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Effect of evening primrose oil and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the cardiovascular risk of celecoxib in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 58:72-9. [PMID: 21499116 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31821c8353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data raised the specter of increased cardiovascular risk with selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. The study aimed to investigate the cardiovascular risk caused by celecoxib by studying its effect on blood pressure (BP) and thrombogenesis in rats. We tested the possible protective effects of evening primrose oil (EPO) or ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). Male Wistar rats were assigned to the following groups: vehicle, celecoxib, celecoxib/n-3 PUFAs, celecoxib/EPO, n-3 PUFAs, and EPO. The rats were treated with celecoxib (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) by gastric gavage for 6 weeks. The mean BP was recorded, and blood samples were collected for testing prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Platelet aggregation assay and collagen-induced platelet consumption test were used as models of thrombogenesis. Celecoxib increased the BP without affecting coagulation parameters and accelerated thrombogenesis by increasing platelet aggregation and collagen-induced thrombocytopenia. EPO and n-3 PUFAs decreased the celecoxib-induced elevation in BP. Although EPO significantly decreased platelet aggregation and collagen-induced thrombocytopenia, n-3 PUFAs did not. Celecoxib elevated BP and increased the risk of thrombogenesis in rats. A combination of celecoxib and the selected natural supplements is suggested as a novel approach to minimize cardiovascular risk caused by celecoxib.
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152
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Xu LW, Qian M, Jia RP, Xu Z, Wu JP, Li WC, Huang WB, Chen XG. Expression and Significance of Microsomal Prostaglandin Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and Beclin-1 in the Development of Prostate Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:1639-44. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.4.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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153
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Wang M, FitzGerald GA. Cardiovascular biology of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 20:189-95. [PMID: 22137640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Both traditional and purpose-designed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, alleviate pain and inflammation but confer a cardiovascular hazard attributable to inhibition of COX-2-derived prostacyclin (PGI(2)). Deletion of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1), the dominant enzyme that converts the COX-derived intermediate product PGH(2) to PGE(2), modulates inflammatory pain in rodents. In contrast with COX-2 deletion or inhibition, PGI(2) formation is augmented in mPGES-1(-/-) mice-an effect that may confer cardiovascular benefit but may undermine the analgesic potential of inhibitors of this enzyme. This review considers the cardiovascular biology of mPGES1 and the complex challenge of developing inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
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154
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Disruption of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway attenuates atherogenesis consequent to COX-2 deletion in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6727-32. [PMID: 22493243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115313109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-derived prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is sufficient to explain most elements of the cardiovascular hazard from nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, randomized trials are consistent with the emergence of cardiovascular risk during chronic dosing with NSAIDs. Although deletion of the PGI(2) receptor fosters atherogenesis, the importance of COX-2 during development has constrained the use of conventional knockout (KO) mice to address this question. We developed mice in which COX-2 was deleted postnatally, bypassing cardiorenal defects exhibited by conventional KOs. When crossed into ApoE-deficient hyperlipidemic mice, COX-2 deletion accelerated atherogenesis in both genders, with lesions exhibiting leukocyte infiltration and phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, as reflected by loss of α-smooth muscle cell actin and up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Stimulated peritoneal macrophages revealed suppression of COX-2-derived prostanoids and augmented 5-lipoxygenase product formation, consistent with COX-2 substrate rediversion. Although deletion of the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) did not influence atherogenesis, it attenuated the proatherogeneic impact of COX-2 deletion in hyperlipidemic mice. Chronic administration of NSAIDs may increasingly confer a cardiovascular hazard on patients at low initial risk. Promotion of atherogenesis by postnatal COX-2 deletion affords a mechanistic explanation for this observation. Coincident inhibition of FLAP may offer an approach to attenuating such a risk from NSAIDs.
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155
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Félétou M, Huang Y, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-mediated control of vascular tone: COX-1 and COX-2 products. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:894-912. [PMID: 21323907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent contractions contribute to endothelial dysfunction in various animal models of aging, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, the archetypal model for endothelium-dependent contractions, the production of the endothelium-derived contractile factors (EDCF) involves an increase in endothelial intracellular calcium concentration, the production of reactive oxygen species, the predominant activation of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and to a lesser extent that of COX-2, the diffusion of EDCF towards the smooth muscle cells and the subsequent stimulation of their thromboxane A2-endoperoxide TP receptors. Endothelium-dependent contractions are also observed in various models of hypertension, aging and diabetes. They generally also involve the generation of COX-1- and/or COX-2-derived products and the activation of smooth muscle TP receptors. Depending on the model, thromboxane A(2), PGH(2), PGF(2α), PGE(2) and paradoxically PGI(2) can all act as EDCFs. In human, the production of COX-derived EDCF is a characteristic of the aging and diseased blood vessels, with essential hypertension causing an earlier onset and an acceleration of this endothelial dysfunction. As it has been observed in animal models, COX-1, COX-2 or both isoforms can contribute to these endothelial dysfunctions. Since in most cases, the activation of TP receptors is the common downstream effector, selective antagonists of this receptor should curtail endothelial dysfunction and be of therapeutic interest in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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156
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Song WL, Stubbe J, Ricciotti E, Alamuddin N, Ibrahim S, Crichton I, Prempeh M, Lawson JA, Wilensky RL, Rasmussen LM, Puré E, FitzGerald GA. Niacin and biosynthesis of PGD₂by platelet COX-1 in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1459-68. [PMID: 22406532 DOI: 10.1172/jci59262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of niacin to treat dyslipidemic conditions is limited by noxious side effects, most commonly facial flushing. In mice, niacin-induced flushing results from COX-1-dependent formation of PGD₂ and PGE₂ followed by COX-2-dependent production of PGE₂. Consistent with this, niacin-induced flushing in humans is attenuated when niacin is combined with an antagonist of the PGD₂ receptor DP1. NSAID-mediated suppression of COX-2-derived PGI₂ has negative cardiovascular consequences, yet little is known about the cardiovascular biology of PGD₂. Here, we show that PGD₂ biosynthesis is augmented during platelet activation in humans and, although vascular expression of DP1 is conserved between humans and mice, platelet DP1 is not present in mice. Despite this, DP1 deletion in mice augmented aneurysm formation and the hypertensive response to Ang II and accelerated atherogenesis and thrombogenesis. Furthermore, COX inhibitors in humans, as well as platelet depletion, COX-1 knockdown, and COX-2 deletion in mice, revealed that niacin evoked platelet COX-1-derived PGD₂ biosynthesis. Finally, ADP-induced spreading on fibrinogen was augmented by niacin in washed human platelets, coincident with increased thromboxane (Tx) formation. However, in platelet-rich plasma, where formation of both Tx and PGD₂ was increased, spreading was not as pronounced and was inhibited by DP1 activation. Thus, PGD₂, like PGI₂, may function as a homeostatic response to thrombogenic and hypertensive stimuli and may have particular relevance as a constraint on platelets during niacin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Song
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Aging-shifted prostaglandin profile in endothelium as a factor in cardiovascular disorders. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:121390. [PMID: 22500225 PMCID: PMC3303603 DOI: 10.1155/2012/121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated endothelium dysfunction is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelium-synthesized prostaglandins and thromboxane are local hormones, which mediate vasodilation and vasoconstriction and critically maintain vascular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence indicates that the age-related changes in endothelial eicosanoids contribute to decline in endothelium function and are associated with pathological dysfunction. In this review we summarize currently available information on aging-shifted prostaglandin profiles in endothelium and how these shifts are associated with cardiovascular disorders, providing one molecular mechanism of age-associated endothelium dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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158
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Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is the terminal synthase responsible for the synthesis of the pro-tumorigenic prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). mPGES-1 is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers. Since its discovery in 1997 by Bengt Samuelsson and collaborators, the enzyme has been the object of over 200 peer-reviewed articles. Although today mPGES-1 is considered a validated and promising therapeutic target for anticancer drug discovery, challenges in inhibitor design and selectivity are such that up to this date there are only a few published records of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the enzyme and exhibiting some in vivo anticancer activity. This review summarizes the structures, and the in vitro and in vivo activities of these novel mPGES-1 inhibitors. Challenges that have been encountered are also discussed.
