151
|
Petrova TV, Koh GY. Organ-specific lymphatic vasculature: From development to pathophysiology. J Exp Med 2017; 215:35-49. [PMID: 29242199 PMCID: PMC5748863 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of novel functions and diverse origins of lymphatic vessels have drastically changed our view of lymphatic vasculature. Traditionally regarded as passive conduits for fluid and immune cells, lymphatic vessels now emerge as active, tissue-specific players in major physiological and pathophysiological processes. Lymphatic vessels show remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity, reflecting their functional specialization to control the tissue microenvironment. Moreover, alternative developmental origins of lymphatic endothelial cells in some organs may contribute to the diversity of their functions in adult tissues. This review aims to summarize the most recent findings of organotypic differentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells in terms of their distinct (patho)physiological functions in skin, lymph nodes, small intestine, brain, and eye. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels with respect to the organ-specific functional and molecular specialization of lymphatic endothelium, such as the hybrid blood-lymphatic identity of Schlemm's canal, functions of intestinal lymphatics in dietary fat uptake, and discovery of meningeal lymphatic vasculature and perivascular brain lymphatic endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland .,Division of Experimental Pathology, Vaud University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea .,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Wang HH, Garruti G, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis: Recent Advances In reverse Cholesterol Transport. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s27-s42. [PMID: 29080338 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, cell death and fibrosis in the arterial wall, and is major pathological basis for ischemic coronary heart disease (CHD), which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA and Europe. Intervention studies with statins have shown to reduce LDL cholesterol levels and subsequently the risk of developing CHD. However, not all the aggressive statin therapy could decrease the risk of developing CHD. Many clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the HDL cholesterol is inversely associated with risk of CHD and is a critical and independent component of predicting its risk. Elucidations of HDL metabolism give rise to therapeutic targets with potential to raising plasma HDL cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of developing CHD. The concept of reverse cholesterol transport is based on the hypothesis that HDL displays an cardioprotective function, which is a process involved in the removal of excess cholesterol that is accumulated in the peripheral tissues (e.g., macrophages in the aortae) by HDL, transporting it to the liver for excretion into the feces via the bile. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the role of the lymphatic route in reverse cholesterol transport, as well as the biliary and the non-biliary pathways for removal of cholesterol from the body. These studies will greatly increase the likelihood of discovering new lipid-lowering drugs, which are more effective in the prevention and therapeutic intervention of CHD that is the major cause of human death and disability worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Molica F, Meens MJ, Dubrot J, Ehrlich A, Roth CL, Morel S, Pelli G, Vinet L, Braunersreuther V, Ratib O, Chanson M, Hugues S, Scemes E, Kwak BR. Pannexin1 links lymphatic function to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13706. [PMID: 29057961 PMCID: PMC5651868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is a central signaling molecule in inflammatory responses. Pannexin1 (Panx1) channels release ATP in a controlled manner and have been implicated in various inflammatory pathologies, but their role in atherogenesis remains elusive. Using atherosclerosis-susceptible mouse models with ubiquitous deletion of Panx1 (Panx1−/−Apoe−/−) or with Cre recombinase-mediated deletion of Panx1 in endothelial cells and monocytes (Tie2-CreTgPanx1fl/flApoe−/−; Panx1delApoe−/−), we identified a novel role for Panx1 in the lymphatic vasculature. Atherosclerotic lesion development in response to high-cholesterol diet was enhanced in Panx1delApoe−/− mice, pointing to an atheroprotective role for Panx1 in endothelial and/or monocytic cells. Unexpectedly, atherogenesis was not changed in mice with ubiquitous Panx1 deletion, but Panx1−/−Apoe−/− mice displayed reduced body weight, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids, suggesting altered lipid metabolism in these Panx1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, Panx1−/−Apoe−/− mice showed impairment of lymphatic vessel function with decreased drainage of interstitial fluids and reduced dietary fat absorption. Thus, the detrimental effect of Panx1 deletion in endothelial and/or monocytic cells during atherogenesis is counterbalanced by an opposite effect resulting from impaired lymphatic function in ubiquitous Panx1-deficient mice. Collectively, our findings unveil a pivotal role of Panx1 in linking lymphatic function to lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic plaque development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Merlijn J Meens
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Avigail Ehrlich
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Christel L Roth
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Morel
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Pelli
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vinet
- Geneva University Hospitals, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland.,University of Geneva and Lausanne, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | | | - Osman Ratib
- Geneva University Hospitals, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Marc Chanson
- Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Department of Pediatrics and of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hugues
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- University of Geneva, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland. .,University of Geneva, Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, Geneva, CH-1211, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Escobedo N, Oliver G. The Lymphatic Vasculature: Its Role in Adipose Metabolism and Obesity. Cell Metab 2017; 26:598-609. [PMID: 28844882 PMCID: PMC5629116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and although we understand the mechanisms regulating weight and energy balance, the causes of some forms of obesity remain enigmatic. Despite the well-established connections between lymphatics and lipids, and the fact that intestinal lacteals play key roles in dietary fat absorption, the function of the lymphatic vasculature in adipose metabolism has only recently been recognized. It is well established that angiogenesis is tightly associated with the outgrowth of adipose tissue, as expanding adipose tissue requires increased nutrient supply from blood vessels. Results supporting a crosstalk between lymphatic vessels and adipose tissue, and linking lymphatic function with metabolic diseases, obesity, and adipose tissue, also started to accumulate in the last years. Here we review our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which defective lymphatics contribute to obesity and fat accumulation in mouse models, as well as our understanding of the lymphatic-adipose tissue relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Cucchi F, Rossmeislova L, Simonsen L, Jensen MR, Bülow J. A vicious circle in chronic lymphoedema pathophysiology? An adipocentric view. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1159-1169. [PMID: 28660651 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphoedema is a disease caused by a congenital or acquired damage to the lymphatic system and characterized by complex chains of pathophysiologic events such as lymphatic fluid stasis, chronic inflammation, lymphatic vessels impairment, adipose tissue deposition and fibrosis. These events seem to maintain and reinforce themselves through a positive feedback loop: regardless of the initial cause of lymphatic stasis, the dysfunctional adipose tissue and its secretion products can worsen lymphatic vessels' function, aggravating lymph leakage and stagnation, which can promote further adipose tissue deposition and fibrosis, similar to what may happen in obesity. In addition to the current knowledge about the tight and ancestral interrelation between immunity system and metabolism, there is evidence for similarities between obesity-related and lymphatic damage-induced lymphoedema. Together, these observations indicate strong reciprocal relationship between lymphatics and adipose tissue and suggest a possible key role of the adipocyte in the pathophysiology of chronic lymphoedema's vicious circle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Cucchi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Rossmeislova
- Department for the Study of Obesity and Diabetes, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Simonsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M R Jensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Milasan A, Jean G, Dallaire F, Tardif JC, Merhi Y, Sorci-Thomas M, Martel C. Apolipoprotein A-I Modulates Atherosclerosis Through Lymphatic Vessel-Dependent Mechanisms in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006892. [PMID: 28939717 PMCID: PMC5634311 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Subcutaneously injected lipid‐free apoA‐I (apolipoprotein A‐I) reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without increasing high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol concentrations. Lymphatic vessels are now recognized as prerequisite players in the modulation of cholesterol removal from the artery wall in experimental conditions of plaque regression, and particular attention has been brought to the role of the collecting lymphatic vessels in early atherosclerosis‐related lymphatic dysfunction. In the present study, we address whether and how preservation of collecting lymphatic function contributes to the protective effect of apoA‐I. Methods and Results Atherosclerotic Ldlr−/− mice treated with low‐dose lipid‐free apoA‐I showed enhanced lymphatic transport and abrogated collecting lymphatic vessel permeability in atherosclerotic Ldlr−/− mice when compared with albumin‐control mice. Treatment of human lymphatic endothelial cells with apoA‐I increased the adhesion of human platelets on lymphatic endothelial cells, in a bridge‐like manner, a mechanism that could strengthen endothelial cell–cell junctions and limit atherosclerosis‐associated collecting lymphatic vessel dysfunction. Experiments performed with blood platelets isolated from apoA‐I‐treated Ldlr−/− mice revealed that apoA‐I decreased ex vivo platelet aggregation. This suggests that in vivo apoA‐I treatment limits platelet thrombotic potential in blood while maintaining the platelet activity needed to sustain adequate lymphatic function. Conclusions Altogether, we bring forward a new pleiotropic role for apoA‐I in lymphatic function and unveil new potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Jean
