151
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Gaspar FW, Harley KG, Kogut K, Chevrier J, Mora AM, Sjödin A, Eskenazi B. Prenatal DDT and DDE exposure and child IQ in the CHAMACOS cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:206-12. [PMID: 26414943 PMCID: PMC5152618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although banned in most countries, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) continues to be used for vector control in some malaria endemic areas. Previous findings from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) cohort study found increased prenatal levels of DDT and its breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) to be associated with altered neurodevelopment in children at 1 and 2years of age. In this study, we combined the measured maternal DDT/E concentrations during pregnancy obtained for the prospective birth cohort with predicted prenatal DDT and DDE levels estimated for a retrospective birth cohort. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) and linear regression models, we evaluated the relationship of prenatal maternal DDT and DDE serum concentrations with children's cognition at ages 7 and 10.5years as assessed using the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and 4 subtest scores (Working Memory, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Processing Speed) of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). In GEE analyses incorporating both age 7 and 10.5 scores (n=619), we found prenatal DDT and DDE levels were not associated with Full Scale IQ or any of the WISC subscales (p-value>0.05). In linear regression analyses assessing each time point separately, prenatal DDT levels were inversely associated with Processing Speed at age 7years (n=316), but prenatal DDT and DDE levels were not associated with Full Scale IQ or any of the WISC subscales at age 10.5years (n=595). We found evidence for effect modification by sex. In girls, but not boys, prenatal DDE levels were inversely associated with Full Scale IQ and Processing Speed at age 7years. We conclude that prenatal DDT levels may be associated with delayed Processing Speed in children at age 7years and the relationship between prenatal DDE levels and children's cognitive development may be modified by sex, with girls being more adversely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser W Gaspar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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152
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Yousefi P, Huen K, Quach H, Motwani G, Hubbard A, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Estimation of blood cellular heterogeneity in newborns and children for epigenome-wide association studies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:751-8. [PMID: 26332589 PMCID: PMC4636959 DOI: 10.1002/em.21966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Confounding by cellular heterogeneity has become a major concern for epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in peripheral blood samples from population and clinical studies. Adjusting for white blood cell percentage estimates produced by the minfi implementation of the Houseman algorithm (minfi) during statistical analysis is now an established method to account for this bias in adults. However, minfi has not been benchmarked against white blood cell counts in children that may differ substantially from the reference dataset used in its estimation. We compared estimates of white blood cell type percentages produced by two methods, minfi and differential cell count (DCC), in a birth cohort at two time points (birth and 12 years of age). We found that both minfi and DCC had similar trends as children aged, and neither count method differed by sex among newborns (P > 0.10). However, minfi estimates did not correlate well with DCC in samples from newborns (ρ = -0.05 for granulocytes; ρ = -0.03 for lymphocytes). In older children, correlation improved substantially (ρ = 0.77 for granulocytes; ρ = 0.75 for lymphocytes), likely due to increasing similarity with minfi's adult reference data as children aged. Our findings suggest that the minfi method may provide suitable estimates of white blood cell composition for samples from adults and older children, but may not currently be appropriate for EWAS involving newborns or young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hong Quach
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Girish Motwani
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alan Hubbard
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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153
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Yousefi P, Huen K, Davé V, Barcellos L, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Sex differences in DNA methylation assessed by 450 K BeadChip in newborns. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:911. [PMID: 26553366 PMCID: PMC4640166 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark that can potentially link early life exposures to adverse health outcomes later in life. Host factors like sex and age strongly influence biological variation of DNA methylation, but characterization of these relationships is still limited, particularly in young children. METHODS In a sample of 111 Mexican-American subjects (58 girls , 53 boys), we interrogated DNA methylation differences by sex at birth using the 450 K BeadChip in umbilical cord blood specimens, adjusting for cell composition. RESULTS We observed that ~3% of CpG sites were differentially methylated between girls and boys at birth (FDR P < 0.05). Of those CpGs, 3031 were located on autosomes, and 82.8% of those were hypermethylated in girls compared to boys. Beyond individual CpGs, we found 3604 sex-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) where the majority (75.8%) had higher methylation in girls. Using pathway analysis, we found that sex-associated autosomal CpGs were significantly enriched for gene ontology terms related to nervous system development and behavior. Among hits in our study, 35.9% had been previously reported as sex-associated CpG sites in other published human studies. Further, for replicated hits, the direction of the association with methylation was highly concordant (98.5-100%) with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first reported epigenome-wide analysis by sex at birth that examined DMRs and adjusted for confounding by cell composition. We confirmed previously reported trends that methylation profiles are sex-specific even in autosomal genes, and also identified novel sex-associated CpGs in our methylome-wide analysis immediately after birth, a critical yet relatively unstudied developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Veronica Davé
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Lisa Barcellos
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, 733 University Hall, School of Public Health, UC, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA.
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154
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Mora AM, Arora M, Harley KG, Kogut K, Parra K, Hernández-Bonilla D, Gunier RB, Bradman A, Smith DR, Eskenazi B. Prenatal and postnatal manganese teeth levels and neurodevelopment at 7, 9, and 10.5 years in the CHAMACOS cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:39-54. [PMID: 26209874 PMCID: PMC4570875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous cross-sectional studies of school-age children have observed that exposure to manganese (Mn) adversely affects neurodevelopment. However, few prospective studies have looked at the effects of both prenatal and postnatal Mn exposure on child neurodevelopment. METHODS We measured Mn levels in prenatal and early postnatal dentine of shed teeth and examined their association with behavior, cognition, memory, and motor functioning in 248 children aged 7, 9, and/or 10.5 years living near agricultural fields treated with Mn-containing fungicides in California. We used generalized linear models and generalized additive models to test for linear and nonlinear associations, and generalized estimating equation models to assess longitudinal effects. RESULTS We observed that higher prenatal and early postnatal Mn levels in dentine of deciduous teeth were adversely associated with behavioral outcomes, namely internalizing, externalizing, and hyperactivity problems, in boys and girls at 7 and 10.5 years. In contrast, higher Mn levels in prenatal and postnatal dentine were associated with better memory abilities at ages 9 and 10.5, and better cognitive and motor outcomes at ages 7 and 10.5 years, among boys only. Higher prenatal dentine Mn levels were also associated with poorer visuospatial memory outcomes at 9 years and worse cognitive scores at 7 and 10.5 years in children with higher prenatal lead levels (≥0.8 μg/dL). All these associations were linear and were consistent with findings from longitudinal analyses. CONCLUSIONS We observed that higher prenatal and early postnatal Mn levels measured in dentine of deciduous teeth, a novel biomarker that provides reliable information on the developmental timing of exposures to Mn, were associated with poorer behavioral outcomes in school-age boys and girls and better motor function, memory, and/or cognitive abilities in school-age boys. Additional research is needed to understand the inconsistencies in the neurodevelopmental findings across studies and the degree to which differences may be associated with different Mn exposure pathways and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Manish Arora
- Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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155
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Tang R, Chen M, Zhou K, Chen D, Yu J, Hu W, Song L, Hang B, Wang X, Xia Y. Prenatal lignan exposures, pregnancy urine estrogen profiles and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:261-8. [PMID: 26093977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, human exposure to endogenous estrogens and xenoestrogens (such as lignans) may comprehensively impact the gestational maintenance and fetal growth. We measured the concentrations of 5 lignans and the profile of 13 estrogen metabolites (EMs) in the urine samples of 328 pregnant women and examined their associations with birth outcomes. We found significantly positive associations between gestational age and urinary matairesinol (MAT), enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), as well as 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs. There were consistently positive relationships between END and the 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs. The positive relationships of MAT, END and ENL exposures with the length of gestation were mainly in the low exposure strata of the levels of these EMs. This study reveals that MAT, END and ENL as well as 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs are associated with birth outcomes, and that there are interactive relationships between lignans and 16-hydroxylation pathway EMs with birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bo Hang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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156