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159
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Wiegard A, Hanekamp W, Griessbach K, Fabian J, Lehr M. Pyrrole alkanoic acid derivatives as nuisance inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 48:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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160
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Warner TD, Nylander S, Whatling C. Anti-platelet therapy: cyclo-oxygenase inhibition and the use of aspirin with particular regard to dual anti-platelet therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:619-33. [PMID: 21320154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin and P2Y(12) antagonists are commonly used anti-platelet agents. Aspirin produces its effects through inhibition of thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) production, while P2Y(12) antagonists attenuate the secondary responses to ADP released by activated platelets. The anti-platelet effects of aspirin and a P2Y(12) antagonist are often considered to be separately additive. However, there is evidence of an overlap in effects, in that a high level of P2Y(12) receptor inhibition can blunt TXA(2) receptor signalling in platelets and reduce platelet production of TXA(2). Against this background, the addition of aspirin, particularly at higher doses, could cause significant reductions in the production of prostanoids in other tissues, e.g. prostaglandin I(2) from the blood vessel wall. This review summarizes the data from clinical studies in which dose-dependent effects of aspirin on prostanoid production have been evaluated by both plasma and urinary measures. It also addresses the biology underlying the cardiovascular effects of aspirin and its influences upon prostanoid production throughout the body. The review then considers whether, in the presence of newer, more refined P2Y(12) receptor antagonists, aspirin may offer less benefit than might have been predicted from earlier clinical trials using more variable P2Y(12) antagonists. The possibility is reflected upon, that when combined with a high level of P2Y(12) blockade the net effect of higher doses of aspirin could be removal of anti-thrombotic and vasodilating prostanoids and so a lessening of the anti-thrombotic effectiveness of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Warner
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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161
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Synthesis and SAR study of imidazoquinolines as a novel structural class of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:285-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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162
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Cho W, Kim J, Cho KB, Choe J. Production of prostaglandin e(2) and i(2) is coupled with cyclooxygenase-2 in human follicular dendritic cells. Immune Netw 2011; 11:364-7. [PMID: 22346776 PMCID: PMC3275705 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.6.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandins (PGs) play pathogenic and protective roles in inflammatory diseases. The novel concept of PGs as immune modulators is being documented by several investigators. By establishing an in vitro experimental model containing human follicular dendritic cell-like cells, HK cells, we reported that HK cells produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and that these PGs regulate biological functions of T and B cells. Methods To investigate the respective contribution of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 to PGE2 and PGI2 production in HK cells, we performed siRNA technology to knock down COX enzymes and examined the effect on PG production. Results Both PGE2 and PGI2 productions were almost completely inhibited by the depletion of COX-2. In contrast, COX-1 knockdown did not significantly affect PG production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion The current results suggest that mPGES-1 and PGIS are coupled with COX-2 but not with COX-1 in human follicular dendritic cell (FDC) and may help understand the potential effects of selective COX inhibitors on the humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whajung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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163
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164
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Kawada N, Moriyama T, Kitamura H, Yamamoto R, Furumatsu Y, Matsui I, Takabatake Y, Nagasawa Y, Imai E, Wilcox CS, Rakugi H, Isaka Y. Towards developing new strategies to reduce the adverse side-effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011; 16:25-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-011-0492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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165
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Hamza A, Zhao X, Tong M, Tai HH, Zhan CG. Novel human mPGES-1 inhibitors identified through structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6077-86. [PMID: 21920764 PMCID: PMC3183289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an inducible prostaglandin E synthase after exposure to pro-inflammatory stimuli and, therefore, represents a novel target for therapeutic treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. It is essential to identify mPGES-1 inhibitors with novel scaffolds as new leads or hits for the purpose of drug design and discovery that aim to develop the next-generation anti-inflammatory drugs. Herein we report novel mPGES-1 inhibitors identified through a combination of large-scale structure-based virtual screening, flexible docking, molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, and in vitro assays on the actual inhibitory activity of the computationally selected compounds. The computational studies are based on our recently developed three-dimensional (3D) structural model of mPGES-1 in its open state. The combined computational and experimental studies have led to identification of new mPGES-1 inhibitors with new scaffolds. In particular, (Z)-5-benzylidene-2-iminothiazolidin-4-one is a promising novel scaffold for the further rational design and discovery of new mPGES-1 inhibitors. To our best knowledge, this is the first time a 3D structural model of the open state mPGES-1 is used in structure-based virtual screening of a large library of available compounds for the mPGES-1 inhibitor identification. The positive experimental results suggest that our recently modeled trimeric structure of mPGES-1 in its open state is ready for the structure-based drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Hsin-Hsiung Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536
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166
