151
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Virtej A, Løes SS, Berggreen E, Bletsa A. Localization and signaling patterns of vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors in human periapical lesions. J Endod 2013; 39:605-11. [PMID: 23611377 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are key players in vasculogenesis and are also involved in pathologic conditions with bone destruction. Vasculogenesis is critical for disease progression, and bone resorption is a hallmark of apical periodontitis. However, the localization of VEGFs and VEGFRs and their gene signaling pathways in human apical periodontitis have not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to localize VEGFs and VEGFRs and analyze their gene expression as well as signaling pathways in human periapical lesions. METHODS Tissue was collected after endodontic surgery from patients diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis. Periodontal ligament samples from extracted healthy wisdom teeth was also collected and used as control tissue. In lesion cryosections, VEGFs/VEGFRs were identified by immunohistochemistry/double immunofluorescence by using specific antibodies. A human VEGF signaling polymerase chain reaction array system was used for gene expression analysis comparing lesions with periodontal ligament samples. RESULTS The histologic evaluation revealed heterogeneous morphology of the periapical lesions with various degrees of inflammatory infiltrates. In the lesions, all investigated factors and receptors were identified in blood vessels and various immune cells. No lymphatic vessels were detected. Gene expression analysis revealed up-regulation of VEGF-A and VEGFR-3, although not significant. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and phospholipases, all known to be involved in VEGF-mediated angiogenic activity, were significantly up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS The cellular and vascular expressions of VEGFs and VEGFRs in chronic apical periodontitis, along with significant alterations of genes mediating VEGF-induced angiogenic responses, suggest ongoing vascular remodeling in established chronic periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Virtej
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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152
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Development of an Ex Vivo Coculture System to Model Pulpal Infection by Streptococcus anginosus Group Bacteria. J Endod 2013; 39:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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153
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Caviedes-Bucheli J, Moreno JO, Carreño CP, Delgado R, Garcia DJ, Solano J, Diaz E, Munoz HR. The effect of single-file reciprocating systems on Substance P and Calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in human periodontal ligament. Int Endod J 2012; 46:419-26. [PMID: 23062064 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To quantify the effect of two single-file reciprocating root canal preparation systems on Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in healthy human periodontal ligament (PDL). METHODOLOGY Forty PDL samples were obtained from healthy premolars where extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. Prior to extraction, 20 of these premolars were divided equally in two groups, and then, root canals were prepared using one of two different single-file systems: WaveOne and Reciproc. Ten premolars were prepared with hand files and served as a positive control group. The remaining 10 premolars where extracted without treatment and served as a negative control group. All PDL samples were processed, and SP and CGRP were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Greater SP and CGRP expression were found in the hand instrumentation group (1.220 pmol SP and 0.084 pmol CGRP per mg of PDL), followed by the WaveOne group (0.908 pmol SP and 0.046 pmol CGRP per mg of PDL) and the Reciproc group (0.511 pmol SP and 0.022 pmol CGRP per mg of PDL). The lower SP and CGRP values were associated with the intact control group (0.453 pmol SP and 0.018 pmol CGRP per mg of PDL). The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). Post hoc Tukey HSD tests revealed significant differences in SP and CGRP expression between intact teeth in the control group and all the other groups (P < 0.001) except with the Reciproc group (P = 0.165 and P = 0.42 for SP and CGRP, respectively). Hand instrumentation was associated with significant differences with all the other groups (P < 0.001). Differences between the WaveOne and Reciproc groups were also significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Substance P and CGRP expression in PDL cells increased when teeth were prepared with WaveOne as well as with hand instrumentation. Reciproc maintained SP and CGRP levels in line with the negative control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caviedes-Bucheli
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Santo Tomas, Floridablanca Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.