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Bernier-Latmani J, Petrova TV. Intestinal lymphatic vasculature: structure, mechanisms and functions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:510-526. [PMID: 28655884 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is richly supplied with lymphatic vasculature, which has functions ranging from maintenance of interstitial fluid balance to transport of antigens, antigen-presenting cells, dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. In this Review, we provide in-depth information concerning the organization and structure of intestinal lymphatics, the current view of their developmental origins, as well as molecular mechanisms of intestinal lymphatic patterning and maintenance. We will also discuss physiological aspects of intestinal lymph flow regulation and the known and emerging roles of intestinal lymphatic vessels in human diseases, such as IBD, infection and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Route Cantonale 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Meens MJ, Kutkut I, Rochemont V, Dubrot J, Kaladji FR, Sabine A, Lyons O, Hendrikx S, Bernier-Latmani J, Kiefer F, Smith A, Hugues S, Petrova TV, Kwak BR. Cx47 fine-tunes the handling of serum lipids but is dispensable for lymphatic vascular function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181476. [PMID: 28732089 PMCID: PMC5521787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gap junction protein connexin47 (Cx47) are associated with lymphedema. However, the role of Cx47 in lymphatic pathophysiology is unknown. We demonstrate that Cx47 is expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells by whole-mount immunostaining and qPCR. To determine if Cx47 plays a role in lymphatic vessel function we analysed Cx47-/- mice. Cx47-deficiency did not affect lymphatic contractility (contractile amplitude or frequency) or lymphatic morphology (vessel diameter or number of valves). Interstitial fluid drainage or dendritic cell migration through lymphatic vessels was also not affected by Cx47-deficiency. Cx47 is dispensable for long-chain fatty acid absorption from the gut but rather promotes serum lipid handling as prolonged elevated triglyceride levels were observed in Cx47-deficient mice after oral lipid tolerance tests. When crossed with Apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice, LDL-cholesterol was decreased in young Cx47-/-Apoe-/- adults as compared to Apoe-/- mice, which was inverted later in life. Finally, advanced atherosclerotic plaques in thoracic-abdominal aortas of 15 months-old mice tended to be larger in Cx47-/-Apoe-/- mice. These plaques contained fewer macrophages but similar amounts of T lymphocytes, collagen and lipids than plaques of Apoe-/- mice. In conclusion, Cx47 is expressed in lymphatic endothelium and seems modestly implicated in multiple aspects of lymphatic pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J. Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Issa Kutkut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Rochemont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fouad R. Kaladji
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Hendrikx
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Vascular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at King's Health Partners, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V. Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Specialties – Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Alginate hydrogels allow for bioactive and sustained release of VEGF-C and VEGF-D for lymphangiogenic therapeutic applications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181484. [PMID: 28723974 PMCID: PMC5517064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic dysfunction is associated with the progression of many cardiovascular disorders due to their role in maintaining tissue fluid homeostasis. Promoting new lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) is a promising strategy to reverse these cardiovascular disorders via restoring lymphatic function. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) members VEGF-C and VEGF-D are both potent candidates for stimulating lymphangiogenesis, though maintaining spatial and temporal control of these factors represents a challenge to developing efficient therapeutic lymphangiogenic applications. Injectable alginate hydrogels have been useful for the controlled delivery of many angiogenic factors, including VEGF-A, to stimulate new blood vasculature. However, the utility of these tunable hydrogels for delivering lymphangiogenic factors has never been closely examined. Thus, the objective of this study was to utilize ionically cross-linked alginate hydrogels to deliver VEGF-C and VEGF-D for potential lymphangiogenic applications. We demonstrated that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are sensitive to temporal presentation of VEGF-C and VEGF-D but with different responses between the factors. The greatest LEC mitogenic and sprouting response was observed for constant concentrations of VEGF-C and a high initial concentration that gradually decreased over time for VEGF-D. Additionally, alginate hydrogels provided sustained release of radiolabeled VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Finally, VEGF-C and VEGF-D released from these hydrogels promoted a similar number of LEC sprouts as exogenously added growth factors and new vasculature in vivo via a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Overall, these findings demonstrate that alginate hydrogels can provide sustained and bioactive release of VEGF-C and VEGF-D which could have applications for therapeutic lymphangiogenesis.
Collapse
|
160
|
Bland J. Cardiac Lymphatics: An Example of Systems Biology in Medicine. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2017; 16:13-16. [PMID: 30881242 PMCID: PMC6419778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When evaluated from the 2017 perspective, the 1981 Lemole cardiac lymphatic drainage model for the origin of atherosclerosis appears very prescient. The concept proposed by Dr Lemole is rooted in a systems biology understanding of the origin of disease (itself a very novel concept in 1981). The Lemole hypothesis for the origin of atherosclerosis pioneered the application of systems thinking in cardiology and brought the importance of lifestyle factors and physical medicine approaches for the prevention and treatment of cardiac disease to the threshold of a mechanistic understanding. It is this type of systems biology approach to clinical problem solving that forms the heuristic of the functional medicine model.
Collapse
|
161
|
Ganda A, Yvan-Charvet L, Zhang Y, Lai EJ, Regunathan-Shenk R, Hussain FN, Avasare R, Chakraborty B, Febus AJ, Vernocchi L, Lantigua R, Wang Y, Shi X, Hsieh J, Murphy AJ, Wang N, Bijl N, Gordon KM, de Miguel MH, Singer JR, Hogan J, Cremers S, Magnusson M, Melander O, Gerszten RE, Tall AR. Plasma metabolite profiles, cellular cholesterol efflux, and non-traditional cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 112:114-122. [PMID: 28478047 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience high rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and death that are not fully explained by traditional risk factors. In animal studies, defective cellular cholesterol efflux pathways which are mediated by the ATP binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that cholesterol efflux in humans would vary in terms of cellular components, with potential implications for cardiovascular disease. METHODS We recruited 120 CKD patients (eGFR<30mL/min/1.73m2) and 120 control subjects (eGFR ≥60mL/min/1.73m2) in order to measure cholesterol efflux using either patients' HDL and THP-1 macrophages or patients' monocytes and a flow cytometry based cholesterol efflux assay. We also measured cell-surface levels of the common β subunit of the IL-3/GM-CSF receptor (IL-3Rβ) which has been linked to defective cholesterol homeostasis and may promote monocytosis. In addition, we measured plasma inflammatory cytokines and plasma metabolite profiles. RESULTS There was a strong positive correlation between cell-surface IL-3Rβ levels and monocyte counts in CKD (P<0.001). ABCA1 mRNA was reduced in CKD vs. control monocytes (P<0.05), across various etiologies of CKD. Cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 was impaired in monocytes from CKD patients with diabetic nephropathy (P<0.05), but we found no evidence for a circulating HDL-mediated defect in cholesterol efflux in CKD. Profiling of plasma metabolites showed that medium-chain acylcarnitines were both independently associated with lower levels of cholesterol transporter mRNA in CKD monocytes at baseline (P<0.05), and with cardiovascular events in CKD patients after median 2.6years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol efflux in humans varies in terms of cellular components. We report a cellular defect in ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux in monocytes from CKD patients with diabetic nephropathy. Unlike several traditional risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, plasma metabolites inversely associated with endogenous cholesterol transporters predicted cardiovascular events in CKD patients. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesK23DK097288 and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Ganda
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eric J Lai
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Renu Regunathan-Shenk
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Farah N Hussain
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rupali Avasare
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bibhas Chakraborty
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Annie J Febus
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Linda Vernocchi
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rafael Lantigua
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xu Shi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nora Bijl
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristie M Gordon
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Hamm de Miguel
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica R Singer
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Hogan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Serge Cremers
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin Magnusson
- Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Center of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alan R Tall
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Piemontese A, Meier R, Nørrelykke SF, Perisa D, Rzepiela A, Stebler M, Stoma S, Zanoni P, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. VEGF-A Regulates Cellular Localization of SR-BI as Well as Transendothelial Transport of HDL but Not LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:794-803. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) must pass the endothelial layer to exert pro- and antiatherogenic activities, respectively, within the vascular wall. However, the rate-limiting factors that mediate transendothelial transport of lipoproteins are yet little known. Therefore, we performed a high-throughput screen with kinase drug inhibitors to identify modulators of transendothelial LDL and HDL transport.
