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Rapid and efficient clearance of blood-borne virus by liver sinusoidal endothelium. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002281. [PMID: 21980295 PMCID: PMC3182912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver removes quickly the great bulk of virus circulating in blood, leaving only a small fraction to infect the host, in a manner characteristic of each virus. The scavenger cells of the liver sinusoids are implicated, but the mechanism is entirely unknown. Here we show, borrowing a mouse model of adenovirus clearance, that nearly all infused adenovirus is cleared by the liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC). Using refined immunofluorescence microscopy techniques for distinguishing macrophages and endothelial cells in fixed liver, and identifying virus by two distinct physicochemical methods, we localized adenovirus 1 minute after infusion mainly to the LSEC (∼90%), finding ∼10% with Kupffer cells (KC) and none with hepatocytes. Electron microscopy confirmed our results. In contrast with much prior work claiming the main scavenger to be the KC, our results locate the clearance mechanism to the LSEC and identify this cell as a key site of antiviral activity. The liver has long been known as the garbage dump of the body, capable of rapidly removing hazardous pathogens and useless particles from the blood stream, thereby protecting the host. The only cell doing the removal has been thought to be the liver's macrophages. This is likely true for larger particles such as bacteria. But for smaller particles the size of virus or small antibody-antigen complexes, macrophages are probably not the cell responsible for the bulk of removal. We suggest, rather, it is the endothelial cell of the liver's blood circulatory system that takes up and destroys the majority of virus, doing so quickly (minutes) and extensively (>90%), leaving only a small fraction of circulating virus to infect the body in ways peculiar to each virus. To test this possibility, we infused mice intravenously with a harmless common cold virus and tracked its destination by molecular and microscopy methods. Affirming our conjecture, we found that ∼90% of the infused virus homed to the endothelium of the liver and ∼10% went to its macrophages. These data support a unique role, generally underappreciated, for the liver endothelium in viral clearance.
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152
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Khare R, Chen CY, Weaver EA, Barry MA. Advances and future challenges in adenoviral vector pharmacology and targeting. Curr Gene Ther 2011; 11:241-58. [PMID: 21453281 PMCID: PMC3267160 DOI: 10.2174/156652311796150363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus is a robust vector for therapeutic applications, but its use is limited by our understanding of its complex in vivo pharmacology. In this review we describe the necessity of identifying its natural, widespread, and multifaceted interactions with the host since this information will be crucial for efficiently redirecting virus into target cells. In the rational design of vectors, the notion of overcoming a sequence of viral "sinks" must be combined with re-targeting to target populations with capsid as well as shielding the vectors from pre-existing or toxic immune responses. It must also be noted that most known adenoviral pharmacology is deduced from the most commonly used serotypes, Ad5 and Ad2. However, these serotypes may not represent all adenoviruses, and may not even represent the most useful vectors for all purposes. Chimeras between Ad serotypes may become useful in engineering vectors that can selectively evade substantial viral traps, such as Kupffer cells, while retaining the robust qualities of Ad5. Similarly, vectorizing other Ad serotypes may become useful in avoiding immunity against Ad5 altogether. Taken together, this research on basic adenovirus biology will be necessary in developing vectors that interact more strategically with the host for the most optimal therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeti Khare
- Virology and Gene Therapy Program, Mayo Graduate School
| | - Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Eric A Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Program
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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153
