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Wypij M, Czarnecka J, Świecimska M, Dahm H, Rai M, Golinska P. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Streptomyces xinghaiensis OF1 strain. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:23. [PMID: 29305718 PMCID: PMC5756267 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Streptomyces xinghaiensis OF1 strain, which were characterised by UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta sizer, Nano tracking analyser, and Transmission electron microscopy. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs alone, and in combination with antibiotics was evaluated against bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and yeasts viz., Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur by using micro-dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biocidal concentration of AgNPs against bacterial and yeast strains were determined. Synergistic effect of AgNPs in combination with antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics was determined by FIC index. In addition, MTT assay was performed to study cytotoxicity of AgNPs alone and in combination with antibiotics against mouse fibroblasts and HeLa cell line. Biogenic AgNPs were stable, spherical, small, polydispersed and capped with organic compounds. The variable antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was observed against tested bacteria and yeasts. The lowest MIC (16 µg ml-1) of AgNPs was found against P. aeruginosa, followed by C. albicans and M. furfur (both 32 µg ml-1), B. subtilis and E. coli (both 64 µg ml-1), and then S. aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae (256 µg ml-1). The high synergistic effect of antibiotics in combination with AgNPs against tested strains was found. The in vitro cytotoxicity of AgNPs against mouse fibroblasts and cancer HeLa cell lines revealed a dose dependent potential. The IC50 value of AgNPs was found in concentrations of 4 and 3.8 µg ml-1, respectively. Combination of AgNPs and antibiotics significantly decreased concentrations of both antimicrobials used and retained their high antibacterial and antifungal activity. The synthesis of AgNPs using S. xinghaiensis OF1 strain is an eco-friendly, cheap and nontoxic method. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs could result from their small size. Remarkable synergistic effect of antibiotics and AgNPs offer their valuable potential in nanomedicine for clinical application as a combined therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wypij
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87 100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Czarnecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87 100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Świecimska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87 100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Hanna Dahm
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87 100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444602, India
| | - Patrycja Golinska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87 100, Toruń, Poland.
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152
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Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections affect more than one-fourth of world's population. The pathogenesis and severity of fungal infection depend on various immunological and nonimmunological factors. The rampant use of antifungal therapy in immunocompromised individuals marked the onset of antifungal drug resistance. Fungal resistance can be microbiological or clinical. Microbiological resistance depends on various fungal factors which have established due to genetic alteration in the fungi. Clinical resistance is due to host- or drug-related factors. All these factors may cause fungal resistance individually or in tandem. In addition to standardized susceptibility testing and appropriate drug dosing, one of the ways to avoid resistance is the use of combinational antifungal therapy. Combination therapy also offers advantages in increased synergistic action with enhanced spectrum activity. Newer insights into mechanisms of drug resistance will help in the development of appropriate antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadraj Pai
- Department of Dermatology, Goa Medical College, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Ajantha Ganavalli
- Department of Microbiology, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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153
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154
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Thamban Chandrika N, Shrestha SK, Ngo HX, Tsodikov OV, Howard KC, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Alkylated Piperazines and Piperazine-Azole Hybrids as Antifungal Agents. J Med Chem 2017; 61:158-173. [PMID: 29256601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of fluconazole (FLC) and other azole drugs has caused the emergence and rise of azole-resistant fungi. The fungistatic nature of FLC in combination with toxicity concerns have resulted in an increased demand for new azole antifungal agents. Herein, we report the synthesis and antifungal activity of novel alkylated piperazines and alkylated piperazine-azole hybrids, their time-kill studies, their hemolytic activity against murine erythrocytes, as well as their cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Many of these molecules exhibited broad-spectrum activity against all tested fungal strains, with excellent minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against non-albicans Candida and Aspergillus strains. The most promising compounds were found to be less hemolytic than the FDA-approved antifungal agent voriconazole (VOR). Finally, we demonstrate that the synthetic alkylated piperazine-azole hybrids do not function by fungal membrane disruption, but instead by disruption of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway via inhibition of the 14α-demethylase enzyme present in fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Thamban Chandrika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sanjib K Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Huy X Ngo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Kaitlind C Howard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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155
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de Souza Araújo E, Pimenta AS, Feijó FMC, Castro RVO, Fasciotti M, Monteiro TVC, de Lima KMG. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of pyroligneous acid from wood of Eucalyptus urograndis and Mimosa tenuiflora. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:85-96. [PMID: 29095556 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of two types of pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of wood of Mimosa tenuiflora and of a hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis. METHODS AND RESULTS Wood wedges were carbonized on a heating rate of 1·25°C min-1 until 450°C. Pyrolysis smoke was trapped and condensed to yield liquid products. Crude pyrolysis liquids were bidistilled under 5 mmHg vacuum yielding purified PA. Multi-antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) had their sensitivity to PA evaluated using agar diffusion test. Two yeasts were evaluated as well, Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Cryptococcus neoformans. GC-MS analysis of both PAs was carried out to obtain their chemical composition. Regression analysis was performed, and models were adjusted, with diameter of inhibition halos and PA concentration (100, 50 and 20%) as parameters. Identity of regression models and equality of parameters in polynomial orthogonal equations were verified. Inhibition halos were observed in the range 15-25 mm of diameter. CONCLUSIONS All micro-organisms were inhibited by both types of PA even in the lowest concentration of 20%. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The feasibility of the usage of PAs produced with wood species planted in large scale in Brazil was evident and the real potential as a basis to produce natural antibacterial and antifungal agents, with real possibility to be used in veterinary and zootechnical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Souza Araújo
- Agricultural Sciences Academic Unit, Forest Sciences Graduate Program - PPGCFL, Forest, Bioenergy and Environment Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - A S Pimenta
- Agricultural Sciences Academic Unit, Forest Sciences Graduate Program - PPGCFL, Forest, Bioenergy and Environment Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - F M C Feijó
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Semiarid - UFERSA, Natal, Brazil
| | - R V O Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Sete Lagoas Campus, Federal University of São João del Rei - UFSJ, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
| | - M Fasciotti
- Division of Chemical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T V C Monteiro
- Division of Chemical Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K M G de Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemistry Graduate Program, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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156