Approach and Results—
Microscopy-based high-content screening was performed by incubating human aortic endothelial cells with 141 kinase-inhibiting drugs and fluorescent-labeled LDL or HDL. Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (VEGFR) significantly decreased the uptake of HDL but not LDL. Silencing of VEGF receptor 2 significantly decreased cellular binding, association, and transendothelial transport of
125
I-HDL but not
125
I-LDL. RNA interference with VEGF receptor 1 or VEGF receptor 3 had no effect. Binding, uptake, and transport of HDL but not LDL were strongly reduced in the absence of VEGF-A from the cell culture medium and were restored by the addition of VEGF-A. The restoring effect of VEGF-A on endothelial binding, uptake, and transport of HDL was abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as silencing of scavenger receptor BI. Moreover, the presence of VEGF-A was found to be a prerequisite for the localization of scavenger receptor BI in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells.
Conclusions—
The identification of VEGF as a regulatory factor of transendothelial transport of HDL but not LDL supports the concept that the endothelium is a specific and, hence, druggable barrier for the entry of lipoproteins into the vascular wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Velagapudi
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Antonio Piemontese
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Roger Meier
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Simon Flyvbjerg Nørrelykke
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Damir Perisa
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Andrzej Rzepiela
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Michael Stebler
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Szymon Stoma
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Paolo Zanoni
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, both in the general population and among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In most cases, the underlying cause of the cardiovascular event is atherosclerosis - a chronic inflammatory disease. CKD accelerates atherosclerosis via augmentation of inflammation, perturbation of lipid metabolism, and other mechanisms. In the artery wall, subendothelial retention of plasma lipoproteins triggers monocyte-derived macrophages and T helper type 1 (TH1) cells to form atherosclerotic plaques. Inflammation is initiated by innate immune reactions to modified lipoproteins and is perpetuated by TH1 cells that react to autoantigens from the apolipoprotein B100 protein of LDL. Other T cells are also active in atherosclerotic lesions; regulatory T cells inhibit pathological inflammation, whereas TH17 cells can promote plaque fibrosis. The slow build-up of atherosclerotic plaques is asymptomatic, but plaque rupture or endothelial erosion can induce thrombus formation, leading to myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke. Targeting risk factors for atherosclerosis has reduced mortality, but a need exists for novel therapies to stabilize plaques and to treat arterial inflammation. Patients with CKD would likely benefit from such preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Vuorio T, Tirronen A, Ylä-Herttuala S. Cardiac Lymphatics - A New Avenue for Therapeutics? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:285-296. [PMID: 28087126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in lymphatic vessel biology and in novel imaging techniques has established the importance of the lymphatic vasculature as part of the cardiovascular system. The lymphatic vessel network regulates many physiological processes important for heart function such as fluid balance, transport of extravasated proteins, and trafficking of immune cells. Therefore, lymphangiogenic therapy could be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, for example by improving reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from atherosclerotic lesions or by resolving edema and fibrosis after myocardial infarction. In this review we first describe recent findings on the development and function of cardiac lymphatic vessels, and subsequently focus on the prospects of pro- and anti-lymphangiogenic therapies in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taina Vuorio
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Tirronen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Rademakers T, van der Vorst EPC, Daissormont ITMN, Otten JJT, Theodorou K, Theelen TL, Gijbels M, Anisimov A, Nurmi H, Lindeman JHN, Schober A, Heeneman S, Alitalo K, Biessen EAL. Adventitial lymphatic capillary expansion impacts on plaque T cell accumulation in atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45263. [PMID: 28349940 PMCID: PMC5368662 DOI: 10.1038/srep45263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During plaque progression, inflammatory cells progressively accumulate in the adventitia, paralleled by an increased presence of leaky vasa vasorum. We here show that next to vasa vasorum, also the adventitial lymphatic capillary bed is expanding during plaque development in humans and mouse models of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we investigated the role of lymphatics in atherosclerosis progression. Dissection of plaque draining lymph node and lymphatic vessel in atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice aggravated plaque formation, which was accompanied by increased intimal and adventitial CD3+ T cell numbers. Likewise, inhibition of VEGF-C/D dependent lymphangiogenesis by AAV aided gene transfer of hVEGFR3-Ig fusion protein resulted in CD3+ T cell enrichment in plaque intima and adventitia. hVEGFR3-Ig gene transfer did not compromise adventitial lymphatic density, pointing to VEGF-C/D independent lymphangiogenesis. We were able to identify the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, which has previously been shown to indirectly activate VEGFR3, as a likely pathway, in that its focal silencing attenuated lymphangiogenesis and augmented T cell presence. Taken together, our study not only shows profound, partly CXCL12/CXCR4 mediated, expansion of lymph capillaries in the adventitia of atherosclerotic plaque in humans and mice, but also is the first to attribute an important role of lymphatics in plaque T cell accumulation and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rademakers
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabelle T M N Daissormont
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J T Otten
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Kosta Theodorou
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Theelen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrey Anisimov
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Nurmi
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan H N Lindeman
- Departments of Vascular Surgery and Transplantation Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Abouelkheir GR, Upchurch BD, Rutkowski JM. Lymphangiogenesis: fuel, smoke, or extinguisher of inflammation's fire? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:884-895. [PMID: 28346012 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217697385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is a recognized hallmark of inflammatory processes in tissues and organs as diverse as the skin, heart, bowel, and airways. In clinical and animal models wherein the signaling processes of lymphangiogenesis are manipulated, most studies demonstrate that an expanded lymphatic vasculature is necessary for the resolution of inflammation. The fundamental roles that lymphatics play in fluid clearance and immune cell trafficking from the periphery make these results seemingly obvious as a mechanism of alleviating locally inflamed environments: the lymphatics are simply providing a drain. Depending on the tissue site, lymphangiogenic mechanism, or induction timeframe, however, evidence shows that inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis (IAL) may worsen the pathology. Recent studies have identified lymphatic endothelial cells themselves to be local regulators of immune cell activity and its consequential phenotypes - a more active role in inflammation regulation than previously thought. Indeed, results focusing on the immunocentric roles of peripheral lymphatic function have revealed that the basic drainage task of lymphatic vessels is a complex balance of locally processed and transported antigens as well as interstitial cytokine and immune cell signaling: an interplay that likely defines the function of IAL. This review will summarize the latest findings on how IAL impacts a series of disease states in various tissues in both preclinical models and clinical studies. This discussion will serve to highlight some emerging areas of lymphatic research in an attempt to answer the question relevant to an array of scientists and clinicians of whether IAL helps to fuel or extinguish inflammation. Impact statement Inflammatory progression is present in acute and chronic tissue pathologies throughout the body. Lymphatic vessels play physiological roles relevant to all medical fields as important regulators of fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, and immune identity. Lymphangiogenesis is often concurrent with inflammation and can potentially aide or worsen disease progression. How new lymphatic vessels impact inflammation and by which mechanism is an important consideration in current and future clinical therapies targeting inflammation and/or vasculogenesis. This review identifies, across a range of tissue-specific pathologies, the current understanding of inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis in the progression or resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella R Abouelkheir
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bradley D Upchurch
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- 1 Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Reduced Necrosis and Content of Apoptotic M1 Macrophages in Advanced Atherosclerotic Plaques of Mice With Macrophage-Specific Loss of Trpc3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42526. [PMID: 28186192 PMCID: PMC5301208 DOI: 10.1038/srep42526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous work we reported that ApoeKO mice transplanted with bone marrow cells deficient in the Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 (TRPC3) channel have reduced necrosis and number of apoptotic macrophages in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Also, in vitro studies with polarized macrophages derived from mice with macrophage-specific loss of TRPC3 showed that M1, but not M2 macrophages, deficient in Trpc3 are less susceptible to ER stress-induced apoptosis than Trpc3 expressing cells. The questions remained (a) whether the plaque phenotype in transplanted mice resulted from a genuine effect of Trpc3 on macrophages, and (b) whether the reduced necrosis and macrophage apoptosis in plaques of these mice was a manifestation of the selective effect of TRPC3 on apoptosis of M1 macrophages previously observed in vitro. Here, we addressed these questions using Ldlr knockout (Ldlr−/−) mice with macrophage-specific loss of Trpc3 (MacTrpc3−/−/Ldlr−/− → Ldlr−/−). Compared to controls, we observed decreased plaque necrosis and number of apoptotic macrophages in MacTrpc3−/−/Ldlr−/− → Ldlr−/− mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a reduction in apoptotic M1, but not apoptotic M2 macrophages. These findings confirm an effect of TRPC3 on plaque necrosis and support the notion that this is likely a reflection of the reduced susceptibility of Trpc3-deficient M1 macrophages to apoptosis.