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Liu W, Hou Y, Chen H, Wei H, Lin W, Li J, Zhang M, He F, Jiang Y. Sample preparation method for isolation of single-cell types from mouse liver for proteomic studies. Proteomics 2011; 11:3556-64. [PMID: 21751380 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It becomes increasingly clear that separation of pure cell populations provides a uniquely sensitive and accurate approach to protein profiling in biological systems and opens up a new area for proteomic analysis. The method we described could simultaneously isolate population of hepatocytes (HCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) by a combination of collagenase-based density gradient centrifugation and magnetic activated cell sorting with high purity and yield for the first time. More than 98% of the isolated HCs were positive for cytokeratin 18, with a viability of 91%. Approximately 97% of the isolated HSCs expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein with a viability of 95%. Nearly 98% of isolated KCs expressed F4/80 with a viability of 94%. And the purity of LSECs reached up to 91% with a viability of 94%. And yield for HCs, HSCs, LSECs and KCs were 6.3, 1.3, 2.6 and 5.0 million per mouse. This systematic isolation method enables us to study the proteome profiling of different types of liver cells with high purity and yield, which is especially useful for sample preparation of Human Liver Proteome Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P R China
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154
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Yuan ZX, Li JJ, Zhu D, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang ZR. Enhanced accumulation of low-molecular-weight chitosan in kidneys: a study on the influence of N-acetylation of chitosan on the renal targeting. J Drug Target 2011; 19:540-51. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.521158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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155
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Derkow K, Müller A, Eickmeier I, Seidel D, Rust Moreira MV, Kruse N, Klugewitz K, Mintern J, Wiedenmann B, Schott E. Failure of CD4 T-cells to respond to liver-derived antigen and to provide help to CD8 T-cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21847. [PMID: 21779338 PMCID: PMC3136477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T-cell help is required for the induction of efficient CD8 T-cells responses and the generation of memory cells. Lack of CD4 T-cell help may contribute to an exhausted CD8 phenotype and viral persistence. Little is known about priming of CD4 T-cells by liver-derived antigen. We used TF-OVA mice expressing ovalbumin in hepatocytes to investigate CD4 T-cell priming by liver-derived antigen and the impact of CD4 T-cell help on CD8 T-cell function. Naïve and effector CD4 T-cells specific for ovalbumin were transferred into TF-OVA mice alone or together with naïve ovalbumin-specific CD8 T-cells. T-cell activation and function were analyzed. CD4 T-cells ignored antigen presented by liver antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vitro and in vivo but were primed in the liver-draining lymph node and the spleen. No priming occurred in the absence of bone-marrow derived APCs capable of presenting ovalbumin in vivo. CD4 T-cells primed in TF-OVA mice displayed defective Th1-effector function and caused no liver damage. CD4 T-cells were not required for the induction of hepatitis by CD8 T-cells. Th1-effector but not naïve CD4 T-cells augmented the severity of liver injury caused by CD8 T-cells. Our data demonstrate that CD4 T-cells fail to respond to liver-derived antigen presented by liver APCs and develop defective effector function after priming in lymph nodes and spleen. The lack of CD4 T-cell help may be responsible for insufficient CD8 T-cell function against hepatic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Derkow
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ira Eickmeier
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcos Vicinius Rust Moreira
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Kruse
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Klugewitz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin (CBF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Justine Mintern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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156
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DeLeve LD, Jaeschke H, Kalra VK, Asahina K, Brenner DA, Tsukamoto H. 15th International Symposium on Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid, 2010. Liver Int 2011; 31:762-72. [PMID: 21645207 PMCID: PMC4388239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This is a meeting report of the presentations given at the 15th International Symposium on Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid, held in 2010. The areas covered include the contributions of the various liver cell populations to liver disease, molecular and cellular targets involved in steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and cancer and regenerative medicine. In addition to a review of the science presented at the meeting, this report provides references to recent literature on the topics covered at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D DeLeve
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90069, USA.
