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Gachet MS, Schubert A, Calarco S, Boccard J, Gertsch J. Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41177. [PMID: 28120902 PMCID: PMC5264637 DOI: 10.1038/srep41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable absence of arachidonic acid (AA) in seed plants prompted us to systematically study the presence of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and endocannabinoids (ECs) in 71 plant species representative of major phylogenetic clades. Given the difficulty of extrapolating information about lipid metabolites from genetic data we employed targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS to study these signaling lipids in plant evolution. Intriguingly, the distribution of AA among the clades showed an inverse correlation with JA which was less present in algae, bryophytes and monilophytes. Conversely, ECs co-occurred with AA in algae and in the lower plants (bryophytes and monilophytes), thus prior to the evolution of cannabinoid receptors in Animalia. We identified two novel EC-like molecules derived from the eicosatetraenoic acid juniperonic acid, an omega-3 structural isomer of AA, namely juniperoyl ethanolamide and 2-juniperoyl glycerol in gymnosperms, lycophytes and few monilophytes. Principal component analysis of the targeted metabolic profiles suggested that distinct NAEs may occur in different monophyletic taxa. This is the first report on the molecular phylogenetic distribution of apparently ancient lipids in the plant kingdom, indicating biosynthetic plasticity and potential physiological roles of EC-like lipids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Schubert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serafina Calarco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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152
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Schwarz V, Andosch A, Geretschläger A, Affenzeller M, Lütz-Meindl U. Carbon starvation induces lipid degradation via autophagy in the model alga Micrasterias. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 208:115-127. [PMID: 27936433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is regarded as crucial intracellular process in plant development but also in intracellular stress response. It is known to be controlled by the energy level of the cell and consequently can be triggered by energy deprivation. In this study carbon starvation evoked in different ways was investigated in the freshwater algae model system Micrasterias denticulata (Streptophyta) which is closely related to higher plants. Cells exposed to the photosynthesis inhibiting herbicide DCMU, to the glycolysis inhibitor 2-Deoxy-d-glucose and to complete darkness over up to 9 weeks for preventing metabolism downstream of glucose supply, were investigated by means of Nile red staining and analyses in CLSM, and TEM after cryo-preparation. Our results show that lipid bodies containing both neutral and polar lipids are evenly distributed inside the chloroplast in control cells. During carbon starvation they are displaced into the cytoplasm and are either degraded via autophagy and/or excreted from the cell. Upon discharge from the chloroplast lipid bodies become engulfed by double membranes probably deriving from the ER, thus forming autophagosomes which later fuse with vacuoles. Coincidently indications for autophagy of other organelles and cytoplasmic portions were found during starvation and particularly in DCMU treated cells the number of starch grains decreased and pyrenoids disintegrated. Additionally our molecular data provide first evidence for the existence of a single ATG8 isoform in Micrasterias. ATG8 is known as main regulator of both bulk and selective autophagy in eucaryotes. Our study indicates that lipid degradation during carbon starvation is achieved via "classical" autophagy in the alga Micrasterias. This process has so far only been very rarely observed in plant cells and seems to allow recruitment of lipids for energy supply on the one hand and elimination of unusable or toxicated lipids on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Schwarz
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology and Physiology Department, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ancuela Andosch
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology and Physiology Department, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Geretschläger
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology and Physiology Department, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Affenzeller
- AG Ecology, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology and Physiology Department, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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153
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Terrestrial Microalgae: Novel Concepts for Biotechnology and Applications. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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154
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Identity, ecology and ecophysiology of planktic green algae dominating in ice-covered lakes on James Ross Island (northeastern Antarctic Peninsula). Extremophiles 2016; 21:187-200. [PMID: 27888351 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the phylogenetic relationships, ecology and ecophysiological characteristics of the dominant planktic algae in ice-covered lakes on James Ross Island (northeastern Antarctic Peninsula). Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA together with analysis of ITS2 rDNA secondary structure and cell morphology revealed that the two strains belong to one species of the genus Monoraphidium (Chlorophyta, Sphaeropleales, Selenastraceae) that should be described as new in future. Immotile green algae are thus apparently capable to become the dominant primary producer in the extreme environment of Antarctic lakes with extensive ice-cover. The strains grew in a wide temperature range, but the growth was inhibited at temperatures above 20 °C, indicating their adaptation to low temperature. Preferences for low irradiances reflected the light conditions in their original habitat. Together with relatively high growth rates (0.4-0.5 day-1) and unprecedently high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, more than 70% of total fatty acids), it makes these isolates interesting candidates for biotechnological applications.
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155
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SARPAL AMARJITSINGH, K. Sharma B, Scott J, kumar R, Sugmaran V, Chopra A, Bansal V, Rajagopalan NK. comparison of oil extraction methods for algae by NMR and Chromatographic techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15436/2476-1869.16.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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156
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Giner JL, Ceballos H, Tang YZ, Gobler CJ. Sterols and Fatty Acids of the Harmful Dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:249-52. [PMID: 26880439 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sterol and fatty acid compositions were determined for Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a toxic, bloom-forming dinoflagellate of global significance. The major sterols were dinosterol (40% of total sterols), dihydrodinosterol (32%), and the rare 4α-methyl Δ(8(14)) sterol, amphisterol (23%). A minor sterol, 4α-methylergost-24(28)-enol was also detected (5.0%). The fatty acids had a high proportion of PUFAs (47%), consisting mainly of EPA (20%) and the relatively uncommon octadecapentaenoic acid (18 : 5, 22%). While unlikely to be responsible for toxicity to fish, these lipids may contribute to the deleterious effects of this alga to invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Giner
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York - ESF, Syracuse NY 13210, USA, (phone: +1-315-470-6895; fax: +1-315-470-6856).
