151
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Abstract
Although there are recommendations to prevent tooth decay by other means, this nonsystematic review finds that fluoride is the key to prevention and control of tooth decay. There are multiple fluoride modalities with effectiveness and safety of fluoride depending on dose and concentration. Prevention of tooth decay occurs at the individual level by fluoride use at home and with professional application and at the community level through fluoridation of water or salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Pollick
- Dental Public Health Residency Program, Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0758, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA.
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152
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Ajiboye A, Dawson D, Fox C. American Association for Dental Research Policy Statement on Community Water Fluoridation. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1293-1296. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034518797274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Ajiboye
- American Association for Dental Research, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - D.R. Dawson
- College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C.H. Fox
- American Association for Dental Research, Alexandria, VA, USA
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153
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Limón-Pacheco JH, Jiménez-Córdova MI, Cárdenas-González M, Sánchez Retana IM, Gonsebatt ME, Del Razo LM. Potential Co-exposure to Arsenic and Fluoride and Biomonitoring Equivalents for Mexican Children. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:257-273. [PMID: 30873793 PMCID: PMC6748235 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is included in the list of countries with concurrent arsenic and fluoride contamination in drinking water. Most of the studies have been carried out in the adult population and very few in the child population. Urinary arsenic and urinary fluoride levels have been accepted as good biomarkers of exposure dose. The Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) values are useful tools for health assessment using human biomonitoring data in relation to the exposure guidance values, but BE information for children is limited. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the reported levels of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water, urinary quantification of speciated arsenic (inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites), and urinary fluoride levels in child populations. For BE values, urinary arsenic and fluoride concentrations reported in Mexican child populations were revised discussing the influence of factors such as diet, use of dental products, sex, and metabolism. RESULTS Approximately 0.5 and 6 million Mexican children up to 14 years of age drink water with arsenic levels over 10 μg/L and fluoride over 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, 40% of localities with arsenic levels higher than 10 μg/L also present concurrent fluoride exposure higher than 1.5 mgF/L. BE values based in urinary arsenic of 15 μg/L and urinary fluoride of 1.2 mg/L for the environmentally exposed child population are suggested. CONCLUSIONS An actual risk map of Mexican children exposed to high levels of arsenic, fluoride, and both arsenic and fluoride in drinking water was generated. Mexican normativity for maximum contaminant level for arsenic and fluoride in drinking water should be adjusted and enforced to preserve health. BE should be used in child populations to investigate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Limón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | | | | | - Ilse M Sánchez Retana
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, MX
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154
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Zimmerman JR, Criss C, Evans S, Ernst M, Nieszala M, Stafford A, Szczerba J. Fluorescent sensor for fluoride anion based on a sulfonamido-chromone scaffold. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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155
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Bakhurji EA, Alqahtani YS. Fluoride Concentration of Water Supply in Eastern Saudi Arabia: A Preliminary Study. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 6:77-81. [PMID: 30787825 PMCID: PMC6196705 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_176_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community water fluoridation is known to play a significant role in enhancing oral health by reducing the incidence of dental caries. However, the level of fluoride in the supplied public water in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine water fluoride levels at the main sources supplying water to households and schools in two major cities (Dammam and Al-Khobar) of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. METHODS From the Directorate of Water Agency and Directorate of Education, the following were identified as the main sources of public water supply in Dammam and Al-Khobar: the water agency, public water tanks and four contracted companies. Two samples were collected from each of these six identified water sources at two different time points (in January and July 2016; 2 samples/site/time point; N = 24) using 500 mL polythene bottles. Each sample was analyzed using an ion chromatography system at different detection limits (including the lowest detection limit of 0.065 ppm) to determine the fluoride level. RESULTS There was no fluoride detected in any sample even at the lowest detection limit, indicating that fluoride levels in the studied water samples were <0.065 ppm. CONCLUSION This study found that in the cities studied, fluoride levels, if any, are considerably below the optimum recommended level for the prevention of dental caries (i.e., 0.7 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abduljalil Bakhurji
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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156
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Helmi M, Spinella MK, Seymour B. Community water fluoridation online: an analysis of the digital media ecosystem. J Public Health Dent 2018; 78:296-305. [PMID: 29603251 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research demonstrates the safety and efficacy of community water fluoridation (CWF). Yet, the digitization of communication has triggered the spread of inaccurate information online. The purpose of this study was to analyze patterns of CWF information dissemination by a network of sources on the web. METHODS We used Media Cloud, a searchable big data platform of over 550 million stories from 50 thousand sources, along with tools to analyze that archive. We generated a network of fluoridation publishers using Media Cloud's keyword identification from August 1, 2015 to July 31, 2016. We defined the media type and sentiment toward CWF for each source and generated a network map of the most influential sources during our study period based on hyperlinking activity. RESULTS Media Cloud detected a total of 980 stories from 325 different sources related to water fluoridation. We identified nine different media types participating in the dissemination of information: academic, government, scientific group, natural medicine, blogs, mainstream media, advocacy groups, user-generated (e.g., YouTube), and "other." We detected five sub-networks within the overall fluoridation network map, each with its own characteristics. Twenty-one percent of sources were pro-fluoridation, receiving 57 percent of all inlinks, 22 percent of sources were anti-fluoridation, and the rest were neutral (54 percent). CONCLUSIONS The dominant neutral sentiment of the network may signify that anti- and pro-sides of the debate are viewed as balanced, not just in number but also in quality of information. Despite high inlinks to pro-sources, anti-fluoridation sentiment maintains influence online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Helmi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA.,King Saud University, College of Dentistry, Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Kate Spinella
