151
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AS1041, a Novel Synthesized Derivative of Marine Natural Compound Aspergiolide A, Arrests Cell Cycle, Induces Apoptosis, and Inhibits ERK Activation in K562 Cells. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110346. [PMID: 29113054 PMCID: PMC5706036 DOI: 10.3390/md15110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AS1041 is a novel synthesized anthraquinone lactone derivative of marine natural compound aspergiolide A (ASP-A) with new structure skeleton and marked cytotoxicity in cancer cells. To study its cytotoxicity in detail, we evaluated its activity on human K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells and investigated the related molecule mechanisms. AS1041 significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of K562 cells. Moreover, AS1041 arrested cell cycle progression at G2/M phase in a concentration-dependent manner, and also caused concentration- and time-dependent induction of apoptosis. In addition, the molecular mechanisms investigation showed that AS1041 did not localize in the cellular nucleus and did not affect topoisomerases I or II. However, AS1041 could inactivate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and contribute to AS1041-induced apoptosis. We concluded that AS1041 was cytotoxic to K562 leukemia cells and the cytotoxicity related to the cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and ERK inhibition. These results implied that AS1041 was a novel derivative of ASP-A with significant cytotoxicity to chronic myelogenous leukemia cells and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer and leukemia.
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152
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Chivu-Economescu M, Dragu DL, Necula LG, Matei L, Enciu AM, Bleotu C, Diaconu CC. Knockdown of KRT17 by siRNA induces antitumoral effects on gastric cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 2017; 20:948-959. [PMID: 28299464 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin 17 (KRT17) was shown to be an important molecular marker for predicting the carcinogenesis, progression, and prognosis of various cancer types. Our previous studies identified KRT17 as a possible biomarker for gastric cancer by gene microarray, with an elevated expression that occurred early during tumorigenesis and increased during tumor progression. Based on these findings, we aimed to investigate KRT17 biological functions in gastric adenocarcinoma and its possible use as a rational molecular target for anticancer therapy. METHODS We used RNA interference-mediated knockdown of KRT17 expression and analyzed the effects on cell proliferation, cell migration, and signal transduction in two gastric cell lines (AGS and NCI-N87) in vitro and on xenograft growth in vivo. RESULTS The functional analysis of KRT17 knockdown cell lines showed a decreased cell proliferation (with 42.36% ± 3.2%) and migration ability (with 37.2% ± 6.2%) relative to scrambled siRNA control. The in vivo tumorigenicity on nude mice exhibited a significant decrease in tumor weight with 69.14% in xenografts obtained from AGS cells and 84.43% in xeno-NCI-N87 tumors. The analysis on KRT17 knockdown outcome on intracellular signaling identifies AKT/mTOR as the main affected pathway that sustains proliferation and survival, and also the AMPKα1/CREB pathway that was recently shown to induce organ protection and antiinflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight KRT17 as a possible biomarker in gastric cancer promoting tumor growth, motility, and invasion, and suggest that KRT17 can be a valuable molecular target for development of anti-gastric cancer-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Chivu-Economescu
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285 Ave, 030304, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Denisa L Dragu
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285 Ave, 030304, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura G Necula
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285 Ave, 030304, Bucharest, Romania.,Nicolae Cajal Institute, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania.,Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lilia Matei
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285 Ave, 030304, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Enciu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Cell Biology and Histology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285 Ave, 030304, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Mihai Bravu 285 Ave, 030304, Bucharest, Romania
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153
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Survival of pancreatic cancer cells lacking KRAS function. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1090. [PMID: 29061961 PMCID: PMC5653666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS are a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), an aggressive malignancy with few effective therapeutic options. Despite efforts to develop KRAS-targeted drugs, the absolute dependence of PDAC cells on KRAS remains incompletely understood. Here we model complete KRAS inhibition using CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing and demonstrate that KRAS is dispensable in a subset of human and mouse PDAC cells. Remarkably, nearly all KRAS deficient cells exhibit phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and induced sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, comparison of gene expression profiles of PDAC cells retaining or lacking KRAS reveal a role of KRAS in the suppression of metastasis-related genes. Collectively, these data underscore the potential for PDAC resistance to even the very best KRAS inhibitors and provide insights into mechanisms of response and resistance to KRAS inhibition. Pancreatic cancer cells may develop resistance to KRAS inhibitors due to activation of compensatory pathways. In this study, the authors demonstrate that KRAS is dispensable in a subset of pancreatic cancer and that PI3K signalling may have an important role in mediating tumor growth following KRAS inhibition.
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154
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Kang AR, An HT, Ko J, Choi EJ, Kang S. Ataxin-1 is involved in tumorigenesis of cervical cancer cells via the EGFR-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94606-94618. [PMID: 29212253 PMCID: PMC5706899 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) is a coregulator protein within which expansion of the polyglutamine tract causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Previously, we reported that ATXN1 regulates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that ATXN1 is involved in cervical cancer tumorigenesis by promoting the proliferation of human cervical cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that ATXN1 bound to the promoter region within cyclin D1 and activated cyclin D1 transcription, resulting in cell proliferation. ATXN1 promoted cyclin D1 expression through the EGFR–RAS–MAPK signaling pathway. Mouse xenograft tumorigenicity assays showed that ATXN1 downregulation inhibited tumorigenesis in cervical cancer cell lines in nude mice. Human cervical cancer tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical techniques showed that ATXN1 was significantly upregulated in many such tissues. Our results suggest that ATXN1 plays an important role in cervical cancer tumorigenesis and is a prognostic marker for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Ram Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Tae An
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jesang Ko
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Seongman Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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155
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Ciarlo C, Kaufman CK, Kinikoglu B, Michael J, Yang S, D′Amato C, Blokzijl-Franke S, den Hertog J, Schlaeger TM, Zhou Y, Liao E, Zon LI. A chemical screen in zebrafish embryonic cells establishes that Akt activation is required for neural crest development. eLife 2017; 6:e29145. [PMID: 28832322 PMCID: PMC5599238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest is a dynamic progenitor cell population that arises at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm. The inductive roles of FGF, Wnt, and BMP at the neural plate border are well established, but the signals required for subsequent neural crest development remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a screen in primary zebrafish embryo cultures for chemicals that disrupt neural crest development, as read out by crestin:EGFP expression. We found that the natural product caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) disrupts neural crest gene expression, migration, and melanocytic differentiation by reducing Sox10 activity. CAPE inhibits FGF-stimulated PI3K/Akt signaling, and neural crest defects in CAPE-treated embryos are suppressed by constitutively active Akt1. Inhibition of Akt activity by constitutively active PTEN similarly decreases crestin expression and Sox10 activity. Our study has identified Akt as a novel intracellular pathway required for neural crest differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Ciarlo
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Division of Oncology, Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Beste Kinikoglu
- Center for Regenerative MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Michael
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Song Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Christopher D′Amato
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Sasja Blokzijl-Franke
- Hubrecht Institute, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van WetenschappenUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van WetenschappenUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Thorsten M Schlaeger
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Eric Liao
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Center for Regenerative MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/OncologyChildren’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
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156
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Lang L, Shay C, Zhao X, Teng Y. Combined targeting of Arf1 and Ras potentiates anticancer activity for prostate cancer therapeutics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:112. [PMID: 28830537 PMCID: PMC5568197 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Although major improvements have been made in surgical management, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic of prostate cancer, many prostate cancers remain refractory to treatment with standard agents. Therefore, the identification of new molecular targets in cancer progression and development of novel therapeutic strategies to target them are very necessary for achieving better survival for patients with prostate cancer. Activation of small GTPases such as Ras and Arf1 is a critical component of the signaling pathways for most of the receptors shown to be upregulated in advanced prostate cancer. Methods The drug effects on cell proliferation were measured by CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay. The drug effects on cell migration and invasion were determined by Radius™ 24-well and Matrigel-coated Boyden chambers. The drug effects on apoptosis were assessed by FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit with 7-AAD and Western blot with antibodies against cleaved PARP and Caspase 3. A NOD/SCID mouse model generated by subcutaneous injection was used to assess the in vivo drug efficacy in tumor growth. ERK activation and tumor cell proliferation in xenografts were examined by immunohistochemistry. Results We show that Exo2, a small-molecule inhibitor that reduces Arf1 activation, effectively suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation by blocking ERK1/2 activation. Exo2 also has other effects, inhibiting migration and invasion of PCa cells and inducing apoptosis. The Ras inhibitor salirasib augments Exo2-induced cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells partially by enhancing the suppression of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In a xenograft mouse model of prostate cancer, Exo2 reduces prostate tumor burden and inhibits ERK1/2 activation at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Synergistic treatment of salirasib and Exo2 exhibits a superior inhibitory effect on prostate tumor growth compared with either drug alone, which may be attributed to the more efficient inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusion This study suggests that simultaneous blockade of Arf1 and Ras activation in prostate cancer cells is a potential targeted therapeutic strategy for preventing prostate cancer development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0583-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lang
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Chloe Shay
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Children's Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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157