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Barbieri SS, Amadio P, Gianellini S, Zacchi E, Weksler BB, Tremoli E. Tobacco smoke regulates the expression and activity of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1: role of prostacyclin and NADPH-oxidase. FASEB J 2011; 25:3731-40. [PMID: 21737615 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-181776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) interacts with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to modulate generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of cyclooxygenase-2. We explored molecular mechanisms by which TS/IL-1β alters expression and activity of microsomal-prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) in mouse cardiac endothelial cells. TS (EC(50) ∼5 puffs/L) interacting with IL-1β (2 μg/L) up-regulates PGE(2) production and mPGES-1 expression, reaching a plateau at 4-6 h, but down-regulates prostacyclin (PGI(2)) release by increasing IL-1β-mediated PGIS tyrosine nitration. Inhibition of NADPH-oxidase, achieved pharmacologically and/or by silencing its catalytic subunit p47phox, or exogenous PGI(2) (carbaprostacyclin; IC(50) ∼5 μM) prevents production of both ROS and PGE(2), and negatively modulates mPGES-1 expression induced by TS/IL-1β. Moreover, inhibiting PGI(2), either using PGIS siRNA and/or CAY10441 (EC(50) ∼20 nM), a PGI(2) receptor antagonist, increases NADPH-oxidase activation, mPGES-1 synthesis, and PGE(2) production. Finally, lower PGI(2) levels associated with higher PGIS tyrosine nitration, p47phox translocation to the membrane (an index of activation of NADPH-oxidase), and mPGES-1 expression and activity were detected in cardiovascular tissues of ApoE(-/-) mice exposed to cigarette smoke compared to control mice. In conclusion, cigarette smoke in association with cytokines alters the balance between PGI(2)/PGE(2), reducing PGI(2) production and increasing synthesis and activity of mPGES-1 via NADPH-oxidase activation, predisposing to development of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Barbieri
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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167
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Chang HH, Song Z, Wisner L, Tripp T, Gokhale V, Meuillet EJ. Identification of a novel class of anti-inflammatory compounds with anti-tumor activity in colorectal and lung cancers. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1865-77. [PMID: 21931968 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with 25% of all cancers. In the inflammation-cancer axis, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is one of the major players. PGE(2) synthases (PGES) are the enzymes downstream of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) in the PGE(2) biosynthesis pathway. Microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase 1 (mPGES-1) is inducible by pro-inflammatory stimuli and constitutively expressed in a variety of cancers. The potential role for this enzyme in tumorigenesis has been reported and mPGES-1 represents a novel therapeutic target for cancers. In order to identify novel small molecule inhibitors of mPGES-1, we screened the ChemBridge library and identified 13 compounds as potential hits. These compounds were tested for their ability to bind directly to the enzyme using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and to decrease cytokine-stimulated PGE(2) production in various cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that the compound PGE0001 (ChemBridge ID number 5654455) binds to human mPGES-1 recombinant protein with good affinity (K(D) = 21.3 ± 7.8 μM). PGE0001 reduces IL-1β-induced PGE(2) release in human HCA-7 colon and A549 lung cancer cell lines with EC(50) in the sub-micromolar range. Although PGE0001 may have alternative targets based on the results from in vitro assays, it shows promising effects in vivo. PGE0001 exhibits significant anti-tumor activity in SW837 rectum and A549 lung cancer xenografts in SCID mice. Single injection i.p. of PGE0001 at 100 mg/kg decreases serum PGE(2) levels in mice within 5 h. In summary, our data suggest that the identified compound PGE0001 exerts anti-tumor activity via the inhibition of the PGE(2) synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Chang
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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168
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Clarke PA, Huang JTJ, Takahashi E, Muirhead D, Steenwyk RC, Lin Z. Simultaneous and high-throughput quantitation of urinary tetranor PGDM and tetranor PGEM by online SPE-LC-MS/MS as inflammatory biomarkers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:705-711. [PMID: 21706677 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation of urinary tetranor PGDM or tetranor PGEM (tPGDM and tPGEM) in the past was performed separately using off-line SPE LC-MS/MS methods. The manual SPE procedure is generally time-consuming and cost-ineffective. In addition, simultaneous quantitation of tPGDM and tPGEM is favorable yet very challenging because of the similar chemical structures and identical MRM transitions. This work describes the development and validation of a high-throughput online SPE-LC-MS/MS method, allowing simultaneous and high-throughput measurement of tPGDM and tPGEM in human urine. The reportable range of the assay was 0.2-40 ng/ml for tPGDM and 0.5-100 ng/ml for tPGEM. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy determined using quality control samples were all within acceptable ranges (% CV and % Bias < 15%). Tetranor PGDM was stable under all tested conditions while tPGEM was stable at 4 °C and after three F/T cycles but not stable at room temperature for 24 h (recovery below 80%). The assay was applied to measure urinary tPGDM and tPGEM among healthy volunteers, smokers and COPD patients. Significantly higher urinary levels of both tPGDM and tPGEM were observed in COPD patients than those of non-smoking healthy volunteers. These results demonstrated that the high-throughput online SPE-LC-MS/MS assay provides sensitive, reproducible and accurate measurement of urinary tPGDM and tPGEM as biomarkers for assessing inflammatory diseases such as COPD.
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169
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Félétou M. The Endothelium, Part I: Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells -- Focus on Endothelium-Derived Vasoactive Mediators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4199/c00031ed1v01y201105isp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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171
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Broos K, Feys HB, De Meyer SF, Vanhoorelbeke K, Deckmyn H. Platelets at work in primary hemostasis. Blood Rev 2011; 25:155-67. [PMID: 21496978 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When platelet numbers are low or when their function is disabled, the risk of bleeding is high, which on the one hand indicates that in normal life vascular damage is a rather common event and that hence the role of platelets in maintaining a normal hemostasis is a continuously ongoing physiological process. Upon vascular injury, platelets instantly adhere to the exposed extracellular matrix resulting in platelet activation and aggregation to form a hemostatic plug. This self-amplifying mechanism nevertheless requires a tight control to prevent uncontrolled platelet aggregate formation that eventually would occlude the vessel. Therefore endothelial cells produce inhibitory compounds such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide that limit the growth of the platelet thrombus to the damaged area. With this review, we intend to give an integrated survey of the platelet response to vascular injury in normal hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Broos
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, Belgium.