| | - Harriette Ceballos
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York - ESF, Syracuse NY 13210, USA, (phone: +1-315-470-6895; fax: +1-315-470-6856)
| | - Ying-Zhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China.,School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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157
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Teymouri A, Kumar S, Barbera E, Sforza E, Bertucco A, Morosinotto T. Integration of biofuels intermediates production and nutrients recycling in the processing of a marine algae. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Teymouri
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental EngineeringOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk VA23529
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental EngineeringOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk VA23529
| | - Elena Barbera
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering DIIUniversity of PadovaVia Marzolo 935131Padova Italy
| | - Eleonora Sforza
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering DIIUniversity of PadovaVia Marzolo 935131Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Bertucco
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering DIIUniversity of PadovaVia Marzolo 935131Padova Italy
| | - Tomas Morosinotto
- Dept. of BiologyUniversity of PadovaVia U. Bassi 58/B35121Padova Italy
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158
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Nedbalová L, Střížek A, Sigler K, Řezanka T. Effect of salinity on the fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of five haptophyte algae from the genera Coccolithophora, Isochrysis and Prymnesium determined by LC-MS/APCI. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:64-76. [PMID: 27298276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NARP-HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was used for separation of triacylglycerols from five strains of haptophyte algae (genera Coccolithophora, Isochrysis, and Prymnesium). This study describes the separation and identification of C18 polyunsaturated triacylglycerols containing stearidonic and octadecapentaenoic fatty acids, including their regioisomers. Salinity affects the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The biosynthesis of C18 polyunsaturated triacylglycerols was found to be very stereospecific and to depend on the salinity of cultivation media, asymmetric regioisomers predominating at low salinity (sn-OpOpSt and/or PoStSt) and symmetric ones at high salinity (sn-OpStOp and or StPoSt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Střížek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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159
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Steudel B, Hallmann C, Lorenz M, Abrahamczyk S, Prinz K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Martini JWR, Kessler M. Contrasting biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in phylogenetic and functional diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:409-420. [PMID: 27301904 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ecosystem functioning is positively influenced by biodiversity. Most biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments have measured biodiversity based on species richness or phylogenetic relationships. However, theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that ecosystem functioning should be more closely related to functional diversity than to species richness. We applied different metrics of biodiversity in an artificial biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment using 64 species of green microalgae in combinations of two to 16 species. We found that phylogenetic and functional diversity were positively correlated with biomass overyield, driven by their strong correlation with species richness. At low species richness, no significant correlation between overyield and functional and phylogenetic diversity was found. However, at high species richness (16 species), we found a positive relationship of overyield with functional diversity and a negative relationship with phylogenetic diversity. We show that negative phylogenetic diversity-ecosystem functioning relationships can result from interspecific growth inhibition. The opposing performances of facilitation (functional diversity) and inhibition (phylogenetic diversity) we observed at the 16 species level suggest that phylogenetic diversity is not always a good proxy for functional diversity and that results from experiments with low species numbers may underestimate negative species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Steudel
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christine Hallmann
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maike Lorenz
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute, Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathleen Prinz
- Institute of Systematic Botany with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes W R Martini
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Institute for Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8003, Zurich, Switzerland
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160
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Řezanka T, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Enantiomeric separation of triacylglycerols containing polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:261-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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161
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Massimi R, Kirkwood AE. Screening microalgae isolated from urban storm- and wastewater systems as feedstock for biofuel. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2396. [PMID: 27635353 PMCID: PMC5012288 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploiting microalgae as feedstock for biofuel production is a growing field of research and application, but there remain challenges related to industrial viability and economic sustainability. A solution to the water requirements of industrial-scale production is the use of wastewater as a growth medium. Considering the variable quality and contaminant loads of wastewater, algal feedstock would need to have broad tolerance and resilience to fluctuating wastewater conditions during growth. As a first step in targeting strains for growth in wastewater, our study isolated microalgae from wastewater habitats, including urban stormwater-ponds and a municipal wastewater-treatment system, to assess growth, fatty acids and metal tolerance under standardized conditions. Stormwater ponds in particular have widely fluctuating conditions and metal loads, so microalgae from this type of environment may have desirable traits for growth in wastewater. Forty-three algal strains were isolated in total, including several strains from natural habitats. All strains, with the exception of one cyanobacterial strain, are members of the Chlorophyta, including several taxa commonly targeted for biofuel production. Isolates were identified using taxonomic and 18S rRNA sequence methods, and the fastest growing strains with ideal fatty acid profiles for biodiesel production included Scenedesmus and Desmodesmus species (Growth rate (d(-1)) > 1). All isolates in a small, but diverse taxonomic group of test-strains were tolerant of copper at wastewater-relevant concentrations. Overall, more than half of the isolated strains, particularly those from stormwater ponds, show promise as candidates for biofuel feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Massimi
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea E. Kirkwood
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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162
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Negrell C, Cornille A, de Andrade Nascimento P, Robin JJ, Caillol S. New bio-based epoxy materials and foams from microalgal oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Negrell
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253-CNRS; UM, ENSCM - 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Adrien Cornille
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253-CNRS; UM, ENSCM - 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Robin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253-CNRS; UM, ENSCM - 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institut Charles Gerhardt UMR 5253-CNRS; UM, ENSCM - 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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163
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Hodač L, Hallmann C, Spitzer K, Elster J, Faßhauer F, Brinkmann N, Lepka D, Diwan V, Friedl T. Widespread green algae Chlorella and Stichococcus exhibit polar-temperate and tropical-temperate biogeography. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw122. [PMID: 27279416 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella and Stichococcus are morphologically simple airborne microalgae, omnipresent in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The minute cell size and resistance against environmental stress facilitate their long-distance dispersal. However, the actual distribution of Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species has so far been inferred only from ambiguous morphology-based evidence. Here we contribute a phylogenetic analysis of an expanded SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequence dataset representing Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species from terrestrial habitats of polar, temperate and tropical regions. We aim to uncover biogeographical patterns at low taxonomic levels. We found that psychrotolerant strains of Chlorella and Stichococcus are closely related with strains originating from the temperate zone. Species closely related to Chlorella vulgaris and Muriella terrestris, and recovered from extreme terrestrial environments of polar regions and hot deserts, are particularly widespread. Stichococcus strains from the temperate zone, with their closest relatives in the tropics, differ from strains with the closest relatives being from the polar regions. Our data suggest that terrestrial Chlorella and Stichococcus might be capable of intercontinental dispersal; however, their actual distributions exhibit biogeographical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Hodač
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Hallmann
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karolin Spitzer
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josef Elster
- Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Phycology Centrum, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Fabian Faßhauer
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Brinkmann
- Department of Forest Botany, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Lepka
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vaibhav Diwan
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedl
- Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae (SAG), University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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164
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Growth and palmitoleic acid accumulation of filamentous oleaginous microalgae Tribonema minus at varying temperatures and light regimes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1589-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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165