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Naksen W, Prapamontol T, Mangklabruks A, Chantara S, Thavornyutikarn P, Srinual N, Panuwet P, Ryan PB, Riederer AM, Barr DB. Associations of maternal organophosphate pesticide exposure and PON1 activity with birth outcomes in SAWASDEE birth cohort, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:288-96. [PMID: 26186137 PMCID: PMC4609250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure has been reported to be associated with adverse birth outcomes and neurodevelopment. However, the mechanisms of toxicity of OP pesticides on human fetal development have not yet been elucidated. Our pilot study birth cohort, the Study of Asian Women and Offspring's Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE cohort) aimed to evaluate environmental chemical exposures and their relation to birth outcomes and infant neurodevelopment in 52 pregnant farmworkers in Fang district, Chiang Mai province, Thailand. A large array of data was collected multiple times during pregnancy including approximately monthly urine samples for evaluation of pesticide exposure, three blood samples for pesticide-related enzyme measurements and questionnaire data. This study investigated the changes in maternal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activities and their relation to urinary diakylphosphates (DAPs), class-related metabolites of OP pesticides, during pregnancy. Maternal AChE, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and PON1 activities were measured three times during pregnancy and urinary DAP concentrations were measured, on average, 8 times from enrollment during pregnancy until delivery. Among the individuals in the group with low maternal PON1 activity (n=23), newborn head circumference was negatively correlated with log10 maternal ∑DEAP and ∑DAP at enrollment (gestational age=12±3 weeks; β=-1.0 cm, p=0.03 and β=-1.8 cm, p<0.01, respectively) and at 32 weeks pregnancy (β=-1.1cm, p=0.04 and β=-2.6 cm, p=0.01, respectively). Furthermore, among these mothers, newborn birthweight was also negatively associated with log10 maternal ∑DEAP and ∑DAP at enrollment (β=-219.7 g, p=0.05 and β=-371.3g, p=0.02, respectively). Associations between maternal DAP levels and newborn outcomes were not observed in the group of participants with high maternal PON1 activity. Our results support previous findings from US birth cohort studies. This is the first study to report the associations between prenatal OP pesticide exposure and birth outcomes in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Naksen
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphum subdistrict, Muang district, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphum subdistrict, Muang district, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prasak Thavornyutikarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Niphan Srinual
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros Road, Sriphum subdistrict, Muang district, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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157
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Environmental pollutants parathion, paraquat and bisphenol A show distinct effects towards nuclear receptors-mediated induction of xenobiotics-metabolizing cytochromes P450 in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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158
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Forde MS, Robertson L, Laouan Sidi EA, Côté S, Gaudreau E, Drescher O, Ayotte P. Evaluation of exposure to organophosphate, carbamate, phenoxy acid, and chlorophenol pesticides in pregnant women from 10 Caribbean countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:1661-71. [PMID: 26238297 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are commonly used in tropical regions such as the Caribbean for both household and agricultural purposes. Of particular concern is exposure during pregnancy, as these compounds can cross the placental barrier and interfere with fetal development. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposure of pregnant women residing in 10 Caribbean countries to the following commonly used classes of pesticides in the Caribbean: organophosphates (OPs), carbamates, phenoxy acids, and chlorophenols. Out of 438 urine samples collected, 15 samples were randomly selected from each Caribbean country giving a total of 150 samples. Samples were analyzed for the following metabolites: six OP dialkylphosphate metabolites [dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), diethylphosphate (DEP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) and diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP)]; two carbamate metabolites [2-isopropoxyphenol (2-IPP) and carbofuranphenol]; one phenoxy acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); and five chlorophenols [2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP)]. OP metabolites were consistently detected in ≥60% of the samples from Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, and Jamaica. Of the carbamate metabolites, 2-IPP was detected in seven of the 10 Caribbean countries with a detection frequency around 30%, whereas carbofuranphenol was detected in only one sample. The detection frequency for the phenoxy acid 2,4-D ranged from 20% in Grenada to a maximum of 67% in Belize. Evidence of exposure to chlorophenol pesticides was also established with 2,4-DCP by geometric means ranging from 0.52 μg L(-1) in St Lucia to a maximum of 1.68 μg L(-1) in Bermuda. Several extreme concentrations of 2,5-DCP were detected in four Caribbean countries-Belize (1100 μg L(-1)), Bermuda (870 μg L(-1)), Jamaica (1300 μg L(-1)), and St Kitts and Nevis (1400 μg L(-1)). 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,6-TCP, and pentachlorophenol were rarely detected. This biomonitoring study underscores the need for Caribbean public health authorities to encourage their populations, and in particular pregnant women, to become more aware of the potential routes of exposure to pesticides and to utilize these chemicals more cautiously given the possible adverse effects such exposures can have on their unborn children and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Forde
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, St George's University, St George's, Grenada.
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159
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Reiss R, Chang ET, Richardson RJ, Goodman M. A review of epidemiologic studies of low-level exposures to organophosphorus insecticides in non-occupational populations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:531-641. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1043976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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160
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Erkin-Cakmak A, Harley KG, Chevrier J, Bradman A, Kogut K, Huen K, Eskenazi B. In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether exposures and body mass at age 7 years: the CHAMACOS study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:636-42. [PMID: 25738596 PMCID: PMC4455588 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are lipophilic flame retardants that bioaccumulate in humans. Child serum PBDE concentrations in California are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs may be associated with obesity by disrupting endocrine systems. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined whether pre- and postnatal exposure to the components of pentaBDE mixture was associated with childhood obesity in a population of Latino children participating in a longitudinal birth cohort study in the Salinas Valley, California. METHODS We measured PBDEs in serum collected from 224 mothers during pregnancy and their children at 7 years of age, and examined associations with body mass index (BMI) at age 7 years. RESULTS Maternal PBDE serum levels during pregnancy were associated with higher BMI z-scores in boys (BMI z-score βadjusted = 0.26; 95% CI: -0.19, 0.72) but lower scores in girls (BMI z-score βadjusted = -0.41; 95% CI: -0.87, -0.05) at 7 years of age (pinteraction = 0.04). In addition, child's serum BDE-153 concentration (log10), but not other pentaBDE congeners, demonstrated inverse associations with BMI at age 7 years (BMI z-score βadjusted = -1.15; 95% CI: -1.53, -0.77), but there was no interaction by sex. CONCLUSIONS We estimated sex-specific associations with maternal PBDE levels during pregnancy and BMI at 7 years of age, finding positive associations in boys and negative associations in girls. Children's serum BDE-153 concentrations were inversely associated with BMI at 7 years with no difference by sex. Future studies should examine the longitudinal trends in obesity with PBDE exposure and changes in hormonal environment as children transition through puberty, as well as evaluate the potential for reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Erkin-Cakmak
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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161
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Spaan S, Pronk A, Koch HM, Jusko TA, Jaddoe VW, Shaw PA, Tiemeier HM, Hofman A, Pierik FH, Longnecker MP. Reliability of concentrations of organophosphate pesticide metabolites in serial urine specimens from pregnancy in the Generation R Study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:286-94. [PMID: 25515376 PMCID: PMC4409451 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides has resulted in ubiquitous exposure in humans, primarily through their diet. Exposure to OP pesticides may have adverse health effects, including neurobehavioral deficits in children. The optimal design of new studies requires data on the reliability of urinary measures of exposure. In the present study, urinary concentrations of six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, the main urinary metabolites of OP pesticides, were determined in 120 pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study in Rotterdam. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) across serial urine specimens taken at <18, 18-25, and >25 weeks of pregnancy were determined to assess reliability. Geometric mean total DAP metabolite concentrations were 229 (GSD 2.2), 240 (GSD 2.1), and 224 (GSD 2.2) nmol/g creatinine across the three periods of gestation. Metabolite concentrations from the serial urine specimens in general correlated moderately. The ICCs for the six DAP metabolites ranged from 0.14 to 0.38 (0.30 for total DAPs), indicating weak to moderate reliability. Although the DAP metabolite levels observed in this study are slightly higher and slightly more correlated than in previous studies, the low to moderate reliability indicates a high degree of within-person variability, which presents challenges for designing well-powered epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Spaan
- Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Suzanne Spaan, Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, the Netherlands, Tel: +31 88 86 61821, Fax: +31 88 86 68766,
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Todd A. Jusko
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela A. Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henning M. Tiemeier
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H. Pierik
- Department of Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew P. Longnecker
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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162
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Ding G, Cui C, Chen L, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Shi R, Tian Y. Prenatal exposure to pyrethroid insecticides and birth outcomes in Rural Northern China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:264-70. [PMID: 25515377 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although pyrethroid insecticides are widely used, little is known about potential adverse effects on fetal growth. Participating 454 mother-infant pairs were recruited from a prospective birth cohort in rural northern China between September 2010 and 2012. We measured five non-specific pyrethroid metabolites in maternal urine at delivery and examined their association with birth outcomes including birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational duration. The creatinine-adjusted medians of pyrethroid metabolites in urine were 0.51 μg/g for cis-DCCA, 0.65 μg/g for trans-DCCA, and 0.68 μg/g for 3-PBA. The pregnant women had substantially higher levels of urinary pyrethroid metabolites compared with those reported in developed countries. A increase in total (the sum of cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, and 3-PBA) but not individual urinary metabolite levels was associated with a decrease in birth weight (adjusted β=-96.76 g per log10 unit increase, 95% confidence interval=-173.15 to -20.37). No associations were found between individual or total metabolite levels and birth length, head circumference, or gestational duration. We report an adverse association of prenatal exposure to pyrethroids as measured by urinary metabolites with birth weight. More studies are warranted in China given the relatively high levels of urinary metabolites in our study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ding
