151
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Chandra A, Wang L, Young T, Zhong L, Tseng WJ, Levine MA, Cengel K, Liu XS, Zhang Y, Pignolo RJ, Qin L. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a novel therapeutic agent for focal radiation-induced osteoporosis. FASEB J 2017; 32:52-62. [PMID: 28860152 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700375r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone atrophy and its related fragility fractures are frequent, late side effects of radiotherapy in cancer survivors and have a detrimental impact on their quality of life. In another study, we showed that parathyroid hormone 1-34 and anti-sclerostin antibody attenuates radiation-induced bone damage by accelerating DNA repair in osteoblasts. DNA damage responses are partially regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. In the current study, we examined whether proteasome inhibitors have similar bone-protective effects against radiation damage. MG132 treatment greatly reduced radiation-induced apoptosis in cultured osteoblastic cells. This survival effect was owing to accelerated DNA repair as revealed by γH2AX foci and comet assays and to the up-regulation of Ku70 and DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit, essential DNA repair proteins in the nonhomologous end-joining pathway. Administration of bortezomib (Bzb) reversed the loss of trabecular bone structure and strength in mice at 4 wk after focal radiation. Histomorphometry revealed that Bzb significantly increased the number of osteoblasts and activity in the irradiated area and suppressed the number and activity of osteoclasts, regardless of irradiation. Two weeks of Bzb treatment accelerated DNA repair in bone-lining osteoblasts and thus promoted their survival. Meanwhile, it also inhibited bone marrow adiposity. Taken together, we demonstrate a novel role of proteasome inhibitors in treating radiation-induced osteoporosis.-Chandra, A., Wang, L., Young, T., Zhong, L., Tseng, W.-J., Levine, M. A., Cengel, K., Liu, X. S., Zhang, Y., Pignolo, R. J., Qin, L. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a novel therapeutic agent for focal radiation-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tiffany Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leilei Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Bone Health, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Keith Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - X Sherry Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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152
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Yılmaz Y, Güneş A, Topel H, Atabey N. Signaling Pathways as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Hepatocarcinogenesis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2017; 48:225-237. [PMID: 28819741 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-017-9958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Yılmaz
- Izmir International Biomedicine & Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşim Güneş
- Izmir International Biomedicine & Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hande Topel
- Izmir International Biomedicine & Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neşe Atabey
- Izmir International Biomedicine & Genome Institute (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
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153
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Resseguie EA, Brookes PS, O’Reilly MA. SMG-1 kinase attenuates mitochondrial ROS production but not cell respiration deficits during hyperoxia. Exp Lung Res 2017; 43:229-239. [PMID: 28749708 PMCID: PMC5956894 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2017.1339143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Supplemental oxygen (hyperoxia) used to treat individuals in respiratory distress causes cell injury by enhancing the production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. The suppressor of morphogenesis of genitalia (SMG-1) kinase is activated during hyperoxia and promotes cell survival by phosphorylating the tumor suppressor p53 on serine 15. Here, we investigate whether SMG-1 and p53 blunt this vicious cycle of progressive ROS production and decline in mitochondrial respiration seen during hyperoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 or colon carcinoma HCT116 cells were depleted of SMG-1, UPF-1, or p53 using RNA interference, and then exposed to room air (21% oxygen) or hyperoxia (95% oxygen). Immunoblotting was used to evaluate protein expression; a Seahorse Bioanalyzer was used to assess cellular respiration; and flow cytometry was used to evaluate fluorescence intensity of cells stained with mitochondrial or redox sensitive dyes. RESULTS Hyperoxia increased mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ROS and suppressed mitochondrial respiration without changing mitochondrial mass or membrane potential. Depletion of SMG-1 or its cofactor, UPF1, significantly enhanced hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial but not cytosolic ROS abundance. They did not affect mitochondrial mass, membrane potential, or hyperoxia-induced deficits in mitochondrial respiration. Genetic depletion of p53 in A549 cells and ablation of the p53 gene in H1299 or HCT116 cells revealed that SMG-1 influences mitochondrial ROS through activation of p53. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that hyperoxia does not promote a vicious cycle of progressive mitochondrial ROS and dysfunction because SMG-1-p53 signaling attenuates production of mitochondrial ROS without preserving respiration. This suggests antioxidant therapies that blunt ROS production during hyperoxia may not suffice to restore cellular respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Resseguie
- Department of Environmental Medicine, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Paul S. Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Michael A. O’Reilly
- Department of Environmental Medicine, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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154