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brittany Seymour
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
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157
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O'Connell J, Rockell J, Ouellet J, Tomar SL, Maas W. Costs And Savings Associated With Community Water Fluoridation In The United States. Health Aff (Millwood) 2018; 35:2224-2232. [PMID: 27920310 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The most comprehensive study of US community water fluoridation program benefits and costs was published in 2001. This study provides updated estimates using an economic model that includes recent data on program costs, dental caries increments, and dental treatments. In 2013 more than 211 million people had access to fluoridated water through community water systems serving 1,000 or more people. Savings associated with dental caries averted in 2013 as a result of fluoridation were estimated to be $32.19 per capita for this population. Based on 2013 estimated costs ($324 million), net savings (savings minus costs) from fluoridation systems were estimated to be $6,469 million and the estimated return on investment, 20.0. While communities should assess their specific costs for continuing or implementing a fluoridation program, these updated findings indicate that program savings are likely to exceed costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan O'Connell
- Joan O'Connell is an associate professor in the Department of Community and Behavioral Health at the Colorado School of Public Health, in Aurora
| | - Jennifer Rockell
- Jennifer Rockell is a research associate in the Department of Community and Behavioral Health at the Colorado School of Public Health
| | - Judith Ouellet
- Judith Ouellet is a senior professional research assistant in the Division of Health Care Policy and Research at the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, in Aurora
| | - Scott L Tomar
- Scott L. Tomar is a professor in the Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science at the College of Dentistry, University of Florida, in Gainesville
| | - William Maas
- William Maas is a dental consultant at William Maas, LLC, in Rockville, Maryland
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158
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Amaral SL, Azevedo LB, Buzalaf MAR, Fabricio MF, Fernandes MS, Valentine RA, Maguire A, Zohoori FV. Effect of chronic exercise on fluoride metabolism in fluorosis-susceptible mice exposed to high fluoride. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3211. [PMID: 29453343 PMCID: PMC5816643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of chronic exercise on fluoride (F) metabolism in fluorosis-susceptible mice exposed to high-F and explored the relationship between F concentrations in bone and plasma. Thirty male mice were randomised into three groups: Group I (No-F, No-Exercise), Group II (50 ppmF, No-Exercise), Group III (50 ppmF, Exercise). Body weight and physical performance of all mice were measured at baseline and end of experiment. F concentrations of plasma and bone were measured at the end of experiment. Mean plasma F concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Groups II and III compared with Group I. Mean bone F concentration was also significantly higher (p < 0.01) in Groups II and III compared with Group I. There was a significant correlation (p = 0.01, r = 0.54) between F concentration of plasma and bone. Mean body weight of Group I mice was significantly higher than Group II (p < 0.001) and Group III (p = 0.001) mice at the end of the experiment. This study, which provides the first data on the effect of chronic exercise on F metabolism in fluorosis-susceptible mice, suggests no effect of chronic exercise on F in plasma and bone. However, exposure to high-F resulted in lower body weight and exercise capacity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Amaral
- Department of Physical Education, Science Faculty, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Liane B Azevedo
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Marilia A R Buzalaf
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Mayara F Fabricio
- Department of Physical Education, Science Faculty, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Mileni S Fernandes
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Ruth A Valentine
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4BW, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Anne Maguire
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4BW, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Fatemeh V Zohoori
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK.
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159
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Theerawasttanasiri N, Taneepanichskul S, Pingchai W, Nimchareon Y, Sriwichai S. Implementing a geographical information system to assess endemic fluoride areas in Lamphun, Thailand. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2018; 11:15-24. [PMID: 29398924 PMCID: PMC5793896 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s147016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many studies have shown that fluoride can cross the placenta and that exposure to high fluoride during pregnancy may result in premature birth and/or a low birth weight. Lamphun is one of six provinces in Thailand where natural water fluoride (WF) concentrations >10.0 mg/L were found, and it was also found that >50% of households used water with high fluoride levels. Nevertheless, geographical information system (GIS) and maps of endemic fluoride areas are lacking. We aimed to measure the fluoride level of village water supplies to assess endemic fluoride areas and present GIS with maps in Google Maps. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 2016 to January 2017. Purpose sampling was used to identify villages of districts with WF >10.0 mg/L in the Mueang Lamphun, Pasang, and Ban Thi districts. Water samples were collected with the geolocation measured by Smart System Info. Fluoride was analyzed with an ion-selective electrode instrument using a total ionic strength adjustment buffer. WF >0.70 mg/L was used to identify unsafe drinking water and areas with high endemic fluoride levels. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the findings, and MS Excel was used to create the GIS database. Maps were created in Google Earth and presented in Google Maps. Results We found that WF concentrations ranged between 0.10–13.60 mg/L. Forty-four percent (n=439) of samples were at unsafe levels (>0.70 mg/L), and. 54% (n=303) of villages and 46% (n=79,807) of households used the unsafe drinking water. Fifty percent (n=26) of subdistricts were classified as being endemic fluoride areas. Five subdistricts were endemic fluoride areas, and in those, there were two subdistricts in which every household used unsafe drinking water. Conclusion These findings show the distribution of endemic fluoride areas and unsafe drinking water in Lamphun. This is useful for health policy authorities, local governments, and villagers and enables collaboration to resolve these issues. The GIS data are available at https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mi4Pvomf5xHZ1MQjK44pdp2xXFw&usp=sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthaphat Theerawasttanasiri