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157
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Weston CJ, Adams DH. Hepatic consequences of vascular adhesion protein-1 expression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:1055-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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158
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Li R, Oteiza A, Sørensen KK, McCourt P, Olsen R, Smedsrød B, Svistounov D. Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and stabilins in elimination of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G71-81. [PMID: 21030611 PMCID: PMC3025507 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherogenesis is associated with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its oxidized form (oxLDL) in the blood. The liver is an important scavenger organ for circulating oxLDLs. The present study aimed to examine endocytosis of mildly oxLDL (the major circulating form of oxLDLs) in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the involvement of the scavenger receptors stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 in this process. Freshly isolated LSECs, Kupffer cells (KCs), and stabilin-1- and stabilin-2-transfected human embryonic kidney cells were incubated with fluorescently labeled or radiolabeled oxLDLs [oxidized for 3 h (oxLDL(3)), 6 h, or 24 h (oxLDL(24))] to measure endocytosis. The intracellular localization of oxLDLs and stabilins in LSECs was examined by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy. Whereas oxLDL(24) was endocytosed both by LSECs and KCs, oxLDL(3) (mildly oxLDL) was taken up by LSECs only. The LSEC uptake of oxLDLs was significantly inhibited by the scavenger receptor ligand formaldehyde-treated serum albumin. Uptake of all modified LDLs was high in stabilin-1-transfected cells, whereas stabilin-2-transfected cells preferentially took up oxLDL(24), suggesting that stabilin-1 is a more important receptor for mildly oxLDLs than stabilin-2. Double immunogold labeling experiments in LSECs indicated interactions of stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 with oxLDL(3) on the cell surface, in coated pits, and endocytic vesicles. LSECs but not KCs endocytosed mildly oxLDL. Both stabilin-1 and stabilin-2 were involved in the LSEC endocytosis of oxLDLs, but experiments with stabilin-transfected cells pointed to stabilin-1 as the most important receptor for mildly oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
| | - Ana Oteiza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
| | | | - Peter McCourt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
| | - Randi Olsen
- 2Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 1Vascular Biology Research Group and
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159
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Huebert RC, Jagavelu K, Liebl AF, Huang BQ, Splinter PL, LaRusso NF, Urrutia RA, Shah VH. Immortalized liver endothelial cells: a cell culture model for studies of motility and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2010; 90:1770-81. [PMID: 20644520 PMCID: PMC2992582 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) are a unique subpopulation of fenestrated endothelial cells lining the hepatic sinusoids and comprising the majority of endothelial cells within the liver. HSECs not only have important roles in blood clearance, vascular tone, and immunity, but also undergo pathological changes, contributing to fibrosis, angiogenesis, and portal hypertension. There are few cell culture models for in vitro studies of motility and angiogenesis as primary cells are time-consuming to isolate, are limited in number, and often lack features of pathological vasculature. The aim of this study was to generate an immortalized cell line derived from HSECs that mimic pathological vasculature and allows detailed molecular interventions to be pursued. HSECs were isolated from mouse liver using CD31-based immunomagnetic separation, immortalized with SV40 large T-antigen, and subcloned on the basis of their ability to endocytose the acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL). The resulting cell line, transformed sinusoidal endothelial cells (TSECs), maintains an endothelial phenotype as well as some HSEC-specific features. This is evidenced by typical microscopic features of endothelia, including formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, and a cobblestone morphology of cell monolayers. Electron microscopy showed maintenance of a limited number of fenestrae organized in sieve plates. TSECs express numerous endothelia-specific markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand's factor (vWF), as detected by PCR array, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence (IF). Functionally, TSECs maintain a number of key endothelial features, including migration in response to angiogenic factors, formation of vascular tubes, endocytosis of AcLDL, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Their phenotype most closely resembles the pathological neovasculature associated with chronic liver disease, in which cells become proliferative, defenestrated, and angiogenic. Importantly, the cells can be transduced efficiently with viral vectors. TSECs should provide a reproducible cell culture model for high-throughput in vitro studies pertaining to a broad range of liver endothelial cell functions, but likely broader endothelial cell biology as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Huebert
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ann F. Liebl
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Bing Q. Huang
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Patrick L. Splinter
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905,Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Raul A. Urrutia
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905,Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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160
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161