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He SS, Chen Y, Shen XM, Wang HZ, Sun P, Dong J, Guo GF, Chen JG, Xia LP, Hu PL, Qiu HJ, Liu SS, Zhou YX, Wang W, Hu WH, Cai XY. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit functions in metastasis and influences survival in advanced-stage laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2017; 8:2410-2416. [PMID: 28819445 PMCID: PMC5560160 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is known to function in several types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the expression and clinicopathologic significance of DNA-PKcs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 208 patients with advanced-stage LSCC treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. We assessed DNA-PKcs and p16INK4a (p16) status using immunohistochemistry. We examined the association between DNA-PKcs expression and clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes. To evaluate the independent prognostic relevance of DNA-PKcs, we used univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. We estimated overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that 163/208 (78.4%) of the LSCC tissue samples exhibited high DNA-PKcs expression. High DNA-PKcs expression was significantly associated with survival outcomes (P = 0.016) and distant metastasis (P = 0.02; chi-squared test). High DNA-PKcs expression was associated with a significantly shorter OS and DMFS than low DNA-PKcs expression (P = 0.029 and 0.033, respectively; log-rank test), and was associated with poor OS in the p16-positive subgroup (P = 0.047). Multivariate analysis identified DNA-PKcs as an independent prognostic indicator of OS and DMFS in all patients (P = 0.039 and 0.037, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that patients with LSCC in whom DNA-PKcs expression is elevated have a higher incidence of distant metastasis and a poorer prognosis. DNA-PKcs may represent a marker of tumor progression in patients with p16-positive LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiation, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiation, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan (The affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Fang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Gao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Liang-Ping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Han Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of Radiation, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Yu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou.,Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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155
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156
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Sun G, Yang L, Dong C, Ma B, Shan M, Ma B. PRKDC regulates chemosensitivity and is a potential prognostic and predictive marker of response to adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3536-3542. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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157
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Inhibiting DNA-PK CS radiosensitizes human osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:307-313. [PMID: 28300555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma survival rate has not improved over the past three decades, and the debilitating side effects of the surgical treatment suggest the need for alternative local control approaches. Radiotherapy is largely ineffective in osteosarcoma, indicating a potential role for radiosensitizers. Blocking DNA repair, particularly by inhibiting the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKCS), is an attractive option for the radiosensitization of osteosarcoma. In this study, the expression of DNA-PKCS in osteosarcoma tissue specimens and cell lines was examined. Moreover, the small molecule DNA-PKCS inhibitor, KU60648, was investigated as a radiosensitizing strategy for osteosarcoma cells in vitro. DNA-PKCS was consistently expressed in the osteosarcoma tissue specimens and cell lines studied. Additionally, KU60648 effectively sensitized two of those osteosarcoma cell lines (143B cells by 1.5-fold and U2OS cells by 2.5-fold). KU60648 co-treatment also altered cell cycle distribution and enhanced DNA damage. Cell accumulation at the G2/M transition point increased by 55% and 45%, while the percentage of cells with >20 γH2AX foci were enhanced by 59% and 107% for 143B and U2OS cells, respectively. These results indicate that the DNA-PKCS inhibitor, KU60648, is a promising radiosensitizing agent for osteosarcoma.
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158
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Enriquez-Rios V, Dumitrache LC, Downing SM, Li Y, Brown EJ, Russell HR, McKinnon PJ. DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR Interplay Maintains Genome Integrity during Neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2017; 37:893-905. [PMID: 28123024 PMCID: PMC5296783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4213-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) orchestrates a network of cellular processes that integrates cell-cycle control and DNA repair or apoptosis, which serves to maintain genome stability. DNA-PKcs (the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent kinase, encoded by PRKDC), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia, mutated), and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) are related PI3K-like protein kinases and central regulators of the DDR. Defects in these kinases have been linked to neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental syndromes. In all cases, the key neuroprotective function of these kinases is uncertain. It also remains unclear how interactions between the three DNA damage-responsive kinases coordinate genome stability, particularly in a physiological context. Here, we used a genetic approach to identify the neural function of DNA-PKcs and the interplay between ATM and ATR during neurogenesis. We found that DNA-PKcs loss in the mouse sensitized neuronal progenitors to apoptosis after ionizing radiation because of excessive DNA damage. DNA-PKcs was also required to prevent endogenous DNA damage accumulation throughout the adult brain. In contrast, ATR coordinated the DDR during neurogenesis to direct apoptosis in cycling neural progenitors, whereas ATM regulated apoptosis in both proliferative and noncycling cells. We also found that ATR controls a DNA damage-induced G2/M checkpoint in cortical progenitors, independent of ATM and DNA-PKcs. These nonoverlapping roles were further confirmed via sustained murine embryonic or cortical development after all three kinases were simultaneously inactivated. Thus, our results illustrate how DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR have unique and essential roles during the DDR, collectively ensuring comprehensive genome maintenance in the nervous system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for prevention of a broad spectrum of different human neurologic diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the DDR at a physiological level is lacking. In contrast to many in vitro cellular studies, here we demonstrate independent biological roles for the DDR kinases DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR during neurogenesis. We show that DNA-PKcs is central to DNA repair in nonproliferating cells, and restricts DNA damage accumulation, whereas ATR controls damage-induced G2 checkpoint control and apoptosis in proliferating cells. Conversely, ATM is critical for controlling apoptosis in immature noncycling neural cells after DNA damage. These data demonstrate functionally distinct, but cooperative, roles for each kinase in preserving genome stability in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Enriquez-Rios
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and
| | - Lavinia C Dumitrache
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Susanna M Downing
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Eric J Brown
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and the Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Helen R Russell
