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Does high-density lipoprotein protect vascular function in healthy pregnancy? Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:491-7. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The maternal adaptation to pregnancy includes hyperlipidaemia, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. In non-pregnant individuals, these processes are usually associated with poor vascular function. However, maternal vascular function is enhanced in pregnancy. It is not understood how this is achieved in the face of the adverse metabolic and inflammatory environment. Research into cardiovascular disease demonstrates that plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein), by merit of its functionality rather than its plasma concentration, exerts protective effects on the vascular endothelium. HDL has vasodilatory, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and can protect against endothelial cell damage. In pregnancy, the plasma HDL concentration starts to rise at 10 weeks of gestation, peaking at 20 weeks. The initial rise in plasma HDL occurs around the time of the establishment of the feto-placental circulation, a time when the trophoblast plugs in the maternal spiral arteries are released, generating oxidative stress. Thus there is the intriguing possibility that new HDL of improved function is synthesized around the time of the establishment of the feto-placental circulation. In obese pregnancy and, to a greater extent, in pre-eclampsia, plasma HDL levels are significantly decreased and maternal vascular function is reduced. Wire myography studies have shown an association between the plasma content of apolipoprotein AI, the major protein constituent of HDL, and blood vessel relaxation. These observations lead us to hypothesize that HDL concentration, and function, increases in pregnancy in order to protect the maternal vascular endothelium and that in pre-eclampsia this fails to occur.
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152
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Jeffery DR, Rammohan KW, Hawker K, Fox E. Fingolimod: a review of its mode of action in the context of its efficacy and safety profile in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:31-44. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1123094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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153
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Plasma-derived and synthetic high-density lipoprotein inhibit tissue factor in endothelial cells and monocytes. Biochem J 2016; 473:211-9. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20151000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atheroprotection mediated by high-density lipoproteins could also be related to their ability to inhibit the expression of tissue factor, the main activator of the coagulation cascade, in endothelial cells and in monocytes.
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154
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Cohen E, Aviram M, Khatib S, Volkova N, Vaya J. Human carotid atherosclerotic plaque protein(s) change HDL protein(s) composition and impair HDL anti-oxidant activity. Biofactors 2016; 42:115-28. [PMID: 26662883 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) anti-atherogenic functions are closely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factor, and are dictated by its composition, which is often affected by environmental factors. The present study investigates the effects of the human carotid plaque constituents on HDL composition and biological functions. To this end, human carotid plaques were homogenized and incubated with HDL. Results showed that after incubation, most of the apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) protein was released from the HDL, and HDL diameter increased by an average of approximately 2 nm. In parallel, HDL antioxidant activity was impaired. In response to homogenate treatment HDL could not prevent the accelerated oxidation of LDL caused by the homogenate. Boiling of the homogenate prior to its incubation with HDL abolished its effects on HDL composition changes. Moreover, tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay revealed an interaction between plaque component(s) and HDL, an interaction that was reduced by 50% upon using pre-boiled homogenate. These results led to hypothesize that plaque protein(s) interacted with HDL-associated Apo A1 and altered the HDL composition. Immuno-precipitation of Apo A1 that was released from the HDL after its incubation with the homogenate revealed a co-precipitation of three isomers of actin. However, beta-actin alone did not significantly affect the HDL composition, and yet the active protein within the plaque was elusive. In conclusion then, protein(s) in the homogenate interact with HDL protein(s), leading to release of Apo A1 from the HDL particle, a process that was associated with an increase in HDL diameter and with impaired HDL anti-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Cohen
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, , P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
- Lipid Research Laboratory Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- Lipid Research Laboratory Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, , P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
| | - Nina Volkova
- Lipid Research Laboratory Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, , P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
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155
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is comprised of a cluster of closely related risk factors, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; all of which increase the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A chronic state of inflammation appears to be a central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS. In this review, we summarize recent research which has provided insight into the mechanisms by which inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of the individual components of MetS including visceral adiposity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. On the basis of these mechanisms, we summarize therapeutic modalities to target inflammation in the MetS and its individual components. Current therapeutic modalities can modulate the individual components of MetS and have a direct anti-inflammatory effect. Lifestyle modifications including exercise, weight loss, and diets high in fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains, and low-fat dairy and low in saturated fat and glucose are recommended as a first line therapy. The Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets are especially beneficial and have been shown to prevent development of MetS. Moreover, the Mediterranean diet has been associated with reductions in total and cardiovascular mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists lower high levels of triglyceride; their role in targeting inflammation is reviewed. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone blockers comprise pharmacologic therapies for hypertension but also target other aspects of MetS including inflammation. Statin drugs target many of the underlying inflammatory pathways involved in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tarec K Elajami
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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156
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Arora S, Patra SK, Saini R. HDL—A molecule with a multi-faceted role in coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 452:66-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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157
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Sattler K, Gräler M, Keul P, Weske S, Reimann CM, Jindrová H, Kleinbongard P, Sabbadini R, Bröcker-Preuss M, Erbel R, Heusch G, Levkau B. Defects of High-Density Lipoproteins in Coronary Artery Disease Caused by Low Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Content: Correction by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Loading. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1470-85. [PMID: 26403344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a constituent of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) that contributes to their beneficial effects. We have shown decreased HDL-S1P in coronary artery disease (CAD) but its functional relevance remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the functional consequences of reduced HDL-S1P content in CAD and tested if increasing it may improve or restore HDL function. METHODS Human HDL from healthy and CAD subjects, as well as mouse HDL, were isolated by ultracentrifugation. HDL-S1P-dependent activation of cell-signaling pathways and induction of vasodilation were examined in vitro and in isolated arteries using native and S1P-loaded HDL, S1P receptor antagonists, and S1P-blocking antibodies. RESULTS HDL-S1P-dependent signaling was clearly impaired and S1P content reduced in CAD-HDL as compared to healthy HDL. Both healthy and CAD-HDL could be efficiently and equally well loaded with S1P from cellular donors and plasma. S1P-loading greatly improved HDL signaling and vasodilatory potential in pre-contracted arteries and completely corrected the defects inherent to CAD-HDL. HDL-S1P content and uptake was reduced by oxidation and was lower in HDL3 than HDL2. Loading with S1P in vitro and in vivo fully replenished the virtually absent S1P content of apolipoprotein M-deficient HDL and restored their defective signaling. Infusion of erythrocyte-associated C17-S1P in mice led to its rapid and complete uptake by HDL providing a means to directly S1P-load HDL in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Reduced HDL-S1P content contributes to HDL dysfunction in CAD. It can be efficiently increased by S1P-loading in vitro and in vivo, providing a novel approach to correcting HDL dysfunction in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sattler
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Keul
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Weske
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina-Maria Reimann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, and Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helena Jindrová
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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158