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154
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Lang ML, Zhu L, Kreth J. Keeping the bad bacteria in check: interactions of the host immune system with oral cavity biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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155
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Belibasakis GN, Rechenberg DK, Zehnder M. The receptor activator of
NF
‐κ
B
ligand‐osteoprotegerin system in pulpal and periapical disease. Int Endod J 2012; 46:99-111. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. N. Belibasakis
- Institute of Oral Biology University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine ZürichSwitzerland
| | - D. K. Rechenberg
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Zehnder
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine Zürich Switzerland
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156
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de Oliveira LD, Carvalho CAT, Carvalho AS, de Souza Alves J, Valera MC, Jorge AOC. Efficacy of Endodontic Treatment for Endotoxin Reduction in Primarily Infected Root Canals and Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects. J Endod 2012; 38:1053-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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157
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He W, Qu T, Yu Q, Wang Z, Lv H, Zhang J, Zhao X, Wang P. LPS induces IL-8 expression through TLR4, MyD88, NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways in human dental pulp stem cells. Int Endod J 2012; 46:128-36. [PMID: 22788664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin-8 (IL-8) and related intracellular signalling pathways in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). METHODOLOGY Human pulp tissues were isolated from human impacted third molars, and the hDPSCs were cultured and characterized. The effects of LPS on IL-8 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene expression in hDPSCs were investigated using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. Whether TLR4/MyD88/NF-кB was involved in the LPS-induced up-regulation of IL-8 in hDPSCs was determined using transient transfection, luciferase assay and ELISA. The involvement of MAPKs in the LPS-induced up-regulation of IL-8 in hDPSCs was investigated via transient transfection, luciferase assay, ELISA and western blot. The data were statistically analysed using Student's t-test or one-way anova followed by the Student-Neumann-Keuls test. RESULTS Cells exposed to LPS not only displayed an enhanced expression of TLR4 but also showed an elevated IL-8 gene expression; exposure to LPS also resulted in the induction of IL-8 gene transcription via promoter activation. The LPS-induced IL-8 promoter activation was inhibited through dominant-negative mutations in TLR4 and MyD88, but not in TLR2. The LPS-induced IL-8 protein release was attenuated through the administration of TLR4-neutralizing antibody or MyD88 inhibitory peptide and a dominant-negative mutation in IκBα. In contrast, IL-8 protein release was enhanced through the expression of NF-κB p65. Treatment with PDTC, TPCK or Bay117082 effectively antagonized LPS-induced IL-8 protein release. Moreover, both the promoter activity and the LPS-induced release of IL-8 were diminished upon the administration of U0126 and SB203580, but not SP600125. Moreover, the exposure to LPS activated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in cells. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the LPS-mediated transcriptional and post-translational up-regulation of IL-8, which is a process that also involves TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- W He
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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158
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Pereda GO, Fudinaga ACC, Beltrán HS, Peroni LA, Stach-Machado D. Inflammatory and bone regulators expression in murine macrophages under exposure of commercial and experimental mineral trioxide aggregate. Aust Dent J 2012; 57:284-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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159
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Yang X, Zhang S, Pang X, Fan M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp-derived stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:669-77. [PMID: 21976040 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) represent a unique precursor population in the dental pulp, which have multipotential and harbor great potential for tissue engineering purposes. However, for therapy applications, transplanted cells are often exposed to unfavorable conditions such as cytokines released from necrotic or inflammatory cells in injured tissues. It is not clear how stem cells exposed to these conditions changes in their characteristics. In this study, the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF, on DPSCs were investigated. Cells were treated with IL-1, TNF, or both for 3, 7, and 12 days. The cultures were evaluated for cell proliferation, ALP activity, and real-time PCR. We found that a short treatment (3 days) of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Furthermore, post 3 days treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines, the cell-scaffold complexes were implanted subcutaneously in mice for 8 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated that the cultures gave obviously mineralized tissue formation, especially for both IL-1 and TNF applied. These data suggest that IL-1 and TNF produced in the early inflammatory reaction may induce the mineralization of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education and Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
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160
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Protective effect of metformin on periapical lesions in rats by decreasing the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin. J Endod 2012; 38:943-7. [PMID: 22703658 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metformin, one of the antihyperglycemic agents commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, was shown to inhibit osteoclast formation. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of systemically administered metformin on alveolar bone resorption and on the ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) in rats subjected to experimental periapical lesions. METHODS Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided equally into control and experimental groups, and the pulp chambers of their mandibular first molars were exposed to the oral environment to induce periapical lesions. The experimental group received daily intramuscular injections of metformin at 40 mg/kg doses, whereas the control group received only the saline vehicle. The injections were initiated 1 day before the periapical lesion induction and then were continued daily throughout the entire experimental period. Two or 4 weeks after pulp exposure, the rats were killed, and the mandibles were prepared for histologic analysis, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The number of RANKL-positive and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells in the metformin-treated groups decreased on day 14, whereas the number of OPG-positive cells increased on day 28. The periapical bone loss area in the metformin-treated group significantly decreased on day 28 compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS Metformin inhibits the periapical lesions possibly by lowering the RANKL/OPG ratio, subsequently reducing the number of osteoclasts and bone resorption areas.