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105,
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and
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159
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Brown JS, O'Carrigan B, Jackson SP, Yap TA. Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer: Beyond PARP Inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:20-37. [PMID: 28003236 PMCID: PMC5300099 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Germline aberrations in critical DNA-repair and DNA damage-response (DDR) genes cause cancer predisposition, whereas various tumors harbor somatic mutations causing defective DDR/DNA repair. The concept of synthetic lethality can be exploited in such malignancies, as exemplified by approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors for treating BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancers. Herein, we detail how cellular DDR processes engage various proteins that sense DNA damage, initiate signaling pathways to promote cell-cycle checkpoint activation, trigger apoptosis, and coordinate DNA repair. We focus on novel therapeutic strategies targeting promising DDR targets and discuss challenges of patient selection and the development of rational drug combinations. SIGNIFICANCE Various inhibitors of DDR components are in preclinical and clinical development. A thorough understanding of DDR pathway complexities must now be combined with strategies and lessons learned from the successful registration of PARP inhibitors in order to fully exploit the potential of DDR inhibitors and to ensure their long-term clinical success. Cancer Discov; 7(1); 20-37. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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160
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Down-regulation of protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide attenuates tumor progression and is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2016; 35:111.e15-111.e23. [PMID: 27856181 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide (PRKDC) is a critical component of DNA repair machinery and its dysregulated expression has been observed in various cancer types or premalignant cells. However, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) development and its prognostic significance in PCa is unknown. METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of PRKDC were analyzed in 15 pairs of PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues as well as PCa cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of PRKDC, followed by cell proliferation, colony formation, and soft agar assays were performed. Xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate in vivo effects of PRKDC knockdown. The association between PRKDC expression and clinicopathologic features was assessed by χ2 tests. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to investigate the association between PRKDC expression and overall survival. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the prognostic significance of PRKDC. RESULTS Expression of PRKDC mRNA and protein was notably higher in PCa tissues and PCa cell lines. Knockdown of PRKDC markedly reduced cell proliferation, colony formation efficiency, and soft agar growth in DU145 cells. Down-regulation of PRKDC inhibited tumor growth of DU145 xenografts and enhance mice survival. In addition, PRKDC expression in PCa was significantly associated with Gleason score (P = 0.01), tumor stage (P = 0.028), and distant metastasis (P = 0.025). Patients with PCa having higher PRKDC expression had substantially shorter survival than patients with lower PRKDC expression. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of PRKDC attenuates tumor progression in PCa. PRKDC may potentially be a prognostic biomarker in PCa.
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161
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Pascale RM, Joseph C, Latte G, Evert M, Feo F, Calvisi DF. DNA-PKcs: A promising therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma? DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 47:12-20. [PMID: 27789167 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent and deadly disease worldwide. The absence of effective therapies when the tumor is surgically unresectable leads to an extremely poor outcome of HCC patients. Thus, it is mandatory to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of HCC in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies against this pernicious tumor. Mounting evidence indicates that suppression of the DNA damage response machinery might be deleterious for the survival and growth of the tumor cells. In particular, DNA dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a major player in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair process, seems to represent a valuable target for innovative anti-neoplastic therapies in cancer. DNA-PKcs levels are strongly upregulated and associated with a poor clinical outcome in various tumor types, including HCC. Importantly, DNA-PKcs not only protects tumor cells from harmful DNA insults coming either from the microenvironment or chemotherapeutic drug treatments, but also possesses additional properties, independent from its DNA repair activity, that provide growth advantages to cancer cells. These properties (metabolic and gene reprogramming, invasiveness and metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, etc.) have started to be elucidated. In the present review, we summarize the physiologic and oncogenic roles of DNA-PKcs, with a special emphasis on liver cancer. In particular, this work focuses on the molecular mechanism whereby DNA-PKcs exerts its pro-tumorigenic activity in cancer cells. In addition, the upstream regulator of DNA-PKcs activation as well as its downstream effectors thus far identified are illustrated. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting DNA-PKcs activity in HCC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Christy Joseph
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gavinella Latte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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162
