predictive for +12. As expected, a number of overexpressed genes are located on chromosome 12 (HIP1R, MYF6). Interestingly, both significantly underexpressed genes (P2RY14, CD200) reside on the long arm of chromosome 3 pointing to trans-repression in this region. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the molecular signature of trisomy 12 in CLL resulted in: (i) identification of a surrogate marker for PCR (HIP1R); (ii) observation of a gene dosage effect; and (iii) detection of specific underexpression of genes located on chromosome 3. These results should help to improve diagnosis and treatment decisions for patients with CLL and trisomy 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Porpaczy
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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