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161
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Martinho FC, Chiesa WMM, Leite FRM, Cirelli JA, Gomes BPFA. Correlation between clinical/radiographic features and inflammatory cytokine networks produced by macrophages stimulated with endodontic content. J Endod 2012; 38:740-5. [PMID: 22595105 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages are highly activated by endodontic contents. This study investigated the correlation between different clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features according to the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and their networks produced by endodontic content-stimulated macrophages collected from primary endodontic infection with apical periodontitis (PEIAP). METHODS Samples were taken from 21 root canals with PEIAP by using paper points. The presence of exudate (EX), pain on palpation (POP), tenderness to percussion (TTP), and the size of the radiographic lesion (SRL) were recorded. Polymerase chain reaction (16S rDNA) was used for bacterial detection and limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay for endotoxin measurement. Raw 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with bacterial contents during 24 hs. The amounts of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and PGE(2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Log-based data were correlated by multiple logistic regression (P < .05). RESULTS Bacteria and endotoxin were detected in 100% of the samples. IL-6 and TNF-α were positively correlated with SRL and EX, respectively (P < .05). Clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic findings were set as dependent variables for EX-positive correlations between PGE(2), IL-1β, and TNF-α (P < .05), whereas IL-6 and PGE(2) were positively correlated to each other in POP but negatively correlated in SRL (P < .05). When POP and TTP-POP were set as dependent variables, different cytokine networks were found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest different roles for each cytokine in the development of apical periodontitis, whose effects of overlapping networks depend on the signs/symptoms and radiographic features found in endodontic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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162
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Comparative analysis of carrier-based obturation and lateral compaction: a retrospective clinical outcomes study. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:954675. [PMID: 22567010 PMCID: PMC3332180 DOI: 10.1155/2012/954675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the outcome of primary endodontic treatment using a standardized cleaning and shaping technique and obturation with either lateral compaction or carrier-based obturation. Patients received primary endodontic treatment in the predoctoral dental clinic using a standardized cleaning and shaping protocol. All root canals were obturated using AH PlusTM sealer with lateral compaction of gutta-percha (LC) or carrier-based obturation (CBO). A total of 205 cases met the inclusion criteria. 71 teeth in 60 patients were recalled after 2 years and evaluated both clinically and radiographically by two independent examiners. Success was defined as a lack of clinical symptoms and a normal periodontal ligament space or reduction in size of a previously existing periapical radiolucency. Chi-square and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis with a significance level of P < 0.05. There was no difference in success rates between cases obturated with LC or CBO (P = 0.802); overall success rate was 83%. Molars had a significantly lower success rate (53%) than premolar and anterior teeth (89%) (P = 0.005), irrespective of the obturation technique used. When a standardized cleaning and shaping protocol was used by predoctoral dental students in a controlled university setting, there was no difference in success rates between cases obturated with LC or CBO.