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Hall C, Hardin C, Corkins CJ, Jiwani AZ, Fletcher J, Carlsson A, Chan R. Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Current Treatments for Cutaneous Sequelae of Burn Wounds. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:371-405. [PMID: 29357133 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Burn injuries are a pervasive clinical problem. Extensive thermal trauma can be life-threatening or result in long-lasting complications, generating a significant impact on quality of life for patients as well as a cost burden to the healthcare system. The importance of addressing global or systemic issues such as resuscitation and management of inhalation injuries is not disputed but is beyond the scope of this review, which focuses on cutaneous pathophysiologic mechanisms for current treatments, both in the acute and long-term settings. Pathophysiological mechanisms of burn progression and wound healing are mediated by highly complex cascades of cellular and biochemical events, which become dysregulated in slow-healing wounds such as burns. Burns can result in fibroproliferative scarring, skin contractures, or chronic wounds that take weeks or months to heal. Burn injuries are highly individualized owing to wound-specific differences such as burn depth and surface area, in addition to patient-specific factors including genetics, immune competency, and age. Other extrinsic complications such as microbial infection can complicate wound healing, resulting in prolonged inflammation and delayed re-epithelialization. Although mortality is decreasing with advancements in burn care, morbidity from postburn deformities continues to be a challenge. Optimizing specialized acute care and late burn outcome intervention on a patient-by-patient basis is critical for successful management of burn wounds and the associated pathological scar outcome. Understanding the fundamentals of integument physiology and the cellular processes involved in wound healing is essential for designing effective treatment strategies for burn wound care as well as development of future therapies. Published 2018. Compr Physiol 8:371-405, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hall
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolyn Hardin
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Corkins
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA.,Clinical Division and Burn Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alisha Z Jiwani
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA.,Clinical Division and Burn Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Fletcher
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA.,Clinical Division and Burn Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anders Carlsson
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA.,Clinical Division and Burn Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney Chan
- Quality Skin Collaborative for Advanced Reconstruction and Regeneration (Q-SCARRTM), Dental Craniofacial Trauma Research Division, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA.,Clinical Division and Burn Center, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Ft. Sam Houston, TX, USA
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157
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Fuentefria AM, Pippi B, Dalla Lana DF, Donato KK, de Andrade SF. Antifungals discovery: an insight into new strategies to combat antifungal resistance. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 66:2-13. [PMID: 29112282 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Undeniably, new antifungal treatments are necessary against pathogenic fungi. Fungal infections have significantly increased in recent decades, being highlighted as important causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Five main antifungal classes are used: (i) azoles, (ii) echinocandins, (iii) polyenes, (iv) allylamines and (v) pyrimidine analogues. Moreover, the treatment of mycoses has several limitations, such as undesirable side effects, narrow activity spectrum, a small number of targets and fungal resistance, which are still of major concern in clinical practice. The discovery of new antifungals is mostly achieved by the screening of natural or synthetic/semisynthetic chemical compounds. The most recent discoveries in drug resistance mechanism and their avoidance were explored in a review, focusing on different antifungal targets, as well as new agents or strategies, such as combination therapy, that could improve antifungal therapy. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The failure to respond to antifungal therapy is complex and is associated with microbiological resistance and increased expression of virulence in fungal pathogens. Thus, this review offers an overview of current challenges in the treatment of fungal infections associated with increased antifungal drug resistance and the formation of biofilms in these opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the most recent and potential strategies to combat fungal pathogens are explored here, focusing on new agents as well as innovative approaches, such as combination therapy between antifungal drugs or with natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - B Pippi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D F Dalla Lana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - K K Donato
- MackGraphe (Graphene and Nano-Material Research Center), Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S F de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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158
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Osaigbovo II, Lofor PV, Oladele RO. Fluconazole Resistance among Oral Candida Isolates from People Living with HIV/AIDS in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040069. [PMID: 29371583 PMCID: PMC5753171 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis, a common fungal infection in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), arises from Candida species colonizing the oral cavity. Fluconazole is the preferred treatment and is often used empirically. Few studies have investigated the prevalence of fluconazole resistance in Nigeria. This study aimed at determining the burden of fluconazole resistance among Candida species in the oral cavities of PLWHA. We sampled the oral cavities of 350 HIV-infected adults and an equal number of HIV-negative controls. Candida isolates were identified using germ tube tests, CHROMagar Candida (CHROMagar, Paris, France), and API Candida yeast identification system (BioMérieux, Marcy-l’Étoile, France). Fluconazole susceptibility was determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute disc diffusion method. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The isolation rates for Candida amongst HIV-infected subjects and controls were 20.6% and 3.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). In PLWHA, Candida albicans was most frequently isolated (81.3%) and fluconazole resistance was present in 18 (24%) of the 75 Candida isolates. Resistance to fluconazole was present in half of the non-albicans Candida isolates. Fluconazole resistance is prevalent among oral Candida isolates in PLWHA in the study area with a significantly higher rate among non-albicans Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriagbonse I Osaigbovo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City PMB 1154, Nigeria.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City PMB 1111, Nigeria.
| | - Patrick V Lofor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City PMB 1154, Nigeria.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City PMB 1111, Nigeria.
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, UK.
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159
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Ahmad A, Wani MY, Patel M, Sobral AJFN, Duse AG, Aqlan FM, Al-Bogami AS. Synergistic antifungal effect of cyclized chalcone derivatives and fluconazole against Candida albicans. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2195-2207. [PMID: 30108736 PMCID: PMC6071862 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of invasive fungal diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients, is life-threatening and increases the economic burden. The rising problem of multi-drug resistance is becoming a major concern for clinicians. In addition, a repertoire of antifungal agents is far less in number than antibacterial drugs. To combat these problems, combination therapy has gained a lot of interest. We previously reported the synergistic interaction of some mono- and bis-dihydropyrimidinone and thione derivatives with fluconazole and amphotericin B for combination antifungal therapy. In this study we used the same approach and synthesized different azole and non-azole derivatives of mono-(M) and bis-(B) chalcones and evaluated their antifungal activity profile alone and in combination with the most commonly used antifungal drug - fluconazole (FLC) - against seven FLC susceptible and three FLC resistant clinically isolated Candida albicans strains. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration results, the bis-derivatives showed lower MIC values compared to their mono-analogues. Both fractional inhibitory concentration index and isobologram results revealed mostly synergistic, additive or indifferent interactions between the tested compounds and FLC against different Candida isolates. None of the tested compounds showed any effect on energy dependent R6G efflux, revealing that they do not reverse the mechanism of drug efflux. However, surprisingly, these compounds profoundly decreased ergosterol biosynthesis and showed down regulation of ERG11 gene expression, which is the possible mechanism of reversal of azole drug resistance by these compounds. These results provide a platform for further research to develop pyrimidinone/thione ring containing compounds as promising new antifungal agents, which could be used in antifungal combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , School of Pathology , University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences , 7 York Road, Parktown , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa .
- Infection Control , Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Texas Therapeutics Institute , Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , 1881 East Road , 77054 , Texas , USA .
- Departmento de Quimica , FCTUC , Universidade de Coimbra , Rua Larga , 3004-535 , Coimbra , Portugal
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrudula Patel
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences , School of Oral Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences , 7 York Road, Parktown , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa
| | - Abilio J F N Sobral
- Departmento de Quimica , FCTUC , Universidade de Coimbra , Rua Larga , 3004-535 , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Adriano G Duse
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases , School of Pathology , University of the Witwatersrand , Faculty of Health Sciences , 7 York Road, Parktown , Johannesburg 2193 , South Africa .
