151
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Wu X, Chen L, Zeb F, Huang Y, An J, Ren J, Yang F, Feng Q. Regulation of circadian rhythms by NEAT1 mediated TMAO-induced endothelial proliferation: A protective role of asparagus extract. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111451. [PMID: 31173767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) promotes atherosclerosis in association with the functions of endothelial cells. Clock and Bmal1, as two main components of molecular circadian clock, play important regulatory roles during progression of atherogenesis. However, whether Clock and Bmal1 are involved in the regulation of endothelial proliferation disturbed by TMAO are unclear. We observed that cell proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was inhibited after exposed to TMAO for 24 h. Besides, TMAO caused increased expression of lncRNA-NEAT1, Clock and Bmal1, and inhibited MAPK pathways. While MAPK pathways were blocked, the expression of Clock and Bmal1 was elevated. NEAT1 showed a circadian rhythmic expression in HUVECs, and its overexpression reduced cell proliferation. Knockdown or overexpression of NEAT1 might decrease or increase the expression of Clock and Bmal1 respectively, while raised or suppressed the expression of MAPK pathways correspondingly. Asparagus extract (AE) was found to improve the TMAO-reduced HUVECs proliferation. Moreover, it ameliorated the disorders of NEAT1, Clock, Bmal1, and MAPK signaling pathways induced by TMAO. Therefore, our findings indicated that NEAT1 regulating Clock-Bmal1 via MAPK pathways was involved in TMAO-repressed HUVECs proliferation, and AE improved endothelial proliferation by TMAO, proposing a novel mechanism for cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Falak Zeb
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yunxiang Huang
- Asparagus Engineering Technology Research Centre of Hebei, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jing An
- Asparagus Engineering Technology Research Centre of Hebei, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jianglei Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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152
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Koka S, Xia M, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li PL, Boini KM. Podocyte NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Formation by Adipokine Visfatin. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:355-365. [PMID: 31385664 DOI: 10.33594/000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been reported to be an early mechanism responsible for glomerular inflammation and injury in obese mice. However, the precise mechanism of obesity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unknown. The present study explored whether adipokine visfatin mediates obesity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and consequent podocyte injury. METHODS Inflammasome formation and immunofluorescence expressions were quantified by confocal microscopy. Caspase-activity, IL-1β production and VEGF concentrations were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Confocal microscopic analysis showed that visfatin treatment increased the colocalization of Nlrp3 with Asc or Nlrp3 with caspase-1 in podocytes indicating the formation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. This visfatin-induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation was abolished by pretreatment of podocytes with Asc siRNA. Correspondingly, visfatin treatment significantly increased the caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production in podocytes, which was significantly attenuated by Asc siRNA transfection. Further RT-PCR and confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that visfatin treatment significantly decreased the podocin expression (podocyte damage). Podocytes pretreatment with Asc siRNA or caspase-1 inhibitor, WEHD attenuated this visfatin-induced podocin reduction. Furthermore, Asc siRNA transfection was found to preserve podocyte morphology by maintaining the distinct arrangement of F-actin fibers normally lost in response to visfatin. It also prevented podocyte dysfunction by restoring visfatin-induced suppression of VEGF production and secretion. CONCLUSION Visfatin induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in podocytes and thereby resulting in podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisudha Koka
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Min Xia
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chun Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Krishna M Boini
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
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153
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Yin W, Zhou QL, OuYang SX, Chen Y, Gong YT, Liang YM. Uric acid regulates NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway and further induces vascular endothelial cells injury in early CKD through ROS activation and K + efflux. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:319. [PMID: 31412804 PMCID: PMC6694569 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been considered as a major health problem in the world. Increasing uric acid (UA) could induce vascular endothelial injury, which is closely related to microinflammation, oxidative stress, and disorders of lipids metabolism. However, the specific mechanism that UA induces vascular endothelial cells injury in early CKD remains unknown. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and subjected to different concentrations of UA for different periods. Early CKD rat model with elevated serum UA was established. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were applied for measuring protein and mRNA expression of different cytokines. The animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for measurement of creatinine, UA, IL-1β, TNF-α, and ICAM-1. Renal tissues were pathologically examined by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. RESULTS The expression of IL-1β, ICAM-1, NLRP3 complexes, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome could be induced by UA, but the changes induced by UA were partially reversed by siRNA NLRP3 or caspase 1 inhibitor. Furthermore, we identified that UA regulated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by activating ROS and K+ efflux. In vivo results showed that UA caused the vascular endothelial injury by activating NLRP3/IL-1β pathway. While allopurinol could reduce UA level and may have protective effects on cardiovascular system. CONCLUSIONS UA could regulate NLRP3/IL-1β signaling pathway through ROS activation and K+ efflux and further induce vascular endothelial cells injury in early stages of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, West Jiefang Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Ling Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Xi OuYang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, West Jiefang Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, West Jiefang Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, West Jiefang Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61, West Jiefang Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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154
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Chan MM, Yang X, Wang H, Saaoud F, Sun Y, Fong D. The Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Links Vascular Dysfunctions and the Autoimmune Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1821. [PMID: 31394758 PMCID: PMC6723051 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and microbiota each have a direct impact on many chronic, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. As the field develops, a new perspective is emerging. The effects of diet may depend on the microbiota composition of the intestine. A diet that is rich in choline, red meat, dairy, or egg may promote the growth, or change the composition, of microbial species. The microbiota, in turn, may produce metabolites that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews our current understanding of the effects of the molecule trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) obtained from food or produced by the microbiota. We review the mechanisms of actions of TMAO, and studies that associate it with cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. We introduce a novel concept: TMAO is one among a group of selective uremic toxins that may rise to high levels in the circulation or accumulate in various organs. Based on this information, we evaluate how TMAO may harm, by exacerbating inflammation, or may protect, by attenuating amyloid formation, in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Dunne Fong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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155
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High Mobility Group Box 1 Mediates TMAO-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143570. [PMID: 31336567 PMCID: PMC6678463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The molecular mechanisms of how TMAO induces atherosclerosis and CVDs’ progression are still unclear. In this regard, high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), an inflammatory mediator, has been reported to disrupt cell–cell junctions, resulting in vascular endothelial hyper permeability leading to endothelial dysfunction. The present study tested whether TMAO associated endothelial dysfunction results via HMGB1 activation. Biochemical and RT-PCR analysis showed that TMAO increased the HMGB1 expression in a dose-dependent manner in endothelial cells. However, prior treatment with glycyrrhizin, an HMGB1 binder, abolished the TMAO-induced HMGB1 production in endothelial cells. Furthermore, Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis showed significant decrease in the expression of cell–cell junction proteins ZO-2, Occludin, and VE-cadherin in TMAO treated endothelial cells compared with control cells. However, prior treatment with glycyrrhizin attenuated the TMAO-induced cell–cell junction proteins’ disruption. TMAO increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in endothelial cells. Inhibition of TLR4 expression by TLR4 siRNA protected the endothelial cells from TMAO associated tight junction protein disruption via HMGB1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that HMGB1 is one of the important mediators of TMAO-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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156
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Zhai Q, Wang X, Chen C, Tang Y, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhao Y, Liu X. Prognostic Value of Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1201-1206. [PMID: 31332666 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has emerged as a newly identified gut microbiota-dependent metabolite contributing to a variety of diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our study was to determine whether a relatively high TMAO level is associated with an increased risk of poor outcome in ischemic stroke patients. From June 2018 to December 2018, we prospectively recruited acute ischemic stroke patients diagnosed within 24 h of symptom onset. The plasma TMAO level was measured at admission for all patients. Functional outcome was evaluated at 3 months after the stroke using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and then dichotomized as favorable (mRS 0-2) or unfavorable (mRS 3-6). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between TMAO concentration and poor functional outcome and mortality at 3 months. Of the 225 acute ischemic stroke patients included in the analysis, the median TMAO concentration was 3.8 µM (interquartile range, 1.9-4.8 µM). At 3 months after admission, poor functional outcome was observed in 116 patients (51.6%), and 51 patients had died (22.7%). After adjusting for potential confounders, patients with TMAO levels in the highest quartile were more likely to have higher risks of poor functional outcome [compared with the lowest quartile, odds ratio (OR) 3.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-9.82; P = 0.011] and mortality (OR 4.27; 95% CI 1.07-17.07; P = 0.040). Our data suggest that a high plasma TMAO level upon admission may predict unfavorable clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijin Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jisha Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 62, South Huai'an Road, Huai'an, 223002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