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163
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de Brito LCN, Fonseca Teles FR, Teles RP, Totola AH, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP. T-Lymphocyte and Cytokine Expression in Human Inflammatory Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2012; 38:481-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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164
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Leprince JG, Zeitlin BD, Tolar M, Peters OA. Interactions between immune system and mesenchymal stem cells in dental pulp and periapical tissues. Int Endod J 2012; 45:689-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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165
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Yamanaka Y, Kaneko T, Yoshiba K, Kaneko R, Yoshiba N, Shigetani Y, Nör JE, Okiji T. Expression of Angiogenic Factors in Rat Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2012; 38:313-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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166
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Silva MJB, Kajiya M, AlShwaimi E, Sasaki H, Hong J, Ok P, Rezende TMB, Pagonis TC, White RR, Paster BJ, Stashenko P, Kawai T. Bacteria-reactive immune response may induce RANKL-expressing T cells in the mouse periapical bone loss lesion. J Endod 2012; 38:346-50. [PMID: 22341072 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study investigated whether bacteria infecting the root canal can activate any infiltrating T cells to produce receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). METHODS Using a mouse model of periapical lesion induced by artificial dental pulp exposure, the presence of RANKL-positive T cells and osteoclasts in the periapical lesion was examined by an immunohistochemical approach. The bacteria colonizing the exposed root canal were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis. The isolated endodontic bacteria were further immunized to normal mice, and soluble activator of NF-κB ligand (sRANKL) production by the T cells isolated from the immunized mice was evaluated by ex vivo culture system. RESULTS RANKL-positive T cells along with TRAP+ osteoclasts were identified in periapical bone resorption lesions. The gram-negative bacterium Pasteurella pnumotropica, which was most frequently detected from the root canal of exposed pulp, showed remarkably elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibody response in pulp-exposed mice compared with control nontreated mice. Immunization of mice with P. pneumotropica induced not only serum IgG-antibody but also primed bacteria-reactive T cells that produced sRANKL in response to ex vivo exposure to P. pneumotropica. CONCLUSIONS T cells infiltrating the periapical region express RANKL, and the endodontic bacteria colonizing the root canal appear to induce RANKL expression from bacteria-reactive T cells, suggesting the possible pathogenic engagement of the immune response to endodontic bacteria in the context of developing bone resorptive periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo J B Silva
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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167
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Maciel KF, Neves de Brito LC, Tavares WLF, Moreira G, Nicoli JR, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP. Cytokine expression in response to root canal infection in gnotobiotic mice. Int Endod J 2012; 45:354-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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168
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Ciasca M, Aminoshariae A, Jin G, Montagnese T, Mickel A. A comparison of the cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine production of EndoSequence root repair material and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate in human osteoblast cell culture using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Endod 2012; 38:486-9. [PMID: 22414834 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and cytokine expression profiles of EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM; Brasseler, Savannah, GA) putty, ERRM flowable, and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN) using osteoblast cells (MG-63). METHODS Four millimeters in diameter of each material was placed in the center of a 6-well culture plate, and a 2-mL suspension (10(5) cells/mL) of human osteoblasts was seeded in each well. Photomicrograph images were used to evaluate cytotoxicity as evidenced by the lack of osteoblast cell growth in relation to the materials with AH-26 (Dentsply Tulsa Dental) as the positive control. In addition, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Cytokine expression of MG-63 cells upon lipopolysaccharide treatment was used as controls. RT-PCR results were normalized by the expression of the housekeeping gene β-actin and were used to measure cytokine expression. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance. RESULTS Results showed that ERRM putty and MTA exhibited minimal levels of cytotoxicity; however, ERRM was slightly more cytotoxic although not statistically significant. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 was detected in all samples with minimal TNF-α expression. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that ERRM and MTA showed similar cytotoxicity and cytokine expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ciasca
- Case School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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169
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Graunaite I, Lodiene G, Maciulskiene V. Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis: a literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2012; 2:e1. [PMID: 24421998 PMCID: PMC3886078 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2011.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review article discusses the host response in apical periodontitis with the main focus on cytokines, produced under this pathological condition and contributing to the degradation of periradicular tissues. The pace of research in this field has greatly accelerated in the last decade. Here we provide an analysis of studies published in this area during this period. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature was selected through a search of PubMed electronic database. The keywords used for search were pathogenesis of apical periodontitis cytokines, periapical granuloma cytokines, inflammatory infiltrate apical periodontitis. The search was restricted to English language articles, published from 1999 to December 2010. Additionally, a manual search in the cytokine production, cytokine functions and periapical tissue destruction in the journals and books was performed. RESULTS In total, 97 literature sources were obtained and reviewed. The topics covered in this article include cellular composition of an inflammatory infiltrate in the periapical lesions, mechanisms of the formation of the innate and specific immune response. Studies which investigated cytokine secretion and functions were identified and cellular and molecular interactions in the course of apical periodontitis described. CONCLUSIONS The abundance and interactions of various inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules can influence and alter the state and progression of the disease. Therefore, periapical inflammatory response offers a model, suited for the study of many facets of pathogenesis, biocompatibility of different materials to periapical tissues and development of novel treatment methods, based on the regulation of cytokines expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Graunaite
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesLithuania.