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tian
- 1] MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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163
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Omoike OE, Lewis RC, Meeker JD. Association between urinary biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate insecticides and serum reproductive hormones in men from NHANES 1999-2002. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:99-104. [PMID: 25908234 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphate (OP) insecticides may alter reproductive hormone levels in men and increase the risk for poor reductive health and other adverse health outcomes. However, relevant epidemiology studies in men are limited. We evaluated urinary concentrations of OP metabolites (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and six dialkyl phosphates) in relation to serum concentrations of testosterone (T) and estradiol among 356 men aged 20-55 years old from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Biomarkers were detected in greater than 50% of the samples, except for diethyldithiophosphate, dimethylphosphate, and dimethyldithiophosphate. In adjusted regression models, we observed a statistically significant inverse relationship between diethyl phosphate (DEP) and T when DEP was modeled as either a continuous or categorical variable. These findings add to the limited evidence that exposure to certain OP insecticides is linked to altered T in men, which may have important implications for male health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogbebor Enaholo Omoike
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Ryan C Lewis
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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164
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Lewis RC, Cantonwine DE, Anzalota Del Toro LV, Calafat AM, Valentin-Blasini L, Davis MD, Montesano MA, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Meeker JD. Distribution and determinants of urinary biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate insecticides in Puerto Rican pregnant women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:337-344. [PMID: 25634738 PMCID: PMC4339526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, human exposures to organophosphate (OP) insecticides may pose a significant burden to the health of mothers and their developing fetuses. Unfortunately, relevant data is limited in certain areas of the world concerning sources of exposure to OP insecticides in pregnant populations. To begin to address this gap in information for Puerto Rico, we studied repeated measures of urinary concentrations of 10 OP insecticide metabolites among 54 pregnant women from the northern karst region of the island. We also collected demographic data and self-reported information on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in the past 48 h before urine collection and home pest-related issues. We calculated the distributions of the urinary biomarkers and compared them to women of reproductive age from the general U.S. population. We also used statistical models accounting for correlated data to assess within-subject temporal variability of the urinary biomarkers and to identify predictors of exposure. We found that for all but two metabolites (para-nitrophenol [PNP], diethylthiophosphate [DETP]), 50th or 95th percentile urinary concentrations (the metric that was used for comparison was based on the biomarker's detection frequency) of the other eight metabolites (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPY], 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine, malathion dicarboxylic acid, diethylphosphate, diethyldithiophosphate, dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate [DMTP], dimethyldithiophosphate) were somewhat lower in our cohort compared with similarly aged women from the continental United States. TCPY, PNP, DETP, and DMTP, which were the only urinary metabolites detected in greater than 50% of the samples, had poor reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient range: 0.19-0.28) during pregnancy. Positive predictors of OP insecticide exposure included: age; marital or employment status; consumption of cherries, grape juice, peanuts, peanut butter, or raisins; and residential application of pesticides. Further research is needed to understand what aspects of the predictors identified influence OP insecticide exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Lewis
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - David E Cantonwine
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Liza V Anzalota Del Toro
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Mark D Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - M Angela Montesano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Northeastern University, College of Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - José F Cordero
- University of Puerto Rico Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00935, Puerto Rico.
| | - John D Meeker
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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165
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Davé V, Yousefi P, Huen K, Volberg V, Holland N. Relationship between expression and methylation of obesity-related genes in children. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:411-20. [PMID: 25589532 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic control of gene expression in children remains poorly understood, but new technologies can help elucidate the relationship between expression and DNA methylation. Here, we utilized the nCounter Analysis System to characterise the expression of 60 genes in 69 9-year-old children from a cohort with a high prevalence of obesity. nCounter expression levels ranged broadly (from 3 to over 10000 messenger RNA counts) and were divided into four categories: high (>2000 counts), moderate (200-1000 counts), low (100-200 counts) and marginal (<100 counts). For a subset of five genes (ADIPOR1, PPARG1, GSTM1, PON1 and ACACA) from different expression level categories, we validated nCounter data using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and expanded RT-PCR analysis of ADIPOR1 to include 180 children. Expression data from the two methodologies were correlated for all five genes included in the validation experiment, with estimates ranging from r s = 0.26 (P = 0.02) to r s = 0.88 (P < 5×10(-6)). ADIPOR1 and PPARG1 nCounter expression levels were negatively correlated (r = -0.60, P < 5×10(-5)), and this relationship was stronger in overweight children (r = -0.73, P < 5×10(-5)) than in normal weight children (r = -0.42, P = 0.016). Using methylation data from the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (n = 180), we found eight CpG sites in ADIPOR1 and PPARG where methylation level was associated with expression by RT-PCR (P < 0.05). Hypomethylation of PPARG gene body site cg10499651 was associated with increased expression as measured by both RT-PCR and nCounter (P < 0.05). We found no statistically significant relationships between either expression or methylation of ADIPOR1 and PPARG and body mass index or waist circumference. In addition to demonstrating the validity of expression data derived from nCounter, our results illustrate the use of new technologies in assessing epigenetic effects on expression in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davé
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Vitaly Volberg
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
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166
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Robledo CA, Yeung E, Mendola P, Sundaram R, Maisog J, Sweeney AM, Barr DB, Louis GMB. Preconception maternal and paternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and birth size: the LIFE study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:88-94. [PMID: 25095280 PMCID: PMC4286275 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1308016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are developmental toxicants, but the impact of both maternal and paternal exposures on offspring birth size is largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE We examined associations between maternal and paternal serum concentrations of 63 POPs, comprising five major classes of pollutants, with birth size measures. METHODS Parental serum concentrations of 9 organochlorine pesticides, 1 polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), 7 perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs), 10 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 36 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured before conception for 234 couples. Differences in birth weight, length, head circumference, and ponderal index were estimated using multiple linear regression per 1-SD increase in natural log-transformed (ln-transformed) chemicals. Models were estimated separately for each parent and adjusted for maternal age, maternal prepregnancy body mass index (kilograms per meter squared) and other confounders, and all models included an interaction term between infant sex and each chemical. RESULTS Among girls (n = 117), birth weight was significantly lower (range, 84-195 g) in association with a 1-SD increase in ln-transformed maternal serum concentrations of DDT, PBDE congeners 28 and 183, and paternal serum concentrations of PBDE-183 and PCB-167. Among boys (n = 113), maternal (PCBs 138, 153, 167, 170, 195, and 209 and perfluorooctane sulfonamide) and paternal (PCBs 172 and 195) serum concentrations of several POPs were statistically associated with lower birth weight (range, 98-170 g), whereas paternal concentrations of PBDEs (66, 99) were associated with higher birth weight. Differences in offspring head circumference, length, and ponderal index were also associated with parental exposures. CONCLUSIONS Preconceptional maternal and paternal concentrations of several POPs were associated with statistically significant differences in birth size among offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace A Robledo
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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167
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Sharma D, Sangha GK, Khera KS. Effect of Preconceptional Exposure of Triazophos Formulation on Fertility and Reproductive Performance of Female Wistar Rats, Rattus norvegicus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-014-0460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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168
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Deleterious effects of benomyl and carbendazim on human placental trophoblast cells. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 51:64-71. [PMID: 25530041 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Benomyl and carbendazim are benzimidazole fungicides that are used throughout the world against a wide range of fungal diseases of agricultural products. There is as yet little information regarding the toxicity of benzimidazole fungicides to human placenta. In this study, we utilized human placental trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo (HTR-8) to access the toxic effects of benomyl and carbendazim. Our data showed that these two fungicides decreased cell viability and the percentages of cells in G0/G1 phase, as well as induced apoptosis of HTR-8 cells. The invasion and migration of HTR-8 cells were significantly inhibited by benomyl and carbendazim. We further found that benomyl and carbendazim altered the expression of protease systems (MMPs/TIPMs and uPA/PAI-1) and adhesion molecules (integrin α5 and β1) in HTR-8 cells. Our present study firstly shows the deleterious effects of benomyl and carbendazim on placental cells and suggests a potential risk of benzimidazole fungicides to human reproduction.