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157
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Li X, Geng J, Zhao J, Ni Q, Zhao C, Zheng Y, Chen X, Wang L. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Exacerbates Cardiac Fibrosis via Activating the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Physiol 2019; 10:866. [PMID: 31354519 PMCID: PMC6634262 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Gut microbiota has been reported to correlate with a higher mortality and worse prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite of specific dietary nutrients, which is linked to cardiac fibrosis. Recent reports have suggested that the activation of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contributed to cardiac fibrosis. However, whether TMAO mediates cardiac fibrosis via activating NLRP3 inflammasome remains unclear. Methods and Results: To determine the role of TMAO–mediated cardiac fibrosis, we established mouse models of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiac fibrosis with or without TMAO in drinking water. TMAO exacerbated DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction, heart weight and cardiac fibrosis manifested by enhanced collagen accumulation, higher profibrotic levels and elevated inflammatory factors as well as NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Using primary cultured mouse cardiac fibroblast, our results indicated that TMAO promoted proliferation, migration and collagen secretion in a dose-dependent manner by TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Furthermore, TMAO treatment induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation including oxidative stress in cultured cardiac fibroblast. Importantly, the silencing of NLRP3 presented a protection effect against cardiac fibrosis including cellular proliferation, migration and collagen deposition in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggested that TMAO aggravated DOX-induced mouse cardiac fibrosis, at least in part, through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, providing a new potential target for preventing the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Jinxuan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Ni
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenze Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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158
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Tang WHW, Bäckhed F, Landmesser U, Hazen SL. Intestinal Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:2089-2105. [PMID: 31023434 PMCID: PMC6518422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite major strides in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden with modification of classic CVD risk factors, significant residual risks remain. Recent discoveries that linked intestinal microbiota and CVD have broadened our understanding of how dietary nutrients may affect cardiovascular health and disease. Although next-generation sequencing techniques can identify gut microbial community participants and provide insights into microbial composition shifts in response to physiological responses and dietary exposures, provisions of prebiotics or probiotics have yet to show therapeutic benefit for CVD. Our evolving understanding of intestinal microbiota-derived physiological modulators (e.g., short-chain fatty acids) and pathogenic mediators (e.g., trimethylamine N-oxide) of host disease susceptibility have created novel potential therapeutic opportunities for improved cardiovascular health. This review discusses the roles of human intestinal microbiota in normal physiology, their associations with CVD susceptibilities, and the potential of modulating intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Center for Clinical Genomics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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159
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El-Deeb OS, Atef MM, Hafez YM. The interplay between microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide, Transforming growth factor β/SMAD signaling and inflammasome activation in chronic kidney disease patients: A new mechanistic perspective. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14476-14485. [PMID: 31002427 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) signifies a frequently life-threatening condition influencing kidney structure and function. Despite its irrefutable importance, its exact pathogenesis is not completely clarified. However, CKD is known to be associated with accumulated uremic toxins/metabolites, interstitial fibrosis, and systemic inflammation. So we aimed to investigate the role of microbiota-dependent metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/SMAD signaling, and inflammasome activation in CKD pathogenesis through its different stages. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty patients with CKD of stages 2 to 4 in addition 15 healthy control subjects were enrolled. SMAD3 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions from whole blood were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serum TGF-β1 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were estimated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma and urinary TMAO levels were measured. Oxidative stress markers were also assessed. RESULTS SMAD3 and NLRP3 mRNA expressions were significantly upregulated in patients with CKD. Likewise, serum TGF-β1 and IL-1β levels were significantly elevated in patients with CKD, with increase in plasma and urinary TMAO levels and altered redox status throughout different CKD stages. CONCLUSION The study documented that TMAO could be used as a reliable biomarker to evaluate CKD progression; being linked to TGF-β/SMAD signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation as well as being a noninvasive applicable technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Safwat El-Deeb