| | - Greta Lodiene
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesLithuania.
| | - Vita Maciulskiene
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Lithuanian University of Health SciencesLithuania.
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Kim HJ, Lee SJ, Jung IY, Park SH. Vital tooth with periapical lesion: spontaneous healing after conservative treatment. Restor Dent Endod 2012. [DOI: 10.5395/rde.2012.37.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jong Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Young Jung
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Significance of Human Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus in Inducing Cytokine Expression in Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2012; 38:47-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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172
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Henriques LCF, de Brito LCN, Tavares WLF, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP. Cytokine Analysis in Lesions Refractory to Endodontic Treatment. J Endod 2011; 37:1659-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lessons from Cryptococcal Laccase: From Environmental Saprophyte to Pathogen. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-011-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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174
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Comparative immunohistochemical expression of RANK, RANKL and OPG in radicular and dentigerous cysts. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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175
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Up-regulation of Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain 1 in Inflamed Human Dental Pulp. J Endod 2011; 37:1370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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176
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Chuang FH, Tsai CC, Chen JH, Chen KK, Chen YK, Lin YC. Long-term sequential receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegrin (OPG) expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced rat periapical lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:186-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Cells isolated from inflamed periapical tissue express mesenchymal stem cell markers and are highly osteogenic. J Endod 2011; 37:1217-24. [PMID: 21846537 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported the presence of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) in inflamed pulp tissue. Here we asked whether MSCs also exist in inflamed periapical tissues resulting from endodontic infection. The objectives of this study were to detect the expression of MSC markers in periapical inflammatory tissues and to characterize isolated cells from these tissues. METHODS Human periapical inflammatory tissues were collected and processed to detect MSC marker expression by immunohistochemistry. Cells were isolated and tested for cell surface marker expression by using flow cytometry and examined for multiple differentiation potential into osteogenic and adipogenic pathways. In vivo formation of mineralized tissues was assessed in a mouse model. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for MSC markers STRO-1, CD90, and CD146. Isolated cells at passage 0 appeared as typical fibroblastic cells, and a few cells formed colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-Fs). After passaging, the CFU-F forming ability diminished dramatically, and the population doubling was up to 26. Flow cytometry data showed that these cells at passage 2 expressed low levels of STRO-1 and CD146 and moderate to high levels of CD90, CD73, and CD105. At passage 6, the levels of these markers decreased. When incubated in specific differentiation medium, cells demonstrated a strong osteogenic but weak adipogenic capacity. After in vivo cell transplantation, mineralized tissues formed in immunocompromised mice. CONCLUSIONS Human periapical inflammatory tissues expressed MSC markers, suggesting the presence of MSCs. Isolated cells exhibited typical mesenchymal cell immunophenotype with a capacity to form mineralized matrix in vitro and in vivo.
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Retracted: Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on mineralization potential of rat dental pulp stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:759. [PMID: 21748857 DOI: 10.1002/term.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The following article from the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 'Effects of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines on Mineralization Potential of Rat Dental Pulp Stem Cells' by Yang X, Walboomers XF, Bian Z, Jansen JA, Fan M, published online on 11 July 2011 in Wiley Online Library (onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor-in-Chief, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to two authors (Walboomers XF, and Jansen JA) not having been involved in the research described, nor made aware of their names being listed on the manuscript, nor told of its submission to the journal.