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Van Dort ME, Galbán S, Nino CA, Hong H, Apfelbaum AA, Luker GD, Thurber GM, Atangcho L, Besirli CG, Ross BD. Structure-Guided Design and Initial Studies of a Bifunctional MEK/PI3K Inhibitor (ST-168). ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:808-813. [PMID: 28835793 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure-based design of a new single entity, MEK/PI3K bifunctional inhibitor (7, ST-168), which displays improved MEK1 and PI3K isoform inhibition, is described. ST-168 demonstrated a 2.2-fold improvement in MEK1 inhibition and a 2.8-, 2.7-, 23-, and 2.5-fold improved inhibition toward the PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ isoforms, respectively, as compared to a previous lead compound (4; ST-162) in in vitro enzymatic inhibition assays. ST-168 demonstrated superior tumoricidal efficacy over ST-162 in an A375 melanoma spheroid tumor model. ST-168 was comparatively more effective than ST-162 in promoting tumor control when administrated orally in a tumor therapy study conducted in an A375 melanoma mouse model confirming its bioavailability and efficacy toward combined in vivo MEK1/PI3K inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcian E. Van Dort
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stefanie Galbán
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles A. Nino
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hao Hong
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - April A. Apfelbaum
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gary D. Luker
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Greg M. Thurber
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lydia Atangcho
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cagri G. Besirli
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brian D. Ross
- Center
for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, §Departments of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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158
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Xia G, Wang H, Song Z, Meng Q, Huang X, Huang X. Gambogic acid sensitizes gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic cancer by reducing the expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit-M2 (RRM2). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:107. [PMID: 28797284 PMCID: PMC5553806 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is susceptible to gemcitabine resistance, and patients receive less benefit from gemcitabine chemotherapy. Previous studies report that gambogic acid possesses antineoplastic properties; however, to our knowledge, there have been no specific studies on its effects in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore whether increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine, and determine the synergistic effects of gambogic acid and gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer. Methods The effects of gambogic acid on cell viability, the cell cycle, and apoptosis were assessed using 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) and flow cytometry in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Protein expression was detected by western blot analysis and mRNA expression was detected using q-PCR. A xenograft tumor model of pancreatic cancer was used to investigate the synergistic effects of gambogic acid and gemcitabine. Results Gambogic acid effectively inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines by inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Synergistic activity of gambogic acid combined with gemcitabine was observed in PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells based on the results of MTT, colony formation, and apoptosis assays. Western blot results demonstrated that gambogic acid sensitized gemcitabine-induced apoptosis by enhancing the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved-PARP, and Bax, and reducing the expression of Bcl-2. In particular, gambogic acid reduced the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase subunit-M2 (RRM2) protein and mRNA, a trend that correlated with resistance to gemcitabine through inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/E2F1 signaling pathway. Treatment with gambogic acid and gemcitabine significantly repressed tumor growth in the xenograft pancreatic cancer model. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated a downregulation of p-ERK, E2F1, and RRM2 in mice receiving gambogic acid treatment and combination treatment. Conclusions These results demonstrate that gambogic acid sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the activation of the ERK/E2F1/RRM2 signaling pathway. The results also indicate that gambogic acid treatment combined with gemcitabine might be a promising chemotherapy strategy for pancreatic cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0579-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanggai Xia
- Department of general surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- Department of general surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziliang Song
- Department of general surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong-An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Huang
- Department of general surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyu Huang
- Department of general surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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159
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Synergistic activity and heterogeneous acquired resistance of combined MDM2 and MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant cancers. Oncogene 2017; 36:6581-6591. [PMID: 28783173 PMCID: PMC5700857 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no effective targeted therapies for KRAS mutant cancers. Therapeutic strategies that combine MEK inhibitors with agents that target apoptotic pathways may be a promising therapeutic approach. We investigated combining MEK and MDM2 inhibitors as a potential treatment strategy for KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancers and colorectal carcinomas that harbor wild-type TP53. The combination of pimasertib (MEK inhibitor) + SAR405838 (MDM2 inhibitor) was synergistic and induced the expression of PUMA and BIM, led to apoptosis and growth inhibition in vitro, and tumor regression in vivo. Acquired resistance to the combination commonly resulted from the acquisition of TP53 mutations, conferring complete resistance to MDM2 inhibition. In contrast, resistant clones exhibited marked variability in sensitivity to MEK inhibition, which significantly impacted sensitivity to subsequent treatment with alternative MEK inhibitor-based combination therapies. These results highlight both the potential promise and limitations of combining MEK and MDM2 inhibitors for treatment of KRAS mutant NSCLC and CRC.
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160
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Galbán S, Apfelbaum AA, Espinoza C, Heist K, Haley H, Bedi K, Ljungman M, Galbán CJ, Luker GD, Dort MV, Ross BD. A Bifunctional MAPK/PI3K Antagonist for Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2340-2350. [PMID: 28775144 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Responses to targeted therapies frequently are brief, with patients relapsing with drug-resistant tumors. For oncogenic MEK and BRAF inhibition, drug resistance commonly occurs through activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and immune checkpoint modulation, providing a robust molecular target for concomitant therapy. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a bifunctional kinase inhibitor (ST-162) that concurrently targets MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. Treatment with ST-162 produced regression of mutant KRAS- or BRAF-addicted xenograft models of colorectal cancer and melanoma and stasis of BRAF/PTEN-mutant melanomas. Combining ST-162 with immune checkpoint blockers further increased efficacy in a syngeneic KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer model. Nascent transcriptome analysis revealed a unique gene set regulated by ST-162 related to melanoma metastasis. Subsequent mouse studies revealed ST-162 was a potent inhibitor of melanoma metastasis to the liver. These findings highlight the significant potential of a single molecule with multikinase activity to achieve tumor control, overcome resistance, and prevent metastases through modulation of interconnected cell signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(11); 2340-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April A Apfelbaum
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Heist
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Henry Haley
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karan Bedi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig J Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary D Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marcian Van Dort
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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161
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Chen CH, Hsia TC, Yeh MH, Chen TW, Chen YJ, Chen JT, Wei YL, Tu CY, Huang WC. MEK inhibitors induce Akt activation and drug resistance by suppressing negative feedback ERK-mediated HER2 phosphorylation at Thr701. Mol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28632938 PMCID: PMC5579385 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the MEK/ERK pathway has been viewed as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, MEK inhibition leads to the compensatory PI3K/AKT activation and thus contributes to the desensitization of cancer cells to MEK inhibitors. The underlying molecular mechanism of this event is not yet understood. In this study, our data showed that the induction of Akt activity by MEK inhibitors was specifically observed in HER2‐positive breast cancer cells. Silence of HER2, or overexpression of HER2 kinase‐dead mutant, prevents the induction of Akt activation in response to MEK inhibition, indicating HER2 as a critical regulator for this event. Furthermore, HER2 Thr701 was demonstrated as a direct phosphorylation target of ERK1/2. Inhibition of this specific phosphorylation prolonged the dimerization of HER2 with EGFR in a clathrin‐dependent manner, leading to the enhanced activation of HER2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase and their downstream Akt pathway. These results suggest that suppression of ERK‐mediated HER2 Thr701 phosphorylation contributes to MEK inhibitor‐induced Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tainan Municipal An-Nan hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tsu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Tu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Jhan JR, Andrechek ER. Effective personalized therapy for breast cancer based on predictions of cell signaling pathway activation from gene expression analysis. Oncogene 2017. [PMID: 28135251 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic outcomes for breast cancer underscore the complexity of treating a heterogeneous disease. Indeed, studies have shown that differences in gene expression among patients with the same subtype of breast cancer are correlated with the response to treatment. This strongly suggests that there is an urgent need to treat breast cancer with a personalized approach. Here we employed cell signaling pathway signatures to predict pathway activity in subtypes of MMTV-Myc mammary tumors. We then split tumors into subsets and developed individualized combinatorial treatments for two subtypes with distinct pathway activation patterns. Elevation of the EGFR, RAS and TGFβ pathways was observed in one subtype whereas these pathways were not predicted to be active in the other subtype that had high predicted activity of the Myc, Stat3 and Akt pathways. In a proof-of-principle experiment, treatment of these two subtypes with targeted therapies inhibited tumor growth only in the subtype of tumor where the therapy was designed to be active. We then analyzed gene expression profiles of human breast cancer patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples to predict pathway activity, and validated our approach of developing individualized treatments in mice with PDX tumors. Importantly, our combinatorial therapy resulted in tumor regression, including regression in PDX samples from triple-negative breast cancer. Together our data is a proof-of-principle experiment that demonstrates that cell signaling pathway signature-guided treatment for breast cancer is viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-R Jhan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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163
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Lieu CH, Hidalgo M, Berlin JD, Ko AH, Cervantes A, LoRusso P, Gerber DE, Eder JP, Eckhardt SG, Kapp AV, Tsuhako A, McCall B, Pirzkall A, Uyei A, Tabernero J. A Phase Ib Dose-Escalation Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Cobimetinib and Duligotuzumab in Patients with Previously Treated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Cancers with Mutant KRAS. Oncologist 2017; 22:1024-e89. [PMID: 28592615 PMCID: PMC5599193 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lessons Learned. Cobimetinib and duligotuzumab were well tolerated as single agents and in combination with other agents. The cobimetinib and duligotuzumab combination was associated with increased toxicity, most notably gastrointestinal, and limited efficacy in the patient population tested.