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Stover EH, Konstantinopoulos PA, Matulonis UA, Swisher EM. Biomarkers of Response and Resistance to DNA Repair Targeted Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5651-5660. [PMID: 27678458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways are exciting new agents in cancer therapy. Many of these drugs exhibit synthetic lethality with defects in DNA repair in cancer cells. For example, ovarian cancers with impaired homologous recombination DNA repair show increased sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Understanding the activity of different DNA repair pathways in individual tumors, and the correlations between DNA repair function and drug response, will be critical to patient selection for DNA repair targeted agents. Genomic and functional assays of DNA repair pathway activity are being investigated as potential biomarkers of response to targeted therapies. Furthermore, alterations in DNA repair function generate resistance to DNA repair targeted agents, and DNA repair states may predict intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of DNA repair targeted agents currently in clinical trials and the emerging biomarkers of response and resistance to these agents: genetic and genomic analysis of DDR pathways, genomic signatures of mutational processes, expression of DNA repair proteins, and functional assays for DNA repair capacity. We review biomarkers that may predict response to selected DNA repair targeted agents, including PARP inhibitors, inhibitors of the DNA damage sensors ATM and ATR, and inhibitors of nonhomologous end joining. Finally, we introduce emerging categories of drugs targeting DDR and new strategies for integrating DNA repair targeted therapies into clinical practice, including combination regimens. Generating and validating robust biomarkers will optimize the efficacy of DNA repair targeted therapies and maximize their impact on cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5651-60. ©2016 AACR.
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163
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Heymann MF, Brown HK, Heymann D. Drugs in early clinical development for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1265-1280. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1237503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSERM, UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- European Associated Laboratory, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah K. Brown
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- European Associated Laboratory, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSERM, UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- European Associated Laboratory, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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164
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Reichert ZR, Wahl DR, Morgan MA. Translation of Targeted Radiation Sensitizers into Clinical Trials. Semin Radiat Oncol 2016; 26:261-70. [PMID: 27619248 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, technologic advances have promoted the evolution of radiation therapy into a precise treatment modality allowing for the maximal administration of dose to tumors while sparing normal tissues. Coinciding with this technological maturation, systemic therapies have been combined with radiation in an effort to improve tumor control. Conventional cytotoxic agents have improved survival in several tumor types but cause increased toxicity due to effects on normal tissues. An increased understanding of tumor biology and the radiation response has led to the nomination of several pathways whose targeted inhibition has the potential to radiosensitize tumor cells with lesser effects on normal tissues. These pathways include those regulating the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, and mitogenic signaling. Few drugs targeting these pathways are in clinical practice, although many are in clinical trials. This review will describe the rationale for combining agents targeting these pathways with radiation, provide an overview of the current landscape in the clinical pipeline and attempt to outline the future steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Reichert
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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165
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Lu J, Tang M, Li H, Xu Z, Weng X, Li J, Yu X, Zhao L, Liu H, Hu Y, Tan Z, Yang L, Zhong M, Zhou J, Fan J, Bode AM, Yi W, Gao J, Sun L, Cao Y. EBV-LMP1 suppresses the DNA damage response through DNA-PK/AMPK signaling to promote radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:191-200. [PMID: 27255972 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We conducted this research to explore the role of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in modulating the DNA damage response (DDR) and its regulatory mechanisms in radioresistance. Our results revealed that LMP1 repressed the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by inhibiting DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) phosphorylation and activity. Moreover, LMP1 reduced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and changed its subcellular location after irradiation, which appeared to occur through a disruption of the physical interaction between AMPK and DNA-PK. The decrease in AMPK activity was associated with LMP1-mediated glycolysis and resistance to apoptosis induced by irradiation. The reactivation of AMPK significantly promoted radiosensitivity both in vivo and in vitro. The AMPKα (Thr172) reduction was associated with a poorer clinical outcome of radiation therapy in NPC patients. Our data revealed a new mechanism of LMP1-mediated radioresistance and provided a mechanistic rationale in support of the use of AMPK activators for facilitating NPC radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongde Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxian Weng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangjiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongbin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheqiong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Molecular Imaging Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meizuo Zhong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinghe Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Molecular Imaging Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China; Molecular Imaging Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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166
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Radulovic M, Baqader NO, Stoeber K, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Spatial Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and DNA Replication in Human Fibroblasts. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1907-38. [PMID: 27142241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MS-based proteomics has been applied to a differential network analysis of the nuclear-cytoplasmic subcellular distribution of proteins between cell-cycle arrest: (a) at the origin activation checkpoint for DNA replication, or (b) in response to oxidative stress. Significant changes were identified for 401 proteins. Cellular response combines changes in trafficking and in total abundance to vary the local compartmental abundances that are the basis of cellular response. Appreciable changes for both perturbations were observed for 245 proteins, but cross-talk between oxidative stress and DNA replication is dominated by 49 proteins that show strong changes for both. Many nuclear processes are influenced by a spatial switch involving the proteins {KPNA2, KPNB1, PCNA, PTMA, SET} and heme/iron proteins HMOX1 and FTH1. Dynamic spatial distribution data are presented for proteins involved in caveolae, extracellular matrix remodelling, TGFβ signaling, IGF pathways, emerin complexes, mitochondrial protein import complexes, spliceosomes, proteasomes, and so on. The data indicate that for spatially heterogeneous cells cross-compartmental communication is integral to their system biology, that coordinated spatial redistribution for crucial protein networks underlies many functional changes, and that information on dynamic spatial redistribution of proteins is essential to obtain comprehensive pictures of cellular function. We describe how spatial data of the type presented here can provide priorities for further investigation of crucial features of high-level spatial coordination across cells. We suggest that the present data are related to increasing indications that much of subcellular protein transport is constitutive and that perturbation of these constitutive transport processes may be related to cancer and other diseases. A quantitative, spatially resolved nucleus-cytoplasm interaction network is provided for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Radulovic