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Diversity of ABC transporter genes across the plant kingdom and their potential utility in biotechnology. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:47. [PMID: 27245738 PMCID: PMC4886425 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene superfamily is ubiquitous among extant organisms and prominently represented in plants. ABC transporters act to transport compounds across cellular membranes and are involved in a diverse range of biological processes. Thus, the applicability to biotechnology is vast, including cancer resistance in humans, drug resistance among vertebrates, and herbicide and other xenobiotic resistance in plants. In addition, plants appear to harbor the highest diversity of ABC transporter genes compared with any other group of organisms. This study applied transcriptome analysis to survey the kingdom-wide ABC transporter diversity in plants and suggest biotechnology applications of this diversity. Results We utilized sequence similarity-based informatics techniques to infer the identity of ABC transporter gene candidates from 1295 phylogenetically-diverse plant transcriptomes. A total of 97,149 putative (approximately 25 % were full-length) ABC transporter gene members were identified; each RNA-Seq library (plant sample) had 88 ± 30 gene members. As expected, simpler organisms, such as algae, had fewer unique members than vascular land plants. Differences were also noted in the richness of certain ABC transporter subfamilies. Land plants had more unique ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG transporter gene members on average (p < 0.005), and green algae, red algae, and bryophytes had significantly more ABCF transporter gene members (p < 0.005). Ferns had significantly fewer ABCA transporter gene members than all other plant groups (p < 0.005). Conclusions We present a transcriptomic overview of ABC transporter gene members across all major plant groups. An increase in the number of gene family members present in the ABCB, ABCC, and ABCD transporter subfamilies may indicate an expansion of the ABC transporter superfamily among green land plants, which include all crop species. The striking difference between the number of ABCA subfamily transporter gene members between ferns and other plant taxa is surprising and merits further investigation. Discussed is the potential exploitation of ABC transporters in plant biotechnology, with an emphasis on crops. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-016-0277-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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166
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Pichrtová M, Arc E, Stöggl W, Kranner I, Hájek T, Hackl H, Holzinger A. Formation of lipid bodies and changes in fatty acid composition upon pre-akinete formation in Arctic and Antarctic Zygnema (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) strains. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw096. [PMID: 27170362 PMCID: PMC4892695 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous green algae of the genus Zygnema (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) are key components of polar hydro-terrestrial mats where they face various stressors including UV irradiation, freezing, desiccation and osmotic stress. Their vegetative cells can develop into pre-akinetes, i.e. reserve-rich, mature cells. We investigated lipid accumulation and fatty acid (FA) composition upon pre-akinete formation in an Arctic and an Antarctic Zygnema strain using transmission electron microscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Pre-akinetes formed after 9 weeks of cultivation in nitrogen-free medium, which was accompanied by massive accumulation of lipid bodies. The composition of FAs was similar in both strains, and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) dominated in young vegetative cells. Pre-akinete formation coincided with a significant change in FA composition. Oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid increased the most (up to 17- and 8-fold, respectively). Small amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated FAs were also detected, e.g. arachidonic (C20:4) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5) acid. Pre-akinetes exposed to desiccation at 86% relative humidity were able to recover maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, but desiccation had no major effect on FA composition. The results are discussed with regard to the capability of Zygnema spp. to thrive in extreme conditions. Green algae Zygnema spp. survive in the Arctic and Antarctica as pre-akinetes, which are modified vegetative cells that accumulate lipids with oleic and linoleic acid being the main fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pichrtová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erwann Arc
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Biocenter, Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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167
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Microbial oils as food additives: recent approaches for improving microbial oil production and its polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 37:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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168
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Aboim JB, Oliveira D, Ferreira JE, Siqueira AS, Dall'Agnol LT, Rocha Filho GN, Gonçalves EC, Nascimento LA. Determination of biodiesel properties based on a fatty acid profile of eight Amazon cyanobacterial strains grown in two different culture media. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotechnological potential of 8 Amazon cyanobacteria was studied and some species shown to be promising biodiesel source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Oliveira
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Oil Chemistry
- Federal University of Pará
- Belém
- Brazil
| | - John Eric Ferreira
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Oil Chemistry
- Federal University of Pará
- Belém
- Brazil
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169
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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170
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Ota S, Oshima K, Yamazaki T, Kim S, Yu Z, Yoshihara M, Takeda K, Takeshita T, Hirata A, Bišová K, Zachleder V, Hattori M, Kawano S. Highly efficient lipid production in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri: draft genome and transcriptome endorsed by whole-cell 3D ultrastructure. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:13. [PMID: 26811738 PMCID: PMC4724957 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algae have attracted attention as sustainable producers of lipid-containing biomass for food, animal feed, and for biofuels. Parachlorella kessleri, a unicellular green alga belonging to the class Trebouxiophyceae, achieves very high biomass, lipid, and starch productivity levels. However, further biotechnological exploitation has been hampered by a lack of genomic information. RESULTS Here, we sequenced the whole genome and transcriptome, and analyzed the behavior of P. kessleri NIES-2152 under lipid production-inducing conditions. The assembly includes 13,057 protein-coding genes in a 62.5-Mbp nuclear genome. Under conditions of sulfur deprivation, lipid accumulation was correlated with the transcriptomic induction of enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, autophagy, and remodeling of light-harvesting complexes. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional transmission electron microscopy (3D-TEM) revealed extensive alterations in cellular anatomy accompanying lipid hyperaccumulation. The present 3D-TEM results, together with transcriptomic data support the finding that upregulation of TAG synthesis and autophagy are potential key mediators of the hyperaccumulation of lipids under conditions of nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ota
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
- />Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Kenshiro Oshima
- />Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamazaki
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
- />Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Sangwan Kim
- />Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561 Japan
- />Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhe Yu
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Mai Yoshihara
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Kohei Takeda
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeshita
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Aiko Hirata
- />Bioimaging Center, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- />Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Vilém Zachleder
- />Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Masahira Hattori
- />Center for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- />Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
- />Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), CREST, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562 Japan
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171
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Vítová M, Goecke F, Sigler K, Řezanka T. Lipidomic analysis of the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria in response to changes in pH. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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172
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Sakurai T, Aoki M, Ju X, Ueda T, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara S, Umemura T, Tsuzuki M, Minoda A. Profiling of lipid and glycogen accumulations under different growth conditions in the sulfothermophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:861-866. [PMID: 26595665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular red alga Galdieria sulphuraria grows efficiently and produces a large amount of biomass in acidic conditions at high temperatures. It has great potential to produce biofuels and other beneficial compounds without becoming contaminated with other organisms. In G. sulphuraria, biomass measurements and glycogen and lipid analyses demonstrated that the amounts and compositions of glycogen and lipids differed when cells were grown under autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic conditions. Maximum biomass production was obtained in the mixotrophic culture. High amounts of glycogen were obtained in the mixotrophic cultures, while the amounts of neutral lipids were similar between mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. The amounts of neutral lipids were highest in red algae, including thermophiles. Glycogen structure and fatty acids compositions largely depended on the growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Sakurai
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Motohide Aoki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Xiaohui Ju
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ueda
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomonari Umemura
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Ayumi Minoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi 305-8572, Japan.