Background. KRAS‐mutant tumors possess abnormal mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway signaling, leading to dysregulated cell proliferation. Cobimetinib blocks MAPK signaling. The dual‐action antibody duligotuzumab (MEHD7945A) inhibits ligand binding to both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3). Blockade of EGFR/HER3 and inhibition of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK) in KRAS‐mutant tumors may provide additive benefit. Methods. Patients with KRAS‐mutant solid tumors were eligible for this phase Ib dose‐escalation study with a planned expansion phase. Duligotuzumab was given intravenously (IV) at 1,100 mg every 2 weeks (q2w), while cobimetinib was given orally in a standard 3 + 3 design to identify the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of this combination. Results. Twenty‐three patients were enrolled. Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) included grade 4 hypokalemia and grade 3 mucosal inflammation, asthenia, and dermatitis acneiform. Seventy percent of patients experienced grade 3 or worse adverse events (AEs). Five (22%) and 12 (52%) patients missed at least 1 dose of duligotuzumab and cobimetinib, respectively, and 9 (39%) patients required a cobimetinib dose reduction. Three (13%) patients discontinued due to an AE. Best response was limited to 9 patients with stable disease and 13 patients with progressive disease. Conclusion. Given the limited tolerability and efficacy of this combination, the study did not proceed to expansion stage and closed for enrollment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- START Madrid, Centro Integral Oncologico Clara Campal (CIOCC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrew H Ko
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andres Cervantes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, CIBERONC, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - David E Gerber
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - J Paul Eder
- Yale Smilow Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy V Kapp
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Tsuhako
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce McCall
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Anne Uyei
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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164
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Targeting PI3K Signaling in Combination Cancer Therapy. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:454-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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165
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Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activates autophagy and compensatory Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56698-56713. [PMID: 28915623 PMCID: PMC5593594 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in advanced prostate cancer, due to loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN, and is an important axis for drug development. We have assessed the molecular and functional consequences of pathway blockade by inhibiting AKT and mTOR kinases either in combination or as individual drug treatments. In established prostate cancer cell lines, a decrease in cell viability and in phospho-biomarker expression was observed. Although apoptosis was not induced, a G1 growth arrest was observed in PTEN null LNCaP cells, but not in BPH1 or PC3 cells. In contrast, when the AKT inhibitor AZD7328 was applied to patient-derived prostate cultures that retained expression of PTEN, activation of a compensatory Ras/MEK/ERK pathway was observed. Moreover, whilst autophagy was induced following treatment with AZD7328, cell viability was less affected in the patient-derived cultures than in cell lines. Surprisingly, treatment with a combination of both AZD7328 and two separate MEK1/2 inhibitors further enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in primary prostate cultures. However, it also induced irreversible growth arrest and senescence. Ex vivo treatment of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of prostate cancer with a combination of AZD7328 and the mTOR inhibitor KU-0063794, significantly reduced tumour frequency upon re-engraftment of tumour cells. The results demonstrate that single agent targeting of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway triggers activation of the Ras/MEK/ERK compensatory pathway in near-patient samples. Therefore, blockade of one pathway is insufficient to treat prostate cancer in man.
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166
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Bahrami A, Hassanian SM, ShahidSales S, Farjami Z, Hasanzadeh M, Anvari K, Aledavood A, Maftouh M, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Targeting RAS signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2058-2066. [PMID: 28262927 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is frequently dysregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). It is involved in the modulation of several downstream effectors, that include: Raf/Mek/Erk, PI3K/Akt, RalGDS/p38MAPK, and Rac/Rho, and thereby influences tumorigenesis, the invasive behaviors of tumor cell, and resistance to therapy. There is growing evidence exploring the use of drugs that target these pathways in the treatment of CRC. Cetuximab has been approved for CRC patients without a KRAS mutation, or for EGFR-expressing metastatic CRC, although some of the patients have a mutation of KRAS and NRAS. This review summarizes the recent knowledge about the therapeutic potential of targeting RAS with particular emphasis on recent preclinical and clinical studies in treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soodabeh ShahidSales
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Farjami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Anvari
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Aledavood
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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167
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78495111110.3390/cancers9050052" />
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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168
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Wee P, Wang Z. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050052. [PMID: 28513565 PMCID: PMC5447962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 999] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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169
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Dong B, Xue R, Sun Y, Dong Y, Liu C. Sestrin 2 attenuates neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by phenylephrine via inhibiting ERK1/2. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 433:113-123. [PMID: 28497371 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response triggered by many physiological and pathological conditions and will lead to heart failure eventually. Sestrin 2, which is a stress-responsive protein, was reported to protect heart from ischemia reperfusion injury. However, the role of Sestrin 2 in cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. In our present study, we aimed to explore the effects of Sestrin 2 on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. We found that knockdown of Sestrin 2 protein aggravated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by phenylephrine (PE), featured by increased hypertrophic marker ANP and cell surface area. During this process, ERK1/2 cascade was further activated, while p38, JNK1/2, and mTOR signaling pathways were not affected by downregulation of Sestrin 2. Moreover, overexpression of Sestrin 2 protein protected cardiomyocytes from PE-induced hypertrophy and ERK1/2 cascade was suppressed correspondingly. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 eliminated the exacerbated hypertrophic phenotype due to Sestrin 2 protein knockdown. In conclusion, we discovered that Sestrin 2 protected against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by PE via inhibiting ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruicong Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yugang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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170
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Wu YL, Maachani UB, Schweitzer M, Singh R, Wang M, Chang R, Souweidane MM. Dual Inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK Pathways Induces Synergistic Antitumor Effects in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Cells. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:221-228. [PMID: 28189993 PMCID: PMC5302185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating disease with an extremely poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and its downstream effector pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, are frequently amplified in DIPG, and potential therapies targeting this pathway have emerged. However, the addition of targeted single agents has not been found to improve clinical outcomes in DIPG, and targeting this pathway alone has produced insufficient clinical responses in multiple malignancies investigated, including lung, endometrial, and bladder cancers. Acquired resistance also seems inevitable. Activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which shares many nodes of cross talk with the PI3K/AKT pathway, has been implicated in the development of resistance. In the present study, perifosine, a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor, and trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, were combined, and their therapeutic efficacy on DIPG cells was assessed. Growth delay assays were performed with each drug individually or in combination. Here, we show that dual inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways synergistically reduced cell viability. We also reveal that trametinib induced AKT phosphorylation in DIPG cells that could not be effectively attenuated by the addition of perifosine, likely due to the activation of other compensatory mechanisms. The synergistic reduction in cell viability was through the pronounced induction of apoptosis, with some effect from cell cycle arrest. We conclude that the concurrent inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways may be a potential therapeutic strategy for DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Linda Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Uday Bhanu Maachani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Melanie Schweitzer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ranjodh Singh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Melinda Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Raymond Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Mark M Souweidane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