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Cameron SJ, Morrell CN, Bao C, Swaim AF, Rodriguez A, Lowenstein CJ. A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Effect for High Density Lipoprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144372. [PMID: 26680360 PMCID: PMC4683005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High density lipoprotein has anti-inflammatory effects in addition to mediating reverse cholesterol transport. While many of the chronic anti-inflammatory effects of high density lipoprotein (HDL) are attributed to changes in cell adhesion molecules, little is known about acute signal transduction events elicited by HDL in endothelial cells. We now show that high density lipoprotein decreases endothelial cell exocytosis, the first step in leukocyte trafficking. ApoA-I, a major apolipoprotein of HDL, mediates inhibition of endothelial cell exocytosis by interacting with endothelial scavenger receptor-BI which triggers an intracellular protective signaling cascade involving protein kinase C (PKC). Other apolipoproteins within the HDL particle have only modest effects upon endothelial exocytosis. Using a human primary culture of endothelial cells and murine apo-AI knockout mice, we show that apo-AI prevents endothelial cell exocytosis which limits leukocyte recruitment. These data suggest that high density lipoprotein may inhibit diseases associated with vascular inflammation in part by blocking endothelial exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Cameron
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box 679, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14652, United States of America
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box CVRI, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14652, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box CVRI, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14652, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 733 N. Broadway, MRB 827, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Clare Bao
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 950 Ross Building, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - AnneMarie F. Swaim
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 733 N. Broadway, MRB 827, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, E5050, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Lowenstein
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box 679, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14652, United States of America
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Box CVRI, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14652, United States of America
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159
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Sukocheva O, Wadham C, Gamble J, Xia P. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 transmits estrogens' effects in endothelial cells. Steroids 2015; 104:237-45. [PMID: 26476183 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the steroid hormone estrogens stimulate activation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in breast cancer cells. Both estrogens and S1P are potent biological modulators of endothelial function in vasculature able to activate multiple effectors, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In this study we report that treatment of endothelial cells (ECs) with 17β-estradiol (E2) resulted in a rapid, transient, and dose-dependent increase in SphK activity and increased S1P production. The effect was not reproduced by the inactive E2 analogue 17α-E2. Expression of the dominant-negative mutant SphK1(G82D) or transfection of SphK1-targeted siRNA in ECs caused not only a defect in SphK activation by E2, but also a significant inhibition of E2-induced activation of Akt/eNOS. Furthermore, E2 treatment induced internalization of plasma membrane S1P1 receptor, accompanied with an increase in the amount of cytosolic S1P1. By down-regulating S1P1 receptor expression, the S1P1-specific antisense oligonucleotides significantly inhibited E2-induced activation of Akt/eNOS in ECs. E2-induced EC migration and tube formation were also inhibited by S1P1 down-regulation. Thus, the findings indicate an important role of the SphK1/S1P1 pathway in mediating estrogen signaling and its actions in vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sukocheva
- School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | - Pu Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongsan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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160
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Tiniakou I, Kanaki Z, Georgopoulos S, Chroni A, Van Eck M, Fotakis P, Zannis VI, Kardassis D. Natural human apoA-I mutations L141R Pisa and L159R FIN alter HDL structure and functionality and promote atherosclerosis development in mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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161
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Gomaraschi M, Ossoli A, Adorni MP, Damonte E, Niesor E, Veglia F, Franceschini G, Benghozi R, Calabresi L. Fenofibrate and extended-release niacin improve the endothelial protective effects of HDL in patients with metabolic syndrome. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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162
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Levkau B. HDL-S1P: cardiovascular functions, disease-associated alterations, and therapeutic applications. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:243. [PMID: 26539121 PMCID: PMC4611146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid contained in High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and has drawn considerable attention in the lipoprotein field as numerous studies have demonstrated its contribution to several functions inherent to HDL. Some of them are partly and some entirely due to the S1P contained in HDL (HDL-S1P). Despite the presence of over 1000 different lipids in HDL, S1P stands out as it possesses its own cell surface receptors through which it exercises key physiological functions. Most of the S1P in human plasma is associated with HDL, and the amount of HDL-S1P influences the quality and quantity of HDL-dependent functions. The main binding partner of S1P in HDL is apolipoprotein M but others may also exist particularly under conditions of acute S1P elevations. HDL not only exercise functions through their S1P content but have also an impact on genuine S1P signaling by influencing S1P bioactivity and receptor presentation. HDL-S1P content is altered in human diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency and diabetes mellitus. Low HDL-S1P has also been linked to impaired HDL functions associated with these disorders. Although the pathophysiological and molecular reasons for such disease-associated shifts in HDL-S1P are little understood, there have been successful approaches to circumvent their adverse implications by pharmacologically increasing HDL-S1P as means to improve HDL function. This mini-review will cover the current understanding of the contribution of HDL-S1P to physiological HDL function, its alteration in disease and ways for its restoration to correct HDL dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Levkau
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
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163
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164
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Galvani S, Sanson M, Blaho VA, Swendeman SL, Obinata H, Conger H, Dahlbäck B, Kono M, Proia RL, Smith JD, Hla T. HDL-bound sphingosine 1-phosphate acts as a biased agonist for the endothelial cell receptor S1P1 to limit vascular inflammation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra79. [PMID: 26268607 PMCID: PMC4768813 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) is abundant in endothelial cells, where it regulates vascular development and microvascular barrier function. In investigating the role of endothelial cell S1P1 in adult mice, we found that the endothelial S1P1 signal was enhanced in regions of the arterial vasculature experiencing inflammation. The abundance of proinflammatory adhesion proteins, such as ICAM-1, was enhanced in mice with endothelial cell-specific deletion of S1pr1 and suppressed in mice with endothelial cell-specific overexpression of S1pr1, suggesting a protective function of S1P1 in vascular disease. The chaperones ApoM(+)HDL (HDL) or albumin bind to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in the circulation; therefore, we tested the effects of S1P bound to each chaperone on S1P1 signaling in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Exposure of HUVECs to ApoM(+)HDL-S1P, but not to albumin-S1P, promoted the formation of a cell surface S1P1-β-arrestin 2 complex and attenuated the ability of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα to activate NF-κB and increase ICAM-1 abundance. Although S1P bound to either chaperone induced MAPK activation, albumin-S1P triggered greater Gi activation and receptor endocytosis. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of S1pr1 in the hypercholesterolemic Apoe(-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis enhanced atherosclerotic lesion formation in the descending aorta. We propose that the ability of ApoM(+)HDL to act as a biased agonist on S1P1 inhibits vascular inflammation, which may partially explain the cardiovascular protective functions of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Galvani
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marie Sanson
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victoria A Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven L Swendeman
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Heather Conger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mari Kono
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard L Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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165
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Lyso-Sulfatide Binds Factor Xa and Inhibits Thrombin Generation by the Prothrombinase Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135025. [PMID: 26263376 PMCID: PMC4532512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation reactions are strongly influenced by phospholipids, but little is known about the influence of sphingolipids on coagulation mechanisms. Lysosulfatide (lyso-SF) (sulfogalactosyl sphingosine) prolonged factor Xa (fXa) 1-stage plasma clotting assays, showing it had robust anticoagulant activity. In studies using purified clotting factors, lyso-SF inhibited >90% of prothrombin (II) activation for reaction mixtures containing fXa/factor Va (fVa)/II, and also inhibited II activation generation by fXa/ phospholipids and by Gla-domainless-fXa/fVa/phospholipids. When lyso-SF analogs were tested, results showed that N-acetyl-sulfatide was not anticoagulant, implying that the free amine group was essential for the anticoagulant effects of lyso-SF. Lyso-SF did not inhibit fXa enzymatic hydrolysis of small peptide substrates, showing it did not directly inhibit the fXa activity. In surface plasmon resonance studies, lyso-SF bound to immobilized inactivated fXa as well as inactivated Gla-domainless-fXa. Confirming this lyso-SF:fXa interaction, fluorescence studies showed that fluorescently-labeled-fXa in solution bound to lyso-SF. Thus, lyso-SF is an anticoagulant lipid that inhibits fXa when this enzyme is bound to either phospholipids or to fVa. Mechanisms for inhibition of procoagulant activity are likely to involve lyso-SF binding to fXa domain(s) that are distinct from the fXa Gla domain. This suggests that certain sphingolipids, including lyso-SF and some of its analogs, may down-regulate fXa activity without inhibiting the enzyme's active site or binding to the fXa Gla domain.