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172
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Siemoneit U, Koeberle A, Rossi A, Dehm F, Verhoff M, Reckel S, Maier TJ, Jauch J, Northoff H, Bernhard F, Doetsch V, Sautebin L, Werz O. Inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 as a molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory actions of boswellic acids from frankincense. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:147-62. [PMID: 20840544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Frankincense, the gum resin derived from Boswellia species, showed anti-inflammatory efficacy in animal models and in pilot clinical studies. Boswellic acids (BAs) are assumed to be responsible for these effects but their anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo and their molecular modes of action are incompletely understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A protein fishing approach using immobilized BA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy were used to reveal microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 (mPGES1) as a BA-interacting protein. Cell-free and cell-based assays were applied to confirm the functional interference of BAs with mPGES1. Carrageenan-induced mouse paw oedema and rat pleurisy models were utilized to demonstrate the efficacy of defined BAs in vivo. KEY RESULTS Human mPGES1 from A549 cells or in vitro-translated human enzyme selectively bound to BA affinity matrices and SPR spectroscopy confirmed these interactions. BAs reversibly suppressed the transformation of prostaglandin (PG)H(2) to PGE(2) mediated by mPGES1 (IC(50) = 3-10 µM). Also, in intact A549 cells, BAs selectively inhibited PGE(2) generation and, in human whole blood, β-BA reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced PGE(2) biosynthesis without affecting formation of the COX-derived metabolites 6-keto PGF(1α) and thromboxane B(2) . Intraperitoneal or oral administration of β-BA (1 mg·kg(-1) ) suppressed rat pleurisy, accompanied by impaired levels of PGE(2) and β-BA (1 mg·kg(-1) , given i.p.) also reduced mouse paw oedema, both induced by carrageenan. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Suppression of PGE(2) formation by BAs via interference with mPGES1 contribute to the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of BAs and of frankincense, and may constitute a biochemical basis for their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Siemoneit
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Variants of gene for microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase show association with disease and severe inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:908-14. [PMID: 21448233 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES-1) is the terminal enzyme in the induced state of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis and constitutes a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. We examined the role of the prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) gene polymorphism in susceptibility to and severity of RA and related variations in the gene to its function. The PTGES gene polymorphism was analyzed in 3081 RA patients and 1900 controls from two study populations: Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (EIRA) and the Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic (Leiden EAC). Baseline disease activity score (DAS28) was employed as a disease severity measure. mPGES-1 expression was analyzed in synovial tissue from RA patients with known genotypes using immunohistochemistry. In the Swedish study population, among women a significant association with risk for RA was observed for PTGES single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in univariate analysis and for the distinct haplotype. These results were substantiated by meta-analysis of data from EIRA and Leiden EAC studies with overall OR 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.11-1.56). Several PTGES SNPs were associated with earlier onset of disease or with higher DAS28 in women with RA. Patients with the genotype associated with higher DAS28 exhibited significantly higher mPGES-1 expression in synovial tissue. Our data reveal a possible influence of PTGES polymorphism on the pathogenesis of RA and on disease severity through upregulation of mPGES-1 at the sites of inflammation. Genetically predisposed individuals may develop earlier and more active disease owing to this mechanism.
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174
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Trisubstituted ureas as potent and selective mPGES-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1488-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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175
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Kim J, Park CS, Park CH, Jeoung DI, Kim YM, Choe J. Beraprost enhances the APC function of B cells by upregulating CD86 expression levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3866-73. [PMID: 21339360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators are emerging as important regulators of the immune system. Based on our previous result that shows strong expression of prostacyclin synthase in the germinal center, we investigated whether prostacyclin would regulate the APC function of B cells. Owing to the very short half-life of prostacyclin in experimental conditions, we used a more stable analog, beraprost. Beraprost increased the amounts of the costimulatory molecule CD86 but not CD80 on the surface of activated B cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. However, the enhancing effect of beraprost was not observed on memory B cells, centroblasts, and centrocytes. Beraprost required BCR and CD40 signals to upregulate CD86 expression levels. Other prostanoids such as PGE(2), 6-keto-PGF(1α), and PGF(2α) failed to alter CD86 expression levels, whereas other prostacyclin analogs were as potent as beraprost. Results carried out with receptor antagonists revealed that beraprost enhanced CD86 levels by binding to prostacyclin receptor IP and by increasing intracellular cAMP concentrations. Beraprost-treated B cells potently stimulated allogeneic T cells, which was significantly abolished by CD86 neutralization. Our data imply an unrecognized cellular and molecular mechanism about the germinal center reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jini Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea
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176
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Riehl TE, He L, Zheng L, Greco S, Tollefsen DM, Stenson WF. COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype in mice is associated with shortened time to carotid artery occlusion through increased PAI-1. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:350-60. [PMID: 21138526 PMCID: PMC3687774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We found a high incidence of thrombotic deaths in COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) mice and sought to define the mechanism of these events. The cyclooxygenase products thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin are important in the regulation of coagulation but their role in fibrinolysis is largely unexplored. PAI-1 blocks fibrinolysis by inhibiting plasminogen activator. AIM Our objective was to explain the mechanism of increased thrombosis associated with the COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype. METHODS Carotid artery occlusion times were measured after photochemical injury. PAI-1 levels were measured in the plasma by ELISA. PAI-1 levels in the aorta were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Urinary metabolites of Thromboxane A(2) and prostacyclin were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype is associated with a decreased time to occlusion in the carotid artery thrombosis model (30 ± 5 minutes vs 60 ± minutes in wild type, p<.001). The COX-1(-/-)COX-2(+/+), COX-1(+/-)COX-2(+/-) and COX-1(+/-)COX-2(+/+) all had occlusion times similar to wild type. COX-1(+/+)COX-2(-/-) had a prolonged occlusion time. COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) had increased PAI-1 levels in the plasma and aorta and with a prolonged euglobulin lysis time (37.4 ± 10.2 hours vs 15.6 ± 9.8 hours in wild type, p<.004). The decreased time to occlusion in the COX-1(+/-)COX2(-/-) mice was normalized by an inhibitory antibody to PAI-1 whereas the antibody had no effect on the time to occlusion in wild type mice. CONCLUSION The COX-1(+/-)COX-2(-/-) genotype is associated with a shortened time to occlusion in the carotid thrombosis model and the shortened time to occlusion is mediated through increased PAI-1 levels resulting in decreased fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Riehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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177