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Chung V, McDonough S, Philip PA, Cardin D, Wang-Gillam A, Hui L, Tejani MA, Seery TE, Dy IA, Baghdadi TA, Hendifar AE, Doyle LA, Lowy AM, Guthrie KA, Blanke CD, Hochster HS. Effect of Selumetinib and MK-2206 vs Oxaliplatin and Fluorouracil in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer After Prior Therapy: SWOG S1115 Study Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3:516-522. [PMID: 27978579 PMCID: PMC5665683 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE KRAS mutations are common in pancreatic cancer, but directly targeting the KRAS protein has thus far been unsuccessful. The aim of this trial was to block the MEK and PI3K/AKT pathways downstream of the KRAS protein as an alternate treatment strategy to slow cancer growth and prolong survival. This was the first cooperative group trial to evaluate this strategy using molecularly targeted oral combination therapy for the treatment of chemotherapy-refractory pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE To compare selumetinib and MK-2206 vs modified FOLFOX (mFOLFOX) in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer for whom gemcitabine-based therapy had failed. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS SWOG S1115 was a randomized phase 2 clinical trial. Between September 2012 and May 2014, 137 patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma for whom gemcitabine-based chemotherapy had failed were randomized to selumetinib plus MK-2206 or mFOLFOX. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion and stratified according to duration of prior systemic therapy and presence of liver metastases. INTERVENTIONS Patients received selumetinib 100 mg orally per day plus MK-2206 135 mg orally once per week or mFOLFOX (oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m2 intravenous, and fluorouracil, 2400 mg/m2 intravenous infusion over 46-48 hours) on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point of the study was overall survival. Secondary objectives included evaluating toxic effects, objective tumor response, and progression-free survival. RESULTS There were 58 patients in the selumetinib plus MK-2206 (experimental) arm (60% male; median [range] age, 69 [54-88] years) and 62 patients in the mFOLFOX arm (35% male; median [range] age, 65 [34-82] years). In the experimental arm, median overall survival was shorter (3.9 vs 6.7 months; HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.90-2.08; P = .15), as was median progression-free survival (1.9 vs 2.0 months; HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.43; P = .02). One vs 5 patients had a partial response and 12 vs 14 patients had stable disease in the experimental arm vs mFOLFOX arm. Grade 3 or higher toxic effects were observed in 39 patients treated with selumetinib and MK-2206 vs 23 patients treated with mFOLFOX. More patients in the experimental arm discontinued therapy due to adverse events (13 vs 7 patients). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Dual targeting of the MEK and PI3K/AKT pathways downstream of KRAS by selumetinib plus MK-2206 did not improve overall survival in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma for whom gemcitabine-based chemotherapy had failed. This was the first randomized prospective evaluation of mFOLFOX in the US population that showed comparable results to CONKO-003 and PANCREOX. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01658943.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon McDonough
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Dana Cardin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene A. Dy
- Crossroads Cancer Center/Heartland NCORP, Effingham, IL
| | | | | | - L. Austin Doyle
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Charles D. Blanke
- SWOG Group Chair’s Office/Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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172
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Suppression of B-Raf(V600E) cancers by MAPK hyper-activation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18694-704. [PMID: 26959890 PMCID: PMC4951321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Raf(V600E) activates MEK/MAPK signalling and acts as oncogenic driver of a variety of cancers, including melanoma, colorectal and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Specific B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitors (e.g., Vemurafenib) prove initial efficacy in melanoma followed shortly by acquired resistance, while failing in most other B-Raf(V600E) cancers due to primary resistance. Resistance is due to acquired mutations in the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway and/or other oncogenic drivers that bypass B-Raf(V600E). Surprisingly, hyper-activation of MAPK by inhibiting its protein phosphatase 2A by a synthetic long-chain fatty acid analogue (MEDICA), results in oncogene-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of B-Raf(V600E) cancer cells. Growth arrest is accompanied by MAPK-mediated serine/threonine phosphorylation and suppression of a variety of oncogenic drivers that resist treatment by B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitors, including ErbB members, c-Met, IGFR, IRS, STAT3 and Akt. The combined activities of mutated B-Raf and MEDICA are required for generating hyper-activated MAPK, growth arrest and apoptosis, implying strict specificity for mutated B-Raf cancer cells.
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173
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A combination of trastuzumab and BAG-1 inhibition synergistically targets HER2 positive breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18851-64. [PMID: 26958811 PMCID: PMC4951334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HER2+ breast cancer with trastuzumab is effective and combination anti-HER2 therapies have demonstrated benefit over monotherapy in the neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting the BAG-1 protein co-chaperone in trastuzumab-responsive or -resistant cells. In the METABRIC dataset, BAG-1 mRNA was significantly elevated in HER2+ breast tumors and predicted overall survival in a multivariate analysis (HR = 0.81; p = 0.022). In a breast cell line panel, BAG-1 protein was increased in HER2+ cells and was required for optimal growth as shown by siRNA knockdown. Overexpression of BAG-1S in HER2+ SKBR3 cells blocked growth inhibition by trastuzumab, whereas overexpression of a mutant BAG-1S protein (BAG-1S H3AB), defective in binding HSC70, potentiated the effect of trastuzumab. Injection of a Tet-On SKBR3 clone, induced to overexpress myc-BAG-1S into the mammary fat pads of immunocompromised mice, resulted in 2-fold larger tumors compared to uninduced controls. Induction of myc-BAG-1S expression in two Tet-On SKBR3 clones attenuated growth inhibition by trastuzumab in vitro. Targeting endogenous BAG-1 by siRNA enhanced growth inhibition of SKBR3 and BT474 cells by trastuzumab, while BAG-1 protein-protein interaction inhibitor (Thio-S or Thio-2) plus trastuzumab combination treatment synergistically attenuated growth. In BT474 cells this reduced protein synthesis, caused G1/S cell cycle arrest and targeted the ERK and AKT signaling pathways. In a SKBR3 subpopulation with acquired resistance to trastuzumab BAG-1 targeting remained effective and either Thio-2 or BAG-1 siRNA reduced growth more compared to trastuzumab-responsive parental cells. In summary, targeting BAG-1 function in combination with anti-HER2 therapy might prove beneficial.
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174
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Effective personalized therapy for breast cancer based on predictions of cell signaling pathway activation from gene expression analysis. Oncogene 2017; 36:3553-3561. [PMID: 28135251 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic outcomes for breast cancer underscore the complexity of treating a heterogeneous disease. Indeed, studies have shown that differences in gene expression among patients with the same subtype of breast cancer are correlated with the response to treatment. This strongly suggests that there is an urgent need to treat breast cancer with a personalized approach. Here we employed cell signaling pathway signatures to predict pathway activity in subtypes of MMTV-Myc mammary tumors. We then split tumors into subsets and developed individualized combinatorial treatments for two subtypes with distinct pathway activation patterns. Elevation of the EGFR, RAS and TGFβ pathways was observed in one subtype whereas these pathways were not predicted to be active in the other subtype that had high predicted activity of the Myc, Stat3 and Akt pathways. In a proof-of-principle experiment, treatment of these two subtypes with targeted therapies inhibited tumor growth only in the subtype of tumor where the therapy was designed to be active. We then analyzed gene expression profiles of human breast cancer patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples to predict pathway activity, and validated our approach of developing individualized treatments in mice with PDX tumors. Importantly, our combinatorial therapy resulted in tumor regression, including regression in PDX samples from triple-negative breast cancer. Together our data is a proof-of-principle experiment that demonstrates that cell signaling pathway signature-guided treatment for breast cancer is viable.