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Ren H, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Lu S, Chen Z, Meng L, Zhu X, Yang S, Xing W, Xiao Y, Ren Q, Chi Y, Gu D, Yang R, Han ZC. No contribution of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells to capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids accompanied by hepatic differentiation in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver fibrosis. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:371-83. [PMID: 20184502 DOI: 10.3109/14653241003596661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The acceleration of capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids after cell therapy would not be beneficial to restoration after liver disease. The goal was to observe the effects of umbilical cord (UC)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on liver microcirculation and their therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis. METHODS Human UC MSC labeled with or without CM-DIL were transplanted into NOD/SCID mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver fibrosis models. Because of the high autofluorescence on the injured liver sections, we used immunohistochemistry, Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but not immunofluorescence, in order to avoid false images under a confocal fluorescence microscope. RESULTS Human-specific alpha-fetoprotein and albumin mRNA and proteins were detected in CCl4-treated mouse livers receiving human UC MSC transplants. We only observed the gene expression of human-specific endothelial-like cells markers CD31 and KDR by RT-PCR, but not protein expression by immunohistochemistry, in UC MSC-transplanted mouse livers. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in injured livers 4 weeks after UC MSC transplantation was higher than in normal livers. However, UC MSC injection did not increase significantly the vascular density labeled by CD31 and (vWF) in the injured livers of UC MSC-transplanted mice compared with non-transplanted mice after CCl4 treatment. In addition, liver function was partly improved after UC MSC transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Human UC MSC can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells but do not accelerate the capillarization and venularization of hepatic sinusoids, finally leading to the partial improvement of liver function in mice with CCl4-mediated chronic liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union of Medical College, Tianjin, China
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162
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Connolly MK, Bedrosian AS, Malhotra A, Henning JR, Ibrahim J, Vera V, Cieza-Rubio NE, Hassan BU, Pachter HL, Cohen S, Frey AB, Miller G. In hepatic fibrosis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells acquire enhanced immunogenicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2200-8. [PMID: 20639479 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The normal liver is characterized by immunologic tolerance. Primary mediators of hepatic immune tolerance are liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). LSECs block adaptive immunogenic responses to Ag and induce the generation of T regulatory cells. Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by both intense intrahepatic inflammation and altered hepatic immunity. We postulated that, in liver fibrosis, a reversal of LSEC function from tolerogenic to proinflammatory and immunogenic may contribute to both the heightened inflammatory milieu and altered intrahepatic immunity. We found that, after fibrotic liver injury from hepatotoxins, LSECs become highly proinflammatory and secrete an array of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, LSECs gain enhanced capacity to capture Ag and induce T cell proliferation. Similarly, unlike LSECs in normal livers, in fibrosis, LSECs do not veto dendritic cell priming of T cells. Furthermore, whereas in normal livers, LSECs are active in the generation of T regulatory cells, in hepatic fibrosis LSECs induce an immunogenic T cell phenotype capable of enhancing endogenous CTLs and generating potent de novo CTL responses. Moreover, depletion of LSECs from fibrotic liver cultures mitigates the proinflammatory milieu characteristic of hepatic fibrosis. Our findings offer a critical understanding of the role of LSECs in modulating intrahepatic immunity and inflammation in fibro-inflammatory liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Connolly
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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163
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Onori P, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Alpini G, Francis H. Histamine regulation of hyperplastic and neoplastic cell growth in cholangiocytes. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:38-49. [PMID: 21607141 PMCID: PMC3097946 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine has long been known to be involved in inflammatory events. The discovery of antihistamines dates back to the first half of the 20th century when a Swiss-Italian pharmacologist, Daniel Bovet began his work. In 1957 he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his production of antihistamines for allergy relief. Since that time, histamine has been found to play a role in other events besides allergic reaction. Possibly unbelievable to Bovet and his peers, histamine has now been marked as playing a role in liver pathologies including hepatobiliary diseases.
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164
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Zellweger RM, Prestwood TR, Shresta S. Enhanced infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in a mouse model of antibody-induced severe dengue disease. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 7:128-39. [PMID: 20153282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes disease ranging from dengue fever (DF), a self-limited febrile illness, to the potentially lethal dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). DHF/DSS usually occurs in patients who have acquired DENV-reactive antibodies prior to infection, either from a previous infection with a heterologous DENV serotype or from an immune mother. Hence, it has been hypothesized that subneutralizing levels of antibodies exacerbate disease, a phenomenon termed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). However, given the lack of suitable animal models for DENV infection, the mechanism of ADE and its contribution to pathology remain elusive. Here we demonstrate in mice that DENV-specific antibodies can sufficiently increase severity of disease so that a mostly nonlethal illness becomes a fatal disease resembling human DHF/DSS. Antibodies promote massive infection of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), resulting in increased systemic levels of virus. Thus, a subprotective humoral response may, under some circumstances, have pathological consequences.
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165
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Abstract
Embryonic development of the liver has been studied intensely, yielding insights that impact diverse areas of developmental and cell biology. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that control hepatogenesis has also laid the basis for the rational differentiation of stem cells into cells that display many hepatic functions. Here, we review the basic molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the liver as an organ.