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Wang M, Ihida-Stansbury K, Kothapalli D, Tamby MC, Yu Z, Chen L, Grant G, Cheng Y, Lawson JA, Assoian RK, Jones PL, Fitzgerald GA. Microsomal prostaglandin e2 synthase-1 modulates the response to vascular injury. Circulation 2011; 123:631-9. [PMID: 21282500 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.973685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsomal (m) prostaglandin (PG) E₂ synthase (S)-1 catalyzes the formation of PGE₂ from PGH₂, a cyclooxygenase product that is derived from arachidonic acid. Previous studies in mice suggest that targeting mPGES-1 may be less likely to cause hypertension or thrombosis than cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibition or deletion in vivo. Indeed, deletion of mPGES-1 retards atherogenesis and angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysm formation. The role of mPGES-1 in the response to vascular injury is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were subjected to wire injury of the femoral artery. Both neointimal area and vascular stenosis were significantly reduced 4 weeks after injury in mPGES-1 knockout mice compared with wild-type controls (65.6 ± 5.7 versus 37.7 ± 5.1 × 10³ pixel area and 70.5 ± 13.4% versus 47.7 ± 17.4%, respectively; P < 0.01). Induction of tenascin-C, a proproliferative and promigratory extracellular matrix protein, after injury was attenuated in the knockouts. Consistent with in vivo rediversion of PG biosynthesis, mPGES-1-deleted vascular smooth muscle cells generated less PGE₂ but more PGI₂ and expressed reduced tenascin-C compared with wild-type cells. Both suppression of PGE₂ and augmentation of PGI₂ attenuate tenascin-C expression and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of mPGES-1 in mice attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury, in part by regulating tenascin-C expression. This raises for consideration the therapeutic potential of mPGES-1 inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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178
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Cho W, Kim Y, Jeoung DI, Kim YM, Choe J. IL-4 and IL-13 suppress prostaglandins production in human follicular dendritic cells by repressing COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression through JAK1 and STAT6. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:966-72. [PMID: 21277633 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Originally discovered as a B cell growth and differentiation factor, IL-4 displays a variety of functions in many different cell types. Germinal center T cells are abundant producers of IL-4. In a recent report, we demonstrated that IL-4 inhibits prostaglandins (PGs) production in follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-like cells, HK. To understand the inhibitory mechanisms of IL-4, its effects on the biosynthesis of enzymes in charge of PG production were assessed in this study. Although IL-4 did not affect COX-1 expression, it specifically inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 biosynthesis at mRNA and protein levels. Protein expression of mPGES-1, a downstream enzyme of COX-2, was also markedly diminished by IL-4 but not by IL-10, maximizing the inhibitory activity. Next, we attempted to identify the early signaling molecules that led to this inhibition of COX-2 expression. Although IL-4 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 and TYK2, RNA interference experiments revealed that only JAK1 was responsible for the IL-4-stimulated STAT6 phosphorylation. Knocking down JAK1 and STAT6 ablated the inhibitory effect of IL-4 on COX-2 expression and significantly reduced production of PGE(2) and prostacyclin. Similar results were obtained with IL-13. Pharmacologic inhibitors of ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases inhibited the COX-2 upregulation. However, IL-4 did not affect LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38. These results stress the essential roles of JAK1 and STAT6 in the early signaling pathway of IL-4 and IL-13 leading to suppression of COX-2 expression and repression of PG production by HK cells. Our results suggest that T cells via IL-4 play a regulatory role in PG generation in FDC. IL-4 therapeutics may be applied to immune disorders where normal and ectopic expression of germinal center reactions needs to be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whajung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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179
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Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ. Microsomal prostaglandin e synthase-1 in rheumatic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2011; 1:146. [PMID: 21927605 PMCID: PMC3174088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is a well-recognized target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs that can reduce symptoms of inflammation in rheumatic diseases and other inflammatory conditions. In this review, we focus on mPGES-1 in rheumatic diseases with the aim to cover the most recent advances in the understanding of mPGES-1 in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and inflammatory myopathies. Novel findings regarding regulation of mPGES-1 cell expression as well as enzyme inhibitors are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Korotkova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto MURAKAMI
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Showa University
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181
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Kojima F, Matnani RG, Kawai S, Ushikubi F, Crofford LJ. Potential roles of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Regen 2011; 31:157-166. [PMID: 22308189 DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease which primarily affects the synovial joints leading to inflammation, pain and joint deformities. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids, both of which inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), have been extensively used for treating RA patients. Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) is a specific biosynthetic enzyme that acts downstream of COX and converts prostaglandin (PG) H(2) to PGE(2). Among PGES isozymes, microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1) has been shown to be induced in a variety of cells and tissues under inflammatory conditions. The induction of mPGES-1 in the synovial tissue of RA patients is closely associated with the activation of the tissue by proinflammatory cytokines. Although selective mPGES-1 inhibitors have not yet been widely available, mice lacking mPGES-1 (mPGES-1(-/-) mice) have been generated to evaluate the physiological and pathological roles of mPGES-1 in vivo. Recent studies utilizing mPGES-1(-/-) mice have demonstrated the significance of mPGES-1 in the process of chronic inflammation and evocation of humoral immune response in autoimmune arthritis models. These recent findings highlight mPGES-1 as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including RA. Currently, both natural and synthetic chemicals are being tested for inhibition of mPGES-1 activity to produce PGE(2). The present review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the role of mPGES-1 in the pathophysiology of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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182
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Wu TY, Juteau H, Ducharme Y, Friesen RW, Guiral S, Dufresne L, Poirier H, Salem M, Riendeau D, Mancini J, Brideau C. Biarylimidazoles as inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6978-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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183
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Robich MP, Chu LM, Feng J, Burgess TA, Laham RJ, Bianchi C, Sellke FW. Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 and nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibition on ischemic myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140:1143-52. [PMID: 20804993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored effects of nonselective cyclooxygenase and selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition on collateral development in a model of chronic myocardial ischemia. We hypothesized that cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors would negatively effect angiogenic and inflammatory pathways. METHODS Yorkshire swine were made chronically ischemic by placing an ameroid constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery. Swine were divided into 3 groups and given no drug (control, n = 7), a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (naproxen 400 mg daily, n = 7), or a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (celecoxib 200 mg daily, n = 7). After 7 weeks, coronary angiography was performed. Myocardial function and microvascular reactivity were assessed. Serum and myocardial tissue were analyzed for prostaglandin levels and markers of inflammation and angiogenesis. RESULTS The celecoxib group demonstrated significantly increased mean arterial pressure and decreased left ventricular function. Myocardial perfusion in the celecoxib group was similar to control value but less than in the naproxen group. Coronary microvascular contraction in the collateral-dependent territory was increased in the naproxen group but minimally affected in the celecoxib group. Oxidative stress and apoptosis were increased in the celecoxib group. Expression of angiogenic markers vascular endothelial growth factor and phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ser1177) and tissue levels of prostacyclin were decreased in both celecoxib and naproxen groups. The naproxen group had diminished endostatin expression. CONCLUSIONS Selective and nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibition are more complex in effect than previously published, but they did not decrease collateral-dependent blood flow to the myocardium in our model of chronic myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Robich