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175
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Bosch-Vilaró A, Jacobs B, Pomella V, Asbagh LA, Kirkland R, Michel J, Singh S, Liu X, Kim P, Weitsman G, Barber PR, Vojnovic B, Ng T, Tejpar S. Feedback activation of HER3 attenuates response to EGFR inhibitors in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:4277-4288. [PMID: 28032592 PMCID: PMC5354831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The EGFR inhibitor cetuximab is approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, both innate and acquired resistance mechanisms, including compensatory feedback loops, limit its efficacy. Nevertheless, the emergence of these feedback loops has remained largely unexplored to date. Here, we showed feedback upregulation of HER3 and induction of HER3 phosphorylation after cetuximab treatment in colon cancer cells. We also showed that this upregulation occurs, at least partly, through AKT inhibition. Together with this, we observed increased HER2:HER3 dimerization upon cetuximab treatment. Interestingly, lapatinib, a dual EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked the increase of cetuximab-induced HER3 phosphorylation. Additionally, we showed that upon HER3 knockdown, cetuximab combined with lapatinib was able to decrease cell viability compared to HER3 expressing cells. These results suggest the existence of a cetuximab-induced feedback HER3 activation that could potentially result in reduced cetuximab efficacy in colorectal cancer patients. Taken together, we provide evidence of the limited effectiveness of cetuximab monotherapy compared to rational combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch-Vilaró
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Pomella
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Layka Abbasi Asbagh
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Joe Michel
- Prometheus Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Xinjun Liu
- Prometheus Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Gregory Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul R. Barber
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Randall Division & Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Medical School Campus, London, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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176
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Gendelman R, Xing H, Mirzoeva OK, Sarde P, Curtis C, Feiler HS, McDonagh P, Gray JW, Khalil I, Korn WM. Bayesian Network Inference Modeling Identifies TRIB1 as a Novel Regulator of Cell-Cycle Progression and Survival in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1575-1585. [PMID: 28087598 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular networks governing responses to targeted therapies in cancer cells are complex dynamic systems that demonstrate nonintuitive behaviors. We applied a novel computational strategy to infer probabilistic causal relationships between network components based on gene expression. We constructed a model comprised of an ensemble of networks using multidimensional data from cell line models of cell-cycle arrest caused by inhibition of MEK1/2. Through simulation of a reverse-engineered Bayesian network model, we generated predictions of G1-S transition. The model identified known components of the cell-cycle machinery, such as CCND1, CCNE2, and CDC25A, as well as revealed novel regulators of G1-S transition, IER2, TRIB1, TRIM27. Experimental validation of model predictions confirmed 10 of 12 predicted genes to have a role in G1-S progression. Further analysis showed that TRIB1 regulated the cyclin D1 promoter via NFκB and AP-1 sites and sensitized cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In clinical specimens of breast cancer, TRIB1 levels correlated with expression of NFκB and its target genes (IL8, CSF2), and TRIB1 copy number and expression were predictive of clinical outcome. Together, our results establish a critical role of TRIB1 in cell cycle and survival that is mediated via the modulation of NFκB signaling. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1575-85. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Gendelman
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Heming Xing
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Olga K Mirzoeva
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Christina Curtis
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Joe W Gray
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Iya Khalil
- GNS Healthcare, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - W Michael Korn
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California
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177
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Harada K, Mizrak Kaya D, Shimodaira Y, Song S, Baba H, Ajani JA. Translating genomic profiling to gastrointestinal cancer treatment. Future Oncol 2017; 13:919-934. [PMID: 28067073 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing enables faster, cheaper and more accurate whole-genome sequencing, allowing genome profiling and discovery of molecular features. As molecular targeted drugs are developed, treatment can be tailored according to molecular subtype. Gastric and colorectal cancers have each been divided into four subtypes according to molecular features. Profiling of the esophageal cancer genome is underway and its classification is anticipated. To date, identification of HER2 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations in colon cancer have proved essential for treatment decisions. However, to overcome therapy resistance and improve prognosis, further individualized therapy is required. Here, we summarize the treatment options for gastrointestinal cancer according to genomic profiling and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Dilsa Mizrak Kaya
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yusuke Shimodaira
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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178
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Lake D, Corrêa SAL, Müller J. Negative feedback regulation of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4397-4413. [PMID: 27342992 PMCID: PMC5075022 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway regulates many cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. To reliably convert external stimuli into specific cellular responses and to adapt to environmental circumstances, the pathway must be integrated into the overall signalling activity of the cell. Multiple mechanisms have evolved to perform this role. In this review, we will focus on negative feedback mechanisms and examine how they shape ERK1/2 MAPK signalling. We will first discuss the extensive number of negative feedback loops targeting the different components of the ERK1/2 MAPK cascade, specifically the direct posttranslational modification of pathway components by downstream protein kinases and the induction of de novo gene synthesis of specific pathway inhibitors. We will then evaluate how negative feedback modulates the spatiotemporal signalling dynamics of the ERK1/2 pathway regarding signalling amplitude and duration as well as subcellular localisation. Aberrant ERK1/2 activation results in deregulated proliferation and malignant transformation in model systems and is commonly observed in human tumours. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway thus represents an attractive target for the treatment of malignant tumours with increased ERK1/2 activity. We will, therefore, discuss the effect of ERK1/2 MAPK feedback regulation on cancer treatment and how it contributes to reduced clinical efficacy of therapeutic agents and the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lake
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sonia A L Corrêa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Jürgen Müller
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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179
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Ludwik KA, Campbell JP, Li M, Li Y, Sandusky ZM, Pasic L, Sowder ME, Brenin DR, Pietenpol JA, O'Doherty GA, Lannigan DA. Development of a RSK Inhibitor as a Novel Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2598-2608. [PMID: 27528706 PMCID: PMC5807013 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is an incurable disease and identification of novel therapeutic opportunities is vital. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) frequently metastasizes and high levels of activated p90RSK (RSK), a downstream MEK-ERK1/2 effector, are found in TNBC. We demonstrate, using direct pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of RSK1/2, that these kinases contribute to the TNBC metastatic process in vivo Kinase profiling showed that RSK1 and RSK2 are the predominant kinases targeted by the new inhibitor, which is based on the natural product SL0101. Further evidence for selectivity was provided by the observations that silencing RSK1 and RSK2 eliminated the ability of the analogue to further inhibit survival or proliferation of a TNBC cell line. In vivo, the new derivative was as effective as the FDA-approved MEK inhibitor trametinib in reducing the establishment of metastatic foci. Importantly, inhibition of RSK1/2 did not result in activation of AKT, which is known to limit the efficacy of MEK inhibitors in the clinic. Our results demonstrate that RSK is a major contributor to the TNBC metastatic program and provide preclinical proof-of-concept for the efficacy of the novel SL0101 analogue in vivo Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2598-608. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Preston Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary M Sandusky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lejla Pasic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Miranda E Sowder
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David R Brenin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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180
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Chen M, Peters A, Huang T, Nan X. Ras Dimer Formation as a New Signaling Mechanism and Potential Cancer Therapeutic Target. Mini Rev Med Chem 2016; 16:391-403. [PMID: 26423697 PMCID: PMC5421135 DOI: 10.2174/1389557515666151001152212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The K-, N-, and HRas small GTPases are key regulators of cell physiology and are frequently mutated in human cancers. Despite intensive research, previous efforts to target hyperactive Ras based on known mechanisms of Ras signaling have been met with little success. Several studies have provided compelling evidence for the existence and biological relevance of Ras dimers, establishing a new mechanism for regulating Ras activity in cells additionally to GTP-loading and membrane localization. Existing data also start to reveal how Ras proteins dimerize on the membrane. We propose a dimer model to describe Ras-mediated effector activation, which contrasts existing models of Ras signaling as a monomer or as a 5-8 membered multimer. We also discuss potential implications of this model in both basic and translational Ras biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaolin Nan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Knight Cancer Institute, and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
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181
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Xie K, Colgan LA, Dao MT, Muntean BS, Sutton LP, Orlandi C, Boye SL, Boye SE, Shih CC, Li Y, Xu B, Smith RG, Yasuda R, Martemyanov KA. NF1 Is a Direct G Protein Effector Essential for Opioid Signaling to Ras in the Striatum. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2992-3003. [PMID: 27773571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can activate Ras-regulated kinase pathways to produce lasting changes in neuronal function. Mechanisms by which GPCRs transduce these signals and their relevance to brain disorders are not well understood. Here, we identify a major Ras regulator, neurofibromin 1 (NF1), as a direct effector of GPCR signaling via Gβγ subunits in the striatum. We find that binding of Gβγ to NF1 inhibits its ability to inactivate Ras. Deletion of NF1 in striatal neurons prevents the opioid-receptor-induced activation of Ras and eliminates its coupling to Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway. By acting in the striatal medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway, NF1 regulates opioid-induced changes in Ras activity, thereby sensitizing mice to psychomotor and rewarding effects of morphine. These results delineate a novel mechanism of GPCR signaling to Ras pathways and establish a critical role of NF1 in opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lesley A Colgan
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Maria T Dao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laurie P Sutton
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sanford L Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shannon E Boye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chien-Cheng Shih
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Roy G Smith
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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182
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Pathania AS, Guru SK, Kumar S, Kumar A, Ahmad M, Bhushan S, Sharma PR, Mahajan P, Shah BA, Sharma S, Nargotra A, Vishwakarma R, Korkaya H, Malik F. Interplay between cell cycle and autophagy induced by boswellic acid analog. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33146. [PMID: 27680387 PMCID: PMC5041107 DOI: 10.1038/srep33146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy induced by boswellic acid analog BA145 on cell cycle progression in pancreatic cancer cells. BA145 induced robust autophagy in pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 and exhibited cell proliferation inhibition by inducing cells to undergo G2/M arrest. Inhibition of G2/M progression was associated with decreased expression of cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin E, cdc2, cdc25c and CDK-1. Pre-treatment of cells with autophagy inhibitors or silencing the expression of key autophagy genes abrogated BA145 induced G2/M arrest and downregulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins. It was further observed that BA145 induced autophagy by targeting mTOR kinase (IC50 1 μM), leading to reduced expression of p-mTOR, p-p70S6K (T389), p-4EBP (T37/46) and p-S6 (S240/244). Notably, inhibition of mTOR signalling by BA145 was followed by attendant activation of AKT and its membrane translocation. Inhibition of Akt through pharmacological inhibitors or siRNAs enhanced BA145 mediated autophagy, G2/M arrest and reduced expression of G2/M regulators. Further studies revealed that BA145 arbitrated inhibition of mTOR led to the activation of Akt through IGFR/PI3k/Akt feedback loop. Intervention in IGFR/PI3k/Akt loop further depreciated Akt phosphorylation and its membrane translocation that culminates in augmented autophagy with concomitant G2/M arrest and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup S Pathania