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166
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Bekpinar S, Yenidunya G, Gurdol F, Unlucerci Y, Aycan-Ustyol E, Dinccag N. The effect of nephropathy on plasma sphingosine 1-phosphate concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:1264-7. [PMID: 26255120 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is carried in plasma by the HDL particles and albumin. It mediates several protective functions of HDL. Because of its barrier-enhancing effect, it has attracted attention in diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction. We examined the impact of circulating levels of S1P in diabetic nephropathy together with apoprotein M, a S1P-binding protein in HDL. Plasma levels of dimethylarginines were evaluated in this context. DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups according to daily albumin excretion: normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria (n=30 in each). In addition to routine analysis, S1P and apo M in plasma were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and l-arginine were determined by HPLC. Tukey's or Mann-Whitney U-test was used for the statistics. RESULTS Plasma S1P levels showed a significant decline in parallel to kidney dysfunction. The highest significance was detected in the macroalbuminuric group. Although a significant increase in plasma SDMA in albuminuric groups was observed, apo M, l-arginine and ADMA levels were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION Low plasma levels of S1P seemed to be associated with diabetic nephropathy. The main reason for the decreased S1P levels in our patients seems to be severe urinary albumin loss due to nephropathy. Low levels of S1P in patients with nephropathy may adversely affect the endothelial integrity and barrier function, thus causing a vicious circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bekpinar
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - G Yenidunya
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Gurdol
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Y Unlucerci
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Aycan-Ustyol
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Dinccag
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
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Beta2-adrenergic activity modulates vascular tone regulation in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase knockout mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:114-121. [PMID: 26254103 PMCID: PMC4675083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency is associated with hypoalphalipoproteinemia, generally a predisposing factor for premature coronary heart disease. The evidence of accelerated atherosclerosis in LCAT-deficient subjects is however controversial. In this study, the effect of LCAT deficiency on vascular tone and endothelial function was investigated in LCAT knockout mice, which reproduce the human lipoprotein phenotype. Aortas from wild-type (Lcatwt) and LCAT knockout (LcatKO) mice exposed to noradrenaline showed reduced contractility in LcatKO mice (P < 0.005), whereas acetylcholine exposure showed a lower NO-dependent relaxation in LcatKO mice (P < 0.05). Quantitative PCR and Western blotting analyses suggested an adequate eNOS expression in LcatKO mouse aortas. Real-time PCR analysis indicated increased expression of β2-adrenergic receptors vs wild-type mice. Aorta stimulation with noradrenaline in the presence of propranolol, to abolish the β-mediated relaxation, showed the same contractile response in the two mouse lines. Furthermore, propranolol pretreatment of mouse aortas exposed to L-NAME prevented the difference in responses between Lcatwt and LcatKO mice. The results indicate that LCAT deficiency leads to increased β2-adrenergic relaxation and to a consequently decreased NO-mediated vasodilation that can be reversed to guarantee a correct vascular tone. The present study suggests that LCAT deficiency is not associated with an impaired vascular reactivity.
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168
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Denimal D, Pais de Barros JP, Petit JM, Bouillet B, Vergès B, Duvillard L. Significant abnormalities of the HDL phosphosphingolipidome in type 1 diabetes despite normal HDL cholesterol concentration. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:752-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nasr H, Torsney E, Poston RN, Hayes L, Gaze DC, Basser R, Thompson MM, Loftus IM, Cockerill GW. Investigating the Effect of a Single Infusion of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Plaques. Ann Vasc Surg 2015; 29:1380-91. [PMID: 26140943 PMCID: PMC6419536 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration reduces cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. HDLs have been shown to possess acute anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties. We hypothesize that HDL therapy can acutely alter local and systemic manifestations of plaque instability. Methods Forty patients with early symptomatic carotid disease were randomized to either receive reconstituted HDL (rHDL) 40 mg/kg (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20). Carotid endarterectomies were performed 24 hr later. Plaques were obtained intraoperatively and used for measurement of thrombomodulatory genes expression. Plasma samples were collected before the infusion, 24 and 48 hr later to measure changes in systemic markers of plaque instability. Results No significant differences were noted in thrombomodulatory genes expression between the 2 groups. Systemic levels of tissue factor, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 (MCP-1) were significantly reduced in the rHDL group. However, the effects on MMP-9 and MCP-1 were abolished in the immediate postoperative period. Although rHDL did not affect plasma interleukin-6 levels 24 hr following the infusion, it prevented the significant postoperative elevation seen in the placebo group. Conclusions A single infusion of rHDL can acutely alter plasma biomarkers associated with plaque instability and cardiovascular morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosaam Nasr
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK.