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Goldsmith M, Daka A, Lamour NF, Mashiach R, Glucksam Y, Meijler MM, Chalfant CE, Zor T. A ceramide analog inhibits cPLA(2) activity and consequent PGE(2) formation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Immunol Lett 2010; 135:136-43. [PMID: 21040745 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is an important mediator of the inflammatory response. Phospho-ceramide analogue-1 (PCERA-1), a synthetic phospholipid-like molecule, was previously reported to modulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. We show here that PCERA-1 inhibited LPS-stimulated PGE(2) production in RAW264.7 macrophages, without affecting COX-2 expression. Furthermore, PCERA-1 efficiently suppressed arachidonic acid (AA) release in response to LPS. The dephosphorylated derivative of PCERA-1, ceramide analogue-1 (CERA-1), mimicked the inhibitory effect of PCERA-1 on AA release and PGE(2) production in macrophages. Inhibition of PGE(2) production by CERA-1 was completely rescued by addition of exogenous AA. Importantly, PCERA-1 and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) stimulated the enzymatic activity of cPLA(2)α in an in vitro assay, whereas CERA-1 and ceramide inhibited both basal and C1P-stimulated cPLA(2)α activity. Collectively, these results indicate that CERA-1 suppresses AA release and subsequent PGE(2) production in LPS-stimulated macrophages by direct interaction with cPLA(2), and suggest that ceramide may similarly counteract C1P effect on cPLA(2) activity in cells. The suppression of PGE(2) production is suggested to contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of PCERA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Goldsmith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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185
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Enhanced pressor response to acute Ang II infusion in mice lacking membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1284-92. [PMID: 20871624 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the contribution of vascular membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) to acute blood pressure homeostasis. METHODS Angiotensin II (AngII, 75 pmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) was continuously infused via the jugular vein into wild-type and mPGES-1(-/-) mice for 30 min, and blood pressure was measured by carotid arterial catheterization. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression and localization of mPGES-1 in the mouse arterial vessels. Mesenteric arteries were dissected from mice of both genotypes to study vessel tension and measure vascular PGE2 levels. RESULTS Wild-type and mPGES-1(-/-) mice showed similar blood pressure levels at baseline, and the acute intravenous infusion of AngII caused a greater increase in mean arterial pressure in the mPGES-1(-/-) group, with a similar diuretic and natriuretic response in both groups. mPGES-1 was constitutively expressed in the aortic and mesenteric arteries and vascular smooth muscle cells of wild-type mice. Strong staining was detected in the smooth muscle layer of arterial vessels. Ex vivo treatment of mesenteric arteries with AngII produced more vasodilatory PGE2 in wild-type than in mPGES-1(-/-) mice. In vitro tension assays further revealed that the mesenteric arteries of mPGES-1(-/-) mice exhibited a greater vasopressor response to AngII than those arteries of wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Vascular mPGES-1 acts as an important tonic vasodilator, contributing to acute blood pressure regulation.
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186
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Barkin RL, Beckerman M, Blum SL, Clark FM, Koh EK, Wu DS. Should Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) be Prescribed to the Older Adult? Drugs Aging 2010; 27:775-89. [DOI: 10.2165/11539430-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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187
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Hörl WH. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Kidney. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2291-2321. [PMID: 27713354 PMCID: PMC4036662 DOI: 10.3390/ph3072291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 of cyclooxygenase (COX). Renal side effects (e.g., kidney function, fluid and urinary electrolyte excretion) vary with the extent of COX-2-COX-1 selectivity and the administered dose of these compounds. While young healthy subjects will rarely experience adverse renal effects with the use of NSAIDs, elderly patients and those with co-morbibity (e.g., congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease) and drug combinations (e.g., renin-angiotensin blockers, diuretics plus NSAIDs) may develop acute renal failure. This review summarizes our present knowledge how traditional NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors may affect the kidney under various experimental and clinical conditions, and how these drugs may influence renal inflammation, water transport, sodium and potassium balance and how renal dysfunction or hypertension may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Hörl
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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188
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Rådmark O, Samuelsson B. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase: potential drug targets in cancer. J Intern Med 2010; 268:5-14. [PMID: 20497297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for a role of prostaglandin (PG)E(2) in cancer cell proliferation and tumour development. In PGE(2) biosynthesis, cyclooxygenases (COX-1/2) convert arachidonic acid to PGH(2), which can be isomerized to PGE(2) by PGE synthases, including microsomal PGE synthase-1 (MPGES-1). Data describing genetic deletions of MPGES-1 are reviewed. The results suggest that MPGES-1 is an alternative therapeutic target for cancer cells and tumours that express this enzyme. Several compounds that target COX-2 or MPGES-1 also inhibit 5-lipoxygenase. This may be advantageous for treatment of some forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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189
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Li P, Kaur C, Lu J, Sivakumar V, Dheen ST, Ling EA. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase in amoeboid microglial cells in the developing brain and effects of cyclooxygenase-2 neutralization on BV-2 microglial cells. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1577-94. [PMID: 20025057 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microglia express cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase (mPGES-1) but their localization in the amoeboid microglial cells (AMC), considered to be the nascent brain macrophages, in the developing brain has remained unexplored; furthermore, their interrelation and regulation have also remained to be fully elucidated. We show here that AMC in postnatal rat brain constitutively expressed COX-2 and mPGES-1 whose immunoexpression was upregulated in rats given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis of the callosal tissue rich in AMC revealed that COX-2 and mPGES-1 mRNA and protein expression was augmented following LPS injections. BV-2 cells also exhibited COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression which was enhanced by LPS. However, in cells treated with LPS coupled with COX-2 neutralization, the mRNA expression levels of COX-2, mPGES-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly suppressed; production of prostaglandin E(2) and reactive oxygen species also decreased. Western blot analysis confirmed the changes of protein levels of the above mediators. Remarkably, COX-2 neutralization concomitantly suppressed the protein expression levels of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), phos-NF-kappaB and phos-IkappaB-alpha as well as translocation of NF-kappaB as determined by flow cytometry. In conclusion, AMC in the developing brain expressed COX-2 and mPGES-1 notably when stimulated by LPS. It is suggested that this may be involved in local inflammation during development. Our results have further shown that COX-2 neutralization may be effective in suppressing production of inflammatory mediators and hence its potential use in alleviating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical College, China