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Health, Health Promotion Center Region 1, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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160
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Arvin E, Bardow A, Spliid H. Caries affected by calcium and fluoride in drinking water and family income. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:49-56. [PMID: 29424718 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and socioeconomics influence caries in populations. This study broadens previous studies on how caries is associated with fluoride and calcium in drinking water and with family income by quantifying the combined effect of the three independent variables. The effects of calcium and fluoride can be described as independent effects of the two ions or, alternatively, in the form of saturation with respect to fluorite (CaF2). A general linear model describes this relationship with high significance and the model confirms the important protective effect of calcium and fluoride, independently against caries. From the model, the relative importance of fluoride and calcium to protect against caries is quantified. The relationship between caries and family income is also highly significant. It is illustrated how the linear model can be applied in planning and analyzing drinking water softening in relation to caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Arvin
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark E-mail: ;
| | - Allan Bardow
- Dental School of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Spliid
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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161
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Wiener RC, Shen C, Findley P, Tan X, Sambamoorthi U. Dental Fluorosis over Time: A comparison of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2001-2002 and 2011-2012. JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE : JDH 2018; 92:23-29. [PMID: 29500282 PMCID: PMC5929463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Excessive fluoride ingestion has been associated with dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in dental fluorosis prevalence comparing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) trend data for adolescents, aged 16 and 17 years, when compared to data collected in 2001-2002 to data from 2011-2012.Methods: The sample included 875 participants. Data analyses included Chi square tests and logistic regressions. The data were from a nationally representative survey by calibrated dental examiners using the modified Dean's fluorosis classification system. The data analysis of the prevalence of fluorosis severity level was dichotomized to very mild/above vs. normal/questionable.Results: In 2001-2002, the weighted percentage prevalence of the denoted dental fluorosis categories were: 49.8% normal (i.e., unaffected), 20.5% questionable, and 29.7% very mild and above. In 2011-2012, the weighted percentage prevalence categories were: 31.2% normal, 7.5% questionable, and 61.3% very mild and above. When comparing years 2001-2002 with the years 2011-2012, the prevalence of very mild and above fluorosis increased by 31.6% (P <.0001) for the 2011-2012 group. In adjusted logistic regression, participants from the years 2011-2012 were more likely to have very mild and above dental fluorosis than participants in 2001-2002 as compared with normal/questionable fluorosis (Adjusted odds ratio= 3.85; 95% confidence interval= 2.20, 6.72; P <.0001).Conclusion: There was a difference of 31.6% in dental fluorosis prevalence between 2012-2011 when compared to data from 2002-2001 in adolescents aged 16 and 17 years. The continued increase in fluorosis rates in the U.S. indicates that additional measures need to be implemented to reduce its prevalence.
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162
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Bhagavatula P, Curtis A, Broffitt B, Weber-Gasparoni K, Warren J, Levy SM. The relationships between fluoride intake levels and fluorosis of late-erupting permanent teeth. J Public Health Dent 2017; 78:165-174. [PMID: 29286185 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationships between fluoride intake levels and fluorosis of late-erupting permanent teeth. METHODS The current study used information collected from 437 children in the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study. Participants' fluoride intake information was collected using questionnaires from birth to age 10 years. Estimated mean daily fluoride intake was categorized into low, moderate, and high intake tertiles for each age interval (2-5, 5-8, and 2-8 years). Bivariate analyses were performed to study the relationships between self-reported fluoride intake levels during three age intervals and dental fluorosis. RESULTS For canines and second molars, the prevalence of mostly mild fluorosis was less than 10% in the lowest fluoride intake tertile and more than 25% in the highest intake tertile. For both first and second premolars, the prevalence in the low and high intake tertiles was approximately 10-15% and 25-40%, respectively. When estimated total daily fluoride intake was 0.04 mg/kg BW during ages 2-8 years, the predicted probability of fluorosis was 16.0%, 20.5%, 21.8%, and 15.4% for canines, 1st and 2nd and premolars and 2nd molars, respectively. We found that an incremental increase in fluoride intake during the age 5- to 8-year interval led to greater odds for development of mostly mild dental fluorosis in late-erupting teeth compared to increases in fluoride intake during other age intervals. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly show that dental fluorosis prevalence is closely related to fluoride intake levels and that teeth have greater susceptibility to fluoride intake during certain age intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Bhagavatula
- Department of Clinical Services, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alexandra Curtis
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Barbara Broffitt
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karin Weber-Gasparoni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John Warren
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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163
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Suzuki M, Ikeda A, Bartlett JD. Sirt1 overexpression suppresses fluoride-induced p53 acetylation to alleviate fluoride toxicity in ameloblasts responsible for enamel formation. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1283-1293. [PMID: 29185024 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose fluoride is an effective caries prophylactic, but high-dose fluoride is an environmental health hazard that causes skeletal and dental fluorosis. Treatments to prevent fluorosis and the molecular pathways responsive to fluoride exposure remain to be elucidated. Previously we showed that fluoride activates SIRT1 as an adaptive response to protect cells. Here, we demonstrate that fluoride induced p53 acetylation (Ac-p53) [Lys379], which is a SIRT1 deacetylation target, in ameloblast-derived LS8 cells in vitro and in enamel organ in vivo. Here we assessed SIRT1 function on fluoride-induced Ac-p53 formation using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Sirt1 knockout (LS8Sirt/KO) cells or CRISPR/dCas9/SAM-mediated Sirt1 overexpressing (LS8Sirt1/over) cells. NaF (5 mM) induced Ac-p53 formation and increased cell cycle arrest via Cdkn1a/p21 expression in Wild-type (WT) cells. However, fluoride-induced Ac-p53 was suppressed by the SIRT1 activator resveratrol (50 µM). Without fluoride, Ac-p53 persisted in LS8Sirt/KO cells, whereas it decreased in LS8Sirt1/over. Fluoride-induced Ac-p53 formation was also suppressed in LS8Sirt1/over cells. Compared to WT cells, fluoride-induced Cdkn1a/p21 expression was elevated in LS8Sirt/KO and these cells were more susceptible to fluoride-induced growth inhibition. In contrast, LS8Sirt1/over cells were significantly more resistant. In addition, fluoride-induced cytochrome-c release and caspase-3 activation were suppressed in LS8Sirt1/over cells. Fluoride induced expression of the DNA double strand break marker γH2AX in WT cells and this was augmented in LS8Sirt1/KO cells, but was attenuated in LS8Sirt1/over cells. Our results suggest that SIRT1 deacetylates Ac-p53 to mitigate fluoride-induced cell growth inhibition, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage and apoptosis. This is the first report implicating Ac-p53 in fluoride toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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164
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Barrett JR. Low Prenatal Exposures to Fluoride: Are There Neurotoxic Risks for Children? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:104002. [PMID: 28985180 PMCID: PMC5933352 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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165
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Barberio AM, Quiñonez C, Hosein FS, McLaren L. Fluoride exposure and reported learning disability diagnosis among Canadian children: Implications for community water fluoridation. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 108:e229-e239. [PMID: 28910243 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have connected increased fluoride exposure with increased risk of neurodevelopmental-related outcomes, such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and lower IQ in children. Our primary objective was to examine the association between fluoride exposure and reported diagnosis of a learning disability among a population-based sample of Canadian children aged 3-12 years. METHODS We analyzed data from Cycles 2 and 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Four measures of fluoride exposure were available: 1) urinary fluoride (μmol/L), 2) creatinine-adjusted urinary fluoride (μmol/mmol), 3) specific gravity-adjusted urinary fluoride (μmol/L), and 4) fluoride concentration of tap water (mg/L) (Cycle 3 only). Diagnosis of a learning disability (yes/no) was based on parental- or self-report. Associations were examined using logistic regression (where possible), unadjusted and adjusted for covariates. RESULTS When Cycles 2 and 3 were examined separately, reported learning disability diagnosis was not significantly associated with any measure of fluoride exposure in unadjusted or adjusted models. When Cycles 2 and 3 were combined, a small but statistically significant effect was observed such that children with higher urinary fluoride had higher odds of having a reported learning disability in the adjusted model (p = 0.03). However, the association was not observed in models that used creatinine-adjusted urinary fluoride and specific gravity-adjusted urinary fluoride, which are believed to be more accurate measures due to their correction for urinary dilution. CONCLUSION Overall, there did not appear to be a robust association between fluoride exposure and parental- or self-reported diagnosis of a learning disability among Canadian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Barberio
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, TRW3, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Carlos Quiñonez
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - F Shaun Hosein
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lindsay McLaren
- Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, TRW3, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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166
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Barker LK, Duchon KK, Lesaja S, Robison VA, Presson SM. Adjusted fluoride concentrations and control ranges in 34 states - 2006-2010 and 2015. JOURNAL - AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 2017; 109:13-15. [PMID: 29416142 PMCID: PMC5798483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To inform selection of a control range around the Public Health Service's recommended 0.7 mg/L drinking water fluoride concentration to prevent tooth decay, CDC's Water Fluoridation Reporting System data for 2006-2010 and 2015 were analyzed. Monthly average concentration data from 4,251 fluoride-adjusted community water systems for 191,266 of 255,060 system-months (2006-2010) were compared to control ranges 0.6 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L wide. Percentages of system-months within control ranges ≥0.4 mg/L wide (e.g., ±0.2 mg/L) were >83% versus 68% for 0.2 mg/L wide (±0.1 mg/L). In 2015, 70% of adjusted systems maintained averages within ±0.1 mg/L of their system's annual average for 9 of 12 months, 67% used the 0.7 mg/L target and 45% used it with a ±0.1 mg/L control range. Adoption of the 0.7 mg/L target was underway but not completed in 2015. Control ranges narrower than ±0.2 mg/L may be feasible for monthly average fluoride concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K. Barker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kip K. Duchon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Valerie A. Robison
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott M. Presson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia
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167
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Waugh DT, Godfrey M, Limeback H, Potter W. Black Tea Source, Production, and Consumption: Assessment of Health Risks of Fluoride Intake in New Zealand. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:5120504. [PMID: 28713433 PMCID: PMC5497633 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5120504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In countries with fluoridation of public water, it is imperative to determine other dietary sources of fluoride intake to reduce the public health risk of chronic exposure. New Zealand has one of the highest per capita consumption rates of black tea internationally and is one of the few countries to artificially fluoridate public water; yet no information is available to consumers on the fluoride levels in tea products. In this study, we determined the contribution of black tea as a source of dietary fluoride intake by measuring the fluoride content in 18 brands of commercially available products in New Zealand. Fluoride concentrations were measured by potentiometric method with a fluoride ion-selective electrode and the contribution of black tea to Adequate Intake (AI) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) was calculated for a range of consumption scenarios. We examined factors that influence the fluoride content in manufactured tea and tea infusions, as well as temporal changes in fluoride exposure from black tea. We review the international evidence regarding chronic fluoride intake and its association with chronic pain, arthritic disease, and musculoskeletal disorders and provide insights into possible association between fluoride intake and the high prevalence of these disorders in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan T. Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Dohertys Rd, Bandon, Co. Cork P72 YF10, Ireland
| | - Michael Godfrey
- Bay of Plenty Environmental Health Clinic, 1416A Cameron Road, Tauranga 3012, New Zealand
| | - Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6
| | - William Potter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, KEH M2225, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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168
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Walia T, Abu Fanas S, Akbar M, Eddin J, Adnan M. Estimation of fluoride concentration in drinking water and common beverages in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Saudi Dent J 2017; 29:117-122. [PMID: 28725129 PMCID: PMC5502908 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess fluoride concentration in drinking water which include tap water of 4 emirates - Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah and Ajman plus bottled water, commonly available soft drinks & juices in United Arab Emirates. Methods Five different samples of tap water collected from each of the four emirates of UAE: Ajman, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi and Dubai; twenty-two brands of bottled water and fifteen brands of popular cold beverages, purchased from different supermarkets in U.A.E were tested using ion selective electrode method and the fluoride concentration was determined. Results The mean fluoride content of tap water samples was 0.14 mg F/L with a range of 0.04–0.3 mg F/L; with Ajman tap water samples showing the highest mean fluoride content of 0.3 mg F/L. The mean fluoride content for both bottled drinking water and beverages was 0.07 mg F/L with a range of 0.02–0.50 mg F/L and 0.04–0.1 mg F/L respectively. Majority (68.2%) of the bottled water are produced locally within U.A.E while a few (31.8%) are imported. Conclusions The tap water, bottled water and beverages available in U.A.E show varying concentrations of fluoride, however none showed the optimal level necessary to prevent dental caries. Dental professionals in U.A.E should be aware of the fluoride concentrations before prescribing fluoride supplements to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Walia
- Department of Growth & Development, College of Dentistry, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Abu Fanas
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Madiha Akbar
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jamal Eddin
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Adnan
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University of Science and Technology, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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169
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Jiménez-Zabala A, Santa-Marina L, Otazua M, Ayerdi M, Galarza A, Gallastegi M, Ulibarrena E, Molinuevo A, Anabitarte A, Ibarluzea J. [Fluoride intake through consumption of water from municipal network in the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort]. GACETA SANITARIA 2017; 32:418-424. [PMID: 28545738 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate fluoride intake through consumption of water from the municipal network in pregnant women and their children from the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort and to compare these intakes with recommended levels. In Euskadi (Spain), fluoridation of drinking water is compulsory in water supplies for more than 30,000 inhabitants. METHOD 575 pregnant women (recruitment, 2006-2008) and 424 4-year-old children (follow-up, 2010-2012) have been included. Fluoride levels in drinking water were obtained from the water consumption information system of the Basque Country (EKUIS). Water consumption habits and socioeconomic variables were obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS 74.9% and 87.7% of women and children consumed water from the municipal network. Average fluoride levels in fluoridated water were 0.805 (SD: 0.194) mg/L during baseline recruitment and 0.843 (SD: 0.080) mg/L during follow up, at 4 years old of the children. Average and 95th percentile of fluoride intake were 0.015 and 0.026mg/kg per day in women and 0.033 and 0.059mg/kg per day in children. Considering only fluoride provided by drinking water, 8.71% of children living in fluoridated areas exceeded intake level recommended by the European Food Safety Authority, consisting in 0.05mg/kg per day. CONCLUSION The results show that ingested levels of fluoride through consumption of municipal water can exceed the recommended levels in children and encourages further studies that will help in fluoridation policies of drinking water in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jiménez-Zabala
- Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia-San Sebastián, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España.
| | - Mónica Otazua
- Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
| | - Mikel Ayerdi
- Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
| | - Ane Galarza
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Ingenieria Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), España
| | - Mara Gallastegi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia-San Sebastián, España; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), España
| | - Enrique Ulibarrena
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
| | | | - Asier Anabitarte
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Donostia-San Sebastián, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia-San Sebastián, España; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España; Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Procesos psicológicos básicos y su desarrollo, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), España
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170
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Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Tagami J, Twetman S, Tsakos G, Ismail A. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3:17030. [PMID: 28540937 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 767] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic disease that results in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. Caries can occur throughout life, both in primary and permanent dentitions, and can damage the tooth crown and, in later life, exposed root surfaces. The balance between pathological and protective factors influences the initiation and progression of caries. This interplay between factors underpins the classification of individuals and groups into caries risk categories, allowing an increasingly tailored approach to care. Dental caries is an unevenly distributed, preventable disease with considerable economic and quality-of-life burdens. The daily use of fluoride toothpaste is seen as the main reason for the overall decline of caries worldwide over recent decades. This Primer aims to provide a global overview of caries, acknowledging the historical era dominated by restoration of tooth decay by surgical means, but focuses on current, progressive and more holistic long-term, patient-centred, tooth-preserving preventive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel B Pitts
- Dental Innovation and Translation Centre, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 17 Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond Road, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Domenick T Zero
- Department of Cariology Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Oral Health Research Institute, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Phil D Marsh
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kim Ekstrand
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane A Weintraub
- Department of Dental Ecology, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Francisco Ramos-Gomez