| | - Evelyn Torsney
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Lawrence Hayes
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - David C Gaze
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Matthew M Thompson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Ian M Loftus
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Gillian W Cockerill
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
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Liu J, Wang H, Zhao H, Liu H, Li L, Zhou Y. Arterial stiffness is increased in healthy subjects with a positive family history of hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 37:622-6. [PMID: 26114350 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1036061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Liu
- a Department of Vascular Medicine , Peking University Shougang Hospital , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- a Department of Vascular Medicine , Peking University Shougang Hospital , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- a Department of Vascular Medicine , Peking University Shougang Hospital , Beijing , PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- a Department of Vascular Medicine , Peking University Shougang Hospital , Beijing , PR China
| | - Lihong Li
- a Department of Vascular Medicine , Peking University Shougang Hospital , Beijing , PR China
| | - Yingyan Zhou
- a Department of Vascular Medicine , Peking University Shougang Hospital , Beijing , PR China
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171
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Spillmann F, Miteva K, Pieske B, Tschöpe C, Van Linthout S. High-density lipoproteins reduce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1774-7. [PMID: 26088574 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition is an inflammation-induced process by which endothelial cells can transdifferentiate into fibroblasts. Based on the endothelial-protective and antifibrotic effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), we aimed to investigate whether HDL can reduce endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. APPROACH AND RESULTS Therefore, human aortic endothelial cells were stimulated with the profibrotic factor transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the presence or absence of HDL. Their impact on the transition of endothelial cells to mesenchymal-like cells was analyzed. Phase contrast microscopy demonstrated that HDL abrogated the TGF-β1-induced spindle-shape morphology in human aortic endothelial cells. Furthermore, HDL decreased the TGF-β1-mediated induction of α-smooth muscle actin expression and concomitant loss in endothelial cadherin expression, as shown by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. In addition, HDL decreased the TGF-β1-induced collagen deposition in human aortic endothelial cells involving the scavenger receptor class B, type 1 and downstream phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase following the findings that the HDL-mediated reduction was abrogated by scavenger receptor class B, type 1 siRNA knockdown and phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase inhibition, respectively. The HDL-mediated reduction in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition was associated with an induction of the inhibitory Smad, Smad 7. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first in vitro evidence that the endothelial-protective and antifibrotic effects of HDL include the reduction in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Spillmann
- From the Department of Cardiology (F.S., B.P., C.T.) and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT) (K.M., C.T., S.V.L.), Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany (B.P.); and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (B.P., C.T., S.V.L.)
| | - Kapka Miteva
- From the Department of Cardiology (F.S., B.P., C.T.) and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT) (K.M., C.T., S.V.L.), Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany (B.P.); and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (B.P., C.T., S.V.L.)
| | - Burkert Pieske
- From the Department of Cardiology (F.S., B.P., C.T.) and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT) (K.M., C.T., S.V.L.), Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany (B.P.); and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (B.P., C.T., S.V.L.)
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- From the Department of Cardiology (F.S., B.P., C.T.) and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT) (K.M., C.T., S.V.L.), Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany (B.P.); and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (B.P., C.T., S.V.L.)
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- From the Department of Cardiology (F.S., B.P., C.T.) and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT) (K.M., C.T., S.V.L.), Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany (B.P.); and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (B.P., C.T., S.V.L.).
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Prager B, Spampinato SF, Ransohoff RM. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling at the blood–brain barrier. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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173
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Jing XD, Wei XM, Deng SB, Du JL, Liu YJ, She Q. The relationship between the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and coronary in-stent restenosis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:248-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boon MR, Bakker LEH, van der Linden RAD, van Ouwerkerk AF, de Goeje PL, Counotte J, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. High prevalence of cardiovascular disease in South Asians: Central role for brown adipose tissue? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:150-7. [PMID: 25955567 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.1003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in modern society. Interestingly, the risk of developing CVD varies between different ethnic groups. A particularly high risk is faced by South Asians, representing over one-fifth of the world's population. Here, we review potential factors contributing to the increased cardiovascular risk in the South Asian population and discuss novel therapeutic strategies based on recent insights. In South Asians, classical ('metabolic') risk factors associated with CVD are highly prevalent and include central obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. A contributing factor that may underlie the development of this disadvantageous metabolic phenotype is the presence of a lower amount of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in South Asian subjects, resulting in lower energy expenditure and lower lipid oxidation and glucose uptake. As it has been established that the increased prevalence of classical risk factors in South Asians cannot fully explain their increased risk for CVD, other non-classical risk factors must underlie this residual risk. In South Asians, the prevalence of "inflammatory" risk factors including visceral adipose tissue inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and HDL dysfunction are higher compared with Caucasians. We conclude that a potential novel therapy to lower CVD risk in the South Asian population is to enhance BAT volume or its activity in order to diminish classical risk factors. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory therapy may lower non-classical risk factors in this population and the combination of both strategies may be especially effective.
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175
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Nussbaum C, Bannenberg S, Keul P, Gräler MH, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Korhonen H, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Heusch G, de Castro Faria Neto HC, Rohwedder I, Göthert JR, Prasad VP, Haufe G, Lange-Sperandio B, Offermanns S, Sperandio M, Levkau B. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 promotes leukocyte rolling by mobilizing endothelial P-selectin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6416. [PMID: 25832730 PMCID: PMC4396399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) participates in inflammation; however, its role in leukocyte rolling is still unclear. Here we use intravital microscopy in inflamed mouse cremaster muscle venules and human endothelial cells to show that S1P contributes to P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling through endothelial S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) and Gαq, PLCβ and Ca2+. Intra-arterial S1P administration increases leukocyte rolling, while S1P3 deficiency or inhibition dramatically reduces it. Mast cells involved in triggering rolling also release S1P that mobilizes P-selectin through S1P3. Histamine and epinephrine require S1P3 for full-scale effect accomplishing it by stimulating sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1). In a counter-regulatory manner, S1P1 inhibits cAMP-stimulated Sphk1 and blocks rolling as observed in endothelial-specific S1P1−/− mice. In agreement with a dominant pro-rolling effect of S1P3, FTY720 inhibits rolling in control and S1P1−/− but not in S1P3−/− mice. Our findings identify S1P as a direct and indirect contributor to leukocyte rolling and characterize the receptors mediating its action. The lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is known to mediate leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. Here, Nussbaum et al. show that S1P, via its receptor S1P3, also regulates leukocyte rolling on endothelium by promoting the presentation of the adhesion molecule P-selectin on the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- 1] Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany [2] Dr v. Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University München, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Sarah Bannenberg
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Keul
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cassiano F Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- 1] Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany [2] Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Hanna Korhonen
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karin von Wnuck Lipinski
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ina Rohwedder
- Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Vysakh Pushpa Prasad
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Baerbel Lange-Sperandio
- Dr v. Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University München, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Aksu B, Ayvaz S, Aksu F, Karaca T, Cemek M, Ayaz A, Demirtaş S. Effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine against oxidative stress and acute lung ınjury ınduced by pulmonary contusion in rats. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:591-7. [PMID: 25840069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of exogenous sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) administration on acute lung injury induced by pulmonary contusion in rats. METHODS Eight animals were included in each of the following five groups: control, contusion, contusion phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), contusion SPC 2, contusion SPC 10. SPC was administered 3 days at a daily two different doses of 2 μm/ml and 10 μm/ml intraperitoneally. The severity of lung injury was determined by the neutrophil activation and histological and immunohistochemical changes in the lung. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) were determined to evaluate the oxidative status in the lung tissue. RESULTS Treatment with 2 μM SPC inhibited the increase in lung MDA and NO levels significantly and also attenuated the depletion of SOD, GPx, and GSH in the lung injury induced by pulmonary contusion. These data were supported by histopathological findings. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) positive cells and apoptotic cells in the lung tissue were observed to be reduced with the 2 μM SPC treatment. But, the 10 μM SPC treatment did not provide similar effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these findings suggested that 2 μM SPC can attenuate lung damage in pulmonary contusion by prevention of oxidative stress, inflammatory process and apoptosis. All these findings suggest that low dose SPC may be a promising new therapeutic agent for acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Aksu