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190
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Hui Y, Ricciotti E, Crichton I, Yu Z, Wang D, Stubbe J, Wang M, Puré E, FitzGerald GA. Targeted deletions of cyclooxygenase-2 and atherogenesis in mice. Circulation 2010; 121:2654-60. [PMID: 20530000 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.910687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the dominant product of vascular Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), restrains atherogenesis, inhibition and deletion of COX-2 have yielded conflicting results in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Floxed mice were used to parse distinct cellular contributions of COX-2 in macrophages and T cells (TCs) to atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Deletion of macrophage-COX-2 (Mac-COX-2KOs) was attained with LysMCre mice and completely suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage prostaglandin (PG) formation and lipopolysaccharide-evoked systemic PG biosynthesis by approximately 30%. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated COX-2 expression was suppressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated from MacKOs, but PG formation was not even detected in polymorphonuclear leukocyte supernatants from control mice. Atherogenesis was attenuated when MacKOs were crossed into hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor knockouts. Deletion of Mac-COX-2 appeared to remove a restraint on COX-2 expression in lesional nonleukocyte (CD45- and CD11b-negative) vascular cells that express vascular cell adhesion molecule and variably alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, portending a shift in PG profile and consequent atheroprotection. Basal expression of COX-2 was minimal in TCs, but use of CD4Cre to generate TC knockouts depressed its modest upregulation by anti-CD3epsilon. However, biosynthesis of PGs, TC composition in lymphatic organs, and atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockouts were unaltered in TC knockouts. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage-COX-2, primarily a source of thromboxane A(2) and prostaglandin (PG)E(2), promotes atherogenesis and exerts a restraint on enzyme expression by lesional cells suggestive of vascular smooth muscle cells, a prominent source of atheroprotective prostacyclin. TC COX-2 does not detectably influence TC development or function or atherogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Hui
- School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 153 Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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191
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Ibrahim S, Tetruashvily M, Frey AJ, Wilson SJ, Stitham J, Hwa J, Smyth EM. Dominant negative actions of human prostacyclin receptor variant through dimerization: implications for cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1802-9. [PMID: 20522800 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.208900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostacyclin and thromboxane mediate opposing cardiovascular effects through their receptors, the prostacyclin receptor (IP) and thromboxane receptor (TP). Individuals heterozygous for an IP variant, IP(R212C), displayed exaggerated loss of platelet IP responsiveness and accelerated cardiovascular disease. We examined association of IP(R212C) into homo- and heterodimeric receptor complexes and the impact on prostacyclin and thromboxane biology. METHODS AND RESULTS Dimerization of the IP, IP(R212C), and TPalpha was examined by bioluminesence resonance energy transfer in transfected HEK293 cells. We observed an equal propensity for formation of IPIP homodimers and IPTPalpha heterodimers. Compared with the IP alone, IP(R212C) displayed reduced cAMP generation and increased endoplasmic reticulum localization but underwent normal homo- and heterodimerization. When the IP(R212C) and IP were coexpressed, a dominant negative action of the variant was evident with enhanced wild-type IP localization to the endoplasmic reticulum and reduced agonist-dependent signaling. Further, the TPalpha activation response, which was shifted from inositol phosphate to cAMP generation following IPTPalpha heterodimerization, was normalized when the TPalpha instead dimerized with IP(R212C). CONCLUSIONS IP(R212C) exerts a dominant action on the wild-type IP and TPalpha through dimerization. This likely contributes to accelerated cardiovascular disease in individuals carrying 1 copy of the variant allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Ibrahim
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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192
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Hara S, Kamei D, Sasaki Y, Tanemoto A, Nakatani Y, Murakami M. Prostaglandin E synthases: Understanding their pathophysiological roles through mouse genetic models. Biochimie 2010; 92:651-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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193
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Capone ML, Tacconelli S, Garcia Rodriguez L, Patrignani P. NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease: transducing human pharmacology results into clinical read-outs in the general population. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:530-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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194
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Distinction of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibition from cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in cells using a novel, selective mPGES-1 inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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195
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Hamza A, Tong M, AbdulHameed MDM, Liu J, Goren AC, Tai HH, Zhan CG. Understanding microscopic binding of human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) trimer with substrate PGH2 and cofactor GSH: insights from computational alanine scanning and site-directed mutagenesis. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5605-16. [PMID: 20369883 PMCID: PMC2879598 DOI: 10.1021/jp100668y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is an essential enzyme involved in a variety of diseases and is the most promising target for the design of next-generation anti-inflammatory drugs. In order to establish a solid structural base, we recently developed a model of mPGES-1 trimer structure by using available crystal structures of both microsomal glutathione transferase-1 (MGST1) and ba3-cytochrome c oxidase as templates. The mPGES-1 trimer model has been used in the present study to examine the detailed binding of mPGES-1 trimer with substrate PGH(2) and cofactor GSH. Results obtained from the computational alanine scanning reveal the contribution of each residue at the protein-ligand interaction interface to the binding affinity, and the computational predictions are supported by the data obtained from the corresponding wet experimental tests. We have also compared our mPGES-1 trimer model with other available 3D models, including an alternative homology model and a low-resolution crystal structure, and found that our mPGES-1 trimer model based on the crystal structures of both MGST1 and ba3-cytochrome c oxidase is more reasonable than the other homology model of mPGES-1 trimer constructed by simply using a low-resolution crystal structure of MGST1 trimer alone as a template. The available low-resolution crystal structure of mPGES-1 trimer represents a closed conformation of the enzyme and thus is not suitable for studying mPGES-1 binding with ligands. Our mPGES-1 trimer model represents a reasonable open conformation of the enzyme and is therefore promising for studying mPGES-1 binding with ligands in future structure-based drug design targeting mPGES-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Min Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Mohamed Diwan M. AbdulHameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Alan C. Goren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
- Division of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington, KY 40508
| | - Hsin-Hsiung Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536
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196