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Desai SV, Love RM, Rich AM, Seymour GJ. Toll-like receptor 2 expression in refractory periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2011; 44:907-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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180
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Caviedes-Bucheli J, Azuero-Holguin MM, Correa-Ortiz JA, Aguilar-Mora MV, Pedroza-Flores JD, Ulate E, Lombana N, Munoz HR. Effect of Experimentally Induced Occlusal Trauma on Substance P Expression in Human Dental Pulp and Periodontal Ligament. J Endod 2011; 37:627-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A controversial role for IL-12 in immune response and bone resorption at apical periodontal sites. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:327417. [PMID: 21350602 PMCID: PMC3042606 DOI: 10.1155/2010/327417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periapical lesions are inflammatory conditions of tooth periapical tissues, triggered by dental pulp infection and characterized by exudation of immune cells to the affected tissues and production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. The inflammatory periapical reaction is mainly driven by Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses, and such polarization may modulate progression of the disease and expression of bone proresorptive cytokines. IL-12 is a potent inducer of IFN-γ production, which stimulates Th1 effector cells. Many evidences have shown a positive correlation between the bone resorptive cytokine IL-1β and the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, IL-12 may have a potential role in the release of bone resorptive mediators and blockade of Th2 cytokines, affecting the progression of periapical bone loss. Nevertheless, IL-12 and IFN-γ have also been described as suppressors of osteoclast differentiation and activation, favoring bone maintenance. This paper focuses on the controversial roles of IL-12 in periapical lesions.
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182
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Desai SV, Love RM, Rich AM, Seymour GJ. Antigen recognition and presentation in periapical tissues: a role for TLR expressing cells? Int Endod J 2010; 44:87-99. [PMID: 21083574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the prime cause of periapical diseases and root canal microbiology is a well-researched area of endodontics. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are present in periapical lesions of endodontic origin and play a substantial role in recognizing, processing and presenting pathogenic antigens to the adaptive immune system such as an effective and long-lasting immune response is generated against the specific pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ-line encoded pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) expressed by various APCs which induce their maturation, lead to gene transcription in the nucleus and the production of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thirteen TLRs have been discovered, 10 of which have been identified in humans so far. Preliminary studies of dental pulp tissue have demonstrated various cell types expressing different TLRs in response to commonly encountered microorganisms. However, there is little information available regarding the expression and function of the various TLRs in human periapical lesions. This review discusses the interactions of various APCs in periapical lesions and the possible roles of different TLRs and APCs in pulp/periapical pathogen recognition and presentation to the adaptive immune system in the initiation and sustaining of periapical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Desai
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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183
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Xiong H, Wei L, Hu Y, Zhang C, Peng B. Effect of alendronate on alveolar bone resorption and angiogenesis in rats with experimental periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2010; 43:485-91. [PMID: 20536576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of systemically administered alendronate, one of the most potent bisphosphonates (BPs), on alveolar bone resorption and angiogenesis in rats subjected to experimental periapical lesions over two time periods. METHODOLOGY Forty adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided equally into control and experimental groups, and the pulp chambers of mandibular first molars of all rats were exposed to the oral environment to induce periapical lesions. The experimental group received daily subcutaneous injections of alendronate at a dose of 0.25 mg kg(-1), whereas the control group received only the saline vehicle. These injections were initiated 1 week before the periapical lesion induction and then continued daily throughout the entire experimental period. After 2 or 4 weeks following pulp exposure, the rats were killed, and the mandibles were examined histologically for periapical bone loss area, number of microvascular vessels (NMV) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. RESULTS Overall, periapical bone loss area and the number of TRAP-positive cells (osteoclasts) were significantly decreased at 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, after daily subcutaneous injection of alendronate compared with the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant decrease change in NMV (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Administration of alendronate to rats might inhibit alveolar bone resorption associated with periapical disease, which might not lead to impairment of angiogenesis. However, because of the differences between rats and humans, one has to consider the possible consequences of this treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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184