- UCLA Center Children's Oral Health - UCCOH and Section of Pediatric Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junji Tagami
- Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Svante Twetman
- Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgios Tsakos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Amid Ismail
- Restorative Dentistry, Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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171
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Suzuki M, Everett ET, Whitford GM, Bartlett JD. 4-phenylbutyrate Mitigates Fluoride-Induced Cytotoxicity in ALC Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:302. [PMID: 28553235 PMCID: PMC5425599 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic fluoride over-exposure during pre-eruptive enamel development can cause dental fluorosis. Severe dental fluorosis is characterized by porous, soft enamel that is vulnerable to erosion and decay. The prevalence of dental fluorosis among the population in the USA, India and China is increasing. Other than avoiding excessive intake, treatments to prevent dental fluorosis remain unknown. We previously reported that high-dose fluoride induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress in ameloblasts. Cell stress induces gene repression, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. An aromatic fatty acid, 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) is a chemical chaperone that interacts with misfolded proteins to prevent ER stress. We hypothesized that 4PBA ameliorates fluoride-induced ER stress in ameloblasts. To determine whether 4PBA protects ameloblasts from fluoride toxicity, we analyzed gene expression of Tgf-β1, Bcl2/Bax ratio and cytochrome-c release in vitro. In vivo, we measured fluorosis levels, enamel hardness and fluoride concentration. Fluoride treated Ameloblast-lineage cells (ALC) had decreased Tgf-β1 expression and this was reversed by 4PBA treatment. The anti-apoptotic Blc2/Bax ratio was significantly increased in ALC cells treated with fluoride/4PBA compared to fluoride treatment alone. Fluoride treatment induced cytochrome-c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and this was inhibited by 4PBA treatment. These results suggest that 4PBA mitigates fluoride-induced gene suppression, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in vitro. In vivo, C57BL/6J mice were provided fluoridated water for six weeks with either fluoride free control-chow or 4PBA-containing chow (7 g/kg 4PBA). With few exceptions, enamel microhardness, fluorosis levels, and fluoride concentrations of bone and urine did not differ significantly between fluoride treated animals fed with control-chow or 4PBA-chow. Although 4PBA mitigated high-dose fluoride toxicity in vitro, a diet rich in 4PBA did not attenuate dental fluorosis in rodents. Perhaps, not enough intact 4PBA reaches the rodent ameloblasts necessary to reverse the effects of fluoride toxicity. Further studies will be required to optimize protocols for 4PBA administration in vivo in order to evaluate the effect of 4PBA on dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Suzuki
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric T Everett
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and The Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gary M Whitford
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents UniversityAugusta, GA, USA
| | - John D Bartlett
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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172
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Flood S, Asplund K, Hoffman B, Nye A, Zuckerman KE. Fluoride Supplementation Adherence and Barriers in a Community Without Water Fluoridation. Acad Pediatr 2017; 17:316-322. [PMID: 27876586 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prevent early childhood caries, the American Dental Association recommends oral fluoride supplementation for children in communities lacking water fluoridation who are at high caries risk. However, patient adherence to oral fluoride supplementation has not been studied in this population. This study assessed adherence to oral fluoride and barriers to adherence in a community lacking water fluoridation. METHODS A self-administered survey was completed in a systematic sample of 209 parents of children aged 6 months to 4 years, during a primary care visit in an urban academic medical center. Participants reported frequency of administering oral fluoride to their children, as well as agreement or disagreement with proposed barriers to supplementation. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess adherence with oral supplementation and the association of barriers to supplementation and child receipt of fluoride on the day before. RESULTS More than half of parents either had not or did not know if their child had received fluoride on the day before. Approximately 1 in 4 of parents had given fluoride in 0 of the previous 7 days. Difficulty remembering to give fluoride and agreeing that the child does not need extra fluoride were associated with not receiving fluoride on the day before. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to oral fluoride supplementation in the primary care setting is low. Difficulty remembering to give fluoride daily is the greatest barrier to adherence. Further research on interventions to reduce common barriers is needed to increase fluoride administration and reduce early childhood caries in communities lacking water fluoridation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Flood
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Ore.
| | - Karin Asplund
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Ore
| | | | - Allison Nye
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Ore
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173
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Almulla HI, King NM, Alnsour HM, Sajnani AK. Fluoride Content of Bottled Drinking Waters in Qatar. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:471-476. [PMID: 27116953 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluoridation of drinking water has been recognized as one of the most effective ways of achieving community-wide exposure to the caries prevention effects of fluoride (F). A vast majority of people in Qatar use bottled water for drinking. Use of bottled water without knowing the F level may expose children to dental caries risk if the F level is lower than optimal or to dental fluorosis if the F level is too high. The aim of this study was to determine the F concentration of bottled water available in Qatar. A total of 32 brands of bottled water were evaluated. The F concentrations displayed on the labels were recorded. The F ion-selective electrode method was used to measure the F concentration in water samples, and three measurements were taken for every sample to ensure reproducibility. The p value was set at 0.05. The F concentration ranged from 0.06 to 3.0 ppm with a mean value of 0.8 ppm (±0.88). The F levels were provided by the manufacturers on the labels of 60 % of the samples, but this was significantly lower than the measured F levels (p < 0.0001). Moreover, bottled water that was produced in Saudi Arabia had significantly higher levels of F when compared to those produced in other countries (p < 0.05). There was a wide variation in the F levels in the different brands of bottled water. Furthermore, there was a significant disparity between the F levels which were measured and those that were provided on the labels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel M King
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Anand K Sajnani
- KIMS Qatar Medical Centre, Abdulrahman Bin Jassim Al Thani Street, P.O. Box. 82125, Wakra, Qatar.