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Center for Nephrology , Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.,Insitute of Oncology and Radiology , Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Noor O Baqader
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Center for Nephrology , Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London , University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Center for Nephrology , Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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167
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Lamb R, Fiorillo M, Chadwick A, Ozsvari B, Reeves KJ, Smith DL, Clarke RB, Howell SJ, Cappello AR, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Peiris-Pagès M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Doxycycline down-regulates DNA-PK and radiosensitizes tumor initiating cells: Implications for more effective radiation therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14005-25. [PMID: 26087309 PMCID: PMC4546447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-PK is an enzyme that is required for proper DNA-repair and is thought to confer radio-resistance in cancer cells. As a consequence, it is a high-profile validated target for new pharmaceutical development. However, no FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitors have emerged, despite many years of drug discovery and lead optimization. This is largely because existing DNA-PK inhibitors suffer from poor pharmacokinetics. They are not well absorbed and/or are unstable, with a short plasma half-life. Here, we identified the first FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitor by "chemical proteomics". In an effort to understand how doxycycline targets cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), we serendipitously discovered that doxycycline reduces DNA-PK protein expression by nearly 15-fold (> 90%). In accordance with these observations, we show that doxycycline functionally radio-sensitizes breast CSCs, by up to 4.5-fold. Moreover, we demonstrate that DNA-PK is highly over-expressed in both MCF7- and T47D-derived mammospheres. Interestingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK in MCF7 cells is sufficient to functionally block mammosphere formation. Thus, it appears that active DNA-repair is required for the clonal expansion of CSCs. Mechanistically, doxycycline treatment dramatically reduced the oxidative mitochondrial capacity and the glycolytic activity of cancer cells, consistent with previous studies linking DNA-PK expression to the proper maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number. Using a luciferase-based assay, we observed that doxycycline treatment quantitatively reduces the anti-oxidant response (NRF1/2) and effectively blocks signaling along multiple independent pathways normally associated with stem cells, including STAT1/3, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Notch, WNT and TGF-beta signaling. In conclusion, we propose that the efficacy of doxycycline as a DNA-PK inhibitor should be tested in Phase-II clinical trials, in combination with radio-therapy. Doxycycline has excellent pharmacokinetics, with nearly 100% oral absorption and a long serum half-life (18-22 hours), at a standard dose of 200-mg per day. In further support of this idea, we show that doxycycline effectively inhibits the mammosphere-forming activity of primary breast cancer samples, derived from metastatic disease sites (pleural effusions or ascites fluid). Our results also have possible implications for the radio-therapy of brain tumors and/or brain metastases, as doxycycline is known to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. Further studies will be needed to determine if other tetracycline family members also confer radio-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Amy Chadwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly J Reeves
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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168
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Sun S, Cheng S, Zhu Y, Zhang P, Liu N, Xu T, Sun C, Lv Y. Identification of PRKDC (Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated, Catalytic Polypeptide) as an essential gene for colorectal cancer (CRCs) cells. Gene 2016; 584:90-96. [PMID: 26992638 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene and non-oncogene addictions describe the phenomenon that tumor cells become reliant on certain genes for maintenance of malignancy. Reversal of these mutations profoundly affects tumor growth and survival, providing a fundamental rationale for development of targeted cancer therapy. However, inadequate knowledge on cancer signaling networks and lack of potential drug targets limited its clinical application. A screen was conducted using a custom small interfering RNA (siRNA) library in colorectal cancer (CRC). Transient knockdown followed by cell proliferation assays were performed to validate the essentiality of PRKDC (Protein Kinase, DNA-Activated, Catalytic Polypeptide) in CRC. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the mechanism by which PRKDC confers selective survival advantage in CRC cells. Inducible knockdown and overexpression cell lines were introduced into nude mice to assess PRKDC dependency of CRC cells in vivo. PRKDC expression level in patient samples and overall survival of patients with low or high PRKDC expression were analyzed. Transient knockdown of PRKDC reduced cell proliferation/survival in HCT116 and DLD1, but not FHC cells. PRKDC down-regulation induced apoptosis partially through inhibiting AKT activation, and sensitized HCT116 cells to chemotherapeutic agents interfering with DNA replication. Inducible knockdown of PRKDC inhibited tumor growth in vivo. PRKDC was up-regulated in cancerous tissues compared with normal tissues. Patients with high PRKDC expression showed poorer overall survival. PRKDC is an essential gene required for CRC cell proliferation/survival, which may represent as a potential prognostic biomarker and an ideal therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Sun
- The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group of Shandong, Qilianshan Road, High-tech Zone, Zaozhuang 277800, Shandong, China.