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169
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Lavezzi AM, Cappiello A, Pusiol T, Corna MF, Termopoli V, Matturri L. Pesticide exposure during pregnancy, like nicotine, affects the brainstem α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression, increasing the risk of sudden unexplained perinatal death. J Neurol Sci 2014; 348:94-100. [PMID: 25433450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study indicates the impact of nicotine and pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides used in agriculture) on neuronal α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in brainstem regions receiving cholinergic projections in human perinatal life. An in-depth anatomopathological examination of the autonomic nervous system and immunohistochemistry to analyze the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the brainstem from 44 fetuses and newborns were performed. In addition, the presence of selected agricultural pesticides in cerebral cortex samples of the victims was determined by specific analytical procedures. Hypodevelopment of brainstem structures checking the vital functions, frequently associated with α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor immunopositivity and smoke absorption in pregnancy, was observed in high percentages of victims of sudden unexpected perinatal death. In nearly 30% of cases however the mothers never smoked, but lived in rural areas. The search for pesticides highlighted in many of these cases traces of both organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. We detain that exposition to pesticides in pregnancy produces homologous actions to those of nicotine on neuronal α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, allowing to developmental alterations of brainstem vital centers in victims of sudden unexplained death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Lavezzi
- "Lino Rossi" Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Teresa Pusiol
- Institute of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital of Rovereto (Trento), Italy
| | - Melissa Felicita Corna
- "Lino Rossi" Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Matturri
- "Lino Rossi" Research Center for the Study and Prevention of Unexpected Perinatal Death and SIDS, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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170
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Murphy MM, Stettler N, Smith KM, Reiss R. Associations of consumption of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy with infant birth weight or small for gestational age births: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:899-912. [PMID: 25349482 PMCID: PMC4208630 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s67130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition is recognized as one of the determinants of fetal growth. Consumption of fruits and vegetables is promoted as part of a healthful diet; however, intakes are typically lower than recommended levels. The purpose of this study was to systematically review results from studies examining the relationship between maternal consumption of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy with infant birth weight or risk for delivering a small for gestational age baby. A comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted and abstracts were screened using predefined criteria. Eleven relevant studies were identified and systematically reviewed, including six prospective cohort studies, three retrospective cohort studies, and two case–control studies. Seven studies were conducted in cohorts from highly developed countries. One prospective study from a highly developed area reported increased risk for small for gestational age birth by women with low vegetable intakes (odds ratio 3.1; 95% confidence interval 1.4–6.9; P=0.01); another large prospective study reported a 10.4 g increase in birth weight per quintile increase in fruit intake (95% confidence interval 6.9–3.9; P<0.0001) and increases of 8.4 or 7.7 g per quintile intake of fruits and vegetables (combined) or fruits, vegetables, and juice (combined), respectively. One retrospective study reported an association between low fruit intake and birth weight. In less developed countries, increased vegetable or fruit intake was associated with increased birth weight in two prospective studies. Overall, limited inconclusive evidence of a protective effect of increased consumption of vegetables and risk for small for gestational age birth, and increased consumption of fruits and vegetables and increased birth weight among women from highly developed countries was identified. Among women in less developed countries, limited inconclusive evidence suggests that increased consumption of vegetables or fruits may be associated with higher infant birth weight. The available evidence supports maternal consumption of a variety of fruits and vegetables as part of a balanced diet throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Murphy
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicolas Stettler
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA ; The Lewin Group, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly M Smith
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard Reiss
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation and Food Safety, Alexandria, VA, USA
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171
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Eskenazi B, Kogut K, Huen K, Harley KG, Bouchard M, Bradman A, Boyd-Barr D, Johnson C, Holland N. Organophosphate pesticide exposure, PON1, and neurodevelopment in school-age children from the CHAMACOS study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:149-57. [PMID: 25171140 PMCID: PMC4338203 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organophosphate (OP) pesticides remain widely used in agriculture. Previously, we reported that PON1 genotype was directly associated with neurodevelopment at age two, and that PON1 genotype may increase susceptibility to OP exposure. OBJECTIVES We examined the relationships of maternal and child PON1 genotype and enzyme activity levels and neurodevelopment at school age and examined their interaction with maternal dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolite levels to investigate differential susceptibility to OP-related neurotoxicity. METHODS Participants were from the CHAMACOS longitudinal birth cohort of Latino families in an agricultural region of California. We measured DAP metabolites of OP pesticides in maternal and child urine samples, and analyzed PON1192 and PON1-108 genotypes and enzyme activity [arylesterase (ARYase), paraoxonase (POase)] in maternal and child blood. We examined their association with children׳s performance on the Conners׳ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 5 years (n=296) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at 7 years (n=327). RESULTS Maternal and child PON1 genotype was not related to performance on K-CPT or WISC, although WISC scores tended to be lowest in children and children of mothers who carried the PON-108TT genotype. Pregnancy ARYase levels were positively associated with all WISC subscales (e.g., 4.0 point increase in Full Scale IQ per standard deviation increase in ARYase, 95% CI=1.6, 6.4), while pregnancy POase levels were positively associated with WISC Processing Speed only. Maternal PON1-108 weakly modified the relationship of maternal DAPS and K-CPT scores (pinteraction=0.21) and WISC verbal IQ (pinteraction=0.71). The association between DAPs and Full-Scale IQ was strongest for children of mothers with lowest-tertile ARYase levels (pinteraction=0.27). This relationship held for both diethyl and dimethyl DAPs and for all subscales of the WISC. CONCLUSIONS We extend our previous findings that PON1 genotype and enzyme levels may be directly related to performance on certain domains of neurodevelopment in school-age children. Lower maternal PON1 enzyme levels during pregnancy may also increase susceptibility of children to neurotoxicity from OP pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA.
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA
| | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA
| | - Maryse Bouchard
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center and Université de Montréal, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA
| | - Dana Boyd-Barr
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Johnson
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children׳s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720-7380, USA
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172
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Furlong MA, Engel SM, Barr DB, Wolff MS. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and reciprocal social behavior in childhood. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:125-31. [PMID: 24934853 PMCID: PMC4144339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood, including low IQ, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), attention problems and ADHD. Many of these disorders involve impairments in social functioning. Thus, we investigated the relationship between biomarkers of prenatal OP exposure and impaired reciprocal social behavior in childhood, as measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Using a multi-ethnic urban prospective cohort of mother-infant pairs in New York City recruited between 1998 and 2002 (n=404) we examined the relation between third trimester maternal urinary levels of dialkylphosphate (ΣDAP) OP metabolites and SRS scores among 136 children who returned for the 7-9year visit. Overall, there was no association between OPs and SRS scores, although in multivariate adjusted models, associations were heterogeneous by race and by sex. Among blacks, each 10-fold increase in total diethylphosphates (ΣDEP) was associated with poorer social responsiveness (β=5.1 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8, 9.4). There was no association among whites or Hispanics, or for total ΣDAP or total dimethylphosphate (ΣDMP) biomarker levels. Additionally, stratum-specific models supported a stronger negative association among boys for ΣDEPs (β=3.5 points, 95% CI 0.2, 6.8), with no notable association among girls. Our results support an association of prenatal OP exposure with deficits in social functioning among blacks and among boys, although this may be in part reflective of differences in exposure patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Furlong
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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173
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Koutroulakis D, Sifakis S, Tzatzarakis M, Alegakis A, Theodoropoulou E, Kavvalakis M, Kappou D, Tsatsakis A. Dialkyl phosphates in amniotic fluid as a biomarker of fetal exposure to organophosphates in Crete, Greece; association with fetal growth. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 46:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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174
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Chiapella G, Genti-Raimondi S, Magnarelli G. Placental oxidative status in rural residents environmentally exposed to organophosphates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:220-229. [PMID: 24959959 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of environmental organophosphate pesticide exposure on the placenta oxidative status was assessed. Placental samples were collected from women residing in an agricultural area during pesticide pulverization period, non-pulverization period and from control group. Carboxylesterase activity was significantly decreased in pulverization period group. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system, the oxidative stress biomarkers and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor levels showed no differences among groups. However, in the pulverization period group, an inverse association between catalase activity and placental index, a useful metric for estimating placental inefficiency, was found. This result suggests that catalase may serve as a potential placental biomarker of susceptibility to pesticides. Further studies designed from a gene-environment perspective are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Chiapella
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina; LIBIQUIMA, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Patagonia Norte (IDEPA), CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Susana Genti-Raimondi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gladis Magnarelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina; LIBIQUIMA, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Patagonia Norte (IDEPA), CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, Argentina.