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De Simone R, Andrés RM, Aquino M, Bruno I, Guerrero MD, Terencio MC, Paya M, Riccio R. Toward the discovery of new agents able to inhibit the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 enzyme as promising tools in drug development. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:17-24. [PMID: 20492447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our recent studies, we focused our attention on the synthesis of several gamma-hydroxybutenolides designed on the basis of petrosaspongiolide M 1 (PM) structure that has been recognized to potently inhibit the inflammatory process through the selective PLA(2) enzyme inhibition. By means of a combination of computational methods and efficient synthetic strategies, we generated small collections of PM modified analogs to identify new potent PLA(2) inhibitors, suitable for clinical development. In the course of the biological screening of our compounds, we discovered a potent and selective inhibitor of mPGES-1 expression, the benzothiophene gamma-hydroxybutenolide 2, which so far represents the only product, together with resveratrol, able to reduce PGE(2) production through the selective downregulation of mPGES-1 enzyme. In consideration that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1) is one of the most strategic target involved both in inflammation and in carcinogenesis processes, we decided to explore the biological effects of some structural changes of the gamma-hydroxybutenolide 2, hoping to improve its biological profile. This optimization process led to the identification of three strictly correlated compounds 14g, 16g, and 18 with higher inhibitory potency on PGE(2) production on mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 through the selective modulation of mPGES-1 enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa De Simone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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197
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Papanicolaou KN, Streicher JM, Ishikawa TO, Herschman H, Wang Y, Walsh K. Preserved heart function and maintained response to cardiac stresses in a genetic model of cardiomyocyte-targeted deficiency of cyclooxygenase-2. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:196-209. [PMID: 20399788 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 are rate-limiting enzymes in the formation of a wide array of bioactive lipid mediators collectively known as prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes). Evidence from clinical trials shows that selective inhibition of the second isoenzyme (cyclooxygenase-2, or Cox-2) is associated with increased risk for serious cardiovascular events and findings from animal-based studies have suggested protective roles of Cox-2 for the heart. To further characterize the function of Cox-2 in the heart, mice with loxP sites flanking exons 4 and 5 of Cox-2 were rendered knockout specifically in cardiac myocytes (Cox-2 CKO mice) via cre-mediated recombination. Baseline cardiac performance of CKO mice remained unchanged and closely resembled that of control mice. Furthermore, myocardial infarct size induced after in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was comparable between CKO and control mice. In addition, cardiac hypertrophy and function four weeks after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was found to be similar between the two groups. Assessment of Cox-2 expression in purified adult cardiac cells isolated after I/R and TAC suggests that the dominant source of Cox-2 is found in the non-myocyte fraction. In conclusion, our animal-based analyses together with the cell-based observations portray a limited role of cardiomyocyte-produced Cox-2 at baseline and in the context of ischemic or hemodynamic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos N Papanicolaou
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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198
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Wang M, Cooper PR, Jiang M, Zhao H, Hui Y, Yao Y, Tate JC, Damera G, Lawson JA, Jester WF, Haczku A, Panettieri RA, FitzGerald GA. Deletion of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 does not alter ozone-induced airway hyper-responsiveness. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:63-8. [PMID: 20371706 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.166678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ameliorate pain and fever by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and suppressing prostanoid formation. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) catalyzes formation of PGE(2) from the COX product PGH(2) and has emerged as a therapeutic target. Inhibition of mPGES-1, however, renders the PGH(2) substrate available for diversion to other PG synthases. To address the possibility that substrate diversion augments formation of PGs that might modulate bronchial tone, we assessed the impact of mPGES-1 deletion in a mouse model of ozone-induced airway hyper-responsiveness. Ozone exposure increased total lung resistance to inhaled methacholine in wild-type mice. Deletion of mPGES-1 had little effect on total lung resistance in either naive or ozone-exposed animals. The carbachol-induced narrowing of luminal diameter in intrapulmonary airways of lung slices from acute ozone-exposed mice was also unaltered by mPGES-1 deletion. Likewise, although concentrations of PGE(2) were reduced in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas 6-keto-PGF(1alpha), PGD(2), and PGF(2alpha), all were increased, deletion of mPGES-1 failed to influence cell trafficking into the airways of either naive or ozone-exposed animals. Despite biochemical evidence of PGH(2) substrate diversion to potential bronchomodulator PGs, deletion of mPGES-1 had little effect on ozone-induced airway inflammation or airway hyper-responsiveness. Pharmacologically targeting mPGES-1 may not predispose patients at risk to airway dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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199
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Smyth EM. Thromboxane and the thromboxane receptor in cardiovascular disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:209-219. [PMID: 20543887 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), the primary product of COX-1-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid, mediates its biological actions through the TXA(2) receptor, termed the TP. Irreversible inhibition of platelet COX-1-derived TXA(2) with low-dose aspirin affords protection against primary and secondary vascular thrombotic events, underscoring the central role of TXA(2) as a platelet agonist in cardiovascular disease. The limitations associated with aspirin use include significant gastrointestinal toxicity, bleeding complications, potential interindividual response variability and poor efficacy in some disease states. This, together with the broad role of TXA(2) in cardiovascular disease beyond the platelet, has refocused interest towards additional TXA(2)-associated drug targets, in particular TXA(2) synthase and the TP. The superiority of these agents over low-dose aspirin, in terms of clinical efficacy, tolerability and commercial viability, remain open questions that are the focus of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer M Smyth
- Institute for Translation Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 808 BRB 2/3, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Tel.: +1 215 573 2323
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200
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Jia Z, Aoyagi T, Kohan DE, Yang T. mPGES-1 deletion impairs aldosterone escape and enhances sodium appetite. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F155-66. [PMID: 20335314 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90702.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone (Aldo) is a major sodium-retaining hormone that reduces renal sodium excretion and also stimulates sodium appetite. In the face of excess Aldo, the sodium-retaining action of this steroid is overridden by an adaptive regulatory mechanism, a phenomenon termed Aldo escape. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not well defined but appeared to involve a number of natriuretic factors such prostaglandins (PGs). Here, we investigated the role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in the response to excess Aldo. A 14-day Aldo infusion at 0.35 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) via an osmotic minipump in conjunction with normal salt intake did not produce obvious disturbances in fluid metabolism in WT mice as suggested by normal sodium and water balance, plasma sodium concentration, hematocrit, and body weight, despite the evidence of a transient sodium accumulation on days 1 or 2. In a sharp contrast, the 14-day Aldo treatment in mPGES-1 knockoute (KO) mice led to increased sodium and water balance, persistent reduction of hematocrit, hypernatremia, and body weight gain, all evidence of fluid retention. The escaped wild-type (WT) mice displayed a remarkable increase in urinary PGE(2) excretion in parallel with coinduction of mPGES-1 in the proximal tubules, accompanied by a remarkable, widespread downregulation of renal sodium and water transporters. The increase in urinary PGE(2) excretion together with the downregulation of renal sodium and water transporters were all significantly blocked in the KO mice. Interestingly, compared with WT controls, the KO mice exhibited consistent increases in sodium and water intake during Aldo infusion. Together, these results suggest an important role of mPGES-1 in antagonizing the sodium-retaining action of Aldo at the levels of both the central nervous system and the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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