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Santosh K Guru
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Masroor Ahmad
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Parduman R Sharma
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Priya Mahajan
- Discovery Informatics and Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Bhahwal A Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India.,Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Simmi Sharma
- Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Amit Nargotra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India.,Discovery Informatics and Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India.,Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University Cancer Centre, 1410 Laney Walker Boulevard CN2136, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Departments of Cancer Pharmacology, Natural Products Microbes; Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110001, India
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183
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High-Order Drug Combinations Are Required to Effectively Kill Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6950-6963. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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184
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McNew KL, Whipple WJ, Mehta AK, Grant TJ, Ray L, Kenny C, Singh A. MEK and TAK1 Regulate Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells with KRAS-Dependent Activation of Proinflammatory Signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1204-1216. [PMID: 27655129 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MEK inhibitors have limited efficacy in treating RAS-RAF-MEK pathway-dependent cancers due to feedback pathway compensation and dose-limiting toxicities. Combining MEK inhibitors with other targeted agents may enhance efficacy. Here, codependencies of MEK, TAK1, and KRAS in colon cancer were investigated. Combined inhibition of MEK and TAK1 potentiates apoptosis in KRAS-dependent cells. Pharmacologic studies and cell-cycle analyses on a large panel of colon cancer cell lines demonstrate that MEK/TAK1 inhibition induces cell death, as assessed by sub-G1 accumulation, in a distinct subset of cell lines. Furthermore, TAK1 inhibition causes G2-M cell-cycle blockade and polyploidy in many of the cell lines. MEK plus TAK1 inhibition causes reduced G2-M/polyploid cell numbers and additive cytotoxic effects in KRAS/TAK1-dependent cell lines as well as a subset of BRAF-mutant cells. Mechanistically, sensitivity to MEK/TAK1 inhibition can be conferred by KRAS and BMP receptor activation, which promote expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines, driving tumor cell survival and proliferation. MEK/TAK1 inhibition causes reduced mTOR, Wnt, and NF-κB signaling in TAK1/MEK-dependent cell lines concomitant with apoptosis. A Wnt/NF-κB transcriptional signature was derived that stratifies primary tumors into three major subtypes: Wnt-high/NF-κB-low, Wnt-low/NF-κB-high and Wnt-high/NF-κB-high, designated W, N, and WN, respectively. These subtypes have distinct characteristics, including enrichment for BRAF mutations with serrated carcinoma histology in the N subtype. Both N and WN subtypes bear molecular hallmarks of MEK and TAK1 dependency seen in cell lines. Therefore, N and WN subtype signatures could be utilized to identify tumors that are most sensitive to anti-MEK/TAK1 therapeutics. IMPLICATIONS This study describes a potential therapeutic strategy for a subset of colon cancers that are dependent on oncogenic KRAS signaling pathways, which are currently difficult to block with selective agents. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1204-16. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L McNew
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - William J Whipple
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anita K Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Trevor J Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Leah Ray
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Connor Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts. .,
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185
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are downstream effectors of MEK1/2-ERK1/2. Increased RSK activation is implicated in the etiology of multiple pathologies, including numerous types of cancers, cardiovascular disease, liver and lung fibrosis, and infections. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes the patent and scientific literature on small molecule modulators of RSK and their potential use as therapeutics. The patents were identified using World Intellectual Property Organization and United States Patent and Trademark Office databases. The compounds described are predominantly RSK inhibitors, but a RSK activator is also described. The majority of the inhibitors are not RSK-specific. EXPERT OPINION Based on the overwhelming evidence that RSK is involved in a number of diseases that have high mortalities it seems surprising that there are no RSK modulators that have pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo use. MEK1/2 inhibitors are in the clinic, but the efficacy of these compounds appears to be limited by their side effects. We hypothesize that targeting the downstream effectors of MEK1/2, like RSK, are an untapped source of drug targets and that they will generate less side effects than MEK1/2 inhibitors because they regulate fewer effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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186
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Sartore-Bianchi A, Loupakis F, Argilés G, Prager G. Challenging chemoresistant metastatic colorectal cancer: therapeutic strategies from the clinic and from the laboratory. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1456-66. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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187
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Gnad F, Doll S, Song K, Stokes MP, Moffat J, Liu B, Arnott D, Wallin J, Friedman LS, Hatzivassiliou G, Belvin M. Phosphoproteome analysis of the MAPK pathway reveals previously undetected feedback mechanisms. Proteomics 2016; 16:1998-2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gnad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Protein Chemistry; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Kyung Song
- Department of Translational Oncology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - John Moffat
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Bonnie Liu
- Department of Translational Oncology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - David Arnott
- Department of Protein Chemistry; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jeffrey Wallin
- Department of Translational Oncology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Lori S. Friedman
- Department of Translational Oncology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Marcia Belvin
- Department of Translational Oncology; Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
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188
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Abstract
KRAS is frequently mutated in a variety of cancers including lung cancer. Whereas the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a well-known effector pathway of KRAS, blocking this pathway with MEK inhibitors is relatively ineffective. One major contributor to limited efficacy is attributed to the reactivation of MAPK signal following MEK inhibition by multiple feedback mechanisms. In a recent study, we have identified that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition defines feedback activation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling following MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant lung cancer. In epithelial-like cells, this feedback was mediated by ERBB3. In contrast, in mesenchymal-like cells, the feedback was attributed to the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) pathway. FGFR1 was dominantly expressed in mesenchymal-like cells: suppression of SPRY proteins by MEK inhibition relieved negative feedback control of basal FGFR-FRS2 function, resulting in reactivation of MAPK signaling via FGFR1. Therapeutically, the combination of MEK inhibitor trametinib with an FGFR inhibitor induced tumor regressions in tumor xenografts derived from mesenchymal-like KRAS mutant cancer cell lines as well as a patient derived xenograft model with a representative mesenchymal phenotype. Collectively, feedback activation of MAPK by FGFR1 signaling mitigates the effect of MEK inhibitor in mesenchymal-like KRAS mutant lung tumors, and combinations of clinically available FGFR1 inhibitors and MAPK inhibitors constitute a therapeutic approach to treat these cancers effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kitai
- a Division of Medical Oncology , Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- a Division of Medical Oncology , Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan.,b Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University , Ishikawa , Japan
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189
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Challa S, Guo JP, Ding X, Xu CX, Li Y, Kim D, Smith MA, Cress DW, Coppola D, Haura EB, Cheng JQ. IKBKE Is a Substrate of EGFR and a Therapeutic Target in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Activating Mutations of EGFR. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4418-29. [PMID: 27287717 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) marked by EGFR mutations tend to develop resistance to therapeutic EGFR inhibitors, often due to secondary mutation EGFR(T790M) but also other mechanisms. Here we report support for a rationale to target IKBKE, an IκB kinase family member that activates the AKT and NF-κB pathways, as one strategy to address NSCLC resistant to EGFR inhibitors. While wild-type and mutant EGFR directly interacted with IKBKE, only mutant EGFR phosphorylated IKBKE on residues Y153 and Y179. The unphosphorylatable mutant IKBKE-Y153F/Y179-F that lost kinase activity failed to activate AKT and inhibited EGFR signaling. In clinical specimens of NSCLC with activating mutations of EGFR, we observed elevated levels of phospho-Y153 IKBKE. IKBKE ablation with shRNA or small-molecule inhibitor amlexanox selectively inhibited the viability of NSCLC cells with EGFR mutations in vitro In parallel, we found that these treatments activated the MAPK pathway due to attenuation of an IKBKE feedback mechanism. In vivo studies revealed that combining amlexanox with MEK inhibitor AZD6244 significantly inhibited the xenograft tumor growth of NSCLC cells harboring activating EGFR mutations, including EGFR(T790M) Overall, our findings define IKBKE as a direct effector target of EGFR and provide a therapeutic rationale to target IKBKE as a strategy to eradicate EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4418-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Challa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jian-Ping Guo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiaowen Ding
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Cheng-Xiong Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yajuan Li
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Donghwa Kim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Thoracic Oncology and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Douglas W Cress
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric B Haura
- Thoracic Oncology and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jin Q Cheng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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190
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A Probabilistic Boolean Network Approach for the Analysis of Cancer-Specific Signalling: A Case Study of Deregulated PDGF Signalling in GIST. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156223. [PMID: 27232499 PMCID: PMC4883749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transduction networks are increasingly studied with mathematical modelling approaches while each of them is suited for a particular problem. For the contextualisation and analysis of signalling networks with steady-state protein data, we identified probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) as a promising framework which could capture quantitative changes of molecular changes at steady-state with a minimal parameterisation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In our case study, we successfully applied the PBN approach to model and analyse the deregulated Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) signalling pathway in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST). We experimentally determined a rich and accurate dataset of steady-state profiles of selected downstream kinases of PDGF-receptor-alpha mutants in combination with inhibitor treatments. Applying the tool optPBN, we fitted a literature-derived candidate network model to the training dataset consisting of single perturbation conditions. Model analysis suggested several important crosstalk interactions. The validity of these predictions was further investigated experimentally pointing to relevant ongoing crosstalk from PI3K to MAPK signalling in tumour cells. The refined model was evaluated with a validation dataset comprising multiple perturbation conditions. The model thereby showed excellent performance allowing to quantitatively predict the combinatorial responses from the individual treatment results in this cancer setting. The established optPBN pipeline is also widely applicable to gain a better understanding of other signalling networks at steady-state in a context-specific fashion.