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174
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Thomas S, Ravishankaran S, Johnson Amala Justin NA, Asokan A, Maria Jusler Kalsingh T, Mathai MT, Valecha N, Eapen A. Does fluoride influence oviposition of Anopheles stephensi in stored water habitats in an urban setting? Malar J 2016; 15:549. [PMID: 27829419 PMCID: PMC5103410 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physico-chemical characteristics of lentic aquatic habitats greatly influence mosquito species in selecting suitable oviposition sites; immature development, pupation and adult emergence, therefore are considerations for their preferred ecological niche. Correlating water quality parameters with mosquito breeding, as well as immature vector density, are useful for vector control operations in identifying and targeting potential breeding habitats. METHODS A total of 40 known habitats of Anopheles stephensi, randomly selected based on a vector survey in parallel, were inspected for the physical and chemical nature of the aquatic environment. Water samples were collected four times during 2013, representing four seasons (i.e., ten habitats per season). The physico-chemical variables and mosquito breeding were statistically analysed to find their correlation with immature density of An. stephensi and also co-inhabitation with other mosquito species. RESULTS Anopheles stephensi prefer water with low nitrite content and high phosphate content. Parameters such as total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, chloride, fluoride and sulfate had a positive correlation in habitats with any mosquito species breeding (p < 0.05) and also in habitats with An. stephensi alone breeding. Fluoride was observed to have a strong positive correlation with immature density of An. stephensi in both overhead tanks and wells. CONCLUSION Knowledge of larval ecology of vector mosquitoes is a key factor in risk assessment and for implementing appropriate and sustainable vector control operations. The presence of fluoride in potential breeding habitats and a strong positive correlation with An. stephensi immature density is useful information, as fluoride can be considered an indicator/predictor of vector breeding. Effective larval source management can be focussed on specified habitats in vulnerable areas to reduce vector abundance and malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Thomas
- IDVC Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Sangamithra Ravishankaran
- IDVC Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - N A Johnson Amala Justin
- IDVC Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Aswin Asokan
- IDVC Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - T Maria Jusler Kalsingh
- IDVC Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Manu Thomas Mathai
- Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Chennai, 600 059, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110 077, India
| | - Alex Eapen
- IDVC Field Unit, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India.
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175
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Quinteros ME. Bioethical considerations about water fluoridation: a critical review. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2016.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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176
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Martínez-Acuña MI, Mercado-Reyes M, Alegría-Torres JA, Mejía-Saavedra JJ. Preliminary human health risk assessment of arsenic and fluoride in tap water from Zacatecas, México. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:476. [PMID: 27444184 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Zacatecas state is located in the central area of Mexico, where the underground water contains elevated quantities of natural arsenic and fluoride. In order to estimate health risk associated with human exposure to these pollutants, tap water samples from the southern-central region of the state were analyzed. Ninety percent of the samples exceeded the levels of arsenic established by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 0.01 mg/L and 43 % exceeded the limit established by the NOM-127-SSA1(1) of 0.025 mg/L. Forty-three percent of the samples had fluoride levels above the Mexican regulation limit of 1.5 mg/L (NOM-127-SSA1). We used WHO and EPA's health risk assessment method, we estimated 80 % of the inhabitants of sites studied could be exposed to arsenic levels higher than those recommended by EPA and the WHO, 22 % could be exposed to fluoride levels higher than those recommended by EPA, and 16 % of the local population may be in risk of suffering dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa Mercado-Reyes
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Alegría-Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación Molecular en Nutrición LIMON, Universidad del Centro de México, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - José J Mejía-Saavedra
- Toxicología Ambiental, CIACYT-Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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177
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Barker JC, Guerra C, Gonzalez-Vargas MJ, Hoeft KS. Acceptability of Salt Fluoridation in a Rural Latino Community in the United States: An Ethnographic Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158540. [PMID: 27391112 PMCID: PMC4938551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to other population groups in the United States, caries (tooth decay) is a disproportionately prevalent disease among Latino populations, especially among low-income and rural sub-groups and children under five years of age. Fluoride is a primary preventive for caries. While water fluoridation is a major and effective public health means for delivering fluoride on a mass scale, it does not reach many rural areas or population groups such as Latinos who eschew drinking water from municipal sources. This study examines the acceptability to such groups of salt fluoridation, an alternate means of delivering fluoride long used on a global scale. An ethnographic study in California's rural Central Valley was performed. Thirty individual interviews and 5 focus groups (N = 61) were conducted in Spanish to investigate low-income Latino migrant caregivers' experiences, views and understandings of domestic salt, oral health, caries prevention and fluoride. Audio data were transcribed, translated, coded and thematically analyzed. Table salt was readily available and frequently consumed. Both adult and child daily sodium consumption was high. Despite a general feeling that it was good, and present in dentifrices or dietary supplements, most participants had little knowledge about fluoride. Concerns were raised about cardio-vascular and other possibly deleterious effects if an increase in salt consumption occurred because fluoridated salt was viewed as having 'extra' benefits. Once informed about fluoride's safety and role in caries prevention, most participants expressed willingness to use fluoridated salt, especially if it benefitted children. Reassurance about its safety and benefits, and demonstration of its taste, were important aspects of acceptance. Taste was paramount. Participants would not consume more fluoridated salt than their current salt as that would result in unpleasant changes in food flavor and taste. While salt fluoridation is acceptable, the feasibility of producing and distributing fluoridated salt in the United States is, however, complex and challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. Barker
- Department of Anthropology, History & Social Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Center to Address Children’s Oral Health Disparities, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Guerra
- Department of Anthropology, History & Social Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Community Education & Outreach/Pasick Research Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Center to Address Children’s Oral Health Disparities, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - M. Judy Gonzalez-Vargas
- Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristin S. Hoeft