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mohamed Atef
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mostafa Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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160
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Chou RH, Chen CY, Chen IC, Huang HL, Lu YW, Kuo CS, Chang CC, Huang PH, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Trimethylamine N-Oxide, Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells, and Endothelial Function in Patients with Stable Angina. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4249. [PMID: 30862856 PMCID: PMC6414518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite originated from bacterial metabolism of choline-rich foods. Evidence suggests an association between TMAO and atherosclerosis, but the relationship between TMAO and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the relationship between TMAO concentrations, circulating EPCs, and endothelial function in patients with stable angina. Eighty-one stable angina subjects who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled. The circulating EPCs and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) were measured to evaluate endothelial function. Plasma TMAO and inflammatory markers, such as hsCRP and IL-1β, were determined. Furthermore, the effect of TMAO on EPCs was assessed in vitro. Patients with lower FMD had significantly decreased circulating EPCs, elevated TMAO, hsCRP, and IL-1β concentrations. Plasma TMAO levels were negatively correlated with circulating EPC numbers and the FMD, and positively correlated with hsCRP, IL-1β concentrations. In in vitro studies, incubation of TMAO in cultured EPCs promoted cellular inflammation, elevated oxidative stress, and suppressed EPC functions. Enhanced plasma TMAO levels were associated with reduced circulating EPCs numbers, endothelial dysfunction, and more adverse cardiovascular events. These findings provided evidence of TMAO’s toxicity on EPCs, and delivered new insight into the mechanism of TMAO-mediated atherosclerosis, which could be derived from TMAO-downregulated EPC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hsing Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lei Huang
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chin Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute and Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Healthcare and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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161
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M, OKeefe J. Association of moderately elevated trimethylamine N-oxide with cardiovascular risk: is TMAO serving as a marker for hepatic insulin resistance. Open Heart 2019; 6:e000890. [PMID: 30997120 PMCID: PMC6443140 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James OKeefe
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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162
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He Z, Lei L, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Liu J, Hao W, Zhu H, Liang N, Ma KY, Ho HM, He WS, Chen ZY. Ginger attenuates trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-exacerbated disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and vascular inflammation. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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163
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Wen Y, Peng L, Xu R, Zang N, Huang Q, Zhong M. Maternal serum trimethylamine-N-oxide is significantly increased in cases with established preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 15:114-117. [PMID: 30825906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in sera of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies and to explore whether serum TMAO level was associated with the severity of preeclampsia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-six pregnant women in the third trimester were enrolled in this case control study. Levels of TMAO were quantified by a novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based method in fasting serum samples from 43 preeclamptic women and 43 normotensive controls. Clinical characteristics, serum biomarkers of inflammation (IL-1β) and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction (sVCAM-1, sFlt-1) were assessed. RESULTS TMAO levels were significantly higher in women with preeclampsia than those with normal pregnancy. The serum levels of TMAO were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.602, P < 0.001), urinary protein levels (r = 0.557, P < 0.001) and the serum levels of IL-1β (r = 0.633, P < 0.001), sVCAM-1 (r = 0.719, P < 0.001) as well as sFlt-1 (r = 0.763, P < 0.001) in patients with PE. CONCLUSIONS Elevated TMAO levels are associated with higher risk of preeclampsia and correlate with increased systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Further validation of these findings with more robust multicenter prospective and longitudinal characterization of maternal serum TMAO in pregnancy may be carried out in subsequent investigations to determine its suitability as a predictive biomarker for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wen
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Linrui Peng
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoting Xu