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191
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Cell type-dependent Erk-Akt pathway crosstalk regulates the proliferation of fetal neural progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26547. [PMID: 27211495 PMCID: PMC4876380 DOI: 10.1038/srep26547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor (NP) cells are the multipotent cells that produce neurons and glia in the central nervous system. Compounds regulating their proliferation are key to both understanding brain development and unlocking their potential in regenerative repair. We discuss a chemical screen that unexpectedly identified inhibitors of Erk signaling potently promoting the self-renewing divisions of fetal NP cells. This occurred through crosstalk between Erk and Akt signaling cascades. The crosstalk mechanism is cell type-specific, and is not detected in adult NP cells as well as brain tumor cells. The mechanism was also shown to be independent from the GSK-3 signaling pathway, which has been reported to be a major regulator of NP cell homeostasis and inhibitors to which were also identified in the screen. In vitro Erk inhibition led to the prolonged rapid expansion of fetal NP cells while retaining their multipotency. In vivo inhibitor administration significantly inhibited the neuronal differentiation, and resulted in increased proliferative progenitor cells in the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) of the embryonic cortex. Our results uncovered a novel regulating pathway for NP cell proliferation in the developing brain. The discovery provides a pharmacological basis for in vitro expansion and in vivo manipulation of NP cells.
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192
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Wang J, Hu K, Guo J, Cheng F, Lv J, Jiang W, Lu W, Liu J, Pang X, Liu M. Suppression of KRas-mutant cancer through the combined inhibition of KRAS with PLK1 and ROCK. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11363. [PMID: 27193833 PMCID: PMC4873974 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
No effective targeted therapies exist for cancers with somatic KRAS mutations. Here we develop a synthetic lethal chemical screen in isogenic KRAS-mutant and wild-type cells to identify clinical drug pairs. Our results show that dual inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) leads to the synergistic effects in KRAS-mutant cancers. Microarray analysis reveals that this combinatory inhibition significantly increases transcription and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), leading to specific G2/M phase blockade in KRAS-mutant cells. Overexpression of p21(WAF1/CIP1), either by cDNA transfection or clinical drugs, preferentially impairs the growth of KRAS-mutant cells, suggesting a druggable synthetic lethal interaction between KRAS and p21(WAF1/CIP1). Co-administration of BI-2536 and fasudil either in the LSL-KRAS(G12D) mouse model or in a patient tumour explant mouse model of KRAS-mutant lung cancer suppresses tumour growth and significantly prolongs mouse survival, suggesting a strong synergy in vivo and a potential avenue for therapeutic treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Jing Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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193
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Kim JY, Stewart PA, Borne AL, Fang B, Welsh EA, Chen YA, Eschrich SA, Koomen JM, Haura EB. Activity-Based Proteomics Reveals Heterogeneous Kinome and ATP-Binding Proteome Responses to MEK Inhibition in KRAS Mutant Lung Cancer. Proteomes 2016; 4:16. [PMID: 28154798 PMCID: PMC5217344 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One way cancer cells can escape from targeted agents is through their ability to evade drug effects by rapidly rewiring signaling networks. Many protein classes, such as kinases and metabolic enzymes, are regulated by ATP binding and hydrolysis. We hypothesized that a system-level profiling of drug-induced alterations in ATP-binding proteomes could offer novel insights into adaptive responses. Here, we mapped global ATP-binding proteomes perturbed by two clinical MEK inhibitors, AZD6244 and MEK162, in KRAS mutant lung cancer cells as a model system harnessing a desthiobiotin-ATP probe coupled with LC-MS/MS. We observed strikingly unique ATP-binding proteome responses to MEK inhibition, which revealed heterogeneous drug-induced pathway signatures in each cell line. We also identified diverse kinome responses, indicating each cell adapts to MEK inhibition in unique ways. Despite the heterogeneity of kinome responses, decreased probe labeling of mitotic kinases and an increase of kinases linked to autophagy were identified to be common responses. Taken together, our study revealed a diversity of adaptive ATP-binding proteome and kinome responses to MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant lung cancer cells, and our study further demonstrated the utility of our approach to identify potential candidates of targetable ATP-binding enzymes involved in adaptive resistance and to develop rational drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.-Y.K.); (P.A.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Paul A. Stewart
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.-Y.K.); (P.A.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Adam L. Borne
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.-Y.K.); (P.A.S.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Cancer Informatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Yian Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.A.C.); (S.A.E.)
| | - Steven A. Eschrich
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Y.A.C.); (S.A.E.)
| | - John M. Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (J.-Y.K.); (P.A.S.); (A.L.B.)
- Correspondance: ; Tel.: +1-813-745-6827
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194
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Graham DM, Coyle VM, Kennedy RD, Wilson RH. Molecular Subtypes and Personalized Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2016; 12:141-150. [PMID: 27340376 PMCID: PMC4879165 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-016-0312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of colorectal cancer occurs via a number of key pathways, with the clinicopathological features of specific subgroups being driven by underlying molecular changes. Mutations in key genes within the network of signalling pathways have been identified; however, therapeutic strategies to target these aberrations remain limited. As understanding of the biology of colorectal cancer has improved, this has led to a move toward broader genomic testing, collaborative research and innovative, adaptive clinical trial design. Recent developments in therapy include the routine adoption of wider mutational spectrum testing prior to use of targeted therapies and the first promise of effective immunotherapy for colorectal cancer patients. This review details current biomarkers in colorectal cancer for molecular stratification and for treatment allocation purposes, including open and planned precision medicine trials. Advances in our understanding, therapeutic strategy and technology will also be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M. Graham
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE N. Ireland UK
| | - Vicky M. Coyle
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE N. Ireland UK
| | - Richard D. Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE N. Ireland UK
| | - Richard H. Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE N. Ireland UK
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195
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Győrffy B, Stelniec-Klotz I, Sigler C, Kasack K, Redmer T, Qian Y, Schäfer R. Effects of RAL signal transduction in KRAS- and BRAF-mutated cells and prognostic potential of the RAL signature in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13334-46. [PMID: 26033452 PMCID: PMC4537018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of oncogenic signaling pathways has strongly fostered current concepts for targeted therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer. The RALA pathway is novel candidate due to its independent role in controlling expression of genes downstream of RAS. We compared RALA GTPase activities in three colorectal cancer cell lines by GTPase pull-down assay and analyzed the transcriptional and phenotypic effects of transient RALA silencing. Knocking-down RALA expression strongly diminished the active GTP-bound form of the protein. Proliferation of KRAS mutated cell lines was significantly reduced, while BRAF mutated cells were mostly unaffected. By microarray analysis we identified common genes showing altered expression upon RALA silencing in all cell lines. None of these genes were affected when the RAF/MAPK or PI3K pathways were blocked. To investigate the potential clinical relevance of the RALA pathway and its associated transcriptome, we performed a meta-analysis interrogating progression-free survival of colorectal cancer patients of five independent data sets using Cox regression. In each dataset, the RALA-responsive signature correlated with worse outcome. In summary, we uncovered the impact of the RAL signal transduction on genetic program and growth control in KRAS- and BRAF-mutated colorectal cells and demonstrated prognostic potential of the pathway-responsive gene signature in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iwona Stelniec-Klotz
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sigler
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Kasack
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torben Redmer
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu Qian
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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196