- Department of Anthropology, History & Social Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Preventive & Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Center to Address Children’s Oral Health Disparities, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Elias-Boneta AR, Toro MJ, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Murillo M, Orraca L, Encarnacion A, Cernigliaro D, Toro-Vizcarrondo C, Psoter WJ. Persistent oral health disparity in 12-year-old Hispanics: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 26830842 PMCID: PMC4736133 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic illness worldwide. In the US dental caries has been described as a "silent epidemic", affecting 58.2 % of 12-15 year-olds, particularly in minority and immigrant groups. Caries is associated with complex yet preventable biological and behavioral factors such as dental plaque and diet, as well as social determinants of health. In developed nations, a higher risk caries has been associated with populations of low socio-economic status (SES), especially in areas with greater income disparity. An island-wide study conducted in Puerto Rico in 1997 revealed a high prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-olds and a significant health disparity between children attending private and public schools. The purpose of the present study was twofold: 1) to estimate caries levels of 12-year-old school Puerto Ricans in 2011; and 2) compare results to data obtained in 1997 to explore any possible change in caries outcomes after a government health insurance (GHI) reform was implemented. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a probability sample of 133 out of 1,843 schools was selected proportional to enrollment size, and stratified by 1997 GHI regions, school type, and gender. Calibrated examiners conducted oral soft tissue and caries examinations. Dental caries prevalence was estimated. Mean Decayed Missing Filled Tooth/Surface (DMFT/S) indices and mean Significant Caries Index (SiC) were calculated and compared retrospectively to data obtained in 1997. RESULTS The final sample included 1,587 school-enrolled children. About 53 % of participants were female and 77 % attended public schools. Between 1997 and 2011, reductions were observed in caries prevalence (81 to 69 %), mean DMFT scores (3.8 to 2.5), mean DMFS scores (6.5 to 3.9), and mean SiC index (7.3 to 5.6) in both private and public schools, with a more prominent decrease in private schools. Between 1997 and 2011, overall the filled component increased (50 to 67 %), while decayed and missing component decreased (42 to 30 %) and (8 to 3 %), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among 12-year-old schoolchildren in Puerto Rico between 1997 and 2011, caries prevalence, extent, and severity decreased as well as the DMFT missing component, while the filled component increased. Dental caries prevalence was high and the health disparity persists between children enrolled in public and private schools after more than a decade of the GHI implementation. The relationship between GHI implementation and other potentially relevant co-factors for caries warrants further research, as does the seemingly entrenched disparity across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto R Elias-Boneta
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Milagros J Toro
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Sona Rivas-Tumanyan
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Margarita Murillo
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Angeliz Encarnacion
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Dana Cernigliaro
- Department of Dental Medicine, NYU-Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
| | - Carlos Toro-Vizcarrondo
- School of Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Walter J Psoter
- Department of Dental Medicine, NYU-Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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Deterioration of teeth and alveolar bone loss due to chronic environmental high-level fluoride and low calcium exposure. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2361-2370. [PMID: 26818581 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Health risks due to chronic exposure to highly fluoridated groundwater could be underestimated because fluoride might not only influence the teeth in an aesthetic manner but also seems to led to dentoalveolar structure changes. Therefore, we studied the tooth and alveolar bone structures of Dorper sheep chronically exposed to very highly fluoridated and low calcium groundwater in the Kalahari Desert in comparison to controls consuming groundwater with low fluoride and normal calcium levels within the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended range. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two flocks of Dorper ewes in Namibia were studied. Chemical analyses of water, blood and urine were performed. Mineralized tissue investigations included radiography, HR-pQCT analyses, histomorphometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction-analyses. RESULTS Fluoride levels were significantly elevated in water, blood and urine samples in the Kalahari group compared to the low fluoride control samples. In addition to high fluoride, low calcium levels were detected in the Kalahari water. Tooth height and mandibular bone quality were significantly decreased in sheep, exposed to very high levels of fluoride and low levels of calcium in drinking water. Particularly, bone volume and cortical thickness of the mandibular bone were significantly reduced in these sheep. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that chronic environmental fluoride exposure with levels above the recommended limits in combination with low calcium uptake can cause significant attrition of teeth and a significant impaired mandibular bone quality. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the presence of high fluoride and low calcium-associated dental changes, deterioration of the mandibular bone and a potential alveolar bone loss needs to be considered regardless whether other signs of systemic skeletal fluorosis are observed or not.
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Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Barker L, Sohn W, Wei L. Water Intake by Outdoor Temperature Among Children Aged 1-10 Years: Implications for Community Water Fluoridation in the U.S. Public Health Rep 2015; 130:362-71. [PMID: 26346578 DOI: 10.1177/003335491513000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The U.S. water fluoridation recommendations, which have been in place since 1962, were based in part on findings from the 1950s that children's water intake increased with outdoor temperature. We examined whether or not water intake is associated with outdoor temperature. METHODS Using linked data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, we examined reported 24-hour total and plain water intake in milliliters per kilogram of body weight per day of children aged 1-10 years by maximum outdoor temperature on the day of reported water intake, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and poverty status. We applied linear regression methods that were used in previously reported analyses of data from NHANES 1988-1994 and from the 1950s. RESULTS We found that total water intake was not associated with temperature. Plain water intake was weakly associated with temperature in unadjusted (coefficient 5 0.2, p=0.015) and adjusted (coefficient 5 0.2, p=0.013) linear regression models. However, these models explained little of the individual variation in plain water intake (unadjusted: R(2)=0.005; adjusted: R(2)=0.023). CONCLUSION Optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water to prevent caries need not be based on outdoor temperature, given the lack of association between total water intake and outdoor temperature, the weak association between plain water intake and outdoor temperature, and the minimal amount of individual variance in plain water intake explained by outdoor temperature. These findings support the change in the U.S. Public Health Service recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries from temperature-related concentrations to a single concentration that is not related to outdoor temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio D Beltrán-Aguilar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, GA ; Current affiliation: American Dental Association, Science Institute, Chicago, IL
| | - Laurie Barker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Woosung Sohn
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Liang Wei
- DB Consulting Group, Inc., Atlanta, GA
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Broadbent JM, Wills R, McMillan J, Drummond BK, Whyman R. Evaluation of evidence behind some recent claims against community water fluoridation in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2015.1056193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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