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166
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Dash A, Inman W, Hoffmaster K, Sevidal S, Kelly J, Obach RS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Liver tissue engineering in the evaluation of drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1159-74. [PMID: 19637986 PMCID: PMC4110978 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903160664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of drug-liver interactions is an integral part of predicting the safety profile of new drugs. Existing model systems range from in vitro cell culture models to FDA-mandated animal tests. Data from these models often fail, however, to predict human liver toxicity, resulting in costly failures of clinical trials. In vitro screens based on cultured hepatocytes are now commonly used in early stages of development, but many toxic responses in vivo seem to be mediated by a complex interplay among several different cell types. We discuss some of the evolving trends in liver cell culture systems applied to drug safety assessment and describe an experimental model that captures complex liver physiology through incorporation of heterotypic cell-cell interactions, 3D architecture and perfused flow. We demonstrate how heterotypic interactions in this system can be manipulated to recreate an inflammatory environment and apply the model to test compounds that potentially exhibit idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Finally, we provide a perspective on how the range of existing and emerging in vitro liver culture approaches, from simple to complex, might serve needs across the range of stages in drug discovery and development, including applications in molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Dash
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Walker Inman
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha Sevidal
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joan Kelly
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Research Technology Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Underwood-Prescott Professor of Toxicology and Chemistry, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Office 56-731A, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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167
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Nedredal GI, Elvevold K, Ytrebø LM, Fuskevåg OM, Pettersen I, McCourt PAG, Bertheussen K, Smedsrød B, Revhaug A. Porcine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells contribute significantly to intrahepatic ammonia metabolism. Hepatology 2009; 50:900-8. [PMID: 19585612 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ammonia metabolism in the liver has been largely credited to hepatocytes (HCs). We have shown that liver nonparenchymal cells that include liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) produce ammonia. To address the limited knowledge regarding a role for LSECs in ammonia metabolism, we investigated the ammonia metabolism of isolated LSECs and HCs under three different conditions: (1) bioreactors containing LSECs (LSEC-bioreactors), (2) bioreactors containing HCs (HC-bioreactors), and (3) separate bioreactors containing LSECs and HCs connected in sequence (Seq-bioreactors). Our results showed that LSEC-bioreactors released six-fold more ammonia (22.2 nM/hour/10(6) cells) into the growth media than HC-bioreactors (3.3 nM/hour/10(6) cells) and Seq-bioreactors (3.8 nM/hour/10(6) cells). The glutamate released by LSEC-bioreactors (32.0 nM/hour/10(6) cells) was over four-fold larger than that released by HC-bioreactors and Seq-bioreactors (<7 nM/hour/10(6) cells). LSEC-bioreactors and HC-bioreactors consumed large amounts of glutamine (>25 nM/hour/10(6) cells). Glutaminase is known for catalyzing glutamine into glutamate and ammonia. To determine if this mechanism may be responsible for the large levels of glutamate and ammonia found in LSEC-bioreactors, immunolabeling of glutaminase and messenger RNA expression were tested. Our results demonstrated that glutaminase was present with colocalization of an LSEC-specific functional probe in lysosomes of LSECs. Furthermore, using a nucleotide sequence specific for kidney-type glutaminase, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that this isoform of glutaminase was expressed in porcine LSECs. CONCLUSION LSECs released large amounts of ammonia, perhaps due to the presence of glutaminase in lysosomes. The ammonia and glutamate released by LSECs in Seq-bioreactors were used by hepatocytes, suggesting an intrahepatic collaboration between these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir I Nedredal
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Northern Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norway
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168
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Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are a site of murine cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation. J Virol 2009; 83:8869-84. [PMID: 19535440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00870-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) is frequently transmitted by organ transplantation, and its reactivation under conditions of immunosuppressive prophylaxis against graft rejection by host-versus-graft disease bears a risk of graft failure due to viral pathogenesis. CMV is the most common cause of infection following liver transplantation. Although hematopoietic cells of the myeloid lineage are a recognized source of latent CMV, the cellular sites of latency in the liver are not comprehensively typed. Here we have used the BALB/c mouse model of murine CMV infection to identify latently infected hepatic cell types. We performed sex-mismatched bone marrow transplantation with male donors and female recipients to generate latently infected sex chromosome chimeras, allowing us to distinguish between Y-chromosome (gene sry or tdy)-positive donor-derived hematopoietic descendants and Y-chromosome-negative cells of recipients' tissues. The viral genome was found to localize primarily to sry-negative CD11b(-) CD11c(-) CD31(+) CD146(+) cells lacking major histocompatibility complex class II antigen (MHC-II) but expressing murine L-SIGN. This cell surface phenotype is typical of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Notably, sry-positive CD146(+) cells were distinguished by the expression of MHC-II and did not harbor latent viral DNA. In this model, the frequency of latently infected cells was found to be 1 to 2 per 10(4) LSECs, with an average copy number of 9 (range, 4 to 17) viral genomes. Ex vivo-isolated, latently infected LSECs expressed the viral genes m123/ie1 and M122/ie3 but not M112-M113/e1, M55/gB, or M86/MCP. Importantly, in an LSEC transfer model, infectious virus reactivated from recipients' tissue explants with an incidence of one reactivation per 1,000 viral-genome-carrying LSECs. These findings identified LSECs as the main cellular site of murine CMV latency and reactivation in the liver.