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Kirouac DC, Du J, Lahdenranta J, Onsum MD, Nielsen UB, Schoeberl B, McDonagh CF. HER2+ Cancer Cell Dependence on PI3K vs. MAPK Signaling Axes Is Determined by Expression of EGFR, ERBB3 and CDKN1B. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004827. [PMID: 27035903 PMCID: PMC4818107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathways by which oncogenes drive cancerous cell growth, and how dependence on such pathways varies between tumors could be highly valuable for the design of anti-cancer treatment strategies. In this work we study how dependence upon the canonical PI3K and MAPK cascades varies across HER2+ cancers, and define biomarkers predictive of pathway dependencies. A panel of 18 HER2+ (ERBB2-amplified) cell lines representing a variety of indications was used to characterize the functional and molecular diversity within this oncogene-defined cancer. PI3K and MAPK-pathway dependencies were quantified by measuring in vitro cell growth responses to combinations of AKT (MK2206) and MEK (GSK1120212; trametinib) inhibitors, in the presence and absence of the ERBB3 ligand heregulin (NRG1). A combination of three protein measurements comprising the receptors EGFR, ERBB3 (HER3), and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1B) was found to accurately predict dependence on PI3K/AKT vs. MAPK/ERK signaling axes. Notably, this multivariate classifier outperformed the more intuitive and clinically employed metrics, such as expression of phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK, and PI3K pathway mutations (PIK3CA, PTEN, and PIK3R1). In both cell lines and primary patient samples, we observed consistent expression patterns of these biomarkers varies by cancer indication, such that ERBB3 and CDKN1B expression are relatively high in breast tumors while EGFR expression is relatively high in other indications. The predictability of the three protein biomarkers for differentiating PI3K/AKT vs. MAPK dependence in HER2+ cancers was confirmed using external datasets (Project Achilles and GDSC), again out-performing clinically used genetic markers. Measurement of this minimal set of three protein biomarkers could thus inform treatment, and predict mechanisms of drug resistance in HER2+ cancers. More generally, our results show a single oncogenic transformation can have differing effects on cell signaling and growth, contingent upon the molecular and cellular context. Biomarkers capable of accurately predicting patient responses to alternate therapies are critical to realizing the vision of precision medicine. Identifying such biomarkers is, however, challenging due to the inherent complexity of biological networks. Here we sought to identify molecular features that predict how a genetically defined subset of cancers (HER2+) differentially depend on two oncogenic signaling pathways, the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK cascades. We find that combined measurement of three non-intuitive proteins (EGFR, ERBB3, and CDKN1B) accurately predicts cellular dependence on these signaling pathways, and responsiveness to drugs targeting their constituents. Notably, this three-biomarker model outperformed both biological intuition (phosho-AKT and phospho-ERK) and current clinical practice (PIK3CA mutations). More broadly, this exemplifies how the functional consequences of a single oncogenic driver (HER2) can depend upon molecular and cellular context. Expression of these markers also varies by indication, such that breast cancers are biased toward PI3K-dependnece, while non-breast indications (lung, ovarian, and gastric) are particularly MAPK-dependent, and thus may respond differently to therapeutic strategies developed for breast cancer. Together, we believe that our results will aid the design of novel, stratified treatment strategies for HER2+ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Kirouac
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinyan Du
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Johanna Lahdenranta
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D Onsum
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ulrik B Nielsen
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Birgit Schoeberl
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlotte F McDonagh
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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197
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Miller MA, Oudin MJ, Sullivan RJ, Wang SJ, Meyer AS, Im H, Frederick DT, Tadros J, Griffith LG, Lee H, Weissleder R, Flaherty KT, Gertler FB, Lauffenburger DA. Reduced Proteolytic Shedding of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Is a Post-Translational Mechanism of Kinase Inhibitor Resistance. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:382-99. [PMID: 26984351 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kinase inhibitor resistance often involves upregulation of poorly understood "bypass" signaling pathways. Here, we show that extracellular proteomic adaptation is one path to bypass signaling and drug resistance. Proteolytic shedding of surface receptors, which can provide negative feedback on signaling activity, is blocked by kinase inhibitor treatment and enhances bypass signaling. In particular, MEK inhibition broadly decreases shedding of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including HER4, MET, and most prominently AXL, an ADAM10 and ADAM17 substrate, thus increasing surface RTK levels and mitogenic signaling. Progression-free survival of patients with melanoma treated with clinical BRAF/MEK inhibitors inversely correlates with RTK shedding reduction following treatment, as measured noninvasively in blood plasma. Disrupting protease inhibition by neutralizing TIMP1 improves MAPK inhibitor efficacy, and combined MAPK/AXL inhibition synergistically reduces tumor growth and metastasis in xenograft models. Altogether, extracellular proteomic rewiring through reduced RTK shedding represents a surprising mechanism for bypass signaling in cancer drug resistance. SIGNIFICANCE Genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression alterations often fail to explain adaptive drug resistance in cancer. This work presents a novel post-translational mechanism of such resistance: Kinase inhibitors, particularly targeting MAPK signaling, increase tumor cell surface receptor levels due to widely reduced proteolysis, allowing tumor signaling to circumvent intended drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madeleine J Oudin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie J Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron S Meyer
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jenny Tadros
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Gertler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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198
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Allegrezza MJ, Rutkowski MR, Stephen TL, Svoronos N, Tesone AJ, Perales-Puchalt A, Nguyen JM, Sarmin F, Sheen MR, Jeng EK, Tchou J, Wong HC, Fiering SN, Conejo-Garcia JR. IL15 Agonists Overcome the Immunosuppressive Effects of MEK Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2561-72. [PMID: 26980764 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many signal transduction inhibitors are being developed for cancer therapy target pathways that are also important for the proper function of antitumor lymphocytes, possibly weakening their therapeutic effects. Here we show that most inhibitors targeting multiple signaling pathways have especially strong negative effects on T-cell activation at their active doses on cancer cells. In particular, we found that recently approved MEK inhibitors displayed potent suppressive effects on T cells in vitro However, these effects could be attenuated by certain cytokines that can be administered to cancer patients. Among them, clinically available IL15 superagonists, which can activate PI3K selectively in T lymphocytes, synergized with MEK inhibitors in vivo to elicit potent and durable antitumor responses, including by a vaccine-like effect that generated resistance to tumor rechallenge. Our work identifies a clinically actionable approach to overcome the T-cell-suppressive effects of MEK inhibitors and illustrates how to reconcile the deficiencies of signal transduction inhibitors, which impede desired immunologic effects in vivo Cancer Res; 76(9); 2561-72. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allegrezza
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie R Rutkowski
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nikolaos Svoronos
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jenny M Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fahmida Sarmin
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mee R Sheen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Emily K Jeng
- Research & Development, Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rena Rowan Breast Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hing C Wong
- Research & Development, Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jose R Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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199
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Park KS, Oh B, Lee MH, Nam KY, Jin HR, Yang H, Choi J, Kim SW, Lee DH. The HSP90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, sensitizes KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer with intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibitor, trametinib. Cancer Lett 2016; 372:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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200
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Xiao Z, Carrasco RA, Schifferli K, Kinneer K, Tammali R, Chen H, Rothstein R, Wetzel L, Yang C, Chowdhury P, Tsui P, Steiner P, Jallal B, Herbst R, Hollingsworth RE, Tice DA. A Potent HER3 Monoclonal Antibody That Blocks Both Ligand-Dependent and -Independent Activities: Differential Impacts of PTEN Status on Tumor Response. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:689-701. [PMID: 26880266 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HER3/ERBB3 is a kinase-deficient member of the EGFR family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) that is broadly expressed and activated in human cancers. HER3 is a compelling cancer target due to its important role in activation of the oncogenic PI3K/AKT pathway. It has also been demonstrated to confer tumor resistance to a variety of cancer therapies, especially targeted drugs against EGFR and HER2. HER3 can be activated by its ligand (heregulin/HRG), which induces HER3 heterodimerization with EGFR, HER2, or other RTKs. Alternatively, HER3 can be activated in a ligand-independent manner through heterodimerization with HER2 in HER2-amplified cells. We developed a fully human mAb against HER3 (KTN3379) that efficiently suppressed HER3 activity in both ligand-dependent and independent settings. Correspondingly, KTN3379 inhibited tumor growth in divergent tumor models driven by either ligand-dependent or independent mechanisms in vitro and in vivo Most intriguingly, while investigating the mechanistic underpinnings of tumor response to KTN3379, we discovered an interesting dichotomy in that PTEN loss, a frequently occurring oncogenic lesion in a broad range of cancer types, substantially blunted the tumor response in HER2-amplified cancer, but not in the ligand-driven cancer. To our knowledge, this represents the first study ascertaining the impact of PTEN loss on the antitumor efficacy of a HER3 mAb. KTN3379 is currently undergoing a phase Ib clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors. Our current study may help us optimize patient selection schemes for KTN3379 to maximize its clinical benefits. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 689-701. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Xiao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD.
| | - Rosa A Carrasco
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Kevin Schifferli
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Krista Kinneer
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Ravinder Tammali
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Hong Chen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Ray Rothstein
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Leslie Wetzel
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Chunning Yang
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Partha Chowdhury
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Ping Tsui
- Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Philipp Steiner
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Bahija Jallal
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - David A Tice
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Inc., One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD
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