| | - Shuguang Cheng
- The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group of Shandong, Qilianshan Road, High-tech Zone, Zaozhuang 277800, Shandong, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhu
- The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group of Shandong, Qilianshan Road, High-tech Zone, Zaozhuang 277800, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group of Shandong, Qilianshan Road, High-tech Zone, Zaozhuang 277800, Shandong, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Information Technology, Jining Medical University, Hehua Road, Jining 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Guhuai Road, Jining 272029, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Central Laboratory, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfeng Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
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169
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Gavande NS, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Hinshaw HD, Jalal SI, Sears CR, Pawelczak KS, Turchi JJ. DNA repair targeted therapy: The past or future of cancer treatment? Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:65-83. [PMID: 26896565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repair of DNA damage is a complex process that relies on particular pathways to remedy specific types of damage to DNA. The range of insults to DNA includes small, modest changes in structure including mismatched bases and simple methylation events to oxidized bases, intra- and interstrand DNA crosslinks, DNA double strand breaks and protein-DNA adducts. Pathways required for the repair of these lesions include mismatch repair, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and the homology directed repair/Fanconi anemia pathway. Each of these pathways contributes to genetic stability, and mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in these pathways have been demonstrated to promote genetic instability and cancer. In fact, it has been suggested that all cancers display defects in DNA repair. It has also been demonstrated that the ability of cancer cells to repair therapeutically induced DNA damage impacts therapeutic efficacy. This has led to targeting DNA repair pathways and proteins to develop anti-cancer agents that will increase sensitivity to traditional chemotherapeutics. While initial studies languished and were plagued by a lack of specificity and a defined mechanism of action, more recent approaches to exploit synthetic lethal interaction and develop high affinity chemical inhibitors have proven considerably more effective. In this review we will highlight recent advances and discuss previous failures in targeting DNA repair to pave the way for future DNA repair targeted agents and their use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - Hilary D Hinshaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Shadia I Jalal
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Catherine R Sears
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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170
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Tamura R, Yoshihara K, Yamawaki K, Suda K, Ishiguro T, Adachi S, Okuda S, Inoue I, Verhaak RGW, Enomoto T. Novel kinase fusion transcripts found in endometrial cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18657. [PMID: 26689674 PMCID: PMC4687039 DOI: 10.1038/srep18657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA-sequencing technology have enabled the discovery of gene fusion transcripts in the transcriptome of cancer cells. However, it remains difficult to differentiate the therapeutically targetable fusions from passenger events. We have analyzed RNA-sequencing data and DNA copy number data from 25 endometrial cancer cell lines to identify potential therapeutically targetable fusion transcripts, and have identified 124 high-confidence fusion transcripts, of which 69% are associated with gene amplifications. As targetable fusion candidates, we focused on three in-frame kinase fusion transcripts that retain a kinase domain (CPQ-PRKDC, CAPZA2-MET, and VGLL4-PRKG1). We detected only CPQ-PRKDC fusion transcript in three of 122 primary endometrial cancer tissues. Cell proliferation of the fusion-positive cell line was inhibited by knocking down the expression of wild-type PRKDC but not by blocking the CPQ-PRKDC fusion transcript expression. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of the CPQ-PRKDC fusion transcript was significantly lower than that of wild-type PRKDC, corresponding to a low transcript allele fraction of this fusion, based on RNA-sequencing read counts. In endometrial cancers, the CPQ-PRKDC fusion transcript may be a passenger aberration related to gene amplification. Our findings suggest that transcript allele fraction is a useful predictor to find bona-fide therapeutic-targetable fusion transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Suda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishiguro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sosuke Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Department of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genome Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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171
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Manic G, Obrist F, Sistigu A, Vitale I. Trial Watch: Targeting ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways for anticancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1012976. [PMID: 27308506 PMCID: PMC4905354 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1012976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated serine/threonine kinase (ATM)/checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2, best known as CHK2) and the ATM and Rad3-related serine/threonine kinase (ATR)/CHEK1 (best known as CHK1) cascades are the 2 major signaling pathways driving the DNA damage response (DDR), a network of processes crucial for the preservation of genomic stability that act as a barrier against tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Mutations and/or deletions of ATM and/or CHK2 are frequently found in tumors and predispose to cancer development. In contrast, the ATR-CHK1 pathway is often upregulated in neoplasms and is believed to promote tumor growth, although some evidence indicates that ATR and CHK1 may also behave as haploinsufficient oncosuppressors, at least in a specific genetic background. Inactivation of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways efficiently sensitizes malignant cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, ATR and CHK1 inhibitors selectively kill tumor cells that present high levels of replication stress, have a deficiency in p53 (or other DDR players), or upregulate the ATR-CHK1 module. Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical activity of ATM, ATR, CHK1, and CHK2 inhibitors, alone or in combination with other therapeutics, has not yet been fully demonstrated. In this Trial Watch, we give an overview of the roles of the ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1 pathways in cancer initiation and progression, and summarize the results of clinical studies aimed at assessing the safety and therapeutic profile of regimens based on inhibitors of ATR and CHK1, the only 2 classes of compounds that have so far entered clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florine Obrist