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173
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Sharma T, Gour RS, Kant A, Chauhan RS. Lipid content in Scenedesmus species correlates with multiple genes of fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathways. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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174
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Sharma SK, Nelson DR, Abdrabu R, Khraiwesh B, Jijakli K, Arnoux M, O’Connor MJ, Bahmani T, Cai H, Khapli S, Jagannathan R, Salehi-Ashtiani K. An integrative Raman microscopy-based workflow for rapid in situ analysis of microalgal lipid bodies. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:164. [PMID: 26442756 PMCID: PMC4595058 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oils and bioproducts extracted from cultivated algae can be used as sustainable feedstock for fuels, nutritional supplements, and other bio-based products. Discovery and isolation of new algal species and their subsequent optimization are needed to achieve economical feasibility for industrial applications. Here we describe and validate a workflow for in situ analysis of algal lipids through confocal Raman microscopy. We demonstrate its effectiveness to characterize lipid content of algal strains isolated from the environment as well as algal cells screened for increased lipid accumulation through UV mutagenesis combined with Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). RESULTS To establish and validate our workflow, we refined an existing Raman platform to obtain better discrimination in chain length and saturation of lipids through ratiometric analyses of mixed fatty acid lipid standards. Raman experiments were performed using two different excitation lasers (λ = 532 and 785 nm), with close agreement observed between values obtained using each laser. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments validated the obtained Raman spectroscopic results. To demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of the improved Raman platform, we carried out bioprospecting for algal species from soil and marine environments in both temperate and subtropical geographies to obtain algal isolates from varied environments. Further, we carried out two rounds of mutagenesis screens on the green algal model species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to obtain cells with increased lipid content. Analyses on both environmental isolates and screened cells were conducted which determined their respective lipids. Different saturation states among the isolates as well as the screened C. reinhardtii strains were observed. The latter indicated the presence of cell-to cell variations among cells grown under identical condition. In contrast, non-mutagenized C. reinhardtii cells showed no significant heterogeneity in lipid content. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the utility of confocal Raman microscopy for lipid analysis on novel aquatic and soil microalgal isolates and for characterization of lipid-expressing cells obtained in a mutagenesis screen. Raman microscopy enables quantitative determination of the unsaturation level and chain lengths of microalgal lipids, which are key parameters in selection and engineering of microalgae for optimal production of biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- />Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - David R. Nelson
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Rasha Abdrabu
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Basel Khraiwesh
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kenan Jijakli
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marc Arnoux
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Matthew J. O’Connor
- />Core Technology Platform, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Tayebeh Bahmani
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Hong Cai
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sachin Khapli
- />Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ramesh Jagannathan
- />Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
- />Laboratory of Algal, Systems, and Synthetic Biology, Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- />Center for Genomics and Systems Biology (CGSB), New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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175
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Allen JL, Ten-Hage L, Leflaive J. Impairment of benthic diatom adhesion and photosynthetic activity by allelopathic compounds from a green alga: involvement of free fatty acids? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13669-13680. [PMID: 25430012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of chemical interactions in shaping microbial communities has raised increasing interest over the last decade. Many benthic microorganisms are known to develop chemical strategies to overcome competitors, but the real importance of chemical interactions within freshwater biofilm remains unknown. This study focused on the biological and chemical mechanisms of an interaction involving two benthic microorganisms, an allelopathic filamentous green alga, Uronema confervicolum, and a common diatom, Fistulifera saprophila. Our results showed that functions critical for benthic phototrophic microorganisms were inhibited by U. confervicolum extracts. Growth, cell motility, adhesion, and photosynthetic activity were impaired at extract concentrations ranging between 5 and 20 μg ml(-1). The adhesion inhibition was mediated by intracellular nitric oxide (NO) induction. A bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract with HPLC helped to identify two C18 fatty acids present in the growth-inhibiting fractions: linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic (LNA) acids. These compounds represented 77% of the total free fatty acids of U. confervicolum and were present in the culture medium (1.45 μg l(-1) in total). Both could inhibit the diatom growth at concentrations higher than 0.25 μg ml(-1), but had no effect on cell adhesion. The discrepancy between the effective concentrations of fatty acids and the concentration found in culture medium may be explained by the presence of high-concentration microenvironments. The compounds involved in adhesion inhibition remain to be identified. Though further experiments with complex biofilms are needed, our results suggest that U. confervicolum may participate to the control of biofilm composition by inhibiting diatom adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey L Allen
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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176
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Abstract
Micro-algae synthesize high levels of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins photoautotrophically, thus attracting considerable interest for the biotechnological production of fuels, environmental remediation, functional foods and nutraceuticals. Currently, only a few micro-algae species are grown commercially at large-scale, primarily for “health-foods” and pigments. For a range of potential products (fuel to pharma), high lipid productivity strains are required to mitigate the economic costs of mass culture. Here we present a screen concentrating on marine micro-algal strains, which if suitable for scale-up would minimise competition with agriculture for water. Mass-Spectrophotometric analysis (MS) of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) was subsequently validated by measurement of total fatty acids (TFA) by Gas-Chromatography (GC). This identified a rapid and accurate screening strategy based on elemental analysis. The screen identified Nannochloropsis oceanica CCAP 849/10 and a marine isolate of Chlorella vulgaris CCAP 211/21A as the best lipid producers. Analysis of C, N, protein, carbohydrate and Fatty Acid (FA) composition identified a suite of strains for further biotechnological applications e.g. Dunaliella polymorpha CCAP 19/14, significantly the most productive for carbohydrates, and Cyclotella cryptica CCAP 1070/2, with utility for EPA production and N-assimilation.
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177
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Separation and Identification of Odd Chain Triacylglycerols of the Protozoan Khawkinea quartana and the Mold Mortierella alpina Using LC–MS. Lipids 2015; 50:811-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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178
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Galloway AWE, Winder M. Partitioning the Relative Importance of Phylogeny and Environmental Conditions on Phytoplankton Fatty Acids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130053. [PMID: 26076015 PMCID: PMC4468072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential fatty acids (EFA), which are primarily generated by phytoplankton, limit growth and reproduction in diverse heterotrophs. The biochemical composition of phytoplankton is well-known to be governed both by phylogeny and environmental conditions. Nutrients, light, salinity, and temperature all affect both phytoplankton growth and fatty acid composition. However, the relative importance of taxonomy and environment on algal fatty acid content has yet to be comparatively quantified, thus inhibiting predictions of changes to phytoplankton food quality in response to global environmental change. We compiled 1145 published marine and freshwater phytoplankton fatty acid profiles, consisting of 208 species from six major taxonomic groups, cultured in a wide range of environmental conditions, and used a multivariate distance-based linear model to quantify the total variation explained by each variable. Our results show that taxonomic group accounts for 3-4 times more variation in phytoplankton fatty acids than the most important growth condition variables. The results underscore that environmental conditions clearly affect phytoplankton fatty acid profiles, but also show that conditions account for relatively low variation compared to phylogeny. This suggests that the underlying mechanism determining basal food quality in aquatic habitats is primarily phytoplankton community composition, and allows for prediction of environmental-scale EFA dynamics based on phytoplankton community data. We used the compiled dataset to calculate seasonal dynamics of long-chain EFA (LCEFA; ≥C20 ɷ-3 and ɷ-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) concentrations and ɷ-3:ɷ-6 EFA ratios in Lake Washington using a multi-decadal phytoplankton community time series. These analyses quantify temporal dynamics of algal-derived LCEFA and food quality in a freshwater ecosystem that has undergone large community changes as a result of shifting resource management practices, highlighting diatoms, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates as key sources of LCEFA. Moreover, the analyses indicate that future shifts towards cyanobacteria-dominated communities will result in lower LCEFA content in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. E. Galloway
- John Muir Institute of the Environment, Watershed Science Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Monika Winder
- John Muir Institute of the Environment, Watershed Science Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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179
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Biochemical Modulation of Lipid Pathway in Microalgae Dunaliella sp. for Biodiesel Production. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:597198. [PMID: 26146623 PMCID: PMC4469783 DOI: 10.1155/2015/597198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exploitation of renewable sources of energy such as algal biodiesel could turn energy supplies problem around. Studies on a locally isolated strain of Dunaliella sp. showed that the mean lipid content in cultures enriched by 200 mg L(-1) myoinositol was raised by around 33% (1.5 times higher than the control). Similarly, higher lipid productivity values were achieved in cultures treated by 100 and 200 mg L(-1) myoinositol. Fluorometry analyses (microplate fluorescence and flow cytometry) revealed increased oil accumulation in the Nile red-stained algal samples. Moreover, it was predicted that biodiesel produced from myoinositol-treated cells possessed improved oxidative stability, cetane number, and cloud point values. From the genomic point of view, real-time analyses revealed that myoinositol negatively influenced transcript abundance of AccD gene (one of the key genes involved in lipid production pathway) due to feedback inhibition and that its positive effect must have been exerted through other genes. The findings of the current research are not to interprete that myoinositol supplementation could answer all the challenges faced in microalgal biodiesel production but instead to show that "there is a there there" for biochemical modulation strategies, which we achieved, increased algal oil quantity and enhanced resultant biodiesel quality.