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Süleyman Ayvaz
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Feyza Aksu
- Istanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turan Karaca
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cemek
- Yildiz Technical University, Biochemistry Division, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayaz
- Yildiz Technical University, Biochemistry Division, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selim Demirtaş
- Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Edirne, Turkey
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177
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Rached FH, Chapman MJ, Kontush A. HDL particle subpopulations: Focus on biological function. Biofactors 2015; 41:67-77. [PMID: 25809447 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) constitute an independent biomarker of cardiovascular morbi-mortality. However, recent advances have drastically modified the classical and limited view of HDL as a carrier of 'good cholesterol', and have revealed unexpected levels of complexity in the circulating HDL particle pool. HDL particles are indeed highly heterogeneous in structure, intravascular metabolism and biological activity. This review describes recent progress in our understanding of HDL subpopulations and their biological activities, and focuses on relationships between the structural, compositional and functional heterogeneity of HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana H Rached
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière University Hospital, ICAN, Paris, France; Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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178
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Borup A, Christensen PM, Nielsen LB, Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M in lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:48-55. [PMID: 25551802 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will address recent findings on apolipoprotein M (apoM) and its ligand sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in lipid metabolism and inflammatory diseases. RECENT FINDINGS ApoM's likely role(s) in health and disease has become more diverse after the discovery that apoM functions as a chaperone for S1P. Hence, apoM has recently been implicated in lipid metabolism, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis through in-vivo, in-vitro and genetic association studies. It remains to be established to which degree such associations with apoM can be attributed to its ability to bind S1P. SUMMARY The apoM/S1P axis and its implications in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism have been thoroughly studied. Owing to the discovery of the apoM/S1P axis, the scope of apoM research has broadened. ApoM and S1P have been implicated in lipid metabolism, that is by modulating HDL particles. Also, the importance in regulating endothelial function is being investigated. Furthermore, both apoM and S1P have been linked to diabetes and glucose and insulin metabolism. Finally, genetic variations in the apoM gene are associated with lipid disturbances, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. These findings suggest not only diverse effects of apoM, but also the important question of whether apoM mainly acts as a S1P carrier, if apoM carries other substances with biological effects as well, or whether the apoM protein has effects on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borup
- aDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet bInstitute of Biomedical Sciences cInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark *Dr Anna Borup and Pernille M. Christensen contributed equally to the writing of this article
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Riwanto M, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A, Landmesser U. Dysfunctional HDL: from structure-function-relationships to biomarkers. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:337-366. [PMID: 25522994 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reduced plasma levels of HDL-C are associated with an increased risk of CAD and myocardial infarction, as shown in various prospective population studies. However, recent clinical trials on lipid-modifying drugs that increase plasma levels of HDL-C have not shown significant clinical benefit. Notably, in some recent clinical studies, there is no clear association of higher HDL-C levels with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events observed in patients with existing CAD. These observations have prompted researchers to shift from a cholesterol-centric view of HDL towards assessing the function and composition of HDL particles. Of importance, experimental and translational studies have further demonstrated various potential antiatherogenic effects of HDL. HDL has been proposed to promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and to protect endothelial cell functions by prevention of oxidation of LDL and its adverse endothelial effects. Furthermore, HDL from healthy subjects can directly stimulate endothelial cell production of nitric oxide and exert anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. Of note, increasing evidence suggests that the vascular effects of HDL can be highly heterogeneous and HDL may lose important anti-atherosclerotic properties and turn dysfunctional in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders. A greater understanding of mechanisms of action of HDL and its altered vascular effects is therefore critical within the context of HDL-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliana Riwanto
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich and Center of Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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180
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Abstract
Besides their well-documented function of reverse transport of cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) display pleiotropic effects due to their antioxidant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties that may play a major protective role in acute stroke, in particular by limiting the deleterious effects of ischaemia on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and on the parenchymal cerebral compartment. HDLs may also modulate leukocyte and platelet activation, which may also represent an important target that would justify the use of HDL-based therapy in acute stroke. In this review, we will present an update of all the recent findings in HDL biology that could support a potential clinical use of HDL therapy in ischaemic stroke.
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181
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Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) exert many beneficial effects which may help to protect against the development or progression of atherosclerosis or even facilitate lesion regression. These activities include promoting cellular cholesterol efflux, protecting low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from modification, preserving endothelial function, as well as anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. However, questions remain about the relative importance of these activities for atheroprotection. Furthermore, the many molecules (both lipids and proteins) associated with HDLs exert both distinct and overlapping activities, which may be compromised by inflammatory conditions, resulting in either loss of function or even gain of dysfunction. This complexity of HDL functionality has so far precluded elucidation of distinct structure-function relationships for HDL or its components. A better understanding of HDL metabolism and structure-function relationships is therefore crucial to exploit HDLs and its associated components and cellular pathways as potential targets for anti-atherosclerotic therapies and diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
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Gomaraschi M, Adorni MP, Banach M, Bernini F, Franceschini G, Calabresi L. Effects of established hypolipidemic drugs on HDL concentration, subclass distribution, and function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:593-615. [PMID: 25523003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of an inverse relationship between plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and rates of cardiovascular disease has led to the concept that increasing plasma HDL-C levels would be protective against cardiovascular events. Therapeutic interventions presently available to correct the plasma lipid profile have not been designed to specifically act on HDL, but have modest to moderate effects on plasma HDL-C concentrations. Statins, the first-line lipid-lowering drug therapy in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, have quite modest effects on plasma HDL-C concentrations (2-10%). Fibrates, primarily used to reduce plasma triglyceride levels, also moderately increase HDL-C levels (5-15%). Niacin is the most potent available drug in increasing HDL-C levels (up to 30%), but its use is limited by side effects, especially flushing.The present chapter reviews the effects of established hypolipidemic drugs (statins, fibrates, and niacin) on plasma HDL-C levels and HDL subclass distribution, and on HDL functions, including cholesterol efflux capacity, endothelial protection, and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gomaraschi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies revealed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important risk factor for coronary heart disease. There are several well-documented HDL functions such as reversed cholesterol transport, inhibition of inflammation, or inhibition of platelet activation that may account for the atheroprotective effects of this lipoprotein. Mechanistically, these functions are carried out by a direct interaction of HDL particle or its components with receptors localized on the cell surface followed by generation of intracellular signals. Several HDL-associated receptor ligands such as apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) or sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been identified in addition to HDL holoparticles, which interact with surface receptors such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1); S1P receptor types 1, 2, and 3 (S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3); or scavenger receptor type I (SR-BI) and activate intracellular signaling cascades encompassing kinases, phospholipases, trimeric and small G-proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins such as actin or junctional protein such as connexin43. In addition, depletion of plasma cell cholesterol mediated by ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), or SR-BI was demonstrated to indirectly inhibit signaling over proinflammatory or proliferation-stimulating receptors such as Toll-like or growth factor receptors. The present review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the HDL-induced signal transduction and its relevance to athero- and cardioprotective effects as well as other physiological effects exerted by HDL.