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ilio Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “TorVergata”; Rome, Italy
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172
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Feng FY, de Bono JS, Rubin MA, Knudsen KE. Chromatin to Clinic: The Molecular Rationale for PARP1 Inhibitor Function. Mol Cell 2015; 58:925-34. [PMID: 26091341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitors were recently shown to have potential clinical impact in a number of disease settings, particularly as related to cancer therapy, treatment for cardiovascular dysfunction, and suppression of inflammation. The molecular basis for PARP1 inhibitor function is complex, and appears to depend on the dual roles of PARP1 in DNA damage repair and transcriptional regulation. Here, the mechanisms by which PARP-1 inhibitors elicit clinical response are discussed, and strategies for translating the preclinical elucidation of PARP-1 function into advances in disease management are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Y Feng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Institute for Precision Medicine of Weill Cornell Medical College and NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College; Meyer Cancer Center of Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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173
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Rodemann HP, Bodis S. Cutting-edge research in basic and translational radiation biology/oncology reflections from the 14th International Wolfsberg Meeting on Molecular Radiation Biology/Oncology 2015. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:335-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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174
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Goodwin JF, Kothari V, Drake JM, Zhao S, Dylgjeri E, Dean JL, Schiewer MJ, McNair C, Jones JK, Aytes A, Magee MS, Snook AE, Zhu Z, Den RB, Birbe RC, Gomella LG, Graham NA, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Graeber TG, Karnes RJ, Takhar M, Davicioni E, Tomlins SA, Abate-Shen C, Sharifi N, Witte ON, Feng FY, Knudsen KE. DNA-PKcs-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation Drives Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:97-113. [PMID: 26175416 PMCID: PMC4531387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that the DNA repair kinase DNA-PKcs exerts divergent roles in transcriptional regulation of unsolved consequence. Here, in vitro and in vivo interrogation demonstrate that DNA-PKcs functions as a selective modulator of transcriptional networks that induce cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Accordingly, suppression of DNA-PKcs inhibits tumor metastases. Clinical assessment revealed that DNA-PKcs is significantly elevated in advanced disease and independently predicts for metastases, recurrence, and reduced overall survival. Further investigation demonstrated that DNA-PKcs in advanced tumors is highly activated, independent of DNA damage indicators. Combined, these findings reveal unexpected DNA-PKcs functions, identify DNA-PKcs as a potent driver of tumor progression and metastases, and nominate DNA-PKcs as a therapeutic target for advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin M Drake
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jeffry L Dean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Matthew J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jennifer K Jones
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alvaro Aytes
- Departments of Urology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Systems Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael S Magee
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert B Den
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ruth C Birbe
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nicholas A Graham
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ajay A Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Thomas G Graeber
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott A Tomlins
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Departments of Urology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Systems Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Owen N Witte
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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175
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WANG MAOXIN, CHEN XIANMING, CHEN HUI, ZHANG XIAN, LI JIANZHONG, GONG HONGXUN, SHIYAN CHEN, YANG FAN. RNF8 plays an important role in the radioresistance of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:341-9. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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176
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Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, Kvistborg P, Makarov V, Havel JJ, Lee W, Yuan J, Wong P, Ho TS, Miller ML, Rekhtman N, Moreira AL, Ibrahim F, Bruggeman C, Gasmi B, Zappasodi R, Maeda Y, Sander C, Garon EB, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Schumacher TN, Chan TA. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015. [PMID: 25765070 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1348.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which unleash a patient's own T cells to kill tumors, are revolutionizing cancer treatment. To unravel the genomic determinants of response to this therapy, we used whole-exome sequencing of non-small cell lung cancers treated with pembrolizumab, an antibody targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In two independent cohorts, higher nonsynonymous mutation burden in tumors was associated with improved objective response, durable clinical benefit, and progression-free survival. Efficacy also correlated with the molecular smoking signature, higher neoantigen burden, and DNA repair pathway mutations; each factor was also associated with mutation burden. In one responder, neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses paralleled tumor regression, suggesting that anti-PD-1 therapy enhances neoantigen-specific T cell reactivity. Our results suggest that the genomic landscape of lung cancers shapes response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyer A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alexandra Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan J Havel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Phillip Wong