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180
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Sigler K, Nedbalová L, Vítová M. Temperature dependence of production of structured triacylglycerols in the alga Trachydiscus minutus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 110:37-45. [PMID: 25564261 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the identification of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the alga Trachydiscus minutus cultivated at different temperatures using reversed- and chiral-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The use of the two different phases contributes to ready identification, both qualitative and semiquantitative, of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols containing eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic in the molecule. The ratio of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols (TAG) depends on the temperature of cultivation; with lowering temperature the proportion of the achiral TAG increases and the enantiomer ratio diverges from 1:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Biorefinery Res. Centre of Competence, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Opatovický mlýn 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
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181
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Kim SH, Ahn HM, Lim SR, Hong SJ, Cho BK, Lee H, Lee CG, Choi HK. Comparative lipidomic profiling of two Dunaliella tertiolecta strains with different growth temperatures under nitrate-deficient conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:880-887. [PMID: 25549757 DOI: 10.1021/jf502967k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur in Dunaliella tertiolecta upon exposure to low temperatures and nitrate deficiency were analyzed by exploring the fatty acid composition and lipid profile of two strains that were acclimated to different temperatures. The results indicate that the levels of linolenic acid (C18:3) and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) were significantly higher in the low-temperature (15 °C) strain (SCCAP K-0591) than in a strain grown at 21 °C (UTEX LB999). In addition, DGTS accumulated in LB999 under nitrate-deficient conditions, while the levels of most lipids, including DGTS, remained almost consistent in K-0591. The higher levels of DGTS in K-0591 suggest that DGTS could play a role in adaptation to low temperatures and nitrate deficiency in this organism. The results of this research could be applied to the development of new microalgal strains with tolerance of low temperature and nitrate deficiency by metabolic engineering targeted to DGTS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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182
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T. Miranda C, F. Pinto R, V. N. de Lima D, V. Viegas C, M. da Costa S, M. F. O. Azevedo S. Microalgae Lipid and Biodiesel Production: A Brazilian Challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2015.615254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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183
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Perrineau MM, Price DC, Mohr G, Bhattacharya D. Recent mobility of plastid encoded group II introns and twintrons in five strains of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1017. [PMID: 26157604 PMCID: PMC4476101 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Group II introns are closely linked to eukaryote evolution because nuclear spliceosomal introns and the small RNAs associated with the spliceosome are thought to trace their ancient origins to these mobile elements. Therefore, elucidating how group II introns move, and how they lose mobility can potentially shed light on fundamental aspects of eukaryote biology. To this end, we studied five strains of the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum that surprisingly contain 42 group II introns in their plastid genomes. We focused on a subset of these introns that encode mobility-conferring intron-encoded proteins (IEPs) and found them to be distributed among the strains in a lineage-specific manner. The reverse transcriptase and maturase domains were present in all lineages but the DNA endonuclease domain was deleted in vertically inherited introns, demonstrating a key step in the loss of mobility. P. purpureum plastid intron RNAs had a classic group IIB secondary structure despite variability in the DIII and DVI domains. We report for the first time the presence of twintrons (introns-within-introns, derived from the same mobile element) in Rhodophyta. The P. purpureum IEPs and their mobile introns provide a valuable model for the study of mobile retroelements in eukaryotes and offer promise for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Mathilde Perrineau
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Dana C. Price
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Georg Mohr
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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184
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Abstract
The biodiversity of phytoplankton is a core measurement of the state and activity of marine ecosystems. In the context of historical approaches, we review recent major advances in the technologies that have enabled deeper characterization of the biodiversity of phytoplankton. In particular, high-throughput sequencing of single loci/genes, genomes, and communities (metagenomics) has revealed exceptional phylogenetic and genomic diversity whose breadth is not fully constrained. Other molecular tools-such as fingerprinting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization-have provided additional insight into the dynamics of this diversity in the context of environmental variability. Techniques for characterizing the functional diversity of community structure through targeted or untargeted approaches based on RNA or protein have also greatly advanced. A wide range of techniques is now available for characterizing phytoplankton communities, and these tools will continue to advance through ongoing improvements in both technology and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackary I Johnson
- Marine Laboratory (Nicholas School of the Environment) and Department of Biology, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516;
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185
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Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance applied to the discrimination of freshwater planktonic coccoid green microalgae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114458. [PMID: 25541701 PMCID: PMC4277285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances on fine taxonomic discrimination in microorganisms, namely using molecular biology tools, some groups remain particularly problematic. Fine taxonomy of green algae, a widely distributed group in freshwater ecosystems, remains a challenge, especially for coccoid forms. In this paper, we propose the use of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as part of a polyphasic approach to identify and classify coccoid green microalgae (mainly order Sphaeropleales), using triplicated axenic cultures. The attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique was tested to reproducibility of IR spectra of the biological material, a primary requirement to achieve good discrimination of microalgal strains. Spectral window selection was also tested, in conjunction with the first derivative treatment of spectra, to determine which regions of the spectrum provided better separation and clustering of strains. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) and hierarchical clusters (HCA), demonstrated a correct discrimination and classification of closely related strains of chlorophycean coccoid microalgae, with respect to currently accepted classifications. FTIR-ATR was highly reproducible, and provided an excellent discrimination at the strain level. The best separation was achieved by analyzing the spectral windows of 1500–1200 cm−1 and 900–675 cm−1, which differs from those used in previously studies for the discrimination of broad algal groups, and excluding spectral regions related to storage compounds, which were found to give poor discrimination. Furthermore, hierarchical cluster analyses have positioned the strains tested into clades correctly, reproducing their taxonomic orders and families. This study demonstrates that FTIR-ATR has great potential to complement classical approaches for fine taxonomy of coccoid green microalgae, though a careful spectrum region selection is needed.