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China; Division of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Nailiang Zang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qitao Huang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mei Zhong
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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164
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Sharpton SR, Yong GJM, Terrault NA, Lynch SV. Gut Microbial Metabolism and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2018; 3:29-43. [PMID: 30619992 PMCID: PMC6312661 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome, the multispecies community of microbes that exists in the gastrointestinal tract, encodes several orders of magnitude more functional genes than the human genome. It also plays a pivotal role in human health, in part due to metabolism of environmental, dietary, and host‐derived substrates, which produce bioactive metabolites. Perturbations to the composition and associated metabolic output of the gut microbiome have been associated with a number of chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we review the rapidly evolving suite of next‐generation techniques used for studying gut microbiome composition, functional gene content, and bioactive products and discuss relationships with the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Sharpton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Germaine J M Yong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Norah A Terrault
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
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165
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Kalinkovich A, Gabdulina G, Livshits G. Autoimmunity, inflammation, and dysbiosis mutually govern the transition from the preclinical to the clinical stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Res 2018; 66:696-709. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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166
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Cho YJ, Lee HG, Seo KH, Yokoyama W, Kim H. Antiobesity Effect of Prebiotic Polyphenol-Rich Grape Seed Flour Supplemented with Probiotic Kefir-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12498-12511. [PMID: 30392364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between prebiotics and probiotics may exert synergistic health benefits. This study investigated the combined effects of polyphenol-rich wine grape seed flour (GSF), a prebiotic, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from kefir, a probiotic, on obesity-related metabolic disease in high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese (DIO) mice. DIO mice were fed with HFD with 6% microcrystalline cellulose (CON) or HFD supplemented with GSF (5% or 10% GSF), HFD with LAB orally administrated (LAB), or HFD with a combination of GSF and LAB orally administrated (GSF+LAB) for 9 weeks. The vehicle, saline, was also orally administered to the CON and GSF groups. In comparison to CON, all GSF and LAB groups showed a reduction ( P < 0.05) in HF-induced weight gain, liver and adipose tissue weights, plasma lipid concentrations, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. The combination of 10% GSF and LAB showed synergistic effects ( P < 0.05) on body weight gain, plasma insulin and total cholesterol concentrations, and cecum propionate contents. Plasma zonulin and cecum propionate concentrations and intestinal FXR gene expression were ( P < 0.05) correlated with body weight gain. A pathway analysis of microarray data of adipose tissue showed that the combination of GSF and LAB affected genes involved in metabolic and immunological diseases, including inflammasome complex assembly ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, a combination of GSF and LAB inhibited HF-induced obesity and inflammation via alterations in intestinal permeability and adipocyte gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , South Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- KU Center for Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine , Konkuk University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Wallace Yokoyama
- Western Regional Research Center , USDA , Albany , California , United States
| | - Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , South Korea
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167
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Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker or New Therapeutic Target. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101398. [PMID: 30275434 PMCID: PMC6213249 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a molecule generated from choline, betaine, and carnitine via gut microbial metabolism. The plasma level of TMAO is determined by several factors including diet, gut microbial flora, drug administration and liver flavin monooxygenase activity. In humans, recent clinical studies evidence a positive correlation between elevated plasma levels of TMAO and an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. A direct correlation between increased TMAO levels and neurological disorders has been also hypothesized. Several therapeutic strategies are being explored to reduce TMAO levels, including use of oral broad spectrum antibiotics, promoting the growth of bacteria that use TMAO as substrate and the development of target-specific molecules. Despite the accumulating evidence, it is questioned whether TMAO is the mediator of a bystander in the disease process. Thus, it is important to undertake studies to establish the role of TMAO in human health and disease. In this article, we reviewed dietary sources and metabolic pathways of TMAO, as well as screened the studies suggesting possible involvement of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and neurological disorders, underlying the importance of TMAO mediating inflammatory processes. Finally, the potential utility of TMAO as therapeutic target is also analyzed.