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Teresa S Ho
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martin L Miller
- Computation Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fawzia Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cameron Bruggeman
- Department of Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuka Maeda
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Computation Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2825 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA. Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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177
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Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, Kvistborg P, Makarov V, Havel JJ, Lee W, Yuan J, Wong P, Ho TS, Miller ML, Rekhtman N, Moreira AL, Ibrahim F, Bruggeman C, Gasmi B, Zappasodi R, Maeda Y, Sander C, Garon EB, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Schumacher TN, Chan TA. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science 2015; 348:124-8. [PMID: 25765070 PMCID: PMC4993154 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5982] [Impact Index Per Article: 664.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which unleash a patient's own T cells to kill tumors, are revolutionizing cancer treatment. To unravel the genomic determinants of response to this therapy, we used whole-exome sequencing of non-small cell lung cancers treated with pembrolizumab, an antibody targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In two independent cohorts, higher nonsynonymous mutation burden in tumors was associated with improved objective response, durable clinical benefit, and progression-free survival. Efficacy also correlated with the molecular smoking signature, higher neoantigen burden, and DNA repair pathway mutations; each factor was also associated with mutation burden. In one responder, neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses paralleled tumor regression, suggesting that anti-PD-1 therapy enhances neoantigen-specific T cell reactivity. Our results suggest that the genomic landscape of lung cancers shapes response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyer A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alexandra Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan J Havel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Phillip Wong
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Teresa S Ho
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martin L Miller
- Computation Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fawzia Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cameron Bruggeman
- Department of Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuka Maeda
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chris Sander
- Computation Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2825 Santa Monica Boulevard, Suite 200, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA. Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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178
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MDC1 promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4261-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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179
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The DNA-dependent protein kinase: A multifunctional protein kinase with roles in DNA double strand break repair and mitosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 117:194-205. [PMID: 25550082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase composed of a large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and the Ku70/80 heterodimer. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in elucidating the role of DNA-PK in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the major pathway for repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks in human cells and recently, additional roles for DNA-PK have been reported. In this review, we will describe the biochemistry, structure and function of DNA-PK, its roles in DNA double strand break repair and its newly described roles in mitosis and other cellular processes.
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180
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Identification of synthetic lethality of PRKDC in MYC-dependent human cancers by pooled shRNA screening. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:944. [PMID: 25495526 PMCID: PMC4320452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MYC family members are among the most frequently deregulated oncogenes in human cancers, yet direct therapeutic targeting of MYC in cancer has been challenging thus far. Synthetic lethality provides an opportunity for therapeutic intervention of MYC-driven cancers. Methods A pooled kinase shRNA library screen was performed and next-generation deep sequencing efforts identified that PRKDC was synthetically lethal in cells overexpressing MYC. Genes and proteins of interest were knocked down or inhibited using RNAi technology and small molecule inhibitors, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR using TaqMan probes examined mRNA expression levels and cell viability was assessed using CellTiter-Glo (Promega). Western blotting was performed to monitor different protein levels in the presence or absence of RNAi or compound treatment. Statistical significance of differences among data sets were determined using unpaired t test (Mann–Whitney test) or ANOVA. Results Inhibition of PRKDC using RNAi (RNA interference) or small molecular inhibitors preferentially killed MYC-overexpressing human lung fibroblasts. Moreover, inducible PRKDC knockdown decreased cell viability selectively in high MYC-expressing human small cell lung cancer cell lines. At the molecular level, we found that inhibition of PRKDC downregulated MYC mRNA and protein expression in multiple cancer cell lines. In addition, we confirmed that overexpression of MYC family proteins induced DNA double-strand breaks; our results also revealed that PRKDC inhibition in these cells led to an increase in DNA damage levels. Conclusions Our data suggest that the synthetic lethality between PRKDC and MYC may in part be due to PRKDC dependent modulation of MYC expression, as well as MYC-induced DNA damage where PRKDC plays a key role in DNA damage repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-944) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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