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Caviedes-Bucheli J, Azuero-Holguin MM, Gutierrez-Sanchez L, Higuerey-Bermudez F, Pereira-Nava V, Lombana N, Munoz HR. The effect of three different rotary instrumentation systems on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in human periodontal ligament. J Endod 2010; 36:1938-42. [PMID: 21092809 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of three different rotary root canal preparation systems on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in healthy human periodontal ligament. METHODS Fifty periodontal ligament samples were obtained from healthy premolars in which extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. Before extraction, 40 of these premolars were equally divided into four groups, and root canals were prepared using four different systems: the ProTaper Universal rotary system, the RaCe rotary system, the Mtwo rotary system, and the hand instrumentation technique. The remaining 10 healthy premolars that were extracted without treatment served as a negative control group. All periodontal ligament samples were processed, and SP and CGRP were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Greater SP and CGRP expression were found in the ProTaper Universal group followed by the hand instrumentation group, the RaCe, and the Mtwo groups. The lower SP and CGRP values were for the negative control group. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.0001). Post hoc Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests showed statistically significant differences in SP and CGRP expression between the negative control group and all the other groups except the Mtwo group. Hand instrumentation also showed statistically significant differences with all the other groups, except the ProTaper Universal group. Differences between the three rotary systems were also statistically significant. CONCLUSION SP and CGRP expression in periodontal ligament increases when teeth are prepared with ProTaper Universal and RaCe rotary instrumentation systems as well as with hand instrumentation. Mtwo maintains SP and CGRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caviedes-Bucheli
- Postgraduate Endodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Effects of gender on serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation coincident to experimentally-induced periapical lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 56:168-76. [PMID: 20943210 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature suggests that females have less adverse effects to infection than males, due to the protective effects of oestrogen. The purpose of our study is to compare the systemic effects of induced periapical lesions between groups of animals with various serum concentrations of oestrogen. METHODS To induce periapical inflammation, two molar tooth pulps were exposed in ovariectomized (OVX) and normal female (F) and castrated (Cast-M) and normal male (M) Sprague-Dawley rats (Experimental group, E). Sham-operated control animals from each group were also studied (Control group, C). Twenty-eight days later, serum and maxillas were collected. Serum 17β-oestradiol, testosterone, MMP-9, IL-18, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β concentrations were measured by ELISA. Maxillas were cleaned of residual tissue and digital radiographs were made to verify the presence of periapical lesions. Data were compared by factorial ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and Pearson correlation tests. Groups were considered to be significantly different when p<0.05. RESULTS The serum concentration of IL-18, TNF-α, IL-1-β, IL-6 and MMP-9 was greatest in OVX-E animals, compared to all other groups (p<0.001). F-E rats had significantly higher serum concentrations of these cytokines, compared to F-C. The fold difference in serum concentration of the biomarkers (between E and C groups) was significantly greater in females than males, even though males had higher baseline concentrations of all these biomarkers. CONCLUSION When females are oestrogen-deficient, their systemic response to periapical lesions is significantly greater than males, suggesting that oestrogen is essential in protecting females from the effects of this type of inflammation.
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Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Induce Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Endod 2010; 36:1004-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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187
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Khedmat S, Hadjati J, Iravani A, Nourizadeh M. Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative on the Viability, Cytokine Secretion, and Phagocytic Activity of Human Monocytes. J Endod 2010; 36:1000-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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188
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Abstract
Imaging is an important clinical aid for the diagnosis of endodontic bone lesions. Traditional radiology performs more accurately than any other diagnostic tool. Computed tomography has been used for the last 20 years with important implications in the management of lesions in bone. Among the newest systems, digital volume tomography is becoming a new standard and real-time echotomography is gaining an interesting space in the diagnostic field of endodontics. These techniques offer some advantages for the increased safety and the amount of detailed information they can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cotti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Via Binaghi # 4, 09100, Cagliari, Italy.