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168
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The Association between Plasma Levels of Trimethylamine N-Oxide and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Patients with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:1578320. [PMID: 30159101 PMCID: PMC6109488 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1578320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been demonstrated as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to determine the plasma levels of TMAO in Chinese coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 132 control participants, 243 CHD patients, and 175 CHD patients with T2DM were enrolled. Plasma levels of TMAO in all patients were measured and analyzed. Results The plasma levels of TMAO were significantly higher in CHD patients than in control subjects (3.08 ± 0.13 μM versus 1.49 ± 0.05 μM; P < 0.01). In addition, plasma levels of TMAO were remarkably increased in CHD patients with T2DM compared with CHD patients (7.63 ± 0.97 μM versus 3.08 ± 0.13 μM; P < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the area under the curve of TMAO was 0.794 and 0.927 to predict CHD or CHD-T2DM patients (P < 0.01). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TMAO was an independent predictor in CHD patients with or without T2DM. The level of TMAO was correlated with high-sensitive troponin I (hs-TnI) and creatine kinase MB (CKMB). Conclusions TMAO was an independent predictor of CHD in Chinese patients; moreover, the TMAO levels were highly associated with diabetes in CHD patients.
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169
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Li S, Shao Y, Li K, HuangFu C, Wang W, Liu Z, Cai Z, Zhao B. Vascular Cognitive Impairment and the Gut Microbiota. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:1209-1222. [PMID: 29689727 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinian Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kanglan Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Changmei HuangFu
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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170
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Wang Z, Zhao Y. Gut microbiota derived metabolites in cardiovascular health and disease. Protein Cell 2018; 9:416-431. [PMID: 29725935 PMCID: PMC5960473 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trillions of microbes inhabit the human gut, not only providing nutrients and energy to the host from the ingested food, but also producing metabolic bioactive signaling molecules to maintain health and elicit disease, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In this review, we presented gut microbiota derived metabolites involved in cardiovascular health and disease, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), uremic toxins, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phytoestrogens, anthocyanins, bile acids and lipopolysaccharide. These gut microbiota derived metabolites play critical roles in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular function, and if dysregulated, potentially causally linked to CVD. A better understanding of the function and dynamics of gut microbiota derived metabolites holds great promise toward mechanistic predicative CVD biomarker discoveries and precise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Yongzhong Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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171
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Li T, Gua C, Wu B, Chen Y. Increased circulating trimethylamine N-oxide contributes to endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:2071-2077. [PMID: 29247650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is strongly associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Impaired endothelial function, a key initiating step in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, has been reported in patients with CKD, but the mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction in CKD remain elusive. Emerging evidence reveals that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-generated metabolite, is involved in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. Circulating TMAO is elevated in CKD. Here we tested the hypothesis that elevated TMAO plays a contributory role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in CKD. Rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy to induce CKD or sham operation, and were treated with 1.0% 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB, an inhibitor of trimethylamine formation) or vehicle. Eight weeks after nephrectomy and DMB treatment, circulating TMAO levels were markedly elevated in CKD-vehicle rats compared with sham-vehicle rats, but were reduced in CKD-DMB rats. Acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation was impaired in CKD-vehicle rats compared with sham-vehicle rats as indicated by reduced maximal relaxation (Emax) and decreased area under the curve (AUC). Emax and AUC were both normalized in CKD-DMB rats. No difference in sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelial-independent vasodilation was observed across groups. Molecular studies revealed that endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activity was decreased, while superoxide production and proinflammatory cytokine expression were increased in the aorta of CKD-vehicle rats compared with sham-vehicle rats. Of note, the abnormalities in above molecular parameters were completely restored in CKD-DMB rats. These results suggest that CKD elevates circulating TMAO levels, which may reduce eNOS-derived NO production by increasing vascular oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to CKD-associated endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chaojun Gua
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Baogang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
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