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184
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Van Linthout S, Frias M, Singh N, De Geest B. Therapeutic potential of HDL in cardioprotection and tissue repair. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:527-565. [PMID: 25523001 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies support a strong association between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and heart failure incidence. Experimental evidence from different angles supports the view that low HDL is unlikely an innocent bystander in the development of heart failure. HDL exerts direct cardioprotective effects, which are mediated via its interactions with the myocardium and more specifically with cardiomyocytes. HDL may improve cardiac function in several ways. Firstly, HDL may protect the heart against ischaemia/reperfusion injury resulting in a reduction of infarct size and thus in myocardial salvage. Secondly, HDL can improve cardiac function in the absence of ischaemic heart disease as illustrated by beneficial effects conferred by these lipoproteins in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Thirdly, HDL may improve cardiac function by reducing infarct expansion and by attenuating ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction. These different mechanisms are substantiated by in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo intervention studies that applied treatment with native HDL, treatment with reconstituted HDL, or human apo A-I gene transfer. The effect of human apo A-I gene transfer on infarct expansion and ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction illustrates the beneficial effects of HDL on tissue repair. The role of HDL in tissue repair is further underpinned by the potent effects of these lipoproteins on endothelial progenitor cell number, function, and incorporation, which may in particular be relevant under conditions of high endothelial cell turnover. Furthermore, topical HDL therapy enhances cutaneous wound healing in different models. In conclusion, the development of HDL-targeted interventions in these strategically chosen therapeutic areas is supported by a strong clinical rationale and significant preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Linthout
- Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
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185
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High-density lipoprotein: structural and functional changes under uremic conditions and the therapeutic consequences. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014. [PMID: 25522997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has attracted interest as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases in recent years. Although many functional mechanisms of the vascular protective effects of HDL have been identified, increasing the HDL plasma level has not been successful in all patient cohorts with increased cardiovascular risk. The composition of the HDL particle is very complex and includes diverse lipids and proteins that can be modified in disease conditions. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the accumulation of uremic toxins, high oxidative stress, and chronic micro-inflammatory conditions contribute to changes in the HDL composition and may also account for protein/lipid modifications. These conditions are associated with a decreased protective function of HDL. Therefore, the HDL quantity and the functional quality of the particle must be considered. This review summarizes the current knowledge of dyslipidemia in CKD patients, the effects of lipid-modulating therapy, and the structural modifications of HDL that are associated with dysfunction.
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186
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Kurano M, Tsukamoto K, Hara M, Ohkawa R, Ikeda H, Yatomi Y. LDL receptor and ApoE are involved in the clearance of ApoM-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2477-88. [PMID: 25505264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a vasoactive lipid mediator that is speculated to be involved in various aspects of atherosclerosis. About 70% of circulating plasma S1P is carried on HDL, and several pleiotropic properties of HDL have been ascribed to S1P. In the previous study with human subjects, however, LDL cholesterol or apoB, but not HDL cholesterol or apoA-I, had a significant positive correlation with the plasma S1P level, suggesting that the metabolic pathway for LDL might have some roles in the metabolism of S1P. In this study, we analyzed the association between LDL receptor, an important protein in the clearance of LDL, and circulating S1P. We observed that in LDL receptor-overexpressing mice, the plasma S1P levels as well as apolipoprotein M (apoM), a carrier of S1P, were decreased and that exogenously administered C17S1P bound to apoM-containing lipoproteins was cleared more rapidly. Unlike the situation in wild-type mice, LDL receptor overexpression in apoE-deficient mice did not reduce the plasma S1P or apoM levels, suggesting that apoE might be a ligand for the LDL receptor during the clearance of these factors. The present findings clarify the novel roles of the LDL receptor and apoE in the clearance of S1P, a multifunctional bioactive phospholipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- the Department of Metabolism, Diabetes and Nephrology, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, 21-2, Maeda, Yazawaji, Higashimachi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 969-3482
| | - Masumi Hara
- the Department of Medicine IV, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 3-8-3, Mizonokuchi, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0001, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- the Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, and
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, the Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, and
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, the Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, and
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187
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Santos-Gallego CG, Badimon JJ, Rosenson RS. Beginning to understand high-density lipoproteins. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43:913-47. [PMID: 25432389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reconciles the classic view of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) associated with low risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with recent data (genetics studies and randomized clinical trials) casting doubt over the widely accepted beneficial role of HDL regarding CVD risk. Although HDL cholesterol has been used as a surrogate measure to investigate HDL function, the cholesterol content in HDL particles is not an indicator of the atheroprotective properties of HDL. Thus, more precise measures of HDL metabolism are needed to reflect and account for the beneficial effects of HDL particles. Current and emerging therapies targeting HDL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Santos-Gallego
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan J Badimon
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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188
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Pozzi FS, Maranhão RC, Guedes LK, Borba EF, Laurindo IMM, Bonfa E, Vinagre CG. Plasma kinetics of an LDL-like non-protein nanoemulsion and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 9:72-80. [PMID: 25670363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with cardiovascular risk, but with normal plasma lipids. OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism in RA patients using radioactive nanoemulsions resembling an LDL lipid structure (LDE) as metabolic probes. METHODS Thirty patients with RA, 16 in remission and 14 in high activity, and 30 healthy controls were studied. LDE labeled with (14)C-cholesteryl ester ((14)C-CE) and (3)H-unesterified cholesterol ((3)H-UC) was intravenously injected followed by 24-hour plasma sampling. Fractional clearance rates (FCR, h(-1)) were calculated by compartmental analysis. Lipid transfers to HDL were assayed by incubating plasma samples with a donor nanoemulsion labeled with radioactive lipids; % lipids transferred to HDL were quantified after chemical precipitation. RESULTS LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, unesterified cholesterol, and oxidized LDL were equal in RA and controls, and HDL cholesterol was even higher in RA. Compared with controls, apolipoprotein B was lower, apolipoprotein A1 was equal, and apolipoprotein E was higher in RA. Decay curves of LDE labels were faster in RA patients than in controls ((14)C-CE: 0.072 ± 0.066 and 0.038 ± 0.027, P = .0115; (3)H-UC: 0.066 ± 0.042 and 0.035 ± 0.039; P < .0044). FCRs were equal in 2 RA subgroups. Transfer of UC, triglycerides, and phospholipids to HDL was equal between RA and controls, but CE transfer was lower in RA. HDL size was smaller in RA patients than in controls (8.5 ± 0.5 nm; 9.2 ± 0.8 nm, P < .0001). CONCLUSION RA patients were more efficient in removing atherogenic LDL from plasma, as indicated by higher CE and UC FCR, with in lower apolipoprotein B. This was unexpected because of the higher cardiovascular risk in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Pozzi
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Heart Institute, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Heart Institute, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lissiane K Guedes
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Borba
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ieda M M Laurindo
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Bonfa
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen G Vinagre
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Heart Institute, Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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189
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Camm J, Hla T, Bakshi R, Brinkmann V. Cardiac and vascular effects of fingolimod: mechanistic basis and clinical implications. Am Heart J 2014; 168:632-44. [PMID: 25440790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, was the first oral disease-modifying therapy approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis; it reduces autoreactive lymphocytes' egress from lymphoid tissues by down-regulating S1PRs. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling is implicated in a range of physiologic functions, and S1PRs are expressed differentially in various tissues, including the cardiovascular system. Modulation of S1PRs on cardiac cells provides an explanation for the transient effects of fingolimod on heart rate and atrioventricular conduction at initiation of fingolimod therapy, and for the mild but more persistent effects on blood pressure observed in some patients on long-term treatment. This review describes the nontherapeutic actions of fingolimod in the context of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in the cardiovascular system, as well as providing a summary of the associated clinical implications useful to physicians considering initiation of fingolimod therapy in patients. A transient reduction in heart rate (mean decrease of 8 beats per minute) and, less commonly, a temporary delay in atrioventricular conduction observed in some patients when initiating fingolimod therapy are both due to activation of S1PR subtype 1 on cardiac myocytes. These effects are a reflection of fingolimod first acting as a full S1PR agonist and thereafter functioning as an S1PR antagonist after down-regulation of S1PR subtype 1 at the cell surface. For most individuals, first-dose effects of fingolimod are asymptomatic, but all patients need to be monitored for at least 6 hours after the first dose, in accordance with the label recommendations.