Collapse
|
168
|
Camaré C, Pucelle M, Nègre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R. Angiogenesis in the atherosclerotic plaque. Redox Biol 2017; 12:18-34. [PMID: 28212521 PMCID: PMC5312547 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifocal alteration of the vascular wall of medium and large arteries characterized by a local accumulation of cholesterol and non-resolving inflammation. Atherothrombotic complications are the leading cause of disability and mortality in western countries. Neovascularization in atherosclerotic lesions plays a major role in plaque growth and instability. The angiogenic process is mediated by classical angiogenic factors and by additional factors specific to atherosclerotic angiogenesis. In addition to its role in plaque progression, neovascularization may take part in plaque destabilization and thromboembolic events. Anti-angiogenic agents are effective to reduce atherosclerosis progression in various animal models. However, clinical trials with anti-angiogenic drugs, mainly anti-VEGF/VEGFR, used in anti-cancer therapy show cardiovascular adverse effects, and require additional investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Camaré
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Departement, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mélanie Pucelle
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Anne Nègre-Salvayre
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
| | - Robert Salvayre
- INSERM - I2MC, U-1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Departement, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Betterman KL, Harvey NL. The lymphatic vasculature: development and role in shaping immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:276-92. [PMID: 27088921 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is an integral component of the immune system. Lymphatic vessels are a key highway via which immune cells are trafficked, serving not simply as a passive route of transport, but to actively shape and coordinate immune responses. Reciprocally, immune cells provide signals that impact the growth, development, and activity of the lymphatic vasculature. In addition to immune cell trafficking, lymphatic vessels are crucial for fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption. The field of lymphatic vascular research is rapidly expanding, fuelled by rapidly advancing technology that has enabled the manipulation and imaging of lymphatic vessels, together with an increasing recognition of the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human pathologies. In this review we provide an overview of the genetic pathways and cellular processes important for development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature, discuss recent work revealing important roles for the lymphatic vasculature in directing immune cell traffic and coordinating immune responses and highlight the involvement of lymphatic vessels in a range of pathological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Betterman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Lukacs-Kornek V. The Role of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Liver Injury and Tumor Development. Front Immunol 2016; 7:548. [PMID: 27965673 PMCID: PMC5127193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatics and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) possess multiple immunological functions besides affecting immune cell migration, such as inhibiting T cell proliferation and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Moreover, they control the trans-endothelial transport of multiple molecules and antigens. Emerging evidence suggest their active involvements in immunregulation, tumor, and metastases formation. In the liver, increased lymphangiogenesis, specifically at the portal area has been associated with multiple liver diseases in particular primary biliary cirrhosis, idiopathic portal hypertension, and liver malignancies. Nevertheless, the exact role and contribution of LECs to liver diseases are poorly understood. The review summarizes the current understanding of LECs in liver diseases.
Collapse
|
171
|
Kaul S, Xu H, Zabalawi M, Maruko E, Fulp BE, Bluemn T, Brzoza-Lewis KL, Gerelus M, Weerasekera R, Kallinger R, James R, Zhang YS, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein A-I Reduces Progression of Atherosclerosis by Mobilizing Microdomain Cholesterol and Attenuating the Number of CD131 Expressing Cells: Monitoring Cholesterol Homeostasis Using the Cellular Ester to Total Cholesterol Ratio. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004401. [PMID: 27821400 PMCID: PMC5210328 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose development is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein concentration. Current therapies involve pharmaceuticals that significantly elevate plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Our studies were conducted to investigate the effects of low-dose lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on chronic inflammation. The aims of these studies were to determine how subcutaneously injected lipid-free apoA-I reduces accumulation of lipid and immune cells within the aortic root of hypercholesterolemic mice without sustained elevations in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr-/- and Ldlr-/- apoA-I-/- mice were fed a Western diet for a total of 12 weeks. After 6 weeks, a subset of mice from each group received subcutaneous injections of 200 μg of lipid-free human apoA-I 3 times a week, while the other subset received 200 μg of albumin, as a control. Mice treated with lipid-free apoA-I showed a decrease in cholesterol deposition and immune cell retention in the aortic root compared with albumin-treated mice, regardless of genotype. This reduction in atherosclerosis appeared to be directly related to a decrease in the number of CD131 expressing cells and the esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol content in several immune cell compartments. In addition, apoA-I treatment altered microdomain cholesterol composition that shifted CD131, the common β subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor, from lipid raft to nonraft fractions of the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS ApoA-I treatment reduced lipid and immune cell accumulation within the aortic root by systemically reducing microdomain cholesterol content in immune cells. These data suggest that lipid-free apoA-I mediates beneficial effects through attenuation of immune cell lipid raft cholesterol content, which affects numerous types of signal transduction pathways that rely on microdomain integrity for assembly and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kaul
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Elisa Maruko
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Brian E Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Theresa Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kristina L Brzoza-Lewis
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, and Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Rachel Kallinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Roland James
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi Sherry Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,TOPS Obesity and Metabolic Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Scallan JP, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Davis MJ. Lymphatic pumping: mechanics, mechanisms and malfunction. J Physiol 2016; 594:5749-5768. [PMID: 27219461 PMCID: PMC5063934 DOI: 10.1113/jp272088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of extrinsic (passive) and intrinsic (active) forces move lymph against a hydrostatic pressure gradient in most regions of the body. The effectiveness of the lymph pump system impacts not only interstitial fluid balance but other aspects of overall homeostasis. This review focuses on the mechanisms that regulate the intrinsic, active contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels in relation to their ability to actively transport lymph. Lymph propulsion requires not only robust contractions of lymphatic muscle cells, but contraction waves that are synchronized over the length of a lymphangion as well as properly functioning intraluminal valves. Normal lymphatic pump function is determined by the intrinsic properties of lymphatic muscle and the regulation of pumping by lymphatic preload, afterload, spontaneous contraction rate, contractility and neural influences. Lymphatic contractile dysfunction, barrier dysfunction and valve defects are common themes among pathologies that directly involve the lymphatic system, such as inherited and acquired forms of lymphoedema, and pathologies that indirectly involve the lymphatic system, such as inflammation, obesity and metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
CCL19-CCR7-dependent reverse transendothelial migration of myeloid cells clears Chlamydia muridarum from the arterial intima. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1263-1272. [PMID: 27668800 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regions of the normal arterial intima predisposed to atherosclerosis are sites of ongoing monocyte trafficking and also contain resident myeloid cells with features of dendritic cells. However, the pathophysiological roles of these cells are poorly understood. Here we found that intimal myeloid cells underwent reverse transendothelial migration (RTM) into the arterial circulation after systemic stimulation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). This process was dependent on expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and its ligand CCL19 by intimal myeloid cells. In mice infected with the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia muridarum, blood monocytes disseminated infection to the intima. Subsequent CCL19-CCR7-dependent RTM was critical for the clearance of intimal C. muridarum. This process was inhibited by hypercholesterolemia. Thus, RTM protects the normal arterial intima, and compromised RTM during atherogenesis might contribute to the intracellular retention of pathogens in atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
|
174
|