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186
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Aboal M, González-Silvera D, Roldán M, Hernández-Mariné M, López-Jiménez JÁ, Whitton BA. The freshwater alga Chroothece richteriana (Rhodophyta) as a potential source of lipids. Food Chem 2014; 162:143-8. [PMID: 24874369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During an ecological study of Chroothece (Rhodophyta) in a small river in a semi-arid region of south-east Spain it became clear that most of these cells had a high lipid content. This suggested potential uses in biotechnology, which has been investigated further. The colonies, which occur in full sunlight, are typically orange-brown. Most, perhaps all, the yellow-orange colour is associated with their high carotenoid content, with the carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio up to 2.7. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl composition of the glycerides was 35.3% of the dry weight. This consisted mainly of omega-3 (5.9%) and omega-6 (29.4%) fats. The relatively high proportion of docosahexaenoyl (1.78%), eicosapentaenoyl (14.15%), arachidonoyl (0.92%) and γ-linolenoyl (0.78%) suggests use for medical and dietary purposes. All cells have a high phycocyanin content whilst phycoerythrin is absent. The alga has a wide distribution globally and hence provides scope for selecting strains with optimum properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aboal
- Laboratorio de Algología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Daniel González-Silvera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mónica Roldán
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C, Facultat de Ciències, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Productes Naturals, Biología Vegetal i Edafología, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Hernández-Mariné
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Biología Vegetal i Edafología, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Brian A Whitton
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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187
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Separation of Enantiomeric Triacylglycerols by Chiral-Phase HPLC. Lipids 2014; 49:1251-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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188
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Bellou S, Baeshen MN, Elazzazy AM, Aggeli D, Sayegh F, Aggelis G. Microalgal lipids biochemistry and biotechnological perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1476-93. [PMID: 25449285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been an intense interest in using microalgal lipids in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries and cosmetology, while a noteworthy research has been performed focusing on all aspects of microalgal lipid production. This includes basic research on the pathways of solar energy conversion and on lipid biosynthesis and catabolism, and applied research dealing with the various biological and technical bottlenecks of the lipid production process. In here, we review the current knowledge in microalgal lipids with respect to their metabolism and various biotechnological applications, and we discuss potential future perspectives. The committing step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA that is then introduced in the fatty acid synthesis cycle leading to the formation of palmitic and stearic acids. Oleic acid may also be synthesized after stearic acid desaturation while further conversions of the fatty acids (i.e. desaturations, elongations) occur after their esterification with structural lipids of both plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum. The aliphatic chains are also used as building blocks for structuring storage acylglycerols via the Kennedy pathway. Current research, aiming to enhance lipogenesis in the microalgal cell, is focusing on over-expressing key-enzymes involved in the earlier steps of the pathway of fatty acid synthesis. A complementary plan would be the repression of lipid catabolism by down-regulating acylglycerol hydrolysis and/or β-oxidation. The tendency of oleaginous microalgae to synthesize, apart from lipids, significant amounts of other energy-rich compounds such as sugars, in processes competitive to lipogenesis, deserves attention since the lipid yield may be considerably increased by blocking competitive metabolic pathways. The majority of microalgal production occurs in outdoor cultivation and for this reason biotechnological applications face some difficulties. Therefore, algal production systems need to be improved and harvesting systems need to be more effective in order for their industrial applications to become more competitive and economically viable. Besides, a reduction of the production cost of microalgal lipids can be achieved by combining lipid production with other commercial applications. The combined production of bioactive products and lipids, when possible, can support the commercial viability of both processes. Hydrophobic compounds can be extracted simultaneously with lipids and then purified, while hydrophilic compounds such as proteins and sugars may be extracted from the defatted biomass. The microalgae also have applications in environmental biotechnology since they can be used for bioremediation of wastewater and to monitor environmental toxicants. Algal biomass produced during wastewater treatment may be further valorized in the biofuel manufacture. It is anticipated that the high microalgal lipid potential will force research towards finding effective ways to manipulate biochemical pathways involved in lipid biosynthesis and towards cost effective algal cultivation and harvesting systems, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Bellou
- Division of Genetics, Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Mohammed N Baeshen
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Elazzazy
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dimitra Aggeli
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fotoon Sayegh
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Aggelis
- Division of Genetics, Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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189
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Hallenbeck PC, Leite GB, Abdelaziz AE. Exploring the diversity of microalgal physiology for applications in wastewater treatment and biofuel production. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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190
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Akinwole PO, Lefevre E, Powell MJ, Findlay RH. Unique odd-chain polyenoic phospholipid fatty acids present in chytrid fungi. Lipids 2014; 49:933-42. [PMID: 25119485 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chytrid fungi are ubiquitous components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems yet they remain understudied. To investigate the use of phospholipid fatty acids as phenotypic characteristics in taxonomic studies and biomarkers for ecological studies, 18 chytrid fungi isolated from soil to freshwater samples were grown in defined media and their phospholipid fatty acid profile determined. Gas chromatographic/mass spectral analysis indicated the presence of fatty acids typically associated with fungi, such as 16:1(n-7), 16:0, 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3) 18:1(n-9), and 18:0, as well as, a number of odd-chain length fatty acids, including two polyunsaturated C-17 fatty acids. Conversion to their 3-pyridylcarbinol ester facilitated GC-MS determination of double-bond positions and these fatty acid were identified as 6,9-17:2 [17:2(n-8)] and 6,9,12-17:3 [17:3(n-5)]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of polyunsaturated C-17 fatty acids isolated from the phospholipids of chytrid fungi. Cluster analysis of PLFA profiles showed sufficient correlation with chytrid phylogeny to warrant inclusion of lipid analysis in species descriptions and the presence of several phospholipid fatty acids of restricted phylogenetic distributions suggests their usefulness as biomarkers for ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philips O Akinwole
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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191
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Production of structured triacylglycerols from microalgae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 104:95-104. [PMID: 24833034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structured triacylglycerols (TAGs) were isolated from nine cultivated strains of microalgae belonging to different taxonomic groups, i.e. Audouinella eugena, Balbiania investiens, Myrmecia bisecta, Nannochloropsis limnetica, Palmodictyon varium, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pseudochantransia sp., Thorea ramosissima, and Trachydiscus minutus. They were separated and isolated by means of NARP-LC/MS-APCI and chiral LC and the positional isomers and enantiomers of TAGs with two polyunsaturated, i.e. arachidonic (A) and eicosapentaenoic (E) acids and one saturated, i.e. palmitic acid (P) were identified. Algae that produce eicosapentaenoic acid were found to biosynthesize more asymmetrical TAGs, i.e. PPE or PEE, whereas algae which produced arachidonic acid give rise to symmetrical TAGs, i.e. PAP or APA, irrespective of their taxonomical classification. Nitrogen and phosphorus starvation consistently reversed the ratio of asymmetrical and symmetrical TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for Bioindication and Revitalization, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for Bioindication and Revitalization, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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192