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190
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Lu M, Yang CB, Gao L, Zhao JJ. Mechanism of subclinical hypothyroidism accelerating endothelial dysfunction (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:3-10. [PMID: 25452768 PMCID: PMC4247316 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and cardiovascular disease has received increasing attention in recent years. The predisposition of patients with SH to endothelial dysfunction, an early sign of atherosclerosis, has been observed. This predisposition may be partially explained by the factors also found in patients with SH, including changes in lipid profile, low grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The proportional risks of endothelial dysfunction to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) also indicate that the action of TSH on extra thyroidal-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a possible mechanism underlying the correlation, which has later been supported by the associated basic studies. L-thyroxine replacement therapy appears to improve the aforementioned aspects, whereas there remain certain controversies, particularly for the elderly. Thus, more study data are required to confirm the benefit of L-thyroxine treatment for patients with SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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191
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Obinata H, Gutkind S, Stitham J, Okuno T, Yokomizo T, Hwa J, Hla T. Individual variation of human S1P₁ coding sequence leads to heterogeneity in receptor function and drug interactions. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2665-75. [PMID: 25293589 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p054163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P₁), an abundantly-expressed G protein-coupled receptor which regulates key vascular and immune responses, is a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. Fingolimod/Gilenya (FTY720), an oral medication for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, targets S1P₁ receptors on immune and neural cells to suppress neuroinflammation. However, suppression of endothelial S1P₁ receptors is associated with cardiac and vascular adverse effects. Here we report the genetic variations of the S1P₁ coding region from exon sequencing of >12,000 individuals and their functional consequences. We conducted functional analyses of 14 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the S1PR1 gene. One SNP mutant (Arg¹²⁰ to Pro) failed to transmit sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-induced intracellular signals such as calcium increase and activation of p44/42 MAPK and Akt. Two other mutants (Ile⁴⁵ to Thr and Gly³⁰⁵ to Cys) showed normal intracellular signals but impaired S1P-induced endocytosis, which made the receptor resistant to FTY720-induced degradation. Another SNP mutant (Arg¹³ to Gly) demonstrated protection from coronary artery disease in a high cardiovascular risk population. Individuals with this mutation showed a significantly lower percentage of multi-vessel coronary obstruction in a risk factor-matched case-control study. This study suggests that individual genetic variations of S1P₁ can influence receptor function and, therefore, infer differential disease risks and interaction with S1P₁-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideru Obinata
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sarah Gutkind
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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192
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Birner-Gruenberger R, Schittmayer M, Holzer M, Marsche G. Understanding high-density lipoprotein function in disease: recent advances in proteomics unravel the complexity of its composition and biology. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:36-46. [PMID: 25107698 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the epidemiology of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and cardiovascular risk has been consistent, pharmacologic interventions to increase HDL-cholesterol by delaying HDL catabolism did not translate into reduction in cardiovascular risk. HDL particles are small, protein-rich when compared to other plasma lipoprotein classes. Latest progresses in proteomics technology have dramatically increased our understanding of proteins carried by HDL. In addition to proteins with well-established functions in lipid transport, iron transport proteins, members of the complement pathway, and proteins involved in immune function and acute phase response were repeatedly identified on HDL particles. With the unraveling of the complexity of the HDL proteome, different laboratories have started to monitor its changes in various disease states. In addition, dynamic aspects of HDL subgroups are being discovered. These recent studies clearly illustrate the promise of HDL proteomics for deriving new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and to measure the effectiveness of current and future treatment regimens. This review summarizes recent advances in proteomics and lipidomics helping to understand HDL function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria.
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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193
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Wilkerson BA, Argraves KM. The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in endothelial barrier function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1841:1403-1412. [PMID: 25009123 PMCID: PMC4169319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of endothelial barrier function is implicated in the etiology of metastasis, atherosclerosis, sepsis and many other diseases. Studies suggest that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), particularly HDL-bound S1P (HDL-S1P) is essential for endothelial barrier homeostasis and that HDL-S1P may be protective against the loss of endothelial barrier function in disease. This review summarizes evidence providing mechanistic insights into how S1P maintains endothelial barrier function, highlighting the recent findings that implicate the major S1P carrier, HDL, in the maintenance of the persistent S1P-signaling needed to maintain endothelial barrier function. We review the mechanisms proposed for HDL maintenance of persistent S1P-signaling, the evidence supporting these mechanisms and the remaining fundamental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Wilkerson
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., BSB650, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kelley M Argraves
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., BSB650, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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194
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Tran-Dinh A, Diallo D, Delbosc S, Varela-Perez LM, Dang QB, Lapergue B, Burillo E, Michel JB, Levoye A, Martin-Ventura JL, Meilhac O. HDL and endothelial protection. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:493-511. [PMID: 23488589 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) represent a family of particles characterized by the presence of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and by their ability to transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver. In addition to this function, HDLs display pleiotropic effects including antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic or anti-proteolytic properties that account for their protective action on endothelial cells. Vasodilatation via production of nitric oxide is also a hallmark of HDL action on endothelial cells. Endothelial cells express receptors for apoA-I and HDLs that mediate intracellular signalling and potentially participate in the internalization of these particles. In this review, we will detail the different effects of HDLs on the endothelium in normal and pathological conditions with a particular focus on the potential use of HDL therapy to restore endothelial function and integrity.