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189
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Lin L, Chen MYH, Ricucci D, Rosenberg PA. Guided Tissue Regeneration in Periapical Surgery. J Endod 2010; 36:618-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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190
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A decrease in the innate immune response to infection in the presence of root canal sealers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:315-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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191
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Rittling SR, Zetterberg C, Yagiz K, Skinner S, Suzuki N, Fujimura A, Sasaki H. Protective role of osteopontin in endodontic infection. Immunology 2009; 129:105-14. [PMID: 19824920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections are polymicrobial infections resulting in bone destruction and tooth loss. The host response to these infections is complex, including both innate and adaptive mechanisms. Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted, integrin-binding protein, functions in the regulation of immune responses and enhancement of leucocyte migration. We have assessed the role of OPN in the host response to endodontic infection using a well-characterized mouse model. Periapical bone loss associated with endodontic infection was significantly more severe in OPN-deficient mice compared with wild-type 3 weeks after infection, and was associated with increased areas of inflammation. Expression of cytokines associated with bone loss, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and RANKL, was increased 3 days after infection. There was little effect of OPN deficiency on the adaptive immune response to these infections, as there was no effect of genotype on the ratio of bacteria-specific immunoglobulin G1 and G2a in the serum of infected mice. Furthermore, there was no difference in the expression of cytokines associated with T helper type 1/type2 balance: IL-12, IL-10 and interferon-gamma. In infected tissues, neutrophil infiltration into the lesion area was slightly increased in OPN-deficient animals 3 days after infection: this was confirmed by a significant increase in expression of neutrophil elastase in OPN-deficient samples at this time-point. We conclude that OPN has a protective effect on polymicrobial infection, at least partially because of alterations in phagocyte recruitment and/or persistence at the sites of infection, and that this molecule has a potential therapeutic role in polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Rittling
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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192
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Pappen FG, Souza EM, Giardino L, Carlos IZ, Leonardo MR, de Toledo Leonardo R. Endodontic Chelators Induce Nitric Oxide Expression by Murine-cultured Macrophages. J Endod 2009; 35:824-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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193
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Chen V, Chen Y, Li H, Kent K, Baumgartner JC, Machida CA. Herpesviruses in abscesses and cellulitis of endodontic origin. J Endod 2009; 35:182-8. [PMID: 19166769 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute apical abscesses and cellulitis are severe endodontic diseases caused by opportunistic bacteria with possible coinfection with latent herpesviruses. The objectives of this study are to identify herpesviruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in patients (n = 31) presenting with acute apical abscesses and cellulitis of endodontic origin. Primary and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using virus-specific primers and DNA isolated from cell-free abscess fluid. From patients exhibiting concurrent spontaneous pain (n = 28), nine abscesses contained HCMV, two abscesses contained EBV, one abscess contained HSV-1, and no abscesses contained VZV. Control PCR using genomic or recombinant templates showed detection limits to a single genomic copy of HCMV, 100 genomic copies for EBV, and 1 to 10 copies for HSV-1 with no cross-amplification between herpesviral DNA targets. Nested PCR was required for detection of herpesviral DNA in the abscess specimens, indicating that these viruses were present in low copy number. Filtration of abscess specimens and virus transfer experiments using human fibroblastic MRC-5 cells confirmed the presence of HCMV particles in several abscess specimens. We conclude that herpesviruses are present but not required for the development of acute apical abscesses and cellulitis of endodontic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Chen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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194
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Oseko F, Yamamoto T, Akamatsu Y, Kanamura N, Iwakura Y, Imanishi J, Kita M. IL-17 is involved in bone resorption in mouse periapical lesions. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:287-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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195
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Chen SC, Huang FM, Lee SS, Li MZ, Chang YC. The upregulation of receptor activator NF-κB ligand expression by interleukin-1α andPorphyromonas endodontalisin human osteoblastic cells. Int Endod J 2009; 42:375-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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196
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Cholinoceptor Modulation on Nitric Oxide Regulates Prostaglandin E2 and Metalloproteinase-3 Production in Experimentally Induced Inflammation of Rat Dental Pulp. J Endod 2009; 35:529-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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197
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Expression of a Novel PDGF Isoform, PDGF-C, in Experimental Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2009; 35:377-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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198
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Love RM, Firth N. Histopathological profile of surgically removed persistent periapical radiolucent lesions of endodontic origin. Int Endod J 2009; 42:198-202. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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199
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Fukada SY, Silva TA, Garlet GP, Rosa AL, da Silva JS, Cunha FQ. Factors involved in the T helper type 1 and type 2 cell commitment and osteoclast regulation in inflammatory apical diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:25-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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200
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Immunohistochemical Localization of IL-17 in Induced Rat Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2009; 35:216-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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