- Infection Control , Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital , National Health Laboratory Service , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Faisal Mohammed Aqlan
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Saad Al-Bogami
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , University of Jeddah , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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160
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Jain T, Muktapuram PR, Pochampalli S, Sharma K, Pant G, Mitra K, Bathula SR, Banerjee D. Chain-length-specific anti-Candida activity of cationic lipo-oxazoles: a new class of quaternary ammonium compounds. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1706-1714. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Jain
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, U.P., India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai-600113, India
| | - Pratap Reddy Muktapuram
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad -500007, India
| | - Satyanarayana Pochampalli
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai-600113, India
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad -500007, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad -500007, India
| | - Garima Pant
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated and Analytical Instruments Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, U.P., India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated and Analytical Instruments Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, U.P., India
| | - Surendar Reddy Bathula
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad -500007, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai-600113, India
| | - Dibyendu Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai-600113, India
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, U.P., India
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161
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Balico LDLDL, de Souza Santos E, Suzuki-Hatano S, Sousa LO, Azzolini AECS, Lucisano-Valim YM, Dinamarco TM, Kannen V, Uyemura SA. Heterologous expression of mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter (Ndt1) from Aspergillus fumigatus rescues impaired growth in Δndt1Δndt2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 49:423-435. [PMID: 29128917 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide mitochondrial transporter 1 (Ndt1A) in Aspergillus fumigatus remains poor. Thus, we investigated whether Ndt1A could alter fungi survival. To this end, we engineered the expression of an Ndt1A-encoding region in a Δndt1Δndt2 yeast strain. The resulting cloned Ndt1A protein promoted the mitochondrial uptake of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), generating a large mitochondrial membrane potential. The NAD+ carrier utilized the electrochemical proton gradient to drive NAD+ entrance into mitochondria when the mitochondrial membrane potential was sustained by succinate. Its uptake has no impact on oxidative stress, and Ndt1A expression improved growth and survival of the Δndt1Δndt2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinicius Kannen
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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162
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Wu J, Ni T, Chai X, Wang T, Wang H, Chen J, Jin Y, Zhang D, Yu S, Jiang Y. Molecular docking, design, synthesis and antifungal activity study of novel triazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1840-1846. [PMID: 29133044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of life-threatening fungal infections has dramatically increased for decades. In order to develop novel antifungal agents, two series of (2R,3R)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(N-substitutied)-2-butanols (3a-o, 5a-f, 8a-u), which were analogues of voriconazole, were designed, synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The MIC80 values showed that the target compounds 3a-o indicated better activities than fluconazole on three important fungal pathogens except for 3i. Significant activity of compounds 3d, 3k, 3n, 3m and 3o was observed on the Aspergillus fumigatus strain (MIC80 range: 1-0.125 μg/ml). Especially, compound 3k had strong activity to inhibit the growth of ten fungal pathogens. But it didn't exhibit good activity in in vivo value. Molecular docking experiments demonstrated that 3k possessed superior affinity with target enzyme by strong hydrogen bond from morpholine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Student Bridge, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tingjunhong Ni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongsheng Jin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shichong Yu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Center for New Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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163
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In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Hexahydropyrimidine Derivatives against the Causative Agents of Dermatomycosis. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:1207061. [PMID: 29226215 PMCID: PMC5684597 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1207061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenated heterocyclic compounds are present in both natural and synthetic drugs, and hexahydropyrimidine derivatives may prove to be efficient in treating dermatomycosis causing fungi. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of four hexahydropyrimidine derivatives against the dermatomycosis causing fungi. These derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and assessed in terms of their activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Epidermophyton floccosum between concentrations 7.8 and 1,000 μg mL−1. Scanning electron micrographs were assessed for the active derivatives and reference drugs, and these micrographs revealed that new agents cause morphological changes in fungi. The derivatives HHP1, HHP3, and HHP4 revealed poor activity against the four fungal strains (MICs range 500–1000 μg mL−1). Compound HHP3 was found to be the best potential antifungal agent among those tested and was the most effective among all the active derivatives that caused morphological changes in the susceptible strains.
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164
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Repurposing antipsychotic drugs into antifungal agents: Synergistic combinations of azoles and bromperidol derivatives in the treatment of various fungal infections. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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165
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Halbandge SD, Mortale SP, Karuppayil SM. Biofabricated Silver Nanoparticles Synergistically Activate Amphotericin B Against Mature Biofilm Forms of Candida Albicans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1875933501704010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Biofilm formation by Candida albicans is a significant clinical challenge. Fungal biofilms are resistant to most of the currently available antifungal agents. Amphotericin-B (AmB) is an antifungal agent used for the treatment of systematic fungal infections but it is well known for its toxicities and side-effects. Novel approaches are needed to treat these infections that can reduce its toxicities.
Objectives:
Current study aims to evaluate the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) alone and in combination with AmB against growth and biofilm formation in C. albicans.
Methods:
Combinations of SNP-AmB were tested against planktonic growth and biofilm formation in vitro. Micro broth dilution method was used to study planktonic growth and biofilm formation. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) were calculated by using a checkerboard format. Biofilm formation was analyzed by using XTT-metabolic assay.
Results:
MIC of AmB for developing biofilm was lowered by 16 fold in combination with SNPs. The calculated fractional inhibitory concentration indices were 0.1875 suggesting that this interaction is synergistic. Similarly, the mature biofilms were significantly prevented by SNPs-AmB combination. This interaction was synergistic. Furthermore, interaction between SNPs and AmB against planktonic growth was additive. Hemolytic activity assay was carried out on these drugs and combinations. Drug required for inhibition alone as well as in combination did not exhibit hemolytic activity.
Conclusion:
The combinations with SNPs lead to decreases in the dosage of AmB required for anti-Candida activity. SNPs-AmB combination could be an effective strategy against biofilm formed by C. albicans.