Milasan A, Tessandier N, Tan S, Brisson A, Boilard E, Martel C. Extracellular vesicles are present in mouse lymph and their level differs in atherosclerosis. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31427. [PMID: 27664155 PMCID: PMC5035515 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system works in close collaboration with the cardiovascular system to preserve fluid balance throughout the body and is essential for the trafficking of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes to lymphoid organs. Recent findings have associated lymphatic dysfunction with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammation and obesity. Whether lymphatic dysfunction is a cause or a consequence of these diseases, as well as how, is under intensive investigation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron vesicles released by diverse cell types upon activation or apoptosis and are considered important biomarkers for several inflammatory diseases. Thus, it is critical to characterize the presence of EVs in various biological tissues and fluids to delineate their origins and, subsequently, their functions. In the past few years, new techniques allowing the quantitative and qualitative analysis of EVs have emerged, thus facilitating the onset of studies bridging these vesicles to the lymphatic system. Using several state-of-the-art approaches, this article reports the presence of diverse EVs inclusively derived from red blood cells and platelets in lymph of healthy animals. Our results suggest that lymph from atherosclerotic mice displays a higher concentration of EVs, bringing forward the concept that EVs contained in lymph could either be a biomarker for lymphatic dysfunction or, conversely, for inflammatory disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tessandier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, Pessac, France
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada;
| | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Han S, Hu L, Gracia, Quach T, Simpson JS, Edwards GA, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH. Lymphatic Transport and Lymphocyte Targeting of a Triglyceride Mimetic Prodrug Is Enhanced in a Large Animal Model: Studies in Greyhound Dogs. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3351-3361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Glenn A. Edwards
- School
of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma
Street, Wagga Wagga, New
South Wales 2650, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Zhu L, Fang L. AIBP: A Novel Molecule at the Interface of Cholesterol Transport, Angiogenesis, and Atherosclerosis. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2016; 11:160-5. [PMID: 26634023 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-3-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, which is often driven by hypercholesterolemia and subsequent coronary atherosclerosis, is the number-one cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Based on long-term epidemiological studies, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely correlated with risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is responsible for cholesterol removal from the peripheral tissues and return to the liver for final elimination.1 In atherosclerosis, intraplaque angiogenesis promotes plaque growth and increases plaque vulnerability. Conceivably, the acceleration of RCT and disruption of intraplaque angiogenesis would inhibit atherosclerosis and reduce CAD. We have identified a protein called apoA-I binding protein (AIBP) that augments HDL functionality by accelerating cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, AIBP inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activation in endothelial cells and limits angiogenesis.2 The following discusses the prospect of using AIBP as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Zhu
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Longhou Fang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Venero Galanternik M, Stratman AN, Jung HM, Butler MG, Weinstein BM. Building the drains: the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:689-710. [PMID: 27576003 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is comprised of a network of endothelial vessels found in close proximity to but separated from the blood vasculature. An essential tissue component of all vertebrates, lymphatics are responsible for the maintenance of fluid homeostasis, dissemination of immune cells, and lipid reabsorption under healthy conditions. When lymphatic vessels are impaired due to invasive surgery, genetic disorders, or parasitic infections, severe fluid build-up accumulates in the affected tissues causing a condition known as lymphedema. Malignant tumors can also directly activate lymphangiogenesis and use these vessels to promote the spread of metastatic cells. Although their first description goes back to the times of Hippocrates, with subsequent anatomical characterization at the beginning of the 20th-century, the lack of identifying molecular markers and tools to visualize these translucent vessels meant that investigation of lymphatic vessels fell well behind research of blood vessels. However, after years under the shadow of the blood vasculature, recent advances in imaging technologies and new genetic and molecular tools have accelerated the pace of research on lymphatic vessel development. These new tools have facilitated both work in classical mammalian models and the emergence of new powerful vertebrate models like zebrafish, quickly driving the field of lymphatic development back into the spotlight. In this review, we summarize the highlights of recent research on the development and function of the lymphatic vascular network in health and disease. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:689-710. doi: 10.1002/wdev.246 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venero Galanternik
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amber N Stratman
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyun Min Jung
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew G Butler
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Miller NE, Olszewski WL, Miller IP, Nanjee MN. Mechanism and Physiologic Significance of the Suppression of Cholesterol Esterification in Human Interstitial Fluid. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:216. [PMID: 27471469 PMCID: PMC4945636 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol esterification in high density lipoproteins (HDLs) by lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) promotes unesterified cholesterol (UC) transfer from red cell membranes to plasma in vitro. However, it does not explain the transfer of UC from most peripheral cells to interstitial fluid in vivo, as HDLs in afferent peripheral lymph are enriched in UC. Having already reported that the endogenous cholesterol esterification rate (ECER) in lymph is only 5% of that in plasma, we have now explored the underlying mechanism. In peripheral lymph from 20 healthy men, LCAT concentration, LCAT activity (assayed using an optimized substrate), and LCAT specific activity averaged, respectively, 11.8, 10.3, and 84.9% of plasma values. When recombinant human LCAT was added to lymph, the increments in enzyme activity were similar to those when LCAT was added to plasma. Addition of apolipoprotein AI (apo AI), fatty acid-free albumin, Intralipid, or the d < 1.006 g/ml plasma fraction had no effect on ECER. During incubation of lymph plus plasma, the ECER was similar to that observed with buffer plus plasma. When lymph was added to heat-inactivated plasma, the ECER was 11-fold greater than with lymph plus buffer. Addition of discoidal proteoliposomes of apo AI and phosphatidycholine (PC) to lymph increased ECER 10-fold, while addition of apo AI/PC/UC disks did so by only six-fold. We conclude that the low ECER in lymph is due to a property of the HDLs, seemingly substrate inhibition of LCAT by excess cell-derived UC. This is reversed when lymph enters plasma, consequent upon redistribution of UC from lymph HDLs to plasma lipoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Waldemar L Olszewski
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Poland
| | - Irina P Miller
- Department of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London UK
| | - Mahmud N Nanjee
- Cardiovascular Genetics Unit, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Antiedema effects of Siberian ginseng in humans and its molecular mechanism of lymphatic vascular function in vitro. Nutr Res 2016; 36:689-95. [PMID: 27333960 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
180
|
Abstract
The mammalian circulatory system comprises both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. In contrast to the blood vascular circulation, the lymphatic system forms a unidirectional transit pathway from the extracellular space to the venous system. It actively regulates tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of gastrointestinal lipids, and trafficking of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes to lymphoid organs and on to the systemic circulation. The cardinal manifestation of lymphatic malfunction is lymphedema. Recent research has implicated the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases including obesity and metabolic disease, dyslipidemia, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Here, we review the most recent advances in the field of lymphatic vascular biology, with a focus on cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksanteri Aspelund
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Marius R Robciuc
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Sinem Karaman
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Taija Makinen
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the Wihuri Research Institute (A.A., M.R.R., S.K., K.A.) and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (A.A., M.R.R., K.A.); and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (T.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Ulvmar MH, Mäkinen T. Heterogeneity in the lymphatic vascular system and its origin. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:310-21. [PMID: 27357637 PMCID: PMC4996263 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have historically been viewed as passive conduits for fluid and immune cells, but this perspective is increasingly being revised as new functions of lymphatic vessels are revealed. Emerging evidence shows that lymphatic endothelium takes an active part in immune regulation both by antigen presentation and expression of immunomodulatory genes. In addition, lymphatic vessels play an important role in uptake of dietary fat and clearance of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, and they have been implicated in obesity and arteriosclerosis. Lymphatic vessels within different organs and in different physiological and pathological processes show a remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity, reflecting their functional specialization. In addition, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) of different organs were recently shown to have alternative developmental origins, which may contribute to the development of the diverse lymphatic vessel and endothelial functions seen in the adult. Here, we discuss recent developments in the understanding of heterogeneity within the lymphatic system considering the organ-specific functional and molecular specialization of LECs and their developmental origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Ulvmar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesteryl ester (CE)-enriched apoB containing plasma lipoproteins lead to increased foam cell formation, the first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Unregulated uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by circulating monocytes and other peripheral blood cells takes place through scavenger receptors and over time causes disruption in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. As lipoproteins are taken up, their CE core is hydrolyzed by liposomal lipases to generate free cholesterol (FC). FC can be either re-esterified and stored as CE droplets or shuttled to the plasma membrane for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated efflux. Because cholesterol is an essential component of all cellular membranes, some FC may be incorporated into microdomains or lipid rafts. These platforms are essential for receptor signaling and transduction, requiring rapid assembly and disassembly. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 plays a major role in regulating microdomain cholesterol and is most efficient when lipid-poor apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) packages raft cholesterol into soluble particles that are eventually catabolized by the liver. If FC is not effluxed from the cell, it becomes esterified, CE droplets accumulate and microdomain cholesterol content becomes poorly regulated. This dysregulation leads to prolonged activation of immune cell signaling pathways, resulting in receptor oversensitization. The availability of apoAI or other amphipathic α-helix-rich apoproteins relieves the burden of excess microdomain cholesterol in immune cells allowing a reduction in immune cell proliferation and infiltration, thereby stimulating regression of foam cells in the artery. Therefore, cellular balance between FC and CE is essential for proper immune cell function and prevents chronic immune cell overstimulation and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine and Senior Investigator, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin (M.G.S.-T.) and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.J.T.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Roth Flach RJ, Guo CA, Danai LV, Yawe JC, Gujja S, Edwards YJK, Czech MP. Endothelial Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 Is Critical for Lymphatic Vascular Development and Function. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1740-9. [PMID: 27044870 PMCID: PMC4907094 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01121-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying lymphatic vascular development and function are not well understood. Recent studies have suggested a role for endothelial cell (EC) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (Map4k4) in developmental angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Here, we show that constitutive loss of EC Map4k4 in mice causes postnatal lethality due to chylothorax, suggesting that Map4k4 is required for normal lymphatic vascular function. Mice constitutively lacking EC Map4k4 displayed dilated lymphatic capillaries, insufficient lymphatic valves, and impaired lymphatic flow; furthermore, primary ECs derived from these animals displayed enhanced proliferation compared with controls. Yeast 2-hybrid analyses identified the Ras GTPase-activating protein Rasa1, a known regulator of lymphatic development and lymphatic endothelial cell fate, as a direct interacting partner for Map4k4. Map4k4 silencing in ECs enhanced basal Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activities, and primary ECs lacking Map4k4 displayed enhanced lymphatic EC marker expression. Taken together, these results reveal that EC Map4k4 is critical for lymphatic vascular development by regulating EC quiescence and lymphatic EC fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Roth Flach
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chang-An Guo
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura V Danai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph C Yawe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharvari Gujja
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yvonne J K Edwards
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Chan IH, Van Hoof D, Abramova M, Bilardello M, Mar E, Jorgensen B, McCauley S, Bal H, Oft M, Van Vlasselaer P, Mumm JB. PEGylated IL-10 Activates Kupffer Cells to Control Hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156229. [PMID: 27299860 PMCID: PMC4907428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts potent context specific immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. We have investigated the mechanism by which PEGylated rIL-10 regulates plasma cholesterol in mice and humans. In agreement with previous work on rIL-10, we report that PEGylated rIL-10 harnesses the myeloid immune system to control total plasma cholesterol levels. We have discovered that PEG-rMuIL-10’s dramatic lowering of plasma cholesterol is dependent on phagocytotic cells. In particular, PEG-rHuIL-10 enhances cholesterol uptake by Kupffer cells. In addition, removal of phagocytotic cells dramatically increases plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting for the first time that immunological cells are implicitly involved in regulating total cholesterol levels. These data suggest that treatment with PEG-rIL-10 potentiates endogenous cholesterol regulating cell populations not currently targeted by standard of care therapeutics. Furthermore, we show that IL-10’s increase of Kupffer cell cholesterol phagocytosis is concomitant with decreases in liver cholesterol and triglycerides. This leads to the reversal of early periportal liver fibrosis and facilitates the restoration of liver health. These data recommend PEG-rIL-10 for evaluation in the treatment of fatty liver disease and preventing its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In direct confirmation of our in vivo findings in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with PEG-rMuIL-10, we report that treatment of hypercholesterolemic cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 lowers total plasma cholesterol by up to 50%. Taken together these data suggest that PEG-rIL-10’s cholesterol regulating biology is consistent between mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan H. Chan
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Dennis Van Hoof
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Marina Abramova
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Melissa Bilardello
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Elliot Mar
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Brett Jorgensen
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Scott McCauley
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Harminder Bal
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Martin Oft
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Peter Van Vlasselaer
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - John B. Mumm
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Milasan A, Dallaire F, Mayer G, Martel C. Effects of LDL Receptor Modulation on Lymphatic Function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27862. [PMID: 27279328 PMCID: PMC4899717 DOI: 10.1038/srep27862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is driven by the accumulation of immune cells and cholesterol in the arterial wall. Although recent studies have shown that lymphatic vessels play an important role in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, the specific underlying mechanisms of this physiological feature remain unknown. In the current report, we sought to better characterize the lymphatic dysfunction that is associated with atherosclerosis by studying the physiological and temporal origins of this impairment. First, we assessed that athero-protected Pcsk9−/− mice exhibited improved collecting lymphatic vessel function throughout age when compared to WT mice for up to six months, while displaying enhanced expression of LDLR on lymphatic endothelial cells. Lymphatic dysfunction was present before the atherosclerotic lesion formation in a mouse model that is predisposed to develop atherosclerosis (Ldlr−/−; hApoB100+/+). This dysfunction was presumably associated with a defect in the collecting lymphatic vessels in a non-specific cholesterol- but LDLR-dependent manner. Treatment with a selective VEGFR-3 agonist rescued this impairment observed early in the onset of this arterial disease. We suggest that LDLR modulation is associated with early atherosclerosis-related lymphatic dysfunction, and bring forth a pleiotropic role for PCSK9 in lymphatic function. Our study unveils new potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gaétan Mayer
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Abstract
The two vascular systems of our body are the blood and the lymphatic vasculature. Our understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms controlling the development of the lymphatic vasculature network has significantly improved. The availability of novel animal models and better imaging tools led to the identification of lymphatics in tissues and organs previously thought to be devoid of them. Similarly, the classical textbook list of established functional roles of the lymphatic system has been expanded by the addition of novel findings. In this review we provide a historical perspective of some of the important landmarks that opened the doors to researchers working in this field. We also summarize some of the current views about embryonic lymphangiogenesis, particularly about the source(s), commitment, and differentiation of lymphatic endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Escobedo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611;
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Lymph vessels: the forgotten second circulation in health and disease. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:3-17. [PMID: 27173782 PMCID: PMC4923112 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic circulation is still a somewhat forgotten part of the circulatory system. Despite this, novel insights in lymph angiogenesis in health and disease, application of immune markers for lymphatic growth and differentiation and also the introduction of new imaging techniques to visualize the lymphatic circulation have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. These achievements yield better understanding of the various manifestations of lymph oedemas and malformations, and also the patterns of lymphovascular spread of cancers. Immune markers that recognize lymphatic endothelium antigens, such as podoplanin, LYVE-1 and Prox-1, can be successfully applied in diagnostic pathology and have revealed (at least partial) lymphatic differentiation in many types of vascular lesions.