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175
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Berton T, Mayhoub F, Chardon K, Duca RC, Lestremau F, Bach V, Tack K. Development of an analytical strategy based on LC-MS/MS for the measurement of different classes of pesticides and theirs metabolites in meconium: application and characterisation of foetal exposure in France. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:311-320. [PMID: 24834827 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is important to evaluate the impact of pesticides on human health because exposure to these compounds has been linked to harmful effects in many research studies. This exposure may be particularly harmful during the early stages of development (e.g. the prenatal period). The aim of the present study was to develop an analytical strategy for quantifying a number of pesticides and their metabolites in meconium (the neonate's first faeces), in order to characterize the extent of foetal exposure. The meconium sample was dried and grinded in order to homogenize the sample, prior to solid-liquid extraction and a purification by solid-phase extraction using a weak anion mixed-mode polymeric sorbent. Analyte separation and quantification was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Five pesticide families (carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, phenylureas and phenoxy herbicides) and their metabolites could be quantified in meconium with limits of quantification ranging between 0.2 ng/g and 200 ng/g. This method was applied to a set of 171 meconium samples collected in the Picardie region of northern France. The highest prevalence was observed for metabolites of organophosphates and carbamates (57.9% and 22.8%, respectively). The parent pesticides were rarely present and were only found at very low concentrations, except for the pyrethroids cyfluthrin and cypermethrin, which were found in 7.6% of meconium samples at concentrations of between 43.8 and 480 ng/g. The most frequently detected contaminant was the organophosphate metabolite dimethyl thiophosphate detected in 49.1% of the samples and quantified with a median concentration of 344 ng/g. These data evidence significant foetal exposure to organophosphate pesticides, pyrethroids and carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Berton
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France; INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Flora Mayhoub
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France
| | - Karen Chardon
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France; INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Francois Lestremau
- INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Véronique Bach
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France
| | - Karine Tack
- INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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176
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Meijer M, Hamers T, Westerink RH. Acute disturbance of calcium homeostasis in PC12 cells as a novel mechanism of action for (sub)micromolar concentrations of organophosphate insecticides. Neurotoxicology 2014; 43:110-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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177
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Mayhoub F, Berton T, Bach V, Tack K, Deguines C, Floch-Barneaud A, Desmots S, Stéphan-Blanchard E, Chardon K. Self-reported parental exposure to pesticide during pregnancy and birth outcomes: the MecoExpo cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99090. [PMID: 24949871 PMCID: PMC4064975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The MecoExpo study was performed in the Picardy region of northern France, in order to investigate the putative relationship between parental exposures to pesticides (as reported by the mother) on one hand and neonatal parameters on the other. The cohort comprised 993 mother-newborn pairs. Each mother completed a questionnaire that probed occupational, domestic, environmental and dietary sources of parental exposure to pesticides during her pregnancy. Multivariate regression analyses were then used to test for associations between the characteristics of parental pesticide exposure during pregnancy and the corresponding birth outcomes. Maternal occupational exposure was associated with an elevated risk of low birth weight (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval]: 4.2 [1.2, 15.4]). Paternal occupational exposure to pesticides was associated with a lower than average gestational age at birth (-0.7 weeks; p = 0.0002) and an elevated risk of prematurity (OR: 3.7 [1.4, 9.7]). Levels of domestic exposure to veterinary antiparasitics and to pesticides for indoor plants were both associated with a low birth weight (-70 g; p = 0.02 and -160 g; p = 0.005, respectively). Babies born to women living in urban areas had a lower birth length and a higher risk of low birth length (-0.4 cm, p = 0.006 and OR: 2.9 [1.5, 5.5], respectively). The present study results mainly demonstrate a negative correlation between fetal development on one hand and parental occupational and domestic exposure to pesticides on the other. Our study highlights the need to perform a global and detailed screening of all potential physiological effects when assessing in utero exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Mayhoub
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Thierry Berton
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Unité NOVA, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Véronique Bach
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Unité NOVA, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Caroline Deguines
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Médecine Néonatale, Pôle Femme-Couple-Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Adeline Floch-Barneaud
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Unité ISAE, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Sophie Desmots
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Unité TOXI, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Erwan Stéphan-Blanchard
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Karen Chardon
- Laboratoire PériTox, Unité mixte Université – INERIS (EA 4285-UMI 01), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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178
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Alkon A, Harley KG, Neilands TB, Tambellini K, Lustig RH, Boyce WT, Eskenazi B. Latino children's body mass index at 2-3.5 years predicts sympathetic nervous system activity at 5 years. Child Obes 2014; 10:214-24. [PMID: 24745554 PMCID: PMC4038992 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2013.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand whether the relationship between young children's autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses predicted their BMI, or vice versa, the association between standardized BMI (zBMI) at 2, 3.5, and 5 years of age and ANS reactivity at 3.5-5 years of age, and whether zBMI predicts later ANS reactivity or whether early ANS reactivity predicts later zBMI, was studied. METHODS Low-income, primarily Latino children (n=112) were part of a larger cohort study of mothers recruited during early pregnancy. Study measures included maternal prenatal weight, children's health behaviors (i.e., time watching television, fast food consumption, and time playing outdoors), children's height and weight at 2, 3.5, and 5 years, and children's ANS reactivity at 3.5 and 5 years. ANS measures of sympathetic nervous system (i.e., pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic nervous system (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) activity were monitored during rest and four challenges. Reactivity was calculated as the difference between mean challenge response and rest. Structural equation models analyzed the relationship between children's zBMI at 2, 3.5, and 5 years and ANS reactivity at 3.5 and 5 years, adjusting for mother's BMI, children's behaviors, and changes in height. RESULTS There was no association between zBMI and ANS cross-sectionally. Children with high zBMI at 2 or 3.5 years or large zBMI increases from 2 to 3.5 years of age had decreased sympathetic activity at 5 years. Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic reactivity at 3.5 years predicted later zBMI. CONCLUSIONS Increased zBMI early in childhood may dampen young children's SNS responses later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Alkon
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Torsten B. Neilands
- Center for AIDS Prevention, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Katelyn Tambellini
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Robert H. Lustig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - W. Thomas Boyce
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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179
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Al-Saleh I, Al-Rouqi R, Obsum CA, Shinwari N, Mashhour A, Billedo G, Al-Sarraj Y, Rabbah A. Mercury (Hg) and oxidative stress status in healthy mothers and its effect on birth anthropometric measures. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:567-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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180
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Prenatal bisphenol A and birth outcomes: MOCEH (Mothers and Children's Environmental Health) study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:328-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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181
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Ding G, Bao Y. Revisiting pesticide exposure and children's health: focus on China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:289-295. [PMID: 24291629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
China is now becoming the largest consumer of pesticides worldwide. In recent years, there has been a heightened public awareness of pesticides and children's health in North America and around the world. Human epidemiological studies have examined the relationship of pesticide exposures with children's health such as neurodevelopment and cancer, and they reported less consistent results. With regard to this topic, however, China is still in the early stages of cross-sectional or case-control design, and few data have been available. Furthermore, we have discussed several important limitations such as study design, exposure measurement, and developmental assessment from current literature, which should be interpreted with caution. We also presented the vulnerability and source of children's exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environment Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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182
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Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and neurobehavioral development of neonates: a birth cohort study in Shenyang, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88491. [PMID: 24551109 PMCID: PMC3923780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large amount of organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are used in agriculture in China every year, contributing to exposure of OPs through dietary consumption among the general population. However, the level of exposure to OPs in China is still uncertain. Objective To investigate the effect of the exposure to OPs on the neonatal neurodevelopment during pregnancy in Shenyang, China. Methods 249 pregnant women enrolled in the Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College from February 2011 to August 2012. A cohort of the mothers and their neonates participated in the study and information on each subject was obtained by questionnaire. Dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites were detected in the urine of mothers during pregnancy to evaluate the exposure level to OPs. Neonate neurobehavioral developmental levels were assessed according to the standards of the Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment (NBNA). Multiple linear regressions were utilized to analyze the association between pregnancy exposure to OPs and neonatal neurobehavioral development. Results The geometric means (GM) of urinary metabolites for dimethyl phosphate (DMP), dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), diethyl phosphate (DEP), and diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) in pregnant women were 18.03, 8.53, 7.14, and 5.64 µg/L, respectively. Results from multiple linear regressions showed that prenatal OP exposure was one of the most important factors affecting NBNA scores. Prenatal total DAP concentrations were inversely associated with scores on the NBNA scales.?Additionally, a 10-fold increase in DAP concentrations was associated with a decrease of 1.78 regarding the Summary NBNA (95% CI, −2.12 to −1.45). And there was an estimated 2.11-point difference in summary NBNA scores between neonates in the highest quintile of prenatal OP exposure and the lowest quintile group. Conclusion The high exposure of pregnant women to OPs in Shenyang, China was the predominant risk factor for neonatal neurobehavioral development.