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166
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Bondaryk M, Staniszewska M, Zielińska P, Urbańczyk-Lipkowska Z. Natural Antimicrobial Peptides as Inspiration for Design of a New Generation Antifungal Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E46. [PMID: 29371563 PMCID: PMC5715947 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates, despite appropriate antifungal therapy. Limited therapeutic options, resistance development and the high mortality of invasive fungal infections brought about more concern triggering the search for new compounds capable of interfering with fungal viability and virulence. In this context, peptides gained attention as promising candidates for the antimycotics development. Variety of structural and functional characteristics identified for various natural antifungal peptides makes them excellent starting points for design novel drug candidates. Current review provides a brief overview of natural and synthetic antifungal peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bondaryk
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Zielińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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167
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Bingöl B, Bakirel T. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of two different amphotericin B formulations in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:e16-e21. [PMID: 28815733 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of conventional (Fungizone® ) and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome® ) formulations in order to predict their therapeutic properties, and evaluate their potential differences in veterinary treatment. For this purpose, twelve healthy mixed breed dogs received both drugs at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg by intravenous infusion over a 4-min period in a total volume of 40 ml. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after dosing, and concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetics was described by a two-compartment model. Although both formulations were administered at the same doses (0.6 mg/kg), the plasma pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B differed significantly from those of amphotericin B deoxycholate in healthy dogs (p < .05). Liposomal amphotericin B showed markedly higher peak plasma concentrations (approximately ninefold greater) and higher area under the plasma concentration curve values (approximately 14-fold higher) compared to conventional formulation. It is concluded that AmBisome® reached higher plasma concentration and lower distribution volume and had a longer half-life compared to Fungizone® , and therefore, AmBisome® is reported to be an appropriate and effective choice for the treatment of systemic mycotic infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bingöl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Bakirel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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168
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Kucukates E, Gultekin NN, Alisan Z, Hondur N, Ozturk R. Identification of Candida species and susceptibility testing with Sensititre YeastOne microdilution panel to 9 antifungal agents. Saudi Med J 2017; 37:750-7. [PMID: 27381534 PMCID: PMC5018638 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2016.7.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the species incidence and susceptibility pattern to 9 antifungal agents of yeasts isolated from various clinical specimens of colonized or infected patients treated in the coronary and surgical intensive care units (ICU). Methods: A total of 421 ICU patients were treated at the Cardiology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey between June 2013 and May 2014, and 44 Candida species were isolated from blood, urine, endotracheal aspiration fluid, sputum, and wounds of 16 ICU patients. Identification of Candida was performed using CHROMagar. Antifungal susceptibility was determined by a Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric microdilution panel. Results: Candida albicans (C. albicans) was the most commonly observed microorganism 23 (54%); the other microorganisms isolated were Candida tropicalis 12 (27%), Candida glabrata 5 (11%), Candida parapsilosis 1 (2%), Candida lusitaniae 1 (2%), Candida sake 1 (2%), and Geotrichum capitatum 1 (2%). All isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine. Geotrichum capitatum excepted, the other isolates were also susceptible to anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin. Candida parapsilosis was found to be susceptible to all the studied antifungals. High MIC rates for azole group of antifungal drugs were found for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. The rate of colonisation was 3.8% (16/421). Only 0.7% (3/421) patients out of a total of 421 developed candidemia. Conclusion: We found that the yeast colonization and infection rates of patients in our ICUs are very low. Candida albicans is still the most common species. We detected a decreasing susceptibility to azole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kucukates
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul University Cardiology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey. E-mail.
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169
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Antimicrobial Screening of Some Newly Synthesized Triazoles. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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170
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Ferreira GF, Santos DA. Heteroresistance and fungi. Mycoses 2017; 60:562-568. [PMID: 28660647 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The concept of heteroresistance refers to the heterogeneous susceptibility to an antimicrobial drug in a microorganism population, meaning that some clones may be resistant and others are susceptible. This phenomenon has been widely studied in bacteria, but little attention has been given to its expression in fungi. We review the available literature on heteroresistance in fungi and invite the reader to recognise this phenomenon as a fungal mechanism to adapt to environmental stress, which may interfere both in resistance and virulence. Finally, heteroresistance may explain the treatment failures to eradicate mycosis in some patients treated with a seemingly appropriate antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella F Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Governador Valadares, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Governador Valadares, Brazil
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171
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Sivasankar C, Gayathri S, Bhaskar JP, Krishnan V, Pandian SK. Evaluation of selected Indian medicinal plants for antagonistic potential against Malassezia spp. and the synergistic effect of embelin in combination with ketoconazole. Microb Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28645774 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Malassezia comprises of extremely lipophilic yeasts secreting lipases as a vital factor for survival. They are emerging as opportunistic pathogens in medical microbiology and dermatology by causing recurring and recalcitrant infection. Combinatorial therapy is a constructive way to combat infectious diseases. In that prospect, totally 16 Indian medicinal plants were screened, among which a maximum degree of antimicrobial activity was ascertained in Embelia ribes. Subsequently embelin was identified as the bioactive principle with antagonistic potential by comparative antimicrobial assay and FTIR analysis. The MIC of embelin was determined as 400 μg/ml exhibiting ∼75% of growth inhibition. Further, a fungistatic activity based on anti-lipase potential (65-89%) of embelin has been clearly substantiated by XTT and lipase assay. In addition, embelin exhibited a synergistic effect with the antifungal drug ketoconazole (KTZ) against four different Malassezia spp. with FIC index of 0.5. Therefore, the combinations of embelin and KTZ may represent a promising therapeutic regimen to treat Malassezia infections with subjugated clinical and environmental toxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report delineating the anti-lipase activity of embelin and in vitro synergistic interaction between embelin and KTZ against Malassezia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Sivasankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | | | | | - Venkat Krishnan
- ITC Life Sciences & Technology Centre, Peenya, Bengaluru 560058, India
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172
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Neto JXS, Pereira ML, Oliveira JTA, Rocha-Bezerra LCB, Lopes TDP, Costa HPS, Sousa DOB, Rocha BAM, Grangeiro TB, Freire JEC, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Lobo MDP, Brilhante RSN, Vasconcelos IM. A Chitin-binding Protein Purified from Moringa oleifera Seeds Presents Anticandidal Activity by Increasing Cell Membrane Permeability and Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28634471 PMCID: PMC5459921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised and/or immunosuppressed patients, particularly in hospital facilities, that besides representing a significant threat to health increase the risk of mortality. Apart from echinocandins and triazoles, which are well tolerated, most of the antifungal drugs used for candidiasis treatment can cause side effects and lead to the development of resistant strains. A promising alternative to the conventional treatments is the use of plant proteins. M. oleifera Lam. is a plant with valuable medicinal properties, including antimicrobial activity. This work aimed to purify a chitin-binding protein from M. oleifera seeds and to evaluate its antifungal properties against Candida species. The purified protein, named Mo-CBP2, represented about 0.2% of the total seed protein and appeared as a single band on native PAGE. By mass spectrometry, Mo-CBP2 presented 13,309 Da. However, by SDS-PAGE, Mo-CBP2 migrated as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 23,400 Da. Tricine-SDS-PAGE of Mo-CBP2 under reduced conditions revealed two protein bands with apparent molecular masses of 7,900 and 4,600 Da. Altogether, these results suggest that Mo-CBP2 exists in different oligomeric forms. Moreover, Mo-CBP2 is a basic glycoprotein (pI 10.9) with 4.1% (m/m) sugar and it did not display hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities upon rabbit and human erythrocytes. A comparative analysis of the sequence of triptic peptides from Mo-CBP2 in solution, after LC-ESI-MS/MS, revealed similarity with other M. oleifera proteins, as the 2S albumin Mo-CBP3 and flocculating proteins, and 2S albumins from different species. Mo-CBP2 possesses in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis, with MIC50 and MIC90 values ranging between 9.45–37.90 and 155.84–260.29 μM, respectively. In addition, Mo-CBP2 (18.90 μM) increased the cell membrane permeabilization and reactive oxygen species production in C. albicans and promoted degradation of circular plasmid DNA (pUC18) from Escherichia coli. The data presented in this study highlight the potential use of Mo-CBP2 as an anticandidal agent, based on its ability to inhibit Candida spp. growth with apparently low toxicity on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- João X S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Mirella L Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lady C B Rocha-Bezerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Tiago D P Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Helen P S Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Daniele O B Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Bruno A M Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - José E C Freire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Marina D P Lobo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, University of FortalezaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raimunda S N Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of CearaFortaleza, Brazil
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173
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Mathur M, Devi VK. Potential of novel drug delivery systems in the management of topical candidiasis. J Drug Target 2017; 25:685-703. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1331352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Mathur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Kusum Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
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174
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Subramanya SH, Sharan NK, Baral BP, Hamal D, Nayak N, Prakash PY, Sathian B, Bairy I, Gokhale S. Diversity, in-vitro virulence traits and antifungal susceptibility pattern of gastrointestinal yeast flora of healthy poultry, Gallus gallus domesticus. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 28506251 PMCID: PMC5433169 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poultry farming and consumption of poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) meat and eggs are common gastronomical practices worldwide. Till now, a detailed understanding about the gut colonisation of Gallus gallus domesticus by yeasts and their virulence properties and drug resistance patterns in available literature remain sparse. This study was undertaken to explore this prevalent issue. Results A total of 103 specimens of fresh droppings of broiler chickens (commercial G domesticus) and domesticated chickens (domesticated G domesticus) were collected from the breeding sites. The isolates comprised of 29 (33%) Debaryozyma hansenii (Candida famata), 12 (13.6%) Sporothrix catenata (C. ciferrii), 10 (11.4%) C. albicans, 8 (9.1%) Diutnia catenulata (C. catenulate), 6 (6.8%) C. tropicalis, 3 (3.4%) Candida acidothermophilum (C. krusei), 2 (2.3%) C. pintolopesii, 1 (1.1%) C. parapsilosis, 9 (10.2%) Trichosporon spp. (T. moniliiforme, T. asahii), 4 (4.5%) Geotrichum candidum, 3 (3.4%) Cryptococcus macerans and 1 (1%) Cystobasidium minuta (Rhodotorula minuta). Virulence factors, measured among different yeast species, showed wide variability. Biofilm cells exhibited higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values (μg/ml) than planktonic cells against all antifungal compounds tested: (fluconazole, 8–512 vs 0.031–16; amphotericin B, 0.5–64 vs 0.031–16; voriconazole 0.062–16 vs 0.062–8; caspofungin, 0.062–4 vs 0.031–1). Conclusions The present work extends the current understanding of in vitro virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility pattern of gastrointestinal yeast flora of G domesticus. More studies with advanced techniques are needed to quantify the risk of spread of these potential pathogens to environment and human.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Indira Bairy
- Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Udupi, India
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175
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McCombs NL, Moreno-Chicano T, Carey LM, Franzen S, Hough MA, Ghiladi RA. Interaction of Azole-Based Environmental Pollutants with the Coelomic Hemoglobin from Amphitrite ornata: A Molecular Basis for Toxicity. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2294-2303. [PMID: 28387506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The toxicities of azole pollutants that have widespread agricultural and industrial uses are either poorly understood or unknown, particularly with respect to how infaunal organisms are impacted by this class of persistent organic pollutant. To identify a molecular basis by which azole compounds may have unforeseen toxicity on marine annelids, we examine here their impact on the multifunctional dehaloperoxidase (DHP) hemoglobin from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata. Ultraviolet-visible and resonance Raman spectroscopic studies showed an increase in the six-coordinate low-spin heme population in DHP isoenzyme B upon binding of imidazole, benzotriazole, and benzimidazole (Kd values of 52, 82, and 110 μM, respectively), suggestive of their direct binding to the heme-Fe. Accordingly, atomic-resolution X-ray crystal structures, supported by computational studies, of the DHP B complexes of benzotriazole (1.14 Å), benzimidazole (1.08 Å), imidazole (1.08 Å), and indazole (1.12 Å) revealed two ligand binding motifs, one with direct ligand binding to the heme-Fe, and another in which the ligand binds in the hydrophobic distal pocket without coordinating the heme-Fe. Taken together, the results demonstrate a new mechanism by which azole pollutants can potentially disrupt hemoglobin function, thereby improving our understanding of their impact on infaunal organisms in marine and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolette L McCombs
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Tadeo Moreno-Chicano
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Leiah M Carey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Stefan Franzen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Michael A Hough
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex , Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Reza A Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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176
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Shin JY, Bui DC, Lee Y, Nam H, Jung S, Fang M, Kim JC, Lee T, Kim H, Choi GJ, Son H, Lee YW. Functional characterization of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the cereal head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2053-2067. [PMID: 28296081 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a prominent plant pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight in major cereal crops worldwide. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal development and virulence, large collections of F. graminearum mutants have been constructed. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are widely distributed in organisms and are involved in a diverse array of molecular/metabolic processes; however, no systematic functional analysis of P450s has been attempted in filamentous fungi. In this study, we constructed a genome-wide deletion mutant set covering 102 P450s and analyzed these mutants for changes in 38 phenotypic categories, including fungal development, stress responses and responses to several xenobiotics, to build a comprehensive phenotypic dataset. Most P450 mutants showing defective phenotypes were impaired in a single phenotypic trait, demonstrating that our mutant library is a good genetic resource for further fungal genetic studies. In particular, we identified novel P450s specifically involved in virulence (5) and both asexual (1) and sexual development (2). Most P450s seem to play redundant roles in the degradation of xenobiotics in F. graminearum. This study is the first phenome-based functional analysis of P450s, and it provides a valuable genetic resource for further basic and applied biological research in filamentous fungi and other plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Cuong Bui
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miao Fang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Team, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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177
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Doğan İS, Saraç S, Sari S, Kart D, Eşsiz Gökhan Ş, Vural İ, Dalkara S. New azole derivatives showing antimicrobial effects and their mechanism of antifungal activity by molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:124-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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178
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Distribution and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts isolates from intensive care unit patients. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:525-530. [PMID: 28361459 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts frequently colonize non-sterile sites in the body. The aim of the study was to determine distribution in clinical samples and antifungal susceptibility to five antifungals. From January 2013 through June 2015, 800 isolates were obtained from intensive care unit patients. Candida albicans (58.9%), Candida glabrata (20.4%), Candida krusei (8.6%), and Candida parapsilosis (3.6%) were the leading species. Majority of the C. albicans isolates were susceptible to the fluconazole. Elevated voriconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were observed in isolates exhibiting high fluconazole MICs, most frequently in C. glabrata. Isolates with echinocandins MICs suggesting reduced susceptibility were only sporadic cases with the exception of Trichosporon spp. The amphotericin B MICs were slightly higher for some C. krusei.