Collapse
|
188
|
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a key component of tissue fluid homeostasis. In contrast to the closed and high-pressure blood vascular system, the lymphatic vascular system transports lymph in an open and low-pressure network. A prerequisite player in the transport of immune cells and cholesterol metabolism, it has been understudied until recently. Whereas defects in lymph circulation are mostly associated with pathologies such as congenital or acquired lymphedema, emerging significant developments are unraveling the role of lymphatic vessels in other pathological settings. In the last decade, discoveries of underlying genes responsible for developmental and postnatal lymphatic growth, combined with state-of-the-art lymphatic function imaging and quantification techniques, have matched the growing interest in understanding the role of the lymphatic system in atherosclerosis. With a historical perspective, this review highlights the current knowledge regarding interaction between the lymphatic vascular tree and atherosclerosis, with an emphasis on the physiological mechanisms of this multifaceted system throughout disease onset and progression. The blood and lymphatic vascular systems are parallel but interdependent networks. The lymphatic system governs the transport of superfluous interstitial fluids from peripheral tissues to the blood circulation, maintaining fluid balance throughout the body. Defects in lymphatic function have been broadly associated with pathologies such as congenital or acquired lymphedema. Although longstanding observations suggested that the lymphatic vasculature could be central in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, recent publications specifically point out its potential implication in atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge unraveling the interaction between the lymphatic network and atherosclerosis, with an emphasis on the physiological mechanisms of this intricate system.
Collapse
|
189
|
Koltowska K, Paterson S, Bower NI, Baillie GJ, Lagendijk AK, Astin JW, Chen H, Francois M, Crosier PS, Taft RJ, Simons C, Smith KA, Hogan BM. mafba is a downstream transcriptional effector of Vegfc signaling essential for embryonic lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1618-30. [PMID: 26253536 PMCID: PMC4536310 DOI: 10.1101/gad.263210.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Koltowska et al. used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify the transcription factor mafba as essential for lymphatic vessel development. Vegfc signaling increases mafba expression to control downstream transcription, and this relationship is SoxF transcription factor-dependent. The lymphatic vasculature plays roles in tissue fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, fatty acid absorption, cancer metastasis, and cardiovascular disease. Lymphatic vessels form by lymphangiogenesis, the sprouting of new lymphatics from pre-existing vessels, in both development and disease contexts. The apical signaling pathway in lymphangiogenesis is the VEGFC/VEGFR3 pathway, yet how signaling controls cellular transcriptional output remains unknown. We used a forward genetic screen in zebrafish to identify the transcription factor mafba as essential for lymphatic vessel development. We found that mafba is required for the migration of lymphatic precursors after their initial sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein. mafba expression is enriched in sprouts emerging from veins, and we show that mafba functions cell-autonomously during lymphatic vessel development. Mechanistically, Vegfc signaling increases mafba expression to control downstream transcription, and this regulatory relationship is dependent on the activity of SoxF transcription factors, which are essential for mafba expression in venous endothelium. Here we identify an indispensable Vegfc–SoxF–Mafba pathway in lymphatic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Koltowska
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory J Baillie
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne K Lagendijk
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Huijun Chen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mathias Francois
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Trevaskis NL, Kaminskas LM, Porter CJH. From sewer to saviour — targeting the lymphatic system to promote drug exposure and activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:781-803. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
191
|
Wolf D, Zirlik A, Ley K. Beyond vascular inflammation--recent advances in understanding atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3853-69. [PMID: 26100516 PMCID: PMC4577451 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most life-threatening pathology worldwide. Its major clinical complications, stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, are on the rise in many regions of the world--despite considerable progress in understanding cause, progression, and consequences of atherosclerosis. Originally perceived as a lipid-storage disease of the arterial wall (Die cellularpathologie in ihrer begründung auf physiologische und pathologische gewebelehre. August Hirschwald Verlag Berlin, [1871]), atherosclerosis was recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease in 1986 (New Engl J Med 314:488-500, 1986). The presence of lymphocytes in atherosclerotic lesions suggested autoimmune processes in the vessel wall (Clin Exp Immunol 64:261-268, 1986). Since the advent of suitable mouse models of atherosclerosis (Science 258:468-471, 1992; Cell 71:343-353, 1992; J Clin Invest 92:883-893, 1993) and the development of flow cytometry to define the cellular infiltrate in atherosclerotic lesions (J Exp Med 203:1273-1282, 2006), the origin, lineage, phenotype, and function of distinct inflammatory cells that trigger or inhibit the inflammatory response in the atherosclerotic plaque have been studied. Multiphoton microscopy recently enabled direct visualization of antigen-specific interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in the vessel wall (J Clin Invest 122:3114-3126, 2012). Vascular immunology is now emerging as a new field, providing evidence for protective as well as damaging autoimmune responses (Int Immunol 25:615-622, 2013). Manipulating inflammation and autoimmunity both hold promise for new therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular disease. Ongoing work (J Clin Invest 123:27-36, 2013; Front Immunol 2013; Semin Immunol 31:95-101, 2009) suggests that it may be possible to develop antigen-specific immunomodulatory prevention and therapy-a vaccine against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wolf
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- Atherogenesis Research Group, Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. The mast cell as a pluripotent HDL-modifying effector in atherogenesis: from in vitro to in vivo significance. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:362-8. [PMID: 26339766 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence about the effects that mast cell mediators can exert on the cholesterol efflux-inducing function of high density lipoproteins (HDL). RECENT FINDINGS Subendothelially located activated mast cells are present in inflamed tissue sites, in which macrophage foam cells are also present. Upon activation, mast cells degranulate and expel 2 major neutral proteases, chymase and tryptase, and the vasoactive compound histamine, all of which are bound to the heparin-proteoglycan matrix of the granules. In the extracellular fluid, the proteases remain heparin-bound and retain their activities, whereas histamine dissociates and diffuses away to reach the endothelium. The heparin-bound mast cell proteases avidly degrade lipid-poor HDL particles so preventing their ability to induce cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells. In contrast, histamine enhances the passage of circulating HDL through the vascular endothelium into interstitial fluids, so favoring HDL interaction with peripheral macrophage foam cells and accelerating initiation of macrophage-specific reverse cholesterol transport. SUMMARY Mast cells exert various modulatory effects on HDL function. In this novel tissue cholesterol-regulating function, the functional balance of histamine and proteases, and the relative quantities of HDL particles in the affected microenvironment ultimately dictate the outcome of the multiple mast cell effects on tissue cholesterol content.