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183
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Volberg V, Harley KG, Aguilar RS, Rosas LG, Huen K, Yousefi P, Davé V, Phan N, Lustig RH, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Associations between perinatal factors and adiponectin and leptin in 9-year-old Mexican-American children. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:454-63. [PMID: 23325579 PMCID: PMC3633700 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Mexican-American children are at particularly high risk of obesity. Features of the perinatal environment, including maternal nutrition, anthropometry, glucose tolerance and growth rate during infancy are implicated in programming of obesity in the offspring. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Greater rate of weight or length gain in the first 6 months of life is associated with lower 9-year child adiponectin levels, adjusting for 9-year child BMI. Nine-year-old child adipokine levels are strongly related to those of their mothers'. OBJECTIVES To (i) determine whether perinatal factors (including maternal anthropometry and nutrition and early life growth measures) are associated with adiponectin and leptin levels in 9-year-old children, and (ii) assess relationships between adiponectin, leptin and concurrent lipid profile in these children. METHODS We measured plasma adiponectin and leptin for 146 mothers-9-year-old child pairs from the ongoing longitudinal birth cohort followed by the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas. Data on perinatal factors, including sociodemographics, maternal anthropometry and nutrition, and early life child growth were collected during pregnancy, birth and 6-month visits. RESULTS Greater rate of weight and length gain during the first 6 months of life were associated with lower adiponectin in 9-year-olds (β = -2.0, P = 0.04; β = -8.2, P = 0.02, respectively) adjusting for child body mass index (BMI). We found no associations between child adipokine levels and either maternal calorie, protein, total fat, saturated fat, fibre, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption during pregnancy or children's concurrent sugar-sweetened beverage and fast food intake. Lipid profile in 9-year-old children closely reflected adiponectin but not leptin levels after adjustment for child BMI. Additionally, we report that child adipokine levels were closely related to their mothers' levels at the 9-year visit. CONCLUSION Overall, our results support the hypothesis that early life factors may contribute to altered adipokine levels in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Volberg
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Raul S. Aguilar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Lisa G. Rosas
- Program on Prevention Outcomes and Practices, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 1070 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Paul Yousefi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Veronica Davé
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Nguyet Phan
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Robert H. Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704
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184
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Volberg V, Harley KG, Aguilar RS, Rosas LG, Huen K, Yousefi P, Davé V, Phan N, Lustig RH, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Associations between perinatal factors and adiponectin and leptin in 9-year-old Mexican-American children. Pediatr Obes 2013. [PMID: 23325579 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Mexican-American children are at particularly high risk of obesity. Features of the perinatal environment, including maternal nutrition, anthropometry, glucose tolerance and growth rate during infancy are implicated in programming of obesity in the offspring. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Greater rate of weight or length gain in the first 6 months of life is associated with lower 9-year child adiponectin levels, adjusting for 9-year child BMI. Nine-year-old child adipokine levels are strongly related to those of their mothers'. OBJECTIVES To (i) determine whether perinatal factors (including maternal anthropometry and nutrition and early life growth measures) are associated with adiponectin and leptin levels in 9-year-old children, and (ii) assess relationships between adiponectin, leptin and concurrent lipid profile in these children. METHODS We measured plasma adiponectin and leptin for 146 mothers-9-year-old child pairs from the ongoing longitudinal birth cohort followed by the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas. Data on perinatal factors, including sociodemographics, maternal anthropometry and nutrition, and early life child growth were collected during pregnancy, birth and 6-month visits. RESULTS Greater rate of weight and length gain during the first 6 months of life were associated with lower adiponectin in 9-year-olds (β = -2.0, P = 0.04; β = -8.2, P = 0.02, respectively) adjusting for child body mass index (BMI). We found no associations between child adipokine levels and either maternal calorie, protein, total fat, saturated fat, fibre, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption during pregnancy or children's concurrent sugar-sweetened beverage and fast food intake. Lipid profile in 9-year-old children closely reflected adiponectin but not leptin levels after adjustment for child BMI. Additionally, we report that child adipokine levels were closely related to their mothers' levels at the 9-year visit. CONCLUSION Overall, our results support the hypothesis that early life factors may contribute to altered adipokine levels in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Volberg
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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185
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González-Alzaga B, Lacasaña M, Aguilar-Garduño C, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Ballester F, Rebagliato M, Hernández AF. A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure. Toxicol Lett 2013; 230:104-21. [PMID: 24291036 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and residential use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides has increased in recent decades after banning some persistent pesticides. Although there is evidence of the effects of OPs on neurodevelopment and behaviour in adults, limited information is available about their effects in children, who might be more vulnerable to neurotoxic compounds. This paper was aimed at analysing the scientific evidence published to date on potential neurodevelopmental and behavioural effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to OPs. A systematic review was undertaken to identify original articles published up to December 2012 evaluating prenatal or postnatal exposure to OPs in children and effects on neurodevelopment and/or behaviour. Articles were critically compared, focusing on the methodology used to assess exposure and adverse effects, as well as potential contributing factors that may modify both exposure and outcomes, such as genetic susceptibility to certain enzymes involved in OPs metabolisation (e.g. paraoxonase-1) and gender differences. Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which evaluated prenatal exposure to OPs, 8 postnatal exposure and 5 both pre- and postnatal exposure. Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children. The evidence on postnatal exposure is less consistent, although 2 studies found an increase in reaction time in schoolchildren. Some paraoxonase-1 polymorphisms could enhance the association between OPs exposure and mental and psychomotor development. A large variability in epidemiological designs and methodologies used for assessing exposure and outcome was observed across the different studies, which made comparisons difficult. Prenatal and to a lesser extent postnatal exposure to OPs may contribute to neurodevelopmental and behavioural deficits in preschool and school children. Standardised methodologies are needed to allow results to be better compared and to perform a quantitative meta-analysis before drawing any final conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | | | - M Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - F Ballester
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; University of Valencia, Spain
| | - M Rebagliato
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Medicine, University Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - A F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
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186
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Oxime-type acetylcholinesterase reactivators in pregnancy: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:575-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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187
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Eskenazi B, Bradman A, Finkton D, Purwar M, Noble JA, Pang R, Burnham O, Cheikh Ismail L, Farhi F, Barros FC, Lambert A, Papageorghiou AT, Carvalho M, Jaffer YA, Bertino E, Gravett MG, Altman DG, Ohuma EO, Kennedy SH, Bhutta ZA, Villar J. A rapid questionnaire assessment of environmental exposures to pregnant women in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. BJOG 2013; 120 Suppl 2:129-38, v. [PMID: 24028080 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired fetal growth and preterm birth are the leading causes of neonatal and infant mortality worldwide and there is a growing scientific literature suggesting that environmental exposures during pregnancy may play a causal role in these outcomes. Our purpose was to assess the environmental exposure of the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) participants in the multinational INTERGROWTH-21(st) Project. First, we developed a tool that could be used internationally to screen pregnant women for such exposures and administered it in eight countries on a subsample (n = 987) of the FGLS participants. The FGLS is a study of fetal growth among healthy pregnant women living in relatively affluent areas, at low risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and environmental exposures. We confirmed that most women were not exposed to major environmental hazards that could affect pregnancy outcomes according to the protocol's entry criteria. However, the instrument was able to identify some women that reported various environmental concerns in their homes such as peeling paint, high residential density (>1 person per room), presence of rodents or cockroaches (hence the use of pesticides), noise pollution and safety concerns. This screening tool was therefore useful for the purposes of the project and can be used to ascertain environmental exposures in studies in which the primary aim is not focused on environmental exposures. The instrument can be used to identify subpopulations for more in-depth assessment, (e.g. environmental and biological laboratory markers) to pinpoint areas requiring education, intervention or policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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188