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179
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dos Santos LFM, Melo NB, de Carli ML, Mendes ACSC, Bani GMAC, Verinaud LM, Burger E, de Oliveira I. Moraes G, Pereira AAC, Brigagão MRL, Hanemann JAC, Sperandio FF. Photodynamic inactivation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis helps the outcome of oral paracoccidiodomycosis. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:921-930. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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180
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The anti-dermatophyte activity of Zataria multiflora essential oils. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:232-237. [PMID: 28347599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermtophytes are a group of pathogenic fungi and the major cause of dermatophytosis in humans and animals. Fighting dermatophytes by natural essential oils is one important issue in new researches. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this investigation, we evaluated the anti-dermatophyte activities of three samples of Z. multiflora essential oils against dermatophytes along with analysis of chemical compositions of the essential oils and their anti-elastase activities on elastase production in dermatophytes. RESULTS Carvacrol (1.5-34.4%), thymol (25.8-41.2%), carvacrol methyl ether (1.9-28.3%) and p-cymene (2.3-8.3%) were the main components of Z. multiflora essential oils. Z. multiflora essential oils (100ppm) inhibited the mycelium growth of dermatophytes (6±1.7-47.0±1.4%) and had the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of 0.03-0.25μl/ml against dermatophytes. Essential oils inhibited elastase produced in dermatophytes and pure porcine elastase. CONCLUSION Z. multiflora essential oils can be used as natural anti-dermatophyte agent for fighting dermatophytes in further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Clinical Dermatophytes Following CLSI and EUCAST Guidelines. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3020017. [PMID: 29371535 PMCID: PMC5715923 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are associated with superficial infections in humans worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the species distribution and susceptibility patterns of clinical dermatophytes. Samples received for routine mycological processing from 124 suspected cases attending a dermatologic clinic in a tertiary care hospital were included in the study. On direct microscopy, 74.1% (92/124) were positive and 53.2% (66/124) grew on culture. The isolates were comprised of Trichophytoninterdigitale (56%) followed by Trichophytontonsurans (25.7%), Trichophytonrubrum (7.5%), Trichophytonviolaceum (4.5%), Microsporumgypseum (4.5%), and Trichophytonverrucosum (1.5%). Conventional mycological identification was concordant with ITS sequencing except for T.mentagrophytes. High minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (geometric mean, >1 µg/mL) were observed for T.tonsurans and T.rubrum to terbinafine and griseofulvin. This study highlights the shift in epidemiology from T.rubrum to T.interdigitale. It also raises a concern of high MICs of terbinafine and griseofulvin among our isolates. Surveillance of antifungal susceptibility patterns can provide clinicians with local MIC data that can further aid in guiding better management in relapse cases of dermatomycosis.
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Zermeño-Macías MDLÁ, González-Chávez MM, Méndez F, González-Chávez R, Richaud A. Theoretical Reactivity Study of Indol-4-Ones and Their Correlation with Antifungal Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030427. [PMID: 28282898 PMCID: PMC6155404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactivity descriptors of indol-4-ones obtained via density functional theory (DFT) and hard–soft acid–base (HSAB) principle were calculated to prove their contribution in antifungal activity. Simple linear regression was made for global and local reactivity indexes. Results with global descriptors showed a strong relationship between antifungal activity vs. softness (S) (r = 0.98) for series I (6, 7a–g), and for series II (8a–g) vs. chemical potential (µ), electronegativity (χ) and electrophilicity (ω) (r = 0.86), p < 0.05. Condensed reactivity descriptors sk+, ωk− for different fragments had strong relationships for series I and II (r = 0.98 and r = 0.92). Multiple linear regression was statistically significant for S (r = 0.98), η (r = 0.91), and µ/ω (r = 0.91) in series I. Molecular electrostatic potential maps (MEP) showed negative charge accumulation around oxygen of carbonyl group and positive accumulation around nitrogen. Fukui function isosurfaces showed that carbons around nitrogen are susceptible to electrophilic attack, whereas the carbon atoms of the carbonyl and phenyl groups are susceptible to nucleophilic attack for both series. The above suggest that global softness in conjunction with softness and electrophilicity of molecular fragments in enaminone systems and pyrrole rings contribute to antifungal activity of indol-4-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Martín González-Chávez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6 Zona Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Méndez
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, 09340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Rodolfo González-Chávez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 6 Zona Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Arlette Richaud
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, 09340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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183
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Resistance to antifungal therapies. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:157-166. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of antifungal resistance among fungal pathogens has rendered the limited arsenal of antifungal drugs futile. Considering the recent rise in the number of nosocomial fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, the emerging clinical multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a matter of grave concern for medical professionals. Despite advances in therapeutic interventions, it has not yet been possible to devise convincing strategies to combat antifungal resistance. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance is essential for identification of novel targets that do not promote or delay emergence of drug resistance. The present study discusses features and limitations of the currently available antifungals, mechanisms of antifungal resistance and highlights the emerging therapeutic strategies that could be deployed to combat MDR.
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184
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Paulussen C, Hallsworth JE, Álvarez‐Pérez S, Nierman WC, Hamill PG, Blain D, Rediers H, Lievens B. Ecology of aspergillosis: insights into the pathogenic potency of Aspergillus fumigatus and some other Aspergillus species. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:296-322. [PMID: 27273822 PMCID: PMC5328810 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are widespread in the environment. Some Aspergillus species, most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus, may lead to a variety of allergic reactions and life-threatening systemic infections in humans. Invasive aspergillosis occurs primarily in patients with severe immunodeficiency, and has dramatically increased in recent years. There are several factors at play that contribute to aspergillosis, including both fungus and host-related factors such as strain virulence and host pulmonary structure/immune status, respectively. The environmental tenacity of Aspergilllus, its dominance in diverse microbial communities/habitats, and its ability to navigate the ecophysiological and biophysical challenges of host infection are attributable, in large part, to a robust stress-tolerance biology and exceptional capacity to generate cell-available energy. Aspects of its stress metabolism, ecology, interactions with diverse animal hosts, clinical presentations and treatment regimens have been well-studied over the past years. Here, we synthesize these findings in relation to the way in which some Aspergillus species have become successful opportunistic pathogens of human- and other animal hosts. We focus on the biophysical capabilities of Aspergillus pathogens, key aspects of their ecophysiology and the flexibility to undergo a sexual cycle or form cryptic species. Additionally, recent advances in diagnosis of the disease are discussed as well as implications in relation to questions that have yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Paulussen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenCampus De NayerSint‐Katelijne‐WaverB‐2860Belgium
| | - John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - Sergio Álvarez‐Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Animal HealthUniversidad Complutense de MadridMadridE‐28040Spain
| | | | - Philip G. Hamill
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - David Blain
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesMedical Biology CentreQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenCampus De NayerSint‐Katelijne‐WaverB‐2860Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM)Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S)KU LeuvenCampus De NayerSint‐Katelijne‐WaverB‐2860Belgium
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185
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Abstract
A wide range of fungicides (or antifungals) are used in agriculture and medicine, with activities against a spectrum of fungal pathogens. Unfortunately, the evolution of fungicide resistance has become a major issue. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antifungal treatments. Certain metals have been used for decades as efficient fungicides in agriculture. However, concerns over metal toxicity have escalated over this time. Recent studies have revealed that metals like copper and chromate can impair functions required for the fidelity of protein synthesis in fungi. This occurs through different mechanisms, based on targeting of iron-sulphur cluster integrity or competition for uptake with amino acid precursors. Moreover, chromate at least acts synergistically with other agents known to target translation fidelity, like aminoglycoside antibiotics, causing dramatic and selective growth inhibition of several fungal pathogens of humans and plants. As such synergy allows the application of decreased amounts of metals for effective inhibition, it lessens concerns about nonspecific toxicity and opens new possibilities for metal applications in combinatorial fungicides targeting protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Vallières
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon V Avery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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186