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Kotajima T, Shiraiwa Y, Suzuki I. Functional screening of a novel Δ15 fatty acid desaturase from the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1842:1451-8. [PMID: 25046625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi is a bloom-forming marine phytoplankton thought to play a key role as a biological pump that transfers carbon from the surface to the bottom of the ocean, thus contributing to the global carbon cycle. This alga is also known to accumulate a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids. At 25°C, E. huxleyi produces mainly 14:0, 18:4n-3, 18:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. When the cells were transferred from 25°C to 15°C, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids, i.e. 18:1n-9, 18:3n-3 and 18:5n-3, gradually increased. Among the predicted desaturase genes whose expression levels were up-regulated at low temperature, we identified a gene encoding novel ∆15 fatty acid desaturase, EhDES15, involved in the production of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in E. huxleyi. This desaturase contains a putative transit sequence for localization in chloroplasts and a ∆6 desaturase-like domain, but it does not contain a cytochrome b5 domain nor typical His-boxes found in ∆15 desaturases. Heterologous expression of EhDES15 cDNA in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells increased the level of n-3 fatty acid species, which are produced at low levels in wild-type cells grown at 30°C. The orthologous genes are only conserved in the genomes of prasinophytes and cryptophytes. The His-boxes conserved in orthologues varied from that of the canonical ∆15 desaturases. These results suggested the gene encodes a novel ∆15 desaturase responsible for the synthesis of 18:3n-3 from 18:2n-6 in E. huxleyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Kotajima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; CREST, JST, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; CREST, JST, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; CREST, JST, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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193
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Lipid class and fatty acid compositions of the zoanthid Palythoa caesia (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) and its chemotaxonomic relations with corals. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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194
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Imbs AB, Yakovleva IM, Dautova TN, Bui LH, Jones P. Diversity of fatty acid composition of symbiotic dinoflagellates in corals: evidence for the transfer of host PUFAs to the symbionts. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:76-82. [PMID: 24612930 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High diversity of fatty acid (FA) composition of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of the Symbiodinium group (zooxanthellae) isolated from different cnidarian groups has been found. To explain this diversity, FA composition of the total lipids of pure symbiont fractions (SF) and host cell tissue fractions (HF) isolated from one hydrocoral, two soft coral, and seven hard coral species inhabiting the shallow waters of the South China Sea (Vietnam) were compared. Symbiodinium phylogenetic clade designation for each SF was also determined, however, the relationship between the clade designation and FA composition of Symbiodinium was not found. The profiles of marker polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) of symbionts (18:4n-3, 18:5n-3, 20:5n-3) did not depend on taxonomic designation of the host and reflected only a specimen-specific diversity of the SF lipids. Several FAs such as 20:0, C24 PUFAs, 22:5n-6, and 18:2n-7 concentrated in HF lipids but were also found in SF lipids. For ten cnidarian species studied, the principal components analysis of total FAs (27 variables) of the symbiotic fractions was performed. The clear division of the symbiotic dinoflagellates according to the host systematic identity was found on a subclass level. This division was mainly caused by the FAs specific for the host lipids of each cnidarian subclasses such as hard corals, soft corals, and hydrocorals. Thus, the coral hosts affect the FA profile of their symbionts and cause the diversity of FA composition of Symbiodinium. The transfer of FAs from the coral host to their symbiotic dinoflagellates and modulation of PUFA biosynthesis in symbionts by the host are considered as possible reasons of the diversity studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina M Yakovleva
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana N Dautova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Long H Bui
- Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Paul Jones
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmosphere Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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195
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Rezanka T, Nedbalová L, Procházková L, Sigler K. Lipidomic profiling of snow algae by ESI-MS and silver-LC/APCI-MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 100:34-42. [PMID: 24548555 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The main analytical benefit of this study is the development of methods enabling a rapid determination of total lipids of algae by lipidomic analysis and detailed identification and quantification of a complex mixture of natural TAGs by silver-LC/APCI-MS and NARP-LC/APCI-MS. Both types of chromatography can readily identify, both qualitatively and semiquantitatively, triacylglycerols containing 16:3 and 16:4 acids in the molecule. We conclude that the genus Chloromonas is a major producer of C16 PUFAs mostly contained in TAGs. Since more detailed studies in this field have been stymied by the shortage of 16:3 and 16:4 FAs, we decided to study the alga Chloromonas as a potential biotechnological source of C16 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Procházková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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196
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Bogen C, Al-Dilaimi A, Albersmeier A, Wichmann J, Grundmann M, Rupp O, Lauersen KJ, Blifernez-Klassen O, Kalinowski J, Goesmann A, Mussgnug JH, Kruse O. Reconstruction of the lipid metabolism for the microalga Monoraphidium neglectum from its genome sequence reveals characteristics suitable for biofuel production. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:926. [PMID: 24373495 PMCID: PMC3890519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are gaining importance as sustainable production hosts in the fields of biotechnology and bioenergy. A robust biomass accumulating strain of the genus Monoraphidium (SAG 48.87) was investigated in this work as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. The genome was sequenced, annotated, and key enzymes for triacylglycerol formation were elucidated. RESULTS Monoraphidium neglectum was identified as an oleaginous species with favourable growth characteristics as well as a high potential for crude oil production, based on neutral lipid contents of approximately 21% (dry weight) under nitrogen starvation, composed of predominantly C18:1 and C16:0 fatty acids. Further characterization revealed growth in a relatively wide pH range and salt concentrations of up to 1.0% NaCl, in which the cells exhibited larger structures. This first full genome sequencing of a member of the Selenastraceae revealed a diploid, approximately 68 Mbp genome with a G + C content of 64.7%. The circular chloroplast genome was assembled to a 135,362 bp single contig, containing 67 protein-coding genes. The assembly of the mitochondrial genome resulted in two contigs with an approximate total size of 94 kb, the largest known mitochondrial genome within algae. 16,761 protein-coding genes were assigned to the nuclear genome. Comparison of gene sets with respect to functional categories revealed a higher gene number assigned to the category "carbohydrate metabolic process" and in "fatty acid biosynthetic process" in M. neglectum when compared to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis gaditana, indicating a higher metabolic diversity for applications in carbohydrate conversions of biotechnological relevance. CONCLUSIONS The genome of M. neglectum, as well as the metabolic reconstruction of crucial lipid pathways, provides new insights into the diversity of the lipid metabolism in microalgae. The results of this work provide a platform to encourage the development of this strain for biotechnological applications and production concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogen
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Arwa Al-Dilaimi
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Andreas Albersmeier
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Julian Wichmann
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Michael Grundmann
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Kyle J Lauersen
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Olga Blifernez-Klassen
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Goesmann
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Jan H Mussgnug