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195
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Al-Jarallah A, Chen X, González L, Trigatti BL. High density lipoprotein stimulated migration of macrophages depends on the scavenger receptor class B, type I, PDZK1 and Akt1 and is blocked by sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor antagonists. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106487. [PMID: 25188469 PMCID: PMC4154704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HDL carries biologically active lipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and stimulates a variety of cell signaling pathways in diverse cell types, which may contribute to its ability to protect against atherosclerosis. HDL and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists, FTY720 and SEW2871 triggered macrophage migration. HDL-, but not FTY720-stimulated migration was inhibited by an antibody against the HDL receptor, SR-BI, and an inhibitor of SR-BI mediated lipid transfer. HDL and FTY720-stimulated migration was also inhibited in macrophages lacking either SR-BI or PDZK1, an adaptor protein that binds to SR-BI's C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. Migration in response to HDL and S1P receptor agonists was inhibited by treatment of macrophages with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor type 1 (S1PR1) antagonists and by pertussis toxin. S1PR1 activates signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, PKC, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and Rho kinases. Using selective inhibitors or macrophages from gene targeted mice, we demonstrated the involvement of each of these pathways in HDL-dependent macrophage migration. These data suggest that HDL stimulates the migration of macrophages in a manner that requires the activities of the HDL receptor SR-BI as well as S1PR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishah Al-Jarallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leticia González
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chang FJ, Yuan HY, Hu XX, Ou ZJ, Fu L, Lin ZB, Wang ZP, Wang SM, Zhou L, Xu YQ, Wang CP, Xu Z, Zhang X, Zhang CX, Ou JS. High density lipoprotein from patients with valvular heart disease uncouples endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:209-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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197
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Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M, Simonelli S, Bernini F, Franceschini G. HDL and atherosclerosis: Insights from inherited HDL disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:13-8. [PMID: 25068410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a highly heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles, differing in density, size, surface charge, and lipid and protein composition. Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma HDL level inversely correlates with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The most relevant atheroprotective function of HDL is to promote the removal of cholesterol from macrophages within the arterial wall and deliver it to the liver for excretion in a process called reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, HDLs can contribute to the maintenance of endothelial cell homeostasis and have potent antioxidant properties. It has been long suggested that individual HDL subclasses may differ in terms of their functional properties, but which one is the good particle remains to be defined. Inherited HDL disorders are rare monogenic diseases due to mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in HDL metabolism. These disorders are not only characterized by extremely low or high plasma HDL levels but also by an abnormal HDL subclass distribution, and thus represent a unique tool to understand the relationship between plasma HDL concentration, HDL function, and HDL-mediated atheroprotection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calabresi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Monica Gomaraschi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Simonelli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Franceschini
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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198
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Holy EW, Besler C, Reiner MF, Camici GG, Manz J, Beer JH, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U, Tanner FC. High-density lipoprotein from patients with coronary heart disease loses anti-thrombotic effects on endothelial cells: impact on arterial thrombus formation. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:1024-35. [PMID: 25056722 DOI: 10.1160/th13-09-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thrombus formation is determined by the balance between pro- thrombotic mediators and anti-thrombotic factors.High-density lipoprotein (HDL) from healthy subjects exerts anti-thrombotic properties. Whether this is also the case for HDL from patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is unknown.In human aortic endothelial cells in culture,HDL (50 µg/ml) from healthy subjects (HS) inhibited thrombin-induced tissue factor (TF) expression and activity, while HDL (50 µg/ml) from CHD and ACS patients did not. Similarly, only healthy HDL increased endothelial tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) expression and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) release, while HDL from CHD and ACS patients had no effect. Healthy HDL inhibited thrombin-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) expression, while HDL from ACS patients enhanced endothelial PAI-1 expression. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) formation with L-NAME (100 µmol/l) abolished the anti-thrombotic effects of healthy HDL on TF, TFPI, and tPA expression. The exogenous nitric oxide donor, DETANO, mimicked the effects of healthy HDL and counterbalanced the loss of anti-thrombotic effects of HDL from CHD and ACS patients in endothelial cells. In line with this observation, healthy HDL, in contrast to HDL from CHD and ACS patients, increased endothelial NO production. In the laser-injured carotid artery of the mouse, thrombus formation was delayed in animals treated with healthy HDL compared with mice treated with vehicle or HDL from patients with CHD or ACS. In conclusion, HDL from CHD and ACS patients loses the ability of healthy HDL to suppress TF and to increase TFPI and t-PA and instead enhances PAI-1 and arterial thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felix C Tanner
- Felix C. Tanner, Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 44 255 11 11, Fax: +41 44 255 49 01, E-mail:
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199
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Yin K, Agrawal DK. High-density lipoprotein: a novel target for antirestenosis therapy. Clin Transl Sci 2014; 7:500-11. [PMID: 25043950 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Restenosis is an integral pathological process central to the recurrent vessel narrowing after interventional procedures. Although the mechanisms for restenosis are diverse in different pathological conditions, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and myofibroblasts transition have been thought to play crucial role in the development of restenosis. Indeed, there is an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, relatively studies on the direct assessment of HDL effect on restenosis are limited. In addition to involvement in the cholesterol reverse transport, many vascular protective effects of HDL, including protection of endothelium, antiinflammation, antithrombus actions, inhibition of SMC proliferation, and regulation by adventitial effects may contribute to the inhibition of restenosis, though the exact relationships between HDL and restenosis remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes the vascular protective effects of HDL, emphasizing the potential role of HDL in intimal hyperplasia and vascular remodeling, which may provide novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for antirestenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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200
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Frias MA, Lecour S, James RW, Pedretti S. High density lipoprotein/sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced cardioprotection: Role of STAT3 as part of the SAFE pathway. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:92-100. [PMID: 24058758 PMCID: PMC3670301 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has beneficial effects beyond its atheroprotective function in reverse cholesterol transport, including cardioprotection against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injuries. Two major constituents of HDL, namely the structural protein apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) and the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) appear to contribute to this cardioprotective effect via the activation of intrinsic prosurvival signaling pathways that still remain to be clarified.
Recently, a powerful prosurvival signaling pathway, termed the survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) pathway, which involves the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), has been shown to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injuries.
The present review summarizes the evidence for the roles of HDL and S1P in cardioprotection and discusses the signaling pathways that have been implicated. It thus provides support for our contention that S1P should be considered in potential formulations of reconstituted HDL (reHDL) that may be tested for cardioprotection against coronary artery disease via the activation of the SAFE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Frias
- Department of Internal Medicine; Clinical Diabetes Unit; Medical Faculty; University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
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