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Anjum K, Abbas SQ, Akhter N, Shagufta BI, Shah SAA, Hassan SSU. Emerging biopharmaceuticals from bioactive peptides derived from marine organisms. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:12-30. [PMID: 28004491 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active natural products are spontaneous medicinal entrants, which encourage synthetic access for enhancing and supporting drug discovery and development. Marine bioactive peptides are considered as a rich source of natural products that may provide long-term health, in addition to many prophylactic and curative medicinal drug treatments. The large literature concerning marine peptides has been collected, which shows high potential of nutraceutical and therapeutic efficacy encompassing wide spectra of bioactivities against a number of infection-causing agents. Their antimicrobial, antimalarial, antitumor, antiviral, and cardioprotective actions have achieved the attention of the pharmaceutical industry toward new design of drug formulations, for treatment and prevention of several infections. However, the mechanism of action of many peptide molecules has been still untapped. So in this regard, this paper reviews several peptide compounds by which they interfere with human pathogenesis. This knowledge is one of the key tools to be understood especially for the biotransformation of biomolecules into targeted medicines. The fact that different diseases have the capability to fight at different sites inside the body can lead to a new wave of increasing the chances to produce targeted medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Anjum
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Bibi Ibtesam Shagufta
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), D.I. Khan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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187
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Thangamani S, Maland M, Mohammad H, Pascuzzi PE, Avramova L, Koehler CM, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Repurposing Approach Identifies Auranofin with Broad Spectrum Antifungal Activity That Targets Mia40-Erv1 Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:4. [PMID: 28149831 PMCID: PMC5241286 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antifungal therapies have limited effectiveness in treating invasive fungal infections. Furthermore, the development of new antifungal is currently unable to keep pace with the urgent demand for safe and effective new drugs. Auranofin, an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inhibits growth of a diverse array of clinical isolates of fungi and represents a new antifungal agent with a previously unexploited mechanism of action. In addition to auranofin's potent antifungal activity against planktonic fungi, this drug significantly reduces the metabolic activity of Candida cells encased in a biofilm. Unbiased chemogenomic profiling, using heterozygous S. cerevisiae deletion strains, combined with growth assays revealed three probable targets for auranofin's antifungal activity—mia40, acn9, and coa4. Mia40 is of particular interest given its essential role in oxidation of cysteine rich proteins imported into the mitochondria. Biochemical analysis confirmed auranofin targets the Mia40-Erv1 pathway as the drug inhibited Mia40 from interacting with its substrate, Cmc1, in a dose-dependent manner similar to the control, MB-7. Furthermore, yeast mitochondria overexpressing Erv1 were shown to exhibit resistance to auranofin as an increase in Cmc1 import was observed compared to wild-type yeast. Further in vivo antifungal activity of auranofin was examined in a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Auranofin significantly reduced the fungal load in infected C. elegans. Collectively, the present study provides valuable evidence that auranofin has significant promise to be repurposed as a novel antifungal agent and may offer a safe, effective, and quick supplement to current approaches for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Maland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Purdue University Libraries, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carla M Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious DiseasesWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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188
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Abstract
By definition, an antifungal agent is a drug that selectively destroys fungal pathogens with minimal side effects to the host. Despite an increase in the prevalence of fungal infections particularly in immunocompromised patients, only a few classes of antifungal drugs are available for therapy, and they exhibit limited efficacy in the treatment of life-threatening infections. These drugs include polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and nucleoside analogs. This chapter focuses on the currently available classes and representatives of systemic antifungal drugs in clinical use. We further discuss the unmet clinical needs in the antifungal research field; efforts in reformulation of available drugs such as Amphotericin B nanoparticles for oral drug delivery; development of new agents of known antifungal drug classes, such as albaconazole, SCY-078, and biafungin; and new drugs with novel targets for treatment of invasive fungal infections, including nikkomycin Z, sordarin derivatives, VT-1161 and VT-1129, F901318, VL-2397, and T-2307.
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189
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Synergistic antifungal activity of the lipophilic fraction of Hypericum carinatum and fluconazole. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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190
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El-Aal AMA, El-Mashad N, Mohamed ASN. Revision on the Recent Diagnostic Strategies of Fungal Infections. OPEN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 07:29-40. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2017.71003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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191
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Kinoshita H, Wongsuntornpoj S, Ihara F, Nihira T. Anti-Rhodotorulaactivity of mycophenolic acid enhanced in the presence of polyene antibiotic nystatin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 64:144-149. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Kinoshita
- International Center for Biotechnology; Osaka University; Suita Japan
| | - S. Wongsuntornpoj
- International Center for Biotechnology; Osaka University; Suita Japan
| | - F. Ihara
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science; Tsukuba Japan
| | - T. Nihira
- International Center for Biotechnology; Osaka University; Suita Japan
- MU-OU Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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192
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Himratul-Aznita WH, Nor-Zulaila CO, Nurul-Fatihah K. Antifungal activity of dual combination of hydroxychavicol with commercialized agents against oral Candida species. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1696. [PMID: 27757368 PMCID: PMC5047859 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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193
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Salari S, Bakhshi T, Sharififar F, Naseri A, Ghasemi Nejad Almani P. Evaluation of antifungal activity of standardized extract of Salvia rhytidea Benth. (Lamiaceae) against various Candida isolates. J Mycol Med 2016; 26:323-330. [PMID: 27499461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salvia species have long been described in traditional medicine for various indications. Owing to the widespread use of this genus by ethnic populations, especially for various infections ranging from skin disease to gastrointestinal disorders, we were encouraged to determine whether Salvia rhytidea could be effective against fungal infections. Given the increased incidence of candidiasis in the past decade, limits on the use of antifungal drugs, emergence of azole-resistant Candida species and increased incidence of treatment failures, it is necessary to identify a novel agent with antifungal properties. Aim of the study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of S. rhytidea against various Candida isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, at first rosmarinic acid content of plant extract was determined. A total of 96 Candida isolates were tested, including the following species: Candida albicans (n=42), Candida glabrata (n=16), Candida tropicalis (n=11), Candida krusei (n=9), Candida parapsilosis (n=9), Candida lusitaniae (n=7) and Candida guilliermondii (n=2). The in vitro antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of S. rhytidea Benth. was evaluated against Candida isolates and compared with that of the standard antifungal drug nystatin by using a broth microdilution method, according to CLSI. RESULTS Phytochemical screening results showed that the methanolic extract of S. rhytidea Benth. was rich in flavonoids and tannins. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of S. rhytidea Benth. ranged from 3.125 to>100μg/ml and 6.25 to>100μg/ml respectively. The growth inhibition value displayed that C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. albicans isolates were most susceptible to S. rhytidea. CONCLUSIONS Findings show that S. rhytidea possesses an antifungal effect against Candida isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salari
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - T Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - F Sharififar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Naseri
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - P Ghasemi Nejad Almani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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194
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Endosomal Trafficking Defects Can Induce Calcium-Dependent Azole Tolerance in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:7170-7177. [PMID: 27645241 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01034-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The azole antifungals arrest fungal growth through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. We recently reported that a Candida albicans vps21Δ/Δ mutant, deficient in membrane trafficking through the late endosome/prevacuolar compartment (PVC), continues to grow in the presence of the azoles despite the depletion of cellular ergosterol. Here, we report that the vps21Δ/Δ mutant exhibits less plasma membrane damage upon azole treatment than the wild type, as measured by the release of a cytoplasmic luciferase reporter into the culture supernatant. Our results also reveal that the vps21Δ/Δ mutant has abnormal levels of intracellular Ca2+ and, in the presence of fluconazole, enhanced expression of a calcineurin-responsive RTA2-GFP reporter. Furthermore, the azole tolerance phenotype of the vps21Δ/Δ mutant is dependent upon both extracellular calcium levels and calcineurin activity. These findings underscore the importance of endosomal trafficking in determining the cellular consequences of azole treatment and indicate that this may occur through modulation of calcium- and calcineurin-dependent responses.