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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Cagnon C, Mirabella B, Nguyen HM, Beyly-Adriano A, Bouvet S, Cuiné S, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Development of a forward genetic screen to isolate oil mutants in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:178. [PMID: 24295516 PMCID: PMC4176504 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oils produced by microalgae are precursors to biodiesel. To achieve a profitable production of biodiesel from microalgae, identification of factors governing oil synthesis and turnover is desirable. The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is amenable to genetic analyses and has recently emerged as a model to study oil metabolism. However, a detailed method to isolate various types of oil mutants that is adapted to Chlamydomonas has not been reported. RESULTS We describe here a forward genetic approach to isolate mutants altered in oil synthesis and turnover from C. reinhardtii. It consists of a three-step screening procedure: a primary screen by flow cytometry of Nile red stained transformants grown in 96-deep-well plates under three sequential conditions (presence of nitrogen, then absence of nitrogen, followed by oil remobilization); a confirmation step using Nile red stained biological triplicates; and a validation step consisting of the quantification by thin layer chromatography of oil content of selected strains. Thirty-one mutants were isolated by screening 1,800 transformants generated by random insertional mutagenesis (1.7%). Five showed increased oil accumulation under the nitrogen-replete condition and 13 had altered oil content under nitrogen-depletion. All mutants were affected in oil remobilization. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that various types of oil mutants can be isolated in Chlamydomonas based on the method set-up here, including mutants accumulating oil under optimal biomass growth. The strategy conceived and the protocol set-up should be applicable to other microalgal species such as Nannochloropsis and Chlorella, thus serving as a useful tool in Chlamydomonas oil research and algal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cagnon
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Boris Mirabella
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Hoa Mai Nguyen
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Present address: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, UMR 7313, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Beyly-Adriano
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Séverine Bouvet
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Stéphan Cuiné
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA Cadarache, Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- CNRS, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
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Armada I, Hachero-Cruzado I, Mazuelos N, Ríos JL, Manchado M, Cañavate JP. Differences in betaine lipids and fatty acids between Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP isolates (Haptophyta). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 95:224-233. [PMID: 23954077 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two Haptophytes were isolated from extensive aquaculture ponds at Veta La Palma state (Guadalquivir estuary, SW Spain). They were identified as Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP based on their SSU rDNA homology to other Haptophytes and positioned in the Isochrysidaceae and Pavlovaceae families, respectively. Both Haptophytes had phosphatidilglycerol (PG) as the only phospholipid (PL), representing a low proportion of the total lipid content (0.8% in P. paradoxa VLP and 3.3% in D. vlkianum VLP). Instead, they were found to have different types of betaine lipids (BL) that were identified and characterized by HPLC/ESI-TOF-MS operating in multiple reacting monitoring (MRM) modes. P. paradoxa VLP had 2.2% of total lipids as diacylgyceryl-N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS): it is the first Haptophyte reported to have this BL. Its total lipid fraction also contained 12.0% of diacylglyceryl-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) as the main BL and no diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-β-alanine (DGTA) was detected. DGTA was only present (4.6% of total lipids) in D. vlkianum VLP: this was the main difference in BL content relative to P. paradoxa. D. vlkianum VLP also had DGTS (4.1%) and DGCC (7.6%): it is the first microalgae in which the simultaneous presence of these three BL has been demonstrated. The fatty acid profiles of P. paradoxa VLP and D. vlkianum VLP were close to those described for the major part of known members of the Isochrisidaceae and Pavlovaceae families, respectively, with the main differences due to the higher percentages of 18:1n9 (18.5%), 18:4n3 (12.6%) and 22:6n3 (9.3%) in the former. The corresponding fatty acid percentages for D. vlkianum VLP were 3.9%, 3.5% and 3.9%, respectively. D. vlkianum VLP showed higher 16:1n7 (16.1%) and 20:5n3 (9.4%) contents, whereas P. paradoxa VLP had significantly lower percentages of 16:1n7 (1.7%) and 20:5n3 (0.6%). Fatty acids of BL differed between both haptophytes. In DGTS from P. paradoxa VLP, 90.9% of total molecular species consisted of the 14:0-18:1 fatty acid combination, whereas DGTS from D. vlkianum showed a more diverse range of fatty acids. The unsaturation index (UI) of DGTS was lower (55.8) than that of total lipid UI (178.3) in P. paradoxa VLP. In D. vlkianum VLP the UI of DGTS was higher (146.9) and similar to that for total cell lipids (145.9). DGTA from D. vlkianum VLP had the highest UI (321.8) of all BL studied and it contained maximum levels (27.7%) of 22:6n3, representing 7.1 times the proportion of this fatty acid in the whole lipid extract. DGCC was enriched in 20:5n3 by a factor of around four in both microalgae. Due to different levels of this fatty acid in the two microalgae their respective 20:5n3 content in DGCC varied from 2.2% (P. paradoxa VLP) to 41.0% (D. vlkianum VLP) and these concentrations were also associated with UI values of 92.2 and 271.0, respectively. The specific differences in BL and fatty acids described in the present work for two phylogenetic distant Hatophytes is a contribution to a better understanding on the complex relationship between lipid composition and taxonomy of this important Division of microalgae. Present results can also be useful for a more accurate identification of primary producers in food web studies using fatty acids and intact polar lipids as trophic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Armada
- Instituto de Investigación Agraria y Pesquera, Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Apartado 16, 11500 Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
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Talebi AF, Mohtashami SK, Tabatabaei M, Tohidfar M, Bagheri A, Zeinalabedini M, Hadavand Mirzaei H, Mirzajanzadeh M, Malekzadeh Shafaroudi S, Bakhtiari S. Fatty acids profiling: A selective criterion for screening microalgae strains for biodiesel production. ALGAL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martins DA, Custódio L, Barreira L, Pereira H, Ben-Hamadou R, Varela J, Abu-Salah KM. Alternative sources of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine microalgae. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2259-81. [PMID: 23807546 PMCID: PMC3736422 DOI: 10.3390/md11072259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The main source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in human nutrition is currently seafood, especially oily fish. Nonetheless, due to cultural or individual preferences, convenience, geographic location, or awareness of risks associated to fatty fish consumption, the intake of fatty fish is far from supplying the recommended dietary levels. The end result observed in most western countries is not only a low supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, but also an unbalance towards the intake of n-6 fatty acids, resulting mostly from the consumption of vegetable oils. Awareness of the benefits of LC-PUFA in human health has led to the use of fish oils as food supplements. However, there is a need to explore alternatives sources of LC-PUFA, especially those of microbial origin. Microalgae species with potential to accumulate lipids in high amounts and to present elevated levels of n-3 LC-PUFA are known in marine phytoplankton. This review focuses on sources of n-3 LC-PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in marine microalgae, as alternatives to fish oils. Based on current literature, examples of marketed products and potentially new species for commercial exploitation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Alves Martins
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; E-Mails: (D.A.M.); (L.C.); (L.B.); (H.P.); (R.B.-H.)
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; E-Mails: (D.A.M.); (L.C.); (L.B.); (H.P.); (R.B.-H.)
| | - Luísa Barreira
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; E-Mails: (D.A.M.); (L.C.); (L.B.); (H.P.); (R.B.-H.)
| | - Hugo Pereira
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; E-Mails: (D.A.M.); (L.C.); (L.B.); (H.P.); (R.B.-H.)
| | - Radhouan Ben-Hamadou
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; E-Mails: (D.A.M.); (L.C.); (L.B.); (H.P.); (R.B.-H.)
| | - João Varela
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; E-Mails: (D.A.M.); (L.C.); (L.B.); (H.P.); (R.B.-H.)
| | - Khalid M. Abu-Salah
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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