151
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Oh E, McMullen L, Jeon B. High Prevalence of Hyper-Aerotolerant Campylobacter jejuni in Retail Poultry with Potential Implication in Human Infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1263. [PMID: 26617597 PMCID: PMC4641907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses around the world. Since C. jejuni is microaerophilic and sensitive to oxygen, aerotolerance is important in the transmission of C. jejuni to humans via foods under aerobic conditions. In this study, 70 C. jejuni strains were isolated from retail raw chicken meats and were subject to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. In the aerotolerance testing by aerobic shaking at 200 rpm, 50 (71.4%) isolates survived after 12 h (i.e., aerotolerant), whereas 20 (28.6%) isolates did not (i.e., aerosensitive). Interestingly, further aerobic cultivation showed that 25 (35.7%) isolates still survived even after 24 h of vigorous aerobic shaking (i.e., hyper-aerotolerant). Compared to aerosensitive strains, the hyper-aerotolerant strains exhibited increased resistance to oxidative stress, both peroxide and superoxide. A mutation of ahpC in hyper-aerotolerant strains significantly impaired aerotolerance, indicating oxidative stress defense plays an important role in hyper-aerotolerance. The aerotolerant and hyper-aerotolerant strains were primarily classified into MLST clonal complexes (CCs)-21 and -45, which are known to be the major CCs implicated in human gastroenteritis. Compared to the aerosensitive strains, CC-21 was more dominant than CC-45 in aerotolerant and hyper-aerotolerant strains. The findings in this study revealed that hyper-aerotolerant C. jejuni is highly prevalent in raw chicken meats. The enhanced aerotolerance in C. jejuni would impact human infection by increasing possibilities of the foodborne transmission of C. jejuni under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Oh
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynn McMullen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
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152
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Pancreatic amylase is an environmental signal for regulation of biofilm formation and host interaction in Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4884-95. [PMID: 26438798 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01064-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a commensal bacterium in the intestines of animals and birds and a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Here we show that exposure to pancreatic amylase leads to secretion of an α-dextran by C. jejuni and that a secreted protease, Cj0511, is required. Exposure of C. jejuni to pancreatic amylase promotes biofilm formation in vitro, increases interaction with human epithelial cell lines, increases virulence in the Galleria mellonella infection model, and promotes colonization of the chicken ileum. We also show that exposure to pancreatic amylase protects C. jejuni from stress conditions in vitro, suggesting that the induced α-dextran may be important during transmission between hosts. This is the first evidence that pancreatic amylase functions as an interkingdom signal in an enteric microorganism.
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153
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Cody AJ, McCarthy ND, Bray JE, Wimalarathna HML, Colles FM, Jansen van Rensburg MJ, Dingle KE, Waldenström J, Maiden MCJ. Wild bird-associated Campylobacter jejuni isolates are a consistent source of human disease, in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:782-8. [PMID: 26109474 PMCID: PMC4755149 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of wild birds as a source of human campylobacteriosis was investigated in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (UK) over a 10 year period. The probable origin of human Campylobacter jejuni genotypes, as described by multilocus sequence typing, was estimated by comparison with reference populations of isolates from farm animals and five wild bird families, using the STRUCTURE algorithm. Wild bird-attributed isolates accounted for between 476 (2.1%) and 543 (3.5%) cases annually. This proportion did not vary significantly by study year (P = 0.934) but varied seasonally, with wild bird-attributed genotypes comprising a greater proportion of isolates during warmer compared with cooler months (P = 0.003). The highest proportion of wild bird-attributed illness occurred in August (P < 0.001), with a significantly lower proportion in November (P = 0.018). Among genotypes attributed to specific groups of wild birds, seasonality was most apparent for Turdidae-attributed isolates, which were absent during cooler, winter months. This study is consistent with some wild bird species representing a persistent source of campylobacteriosis, and contributing a distinctive seasonal pattern to disease burden. If Oxfordshire is representative of the UK as a whole in this respect, these data suggest that the national burden of wild bird-attributed isolates could be in the order of 10,000 annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Cody
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Protection Agency, London, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James E Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kate E Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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154
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de Boer P, Rahaoui H, Leer R, Montijn R, van der Vossen J. Real-time PCR detection of Campylobacter spp.: A comparison to classic culturing and enrichment. Food Microbiol 2015; 51:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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155
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Towards the production of reliable quantitative microbiological data for risk assessment: Direct quantification of Campylobacter in naturally infected chicken fecal samples using selective culture and real-time PCR. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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156