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Volberg V, Heggeseth B, Harley K, Huen K, Yousefi P, Davé V, Tyler K, Vedar M, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Adiponectin and leptin trajectories in Mexican-American children from birth to 9 years of age. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77964. [PMID: 24205046 PMCID: PMC3813557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To address molecular mechanisms underlying obesity development, we examined patterns of critical metabolism-related hormones, adiponectin and leptin (adipokines), over childhood. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Plasma adiponectin and leptin were measured in 80 Mexican-American children at birth and again at 2, 5, and 9 years from the ongoing prospective cohort followed by the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). We used a mixture modeling approach to identify patterns in adipokine trajectories from birth to 9 years. RESULTS Leptin was positively related to child body size within all ages, however adiponectin had inverse and weaker associations with BMI at 2, 5, and 9 years. Correlations between adipokine levels over the 0-2, 2-5, and 5-9-year periods increased for both leptin (r = 0.06, 0.31 and 0.62) and adiponectin (r = 0.25, 0.41 and 0.46). Our mixture modeling approach identified three trajectory clusters for both leptin (1L [slowly-rising], 2L [rapidly-rising], and 3L [stable]) and adiponectin (1A [steep-dropping and rebounding], 2A [moderately-dropping], and 3A [stable]). While leptin groups were most separated over the 2-9-year period, adiponectin trajectories displayed greatest heterogeneity from birth to 2 years. Children in the rapidly-rising 2L group had highest BMI and waist circumference at 9 years. Further, children with greater birth weight had increased odds of belonging to this high risk group (OR = 1.21 95% CI 1.03, 1.43, compared to stable group 3L). Children whose mothers consumed more sugar-sweetened beverages during pregnancy were at risk of being in the steep-dropping 1A group (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01, 1.17, compared to stable group 3A). CONCLUSION Our results highlight developmental differences in leptin and adiponectin over the childhood period. Leptin closely reflects child body size however factors affecting adiponectin and long-term consequences of its changes over infancy need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Volberg
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brianna Heggeseth
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Huen
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Yousefi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Veronica Davé
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin Tyler
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Vedar
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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189
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Volberg V, Harley K, Calafat AM, Davé V, McFadden J, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Maternal bisphenol a exposure during pregnancy and its association with adipokines in Mexican-American children. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:621-8. [PMID: 23908009 PMCID: PMC4422176 DOI: 10.1002/em.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high volume production chemical that has been detected in 93% of the United States population. It is thought to have endocrine disrupting activity but human data are limited. In this study, we examined whether prenatal or concurrent urinary BPA concentrations are associated with key metabolism-related hormones, adiponectin and leptin (adipokines), in 9-year-old children. For this analysis, we used 188 mother-child pairs from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) prospective study. BPA was measured in urinary spot samples during early (12.6 ± 3.9 weeks gestation) and late (26.3 ± 2.5 weeks gestation) pregnancy and in 9-year-old children. We found that BPA concentrations during late pregnancy were associated with increased plasma leptin in boys (β = 0.06, P = 0.01), controlling for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), pregnancy soda consumption, and smoking, years in US prior to pregnancy, maternal education, household poverty status, child BMI and child soda, fast food and sweet snack consumption at 9 years. Additionally, we found that BPA concentrations during early pregnancy are directly associated with plasma adiponectin levels in girls (β = 3.71, P = 0.03). However, we did not find any significant relationships between concurrent BPA concentrations and 9-year child adiponectin or leptin. Overall, our data suggest that prenatal BPA concentrations may influence adipokine levels in 9-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Volberg
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Veronica Davé
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jessica McFadden
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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190
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Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Aulakh RS, Kaur P, Sharma A, Pooni PA. Pesticide residues in human breast milk: risk assessment for infants from Punjab, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:720-726. [PMID: 23850662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Punjab state in India is an agrarian society, where agriculture is the lifeline of farming community. To keep pace with increasing demands of food for growing population the indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to the contamination of environment and food commodities in this region. Analysis of human breast milk samples (n=53) for pesticide residues revealed the presence of β-, γ-HCH, p,p' DDD, p,p' DDE, p,p' DDT and endrin with mean concentration of 97.9, 101.7, 239.8, 1574.1, 100.3 and 90.7 ng g(-1) lipid wt., respectively. In addition, occurrence of β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in this study have also been reported for the first time in human breast milk in Punjab, India. With increase in parity, HCH and DDT residue burden in donor's milk decreased. Although levels of HCH and DDT residues in breast milk samples have decreased significantly, yet estimated daily intake values for DDT are higher than the FAO/WHO permissible tolerable daily intake values for few infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
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191
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Slama R, Cordier S. Impact des facteurs environnementaux physiques et chimiques sur le déroulement et les issues de grossesse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:413-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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192
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Tang R, Chen MJ, Ding GD, Chen XJ, Han XM, Zhou K, Chen LM, Xia YK, Tian Y, Wang XR. Associations of prenatal exposure to phenols with birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:115-20. [PMID: 23562958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many phenols are known to mimic or antagonize hormonal activities and may adversely affect fetal growth. A study of 567 pregnant women was conducted to investigate the relationship between prenatal phenol exposure and birth outcomes, including birth weight, length, and gestational age. We measured the concentrations of bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, 4-n-octylphenol and 4-n-nonylphenol in maternal urine and examine their association with birth outcomes. Categories of urinary benzophenone-3 concentration were associated with decreased gestational age in all infants (p for trend = 0.03). Between middle and low exposure groups, we also found bisphenol A was negatively associated with gestational duration (βadjusted = -0.48 week; 95% confidence interval: -0.91, -0.05). After stratification by gender, we found the consistent results in infant boys with those in all infants, but we did not observe significant association for girls. In conclusion, we found prenatal phenol exposure was sex-specifically related to birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 211166, China
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193
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Gemmill A, Gunier RB, Bradman A, Eskenazi B, Harley KG. Residential proximity to methyl bromide use and birth outcomes in an agricultural population in California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:737-43. [PMID: 23603811 PMCID: PMC3672911 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl bromide, a fungicide often used in strawberry cultivation, is of concern for residents who live near agricultural applications because of its toxicity and potential for drift. Little is known about the effects of methyl bromide exposure during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between residential proximity to methyl bromide use and birth outcomes. METHODS Participants were from the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study (n = 442), a longitudinal cohort study examining the health effects of environmental exposures on pregnant women and their children in an agricultural community in northern California. Using data from the California Pesticide Use Reporting system, we employed a geographic information system to estimate the amount of methyl bromide applied within 5 km of a woman's residence during pregnancy. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate associations between trimester-specific proximity to use and birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational age. RESULTS High methyl bromide use (vs. no use) within 5 km of the home during the second trimester was negatively associated with birth weight (β = -113.1 g; CI: -218.1, -8.1), birth length (β = -0.85 cm; CI: -1.44, -0.27), and head circumference (β = -0.33 cm; CI: -0.67, 0.01). These outcomes were also associated with moderate methyl bromide use during the second trimester. Negative associations with fetal growth parameters were stronger when larger (5 km and 8 km) versus smaller (1 km and 3 km) buffer zones were used to estimate exposure. CONCLUSIONS Residential proximity to methyl bromide use during the second trimester was associated with markers of restricted fetal growth in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gemmill
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704 , USA
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194
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Austin C, Smith TM, Bradman A, Hinde K, Joannes-Boyau R, Bishop D, Hare DJ, Doble P, Eskenazi B, Arora M. Barium distributions in teeth reveal early-life dietary transitions in primates. Nature 2013; 498:216-9. [PMID: 23698370 PMCID: PMC3725337 DOI: 10.1038/nature12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early-life dietary transitions reflect fundamental aspects of primate evolution and are important determinants of health in contemporary human populations. Weaning is critical to developmental and reproductive rates; early weaning can have detrimental health effects but enables shorter inter-birth intervals, which influences population growth. Uncovering early-life dietary history in fossils is hampered by the absence of prospectively validated biomarkers that are not modified during fossilization. Here we show that large dietary shifts in early life manifest as compositional variations in dental tissues. Teeth from human children and captive macaques, with prospectively recorded diet histories, demonstrate that barium (Ba) distributions accurately reflect dietary transitions from the introduction of mother's milk through the weaning process. We also document dietary transitions in a Middle Palaeolithic juvenile Neanderthal, which shows a pattern of exclusive breastfeeding for seven months, followed by seven months of supplementation. After this point, Ba levels in enamel returned to baseline prenatal levels, indicating an abrupt cessation of breastfeeding at 1.2 years of age. Integration of Ba spatial distributions and histological mapping of tooth formation enables novel studies of the evolution of human life history, dietary ontogeny in wild primates, and human health investigations through accurate reconstructions of breastfeeding history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Austin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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195
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Chen L, Zhao T, Pan C, Ross J, Ginevan M, Vega H, Krieger R. Absorption and excretion of organophosphorous insecticide biomarkers of malathion in the rat: Implications for overestimation bias and exposure misclassification from environmental biomonitoring. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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196