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169
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Satchell SC, Braet F. Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: an integral component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F947-56. [PMID: 19129259 PMCID: PMC2681366 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90601.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) fenestrations are analogous to podocyte filtration slits, but their important contribution to the glomerular filtration barrier has not received corresponding attention. GEnC fenestrations are transcytoplasmic holes, specialized for their unique role as a prerequisite for filtration across the glomerular capillary wall. Glomerular filtration rate is dependent on the fractional area of the fenestrations and, through the glycocalyx they contain, GEnC fenestrations are important in restriction of protein passage. Hence, dysregulation of GEnC fenestrations may be associated with both renal failure and proteinuria, and the pathophysiological importance of GEnC fenestrations is well characterized in conditions such as preeclampsia. Recent evidence suggests a wider significance in repair of glomerular injury and in common, yet serious, conditions, including diabetic nephropathy. Study of endothelial cell fenestrations is challenging because of limited availability of suitable in vitro models and by the requirement for electron microscopy to image these sub-100-nm structures. However, extensive evidence, from glomerular development in rodents to in vitro studies in human GEnC, points to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a key inducer of fenestrations. In systemic endothelial fenestrations, the intracellular pathways through which VEGF acts to induce fenestrations include a key role for the fenestral diaphragm protein plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein-1 (PV-1). The role of PV-1 in GEnC is less clear, not least because of controversy over existence of GEnC fenestral diaphragms. In this article, the structure-function relationships of GEnC fenestrations will be evaluated in depth, their role in health and disease explored, and the outlook for future study and therapeutic implications of these peculiar structures will be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Satchell
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Paul O'Gorman Lifeline Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
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170
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Straub AC, Klei LR, Stolz DB, Barchowsky A. Arsenic requires sphingosine-1-phosphate type 1 receptors to induce angiogenic genes and endothelial cell remodeling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1949-58. [PMID: 19349368 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic in drinking water is a major public health concern as it increases risk and incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Arsenic exposure affects multiple vascular beds, promoting liver sinusoidal capillarization and portal hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and tumor angiogenesis. While Rac1-GTPase and NADPH oxidase activities are essential for arsenic-stimulated endothelial cell signaling for angiogenesis or liver sinusoid capillarization, the mechanism for initiating these effects is unknown. We found that arsenic-stimulated cell signaling and angiogenic gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells were Pertussis toxin sensitive, indicating a G-protein coupled signaling pathway. Incubating human microvascular endothelial cells with the sphingosine-1-phosphate type 1 receptor (S1P(1)) inhibitor VPC23019 or performing small interfering RNA knockdown of S1P(1) blocked arsenic-stimulated HMVEC angiogenic gene expression and tube formation, but did not affect induction of either HMOX1 or IL8. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) defenestrate and capillarize in response to aging and environmental oxidant stresses. We found that S1P(1) was enriched on LSECs in vivo and in primary cell culture and that VPC23019 inhibited both sphingosine-1-phosphate-stimulated and arsenic-stimulated LSEC oxidant generation and defenestration. These studies identified novel roles for S1P(1) in mediating arsenic stimulation of both angiogenesis and pathogenic LSEC capillarization, as well as demonstrating a role for S1P(1) in mediating environmental responses in the liver vasculature, providing possible mechanistic insight into arsenic-induced vascular pathogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Straub
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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171