Collapse
|
193
|
van Hinsbergh VWM, Eringa EC, Daemen MJAP. Neovascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque: interplay between atherosclerotic lesion, adventitia-derived microvessels and perivascular fat. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:405-11. [PMID: 26241102 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neovascularization is a prominent feature in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques. This review surveys recent evidence for and remaining uncertainties regarding a role of neovascularization in atherosclerotic plaque progression. Specific emphasis is given to hypoxia, angiogenesis inhibition, and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). RECENT FINDINGS Immunohistochemical and imaging studies showed a strong association between hypoxia, inflammation and neovascularization, and the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque both in humans and mice. Whereas in humans, a profound invasion of microvessels from the adventitia into the plaque occurs, neovascularization in mice is found mainly (peri)adventitially. Influencing neovascularization in mice affected plaque progression, possibly by improving vessel perfusion, but supportive clinical data are not available. Whereas plaque neovascularization contributes to monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the plaque, lymphangiogenesis may facilitate egress of cells and waste products. A specific role for PVAT and its secreted factors is anticipated and wait further clinical evaluation. SUMMARY Hypoxia, inflammation, and plaque neovascularization are associated with plaque progression as underpinned by recent imaging data in humans. Recent studies provide new insights into modulation of adventitia-associated angiogenesis, PVAT, and plaque development in mice, but there is still a need for detailed information on modulating human plaque vascularization in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- aLaboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center bDepartment of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Ikonen E, Blom T. Lipoprotein-mediated delivery of BODIPY-labeled sterol and sphingolipid analogs reveals lipid transport mechanisms in mammalian cells. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:29-36. [PMID: 26343174 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are often introduced into cell membranes directly from solvent or from lipophilic artificial carriers, such as cyclodextrins. A physiological lipid entry route into mammalian cells is via lipoprotein mediated uptake. In this review, we discuss the introduction of BODIPY-labeled sterol and sphingolipid analogs into mammalian cells via high- or low-density lipoproteins, and the novel findings made by using this strategy. Lipoprotein mediated delivery favors endocytic uptake and initial incorporation of the lipid into membranes of the endosomal compartments. This routing can therefore highlight physiological mechanisms of lipid entry into and exit from the endo-lysosomal membrane system. The underlying principles are of key importance for instance in controlling plasma cholesterol levels and in the development and regression of lysosomal lipid storage diseases. A common denominator for the BODIPY-labeled lipid analogs discussed in this review is that they were synthesized by late Robert Bittman, whose scientific impact radiates far beyond his lifework in organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Dept of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Blom
- Dept of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Kazenwadel J, Harvey NL. Morphogenesis of the lymphatic vasculature: A focus on new progenitors and cellular mechanisms important for constructing lymphatic vessels. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:209-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kazenwadel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Huang LH, Elvington A, Randolph GJ. The role of the lymphatic system in cholesterol transport. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:182. [PMID: 26388772 PMCID: PMC4557107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the pathway for removal of peripheral tissue cholesterol and involves transport of cholesterol back to liver for excretion, starting from cellular cholesterol efflux facilitated by lipid-free apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) or other lipidated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles within the interstitial space. Extracellular cholesterol then is picked up and transported through the lymphatic vasculature before entering into bloodstream. There is increasing evidence supporting a role for enhanced macrophage cholesterol efflux and RCT in ameliorating atherosclerosis, and recent data suggest that these processes may serve as better diagnostic biomarkers than plasma HDL levels. Hence, it is important to better understand the processes governing ApoA1 and HDL influx into peripheral tissues from the bloodstream, modification and facilitation of cellular cholesterol removal within the interstitial space, and transport through the lymphatic vasculature. New findings will complement therapeutic strategies for the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Elvington
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Micro-RNAs and macrophage diversity in atherosclerosis: new players, new challenges…new opportunities for therapeutic intervention? Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 3:202-206. [PMID: 26457329 PMCID: PMC4594832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts in experimental therapeutics of atherosclerosis are mostly focused on identifying candidate targets that can be exploited in developing new strategies to reduce plaque progression, induce its regression and/or improve stability of advanced lesions. Plaque macrophages are central players in all these processes, and consequently a significant amount of research is devoted to understanding mechanisms that regulate, for instance, macrophage apoptosis, necrosis or migration. Macrophage diversity is a key feature of the macrophage population in the plaque and can impact many aspects of lesion development. Thus, searching for molecular entities that contribute to atherorelevant functions of a specific macrophage type but not others may lead to identification of targets that can be exploited in phenotype selective modulation of the lesional macrophage. This however, remains an unmet goal. In recent years several studies have revealed critical functions of micro-RNAs (miRs) in mechanisms of macrophage polarization, and a number of miRs have emerged as being specific of distinctive macrophage subsets. Not only can these miRs represent the first step towards recognition of phenotype specific targets, but they may also pave the way to reveal novel atherorelevant pathways within macrophage subsets. This article discusses some of these recent findings, speculates on their potential relevance to atherosclerosis and elaborates on the prospective use of miRs to affect the function of plaque macrophages in a phenotype selective manner. Micro-RNAs are critical in macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis. Macrophage subsets have distinctive miRs. The use of miRs to target plaque macrophage subsets is discussed.
Collapse
|
198
|
Karaman S, Buschle D, Luciani P, Leroux JC, Detmar M, Proulx ST. Decline of lymphatic vessel density and function in murine skin during aging. Angiogenesis 2015; 18:489-98. [PMID: 26260189 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-015-9479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play important roles in the pathogenesis of many conditions that have an increased prevalence in the elderly population. However, the effects of the aging process on the lymphatic system are still relatively unknown. We have applied non-invasive imaging and whole-mount staining techniques to assess the lymphatic vessel function and morphology in three different age groups of mice: 2 months (young), 7 months (middle-aged), and 18 months (aged). We first developed and validated a new method to quantify lymphatic clearance from mouse ear skin, using a lymphatic-specific near-infrared tracer. Using this method, we found that there is a prominent decrease in lymphatic vessel function during aging since the lymphatic clearance was significantly delayed in aged mice. This loss of function correlated with a decreased lymphatic vessel density and a reduced lymphatic network complexity in the skin of aged mice as compared to younger controls. The blood vascular leakage in the skin was slightly increased in the aged mice, indicating that the decreased lymphatic function was not caused by a reduced capillary filtration in aged skin. The decreased function of lymphatic vessels with aging might have implications for the pathogenesis of a number of aging-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Karaman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorina Buschle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Luciani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Navratil AR, Vozenilek AE, Cardelli JA, Green JM, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG, Orr AW, Woolard MD. Lipin-1 contributes to modified low-density lipoprotein-elicited macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:424-32. [PMID: 26288136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries and the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, a major cause of mortality worldwide. The over-accumulation of modified cholesterol-containing low-density lipoproteins (e.g. oxLDL) in the artery wall and the subsequent recruitment and activation of macrophages contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. The excessive uptake of modified-LDL by macrophages leads to a lipid-laden "foamy" phenotype and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Modified-LDLs promote foam cell formation in part by stimulating de novo lipid biosynthesis. However, it is unknown if lipid biosynthesis directly regulates foam cell pro-inflammatory mediator production. Lipin-1, a phosphatidate phosphohydrolase required for the generation of diacylglycerol during glycerolipid synthesis has recently been demonstrated to contribute to bacterial-induced pro-inflammatory responses by macrophages. In this study we present evidence demonstrating the presence of lipin-1 within macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, reducing lipin-1 levels in macrophages significantly inhibits both modified-LDL-induced foam cell formation in vitro, as observed by smaller/fewer intracellular lipid inclusions, and ablates modified-LDL-elicited production of the pro-atherogenic mediators tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. These findings demonstrate a critical role for lipin-1 in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses to modified-LDL. These data begin to link the processes of foam cell formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production within macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Navratil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Aimee E Vozenilek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - James A Cardelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Jonette M Green
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
High-density lipoprotein-mediated transcellular cholesterol transport in mouse aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:256-61. [PMID: 26255968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of unesterified cholesterol-rich lipid vesicles in the subendothelial space contributes to atherogenesis. Transport of cholesterol from the subendothelial intima back to the circulating blood inhibits atherosclerosis development; however, the mechanism for this process has not been fully defined. Using cultured mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs), we observed that unesterified cholesterol can be transported across the endothelial cell monolayer from the basolateral to the apical compartment. Administration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) to the apical compartment enhanced transendothelial cholesterol transport in a concentration-dependent manner. Knockdown of ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) or scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1), or inhibition of SR-B1 diminished HDL-induced transendothelial cholesterol transport; while knockdown of ABCA1 reduced apoAI-mediated cholesterol transport. HDL enhanced phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt in MAECs. However, inhibition of PI3K or Akt did not reduce HDL-induced transendothelial cholesterol transport. These results suggest that HDL enhances transendothelial cholesterol transport by activation of a mechanism involving ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR-B1 but not involving PI3K and Akt.
Collapse
|