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Eskenazi B, Chevrier J, Rauch SA, Kogut K, Harley KG, Johnson C, Trujillo C, Sjödin A, Bradman A. In utero and childhood polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:257-62. [PMID: 23154064 PMCID: PMC3569691 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND California children's exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) are among the highest worldwide. PBDEs are known endocrine disruptors and neurotoxicants in animals. OBJECTIVE Here we investigate the relation of in utero and child PBDE exposure to neurobehavioral development among participants in CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a California birth cohort. METHODS We measured PBDEs in maternal prenatal and child serum samples and examined the association of PBDE concentrations with children's attention, motor functioning, and cognition at 5 (n = 310) and 7 years of age (n = 323). RESULTS Maternal prenatal PBDE concentrations were associated with impaired attention as measured by a continuous performance task at 5 years and maternal report at 5 and 7 years of age, with poorer fine motor coordination-particularly in the nondominant-at both age points, and with decrements in Verbal and Full-Scale IQ at 7 years. PBDE concentrations in children 7 years of age were significantly or marginally associated with concurrent teacher reports of attention problems and decrements in Processing Speed, Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Full-Scale IQ. These associations were not altered by adjustment for birth weight, gestational age, or maternal thyroid hormone levels. CONCLUSIONS Both prenatal and childhood PBDE exposures were associated with poorer attention, fine motor coordination, and cognition in the CHAMACOS cohort of school-age children. This study, the largest to date, contributes to growing evidence suggesting that PBDEs have adverse impacts on child neurobehavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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197
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Dewan P, Jain V, Gupta P, Banerjee BD. Organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal blood, cord blood, placenta, and breastmilk and their relation to birth size. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1704-1710. [PMID: 23141556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern that persistent organic pollutants like organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) can impair fetal growth and affect birth size. However, currently available epidemiological evidence is inconclusive. In this case-control study, we examined the association between exposure to hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and birth size. We recruited 60 infant-mother pairs, comprising of 30 term, small for gestational age babies with their mothers (Case group), and another 30 term, appropriate for gestational age babies with their mothers (Control group). This study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Delhi, India, between March, 2009 and February 2010. Organochlorine pesticides were estimated in maternal blood, cord blood, placenta and breastmilk samples, using gas-liquid chromatography. Transplacental and transmammary transfer of OCPs was assessed by correlating the maternal blood OCP levels with those in cord blood and breastmilk by simple linear regression. The birthweight, crown heel length, head circumference, mid-arm circumference and ponderal index of the neonates was correlated with OCP levels in the maternal blood, cord blood, placenta and breastmilk. The OCP estimates were compared between samples of the case and control group. There was a significant (P<0.001) transplacental transfer of all OCPs, however the transmammary transfer was insignificant for most OCPs except α-HCH. The OCP levels in the case group were higher than the control group; these were significantly more for t-HCH in cord blood and breastmilk; β-HCH in maternal blood, cord blood and breastmilk; DDE in placenta and DDT in breastmilk. There was a significant negative correlation between birthweight and t-HCH levels in maternal blood (P=0.022), cord blood (P<0.001), placenta (P=0.008) and breastmilk (P=0.005); β-HCH in cord blood (P<0.001) and placenta (P=0.020); γ-HCH in placenta (P=0.045); and DDT (P=0.009). Length at birth had a significant negative correlation with t-HCH in cord blood (P=0.014) and breastmilk (P<0.001); β-HCH in cord blood (P=0.016) and breastmilk (P=0.012); DDE in placenta (P=0.016); and DDT in breastmilk (P=0.006). Similarly, OCP levels were also found to be negatively correlated with head circumference, ponderal index and chest circumference in neonates. We conclude that prenatal exposure to some OCPs could impair the anthropometric development of the fetus, reducing the birthweight, length, head circumference, chest circumference and ponderal index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dewan
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 095, India.
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198
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Ferguson KK, O'Neill MS, Meeker JD. Environmental contaminant exposures and preterm birth: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:69-113. [PMID: 23682677 PMCID: PMC3889157 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.775048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a significant public health concern, as it is associated with high risk of infant mortality, various morbidities in both the neonatal period and later in life, and a significant societal economic burden. As many cases are of unknown etiology, identification of the contribution of environmental contaminant exposures is a priority in the study of preterm birth. This is a comprehensive review of all known studies published from 1992 through August 2012 linking maternal exposure to environmental chemicals during pregnancy with preterm birth. Using PubMed searches, studies were identified that examined associations between preterm birth and exposure to five categories of environmental toxicants, including persistent organic pollutants, drinking-water contaminants, atmospheric pollutants, metals and metalloids, and other environmental contaminants. Individual studies were summarized and specific suggestions were made for future work in regard to exposure and outcome assessment methods as well as study design, with the recommendation of focusing on potential mediating toxicological mechanisms. In conclusion, no consistent evidence was found for positive associations between individual chemical exposures and preterm birth. By identifying limitations and addressing the gaps that may have impeded the ability to identify true associations thus far, this review can guide future epidemiologic studies of environmental exposures and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA.
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199
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Burns CJ, McIntosh LJ, Mink PJ, Jurek AM, Li AA. Pesticide exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes: review of the epidemiologic and animal studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:127-283. [PMID: 23777200 PMCID: PMC3705499 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.783383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of whether pesticide exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children can best be addressed with a systematic review of both the human and animal peer-reviewed literature. This review analyzed epidemiologic studies testing the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides during pregnancy and/or early childhood is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Studies that directly queried pesticide exposure (e.g., via questionnaire or interview) or measured pesticide or metabolite levels in biological specimens from study participants (e.g., blood, urine, etc.) or their immediate environment (e.g., personal air monitoring, home dust samples, etc.) were eligible for inclusion. Consistency, strength of association, and dose response were key elements of the framework utilized for evaluating epidemiologic studies. As a whole, the epidemiologic studies did not strongly implicate any particular pesticide as being causally related to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants and children. A few associations were unique for a health outcome and specific pesticide, and alternative hypotheses could not be ruled out. Our survey of the in vivo peer-reviewed published mammalian literature focused on effects of the specific active ingredient of pesticides on functional neurodevelopmental endpoints (i.e., behavior, neuropharmacology and neuropathology). In most cases, effects were noted at dose levels within the same order of magnitude or higher compared to the point of departure used for chronic risk assessments in the United States. Thus, although the published animal studies may have characterized potential neurodevelopmental outcomes using endpoints not required by guideline studies, the effects were generally observed at or above effect levels measured in repeated-dose toxicology studies submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Suggestions for improved exposure assessment in epidemiology studies and more effective and tiered approaches in animal testing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela J. Mink
- Allina Health Center for Healthcare Research & Innovation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anne M. Jurek
- Allina Health Center for Healthcare Research & Innovation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abby A. Li
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, California, USA
- Address correspondence to Abby A. Li, PhD, Attn: Rebecca Edwards, Exponent, Inc., Health Sciences Group, 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025-1133, USA. E-mail:
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Abstract
Pesticides are a collective term for a wide array of chemicals intended to kill unwanted insects, plants, molds, and rodents. Food, water, and treatment in the home, yard, and school are all potential sources of children's exposure. Exposures to pesticides may be overt or subacute, and effects range from acute to chronic toxicity. In 2008, pesticides were the ninth most common substance reported to poison control centers, and approximately 45% of all reports of pesticide poisoning were for children. Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning are perhaps the most widely known acute poisoning syndromes, can be diagnosed by depressed red blood cell cholinesterase levels, and have available antidotal therapy. However, numerous other pesticides that may cause acute toxicity, such as pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides, also have specific toxic effects; recognition of these effects may help identify acute exposures. Evidence is increasingly emerging about chronic health implications from both acute and chronic exposure. A growing body of epidemiological evidence demonstrates associations between parental use of pesticides, particularly insecticides, with acute lymphocytic leukemia and brain tumors. Prenatal, household, and occupational exposures (maternal and paternal) appear to be the largest risks. Prospective cohort studies link early-life exposure to organophosphates and organochlorine pesticides (primarily DDT) with adverse effects on neurodevelopment and behavior. Among the findings associated with increased pesticide levels are poorer mental development by using the Bayley index and increased scores on measures assessing pervasive developmental disorder, inattention, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Related animal toxicology studies provide supportive biological plausibility for these findings. Additional data suggest that there may also be an association between parental pesticide use and adverse birth outcomes including physical birth defects, low birth weight, and fetal death, although the data are less robust than for cancer and neurodevelopmental effects. Children's exposures to pesticides should be limited as much as possible.
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