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195
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Avci P, Freire F, Banvolgyi A, Mylonakis E, Wikonkal NM, Hamblin MR. Sodium ascorbate kills Candida albicans in vitro via iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction: importance of oxygenation and metabolism. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1535-1547. [PMID: 27855492 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ascorbate can inhibit growth and even decrease viability of various microbial species including Candida albicans. However the optimum conditions and the mechanism of action are unclear. Materials/methodology: Candida albicans shaken for 90 min in a buffered solution of ascorbate (90 mM) gave a 5-log reduction of cell viability, while there was no killing without shaking, in growth media with different carbon sources or at 4°C. Killing was inhibited by the iron chelator 2,2'-bipyridyl. Hydroxyphenyl fluorescein probe showed the intracellular generation of hydroxyl radicals. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Ascorbate-mediated killing of C. albicans depends on oxygenation and metabolism, involves iron-catalyzed generation of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reaction and depletion of intracellular NADH. Ascorbate could serve as a component of a topical antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Fernanda Freire
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Biosciences & Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science & Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Andras Banvolgyi
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Norbert M Wikonkal
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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196
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Application of a low molecular weight antifungal protein from Penicillium chrysogenum (PAF) to treat pulmonary aspergillosis in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e114. [PMID: 27826143 PMCID: PMC5148020 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PAF, a small antifungal protein from Penicillium chrysogenum, inhibits the growth of several pathogenic filamentous fungi, including members of the Aspergillus genus. PAF has been proven to have no toxic effects in vivo in mice by intranasal application. To test its efficacy against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), experiments were carried out in mice suffering from IPA. Adult mice were immunosuppressed and then infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. After stable infection, the animals were inoculated with PAF intranasally at a concentration of 2.7 mg/kg twice per day. At this concentration—which is highly toxic in vitro to A. fumigatus—the mortality of the animals was slightly delayed but finally all animals died. Histological examinations revealed massive fungal infections in the lungs of both PAF-treated and untreated animal groups. Because intranasally administered PAF was unable to overcome IPA, modified and combined therapies were introduced. The intraperitoneal application of PAF in animals with IPA prolonged the survival of the animals only 1 day. Similar results were obtained with amphotericin B (AMB), with PAF and AMB being equally effective. Combined therapy with AMB and PAF—which are synergistic in vitro—was found to be more effective than either AMB or PAF treatment alone. As no toxic effects of PAF in mammals have been described thus far, and, moreover, there are so far no A. fumigatus strains with reported inherent or acquired PAF resistance, it is worth carrying out further studies to introduce PAF as a potential antifungal drug in human therapy.
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Łukowska-Chojnacka E, Mierzejewska J, Milner-Krawczyk M, Bondaryk M, Staniszewska M. Synthesis of novel tetrazole derivatives and evaluation of their antifungal activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6058-6065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Thangamani S, Eldesouky HE, Mohammad H, Pascuzzi PE, Avramova L, Hazbun TR, Seleem MN. Ebselen exerts antifungal activity by regulating glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fungal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3002-3010. [PMID: 27712973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebselen, an organoselenium compound and a clinically safe molecule has been reported to possess potent antifungal activity, but its antifungal mechanism of action and in vivo antifungal activity remain unclear. METHODS The antifungal effect of ebselen was tested against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and C. gattii clinical isolates. Chemogenomic profiling and biochemical assays were employed to identify the antifungal target of ebselen. Ebselen's antifungal activity in vivo was investigated in a Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. RESULTS Ebselen exhibits potent antifungal activity against both Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp., at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2μg/ml. Ebselen rapidly eradicates a high fungal inoculum within 2h of treatment. Investigation of the drug's antifungal mechanism of action indicates that ebselen depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thereby disturbs the redox homeostasis in fungal cells. Examination of ebselen's in vivo antifungal activity in two Caenorhabditis elegans models of infection demonstrate that ebselen is superior to conventional antifungal drugs (fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin) in reducing Candida and Cryptococcus fungal load. CONCLUSION Ebselen possesses potent antifungal activity against clinically relevant isolates of both Candida and Cryptococcus by regulating GSH and ROS production. The potent in vivo antifungal activity of ebselen supports further investigation for repurposing it for use as an antifungal agent. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study shows that ebselen targets glutathione and also support that glutathione as a potential target for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Hassan E Eldesouky
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Faculty in Libraries, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tony R Hazbun
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Lima CS, Polaquini CR, Santos MBD, Gullo FP, Leite FS, Scorzoni L, Bolzani VDS, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM, Rezende AA, Regasini LO. Anti-Candida and anti-Cryptococcus evaluation of 15 non-alkaloidal compounds from Pterogyne nitens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ribas E Ribas AD, Spolti P, Del Ponte EM, Donato KZ, Schrekker H, Fuentefria AM. Is the emergence of fungal resistance to medical triazoles related to their use in the agroecosystems? A mini review. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:793-799. [PMID: 27544394 PMCID: PMC5052333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are used broadly for the control of infectious diseases of both humans and plants. The surge in resistance to triazoles among pathogenic populations is an emergent issue both in agriculture and medicine. The non-rational use of fungicides with site-specific modes of action, such as the triazoles, may increase the risk of antifungal resistance development. In the medical field, the surge of resistant fungal isolates has been related to the intensive and recurrent therapeutic use of a limited number of triazoles for the treatment and prophylaxis of many mycoses. Similarities in the mode of action of triazole fungicides used in these two fields may lead to cross-resistance, thus expanding the spectrum of resistance to multiple fungicides and contributing to the perpetuation of resistant strains in the environment. The emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates of human pathogens has been related to the exposure to fungicides used in agroecosystems. Examples include species of cosmopolitan occurrence, such as Fusarium and Aspergillus, which cause diseases in both plants and humans. This review summarizes the information about the most important triazole fungicides that are largely used in human clinical therapy and agriculture. We aim to discuss the issues related to fungicide resistance and the recommended strategies for preventing the emergence of triazole-resistant fungal populations capable of spreading across environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aícha Daniela Ribas E Ribas
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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