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Straub AC, Clark KA, Ross MA, Chandra AG, Li S, Gao X, Pagano PJ, Stolz DB, Barchowsky A. Arsenic-stimulated liver sinusoidal capillarization in mice requires NADPH oxidase-generated superoxide. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3980-9. [PMID: 19033667 DOI: 10.1172/jci35092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental arsenic exposure, through drinking contaminated water, is a significant risk factor for developing vascular diseases and is associated with liver portal hypertension, vascular shunting, and portal fibrosis through unknown mechanisms. We found that the addition of low doses of arsenite to the drinking water of mice resulted in marked pathologic remodeling in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), including SEC defenestration, capillarization, increased junctional PECAM-1 expression, protein nitration, and decreased liver clearance of modified albumin. Furthermore, the pathologic changes observed after in vivo exposure were recapitulated in isolated mouse SECs exposed to arsenic in culture. To investigate the role of NADPH oxidase-generated ROS in this remodeling, we examined the effect of arsenite in the drinking water of mice deficient for the p47 subunit of the NADPH oxidase and found that knockout mice were protected from arsenite-induced capillarization and protein nitration. Furthermore, ex vivo arsenic exposure increased SEC superoxide generation, and this effect was inhibited by addition of a Nox2 inhibitor and quenched by the cell-permeant superoxide scavenger. In addition, inhibiting either oxidant generation or Rac1-GTPase blocked ex vivo arsenic-stimulated SEC differentiation and dysfunction. Our data indicate that a Nox2-based oxidase is required for SEC capillarization and that it may play a central role in vessel remodeling following environmentally relevant arsenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Straub
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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172
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Abstract
The deposition of increased and abnormal extracellular matrix is the hallmark of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are well known as the major source of the fibrillar collagens and other components of the liver scar, but are now appreciated to be only one of many potentially fibrogenic cell populations in the diseased liver. Portal fibroblasts and circulating mesenchymal cells derived from the bone marrow are also important sources of matrix proteins in fibrosis. Recent data suggest that hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, similarly assuming a fibrogenic phenotype. Sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes produce specific matrix proteins important in liver health and disease. The future challenge will be to define more explicitly the roles of these different fibrogenic cell populations in fibrosis in a disease-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Wells
- (Gastroenterology) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
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173
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Cogger VC, Arias IM, Warren A, McMahon AC, Kiss DL, Avery VM, Le Couteur DG. The response of fenestrations, actin, and caveolin-1 to vascular endothelial growth factor in SK Hep1 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G137-G145. [PMID: 18497335 PMCID: PMC2494729 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To study the regulation of fenestrations by vascular endothelial growth factor in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, SK Hep1 cells were transfected with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-actin and GFP-caveolin-1. SK Hep1 cells had pores; some of which appeared to be fenestrations (diameter 55 +/- 28 nm, porosity 2.0 +/- 1.4%), rudimentary sieve plates, bristle-coated micropinocytotic vesicles and expressed caveolin-1, von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and clathrin, but not CD31. There was avid uptake of formaldehyde serum albumin, consistent with endocytosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor caused an increase in porosity to 4.8 +/- 2.6% (P < 0.01) and pore diameter to 104 +/- 59 nm (P < 0.001). GFP-actin was expressed throughout the cells, whereas GFP-caveolin-1 had a punctate appearance; both responded to vascular endothelial growth factor by contraction toward the nucleus over hours in parallel with the formation of fenestrations. SK Hep1 cells resemble liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and the vascular endothelial growth factor-induced formation of fenestration-like pores is preceded by contraction of actin cytoskeleton and attached caveolin-1 toward the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Cogger
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Irwin M. Arias
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alessandra Warren
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aisling C. McMahon
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Debra L. Kiss
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David G. Le Couteur
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing (CERA) and ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; National Institute of Health and National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; and Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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