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Dearlove BL, Cody AJ, Pascoe B, Méric G, Wilson DJ, Sheppard SK. Rapid host switching in generalist Campylobacter strains erodes the signal for tracing human infections. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 10:721-9. [PMID: 26305157 PMCID: PMC4677457 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the biggest causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world, with human infections typically arising from zoonotic transmission associated with infected meat. Because Campylobacter is not thought to survive well outside the gut, host-associated populations are genetically isolated to varying degrees. Therefore, the likely origin of most strains can be determined by host-associated variation in the genome. This is instructive for characterizing the source of human infection. However, some common strains, notably isolates belonging to the ST-21, ST-45 and ST-828 clonal complexes, appear to have broad host ranges, hindering source attribution. Here whole-genome sequencing has the potential to reveal fine-scale genetic structure associated with host specificity. We found that rates of zoonotic transmission among animal host species in these clonal complexes were so high that the signal of host association is all but obliterated, estimating one zoonotic transmission event every 1.6, 1.8 and 12 years in the ST-21, ST-45 and ST828 complexes, respectively. We attributed 89% of clinical cases to a chicken source, 10% to cattle and 1% to pig. Our results reveal that common strains of C. jejuni and C. coli infectious to humans are adapted to a generalist lifestyle, permitting rapid transmission between different hosts. Furthermore, they show that the weak signal of host association within these complexes presents a challenge for pinpointing the source of clinical infections, underlining the view that whole-genome sequencing, powerful though it is, cannot substitute for intensive sampling of suspected transmission reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Dearlove
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison J Cody
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Guillaume Méric
- College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,College of Medicine, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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157
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Fernandes AM, Balasegaram S, Willis C, Wimalarathna HML, Maiden MC, McCarthy ND. Partial Failure of Milk Pasteurization as a Risk for the Transmission of Campylobacter From Cattle to Humans. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:903-9. [PMID: 26063722 PMCID: PMC4551004 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle are the second most common source of human campylobacteriosis. However, routes to account for this scale of transmission have not been identified. In contrast to chicken, red meat is not heavily contaminated at point of sale. Although effective pasteurization prevents milk-borne infection, apparently sporadic infections may include undetected outbreaks from raw or perhaps incompletely pasteurized milk. METHODS A rise in Campylobacter gastroenteritis in an isolated population was investigated using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), an epidemiological study, and environmental investigations. RESULTS A single strain was identified in 20 cases, clearly distinguishable from other local strains and a reference population by WGS. A case-case analysis showed association of infection with the outbreak strain and milk from a single dairy (odds ratio, 8; Fisher exact test P value = .023). Despite temperature records indicating effective pasteurization, mechanical faults likely to lead to incomplete pasteurization of part of the milk were identified by further testing and examination of internal components of dairy equipment. CONCLUSIONS Here, milk distribution concentrated on a small area, including school-aged children with low background incidence of campylobacteriosis, facilitated outbreak identification. Low-level contamination of widely distributed milk would not produce as detectable an outbreak signal. Such hidden outbreaks may contribute to the substantial burden of apparently sporadic Campylobacter from cattle where transmission routes are not certain. The effective discrimination of outbreak isolates from a reference population using WGS shows that integrating these data and approaches into surveillance could support the detection as well as investigation of such outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Willis
- Food, Water and Environment Laboratory, Public Health England
| | | | - Martin C Maiden
- Department of Zoology National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford
| | - Noel D McCarthy
- Field Epidemiology Services Department of Zoology National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
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158
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Pérez-Boto D, Acebo P, García-Peña FJ, Abad JC, Echeita MA, Amblar M. Isolation of a point mutation associated with altered expression of the CmeABC efflux pump in a multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni population of poultry origin. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2015; 3:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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159
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Chandrashekhar K, Gangaiah D, Pina-Mimbela R, Kassem II, Jeon BH, Rajashekara G. Transducer like proteins of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176: role in chemotaxis and colonization of the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:46. [PMID: 26075188 PMCID: PMC4444964 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transducer Like Proteins (Tlps), also known as methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP), enable enteric pathogens to respond to changing nutrient levels in the environment by mediating taxis toward or away from specific chemoeffector molecules. Despite recent advances in the characterization of chemotaxis responses in Campylobacter jejuni, the impact of Tlps on the adaptation of this pathogen to disparate niches and hosts is not fully characterized. The latter is particularly evident in the case of C. jejuni 81-176, a strain that is known to be highly invasive. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic group C Tlps (Tlp5, 6, and 8) were not extensively evaluated. Here, we investigated the role of C. jejuni 81-176 Tlps in chemotaxis toward various substrates, biofilm formation, in vitro interaction with human intestinal cells, and chicken colonization. We found that the Δtlp6 and Δtlp10 mutants exhibited decreased chemotaxis toward aspartate, whereas the Δtlp6 mutant displayed a decreased chemotaxis toward Tri-Carboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle intermediates such as pyruvate, isocitrate, and succinate. Our findings also corroborated that more than one Tlp is involved in mediating chemotaxis toward the same nutrient. The deletion of tlps affected important phenotypes such as motility, biofilm formation, and invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells (INT-407). The Δtlp8 mutant displayed increased motility in soft agar and showed decreased biofilm formation. The Δtlp8 and Δtlp9 mutants were significantly defective in invasion in INT-407 cells. The Δtlp10 mutant was defective in colonization of the chicken proximal and distal gastrointestinal tract, while the Δtlp6 and Δtlp8 mutants showed reduced colonization of the duodenum and jejunum. Our results highlight the importance of Tlps in C. jejuni's adaptation and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Chandrashekhar
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Dharanesh Gangaiah
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Ruby Pina-Mimbela
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Byeong H Jeon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, The Ohio State University Wooster, OH, USA
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160
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Barco L, Barrucci F, Cortini E, Ramon E, Olsen JE, Luzzi I, Lettini AA, Ricci A. Ascertaining the relationship between Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- by MLVA and inferring the sources of human salmonellosis due to the two serovars in Italy. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:301. [PMID: 25983720 PMCID: PMC4415582 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current picture of human salmonellosis shows Salmonella Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- as the most common serovars in Italy. The aims of this study were to investigate the genetic relationship between these serovars, as well as to test the possibility of inferring sources of human salmonellosis due to S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- by using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) subtyping data. Single isolates from 268 human sporadic cases and 325 veterinary isolates (from pig, cattle, chicken, and turkey) collected over the period 2009-2011 were typed by MLVA, and the similarities of MLVA profiles were investigated using different analytical approaches. Results showed that isolates of S. 4,[5],12:i:- were more clonal compared to S. Typhimurium and that clones of both serovars from different non-human sources were very close to those which were responsible for human infections, suggesting that source attribution by MLVA typing should be possible. However, using the Asymmetric Island Model it was not possible to obtain a confident ranking of sources responsible for human infections based on MLVA profiles. The source assignments provided by the model could have been jeopardized by the high heterogeneity found within each source and the negligible divergence between sources as well as by the limited source data available, especially for some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barco
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Federica Barrucci
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Enzo Cortini
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Elena Ramon
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ida Luzzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, RomeItaly
| | - Antonia A. Lettini
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Food Safety Department, OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, LegnaroItaly
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161
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Gene Loss and Lineage-Specific Restriction-Modification Systems Associated with Niche Differentiation in the Campylobacter jejuni Sequence Type 403 Clonal Complex. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3641-7. [PMID: 25795671 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00546-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a highly diverse species of bacteria commonly associated with infectious intestinal disease of humans and zoonotic carriage in poultry, cattle, pigs, and other animals. The species contains a large number of distinct clonal complexes that vary from host generalist lineages commonly found in poultry, livestock, and human disease cases to host-adapted specialized lineages primarily associated with livestock or poultry. Here, we present novel data on the ST403 clonal complex of C. jejuni, a lineage that has not been reported in avian hosts. Our data show that the lineage exhibits a distinctive pattern of intralineage recombination that is accompanied by the presence of lineage-specific restriction-modification systems. Furthermore, we show that the ST403 complex has undergone gene decay at a number of loci. Our data provide a putative link between the lack of association with avian hosts of C. jejuni ST403 and both gene gain and gene loss through nonsense mutations in coding sequences of genes, resulting in pseudogene formation.
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162
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O’Loughlin JL, Eucker TP, Chavez JD, Samuelson DR, Neal-McKinney J, Gourley CR, Bruce JE, Konkel ME. Analysis of the Campylobacter jejuni genome by SMRT DNA sequencing identifies restriction-modification motifs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118533. [PMID: 25695747 PMCID: PMC4335053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis. The goal of this study was to analyze the C. jejuni F38011 strain, recovered from an individual with severe enteritis, at a genomic and proteomic level to gain insight into microbial processes. The C. jejuni F38011 genome is comprised of 1,691,939 bp, with a mol.% (G+C) content of 30.5%. PacBio sequencing coupled with REBASE analysis was used to predict C. jejuni F38011 genomic sites and enzymes that may be involved in DNA restriction-modification. A total of five putative methylation motifs were identified as well as the C. jejuni enzymes that could be responsible for the modifications. Peptides corresponding to the deduced amino acid sequence of the C. jejuni enzymes were identified using proteomics. This work sets the stage for studies to dissect the precise functions of the C. jejuni putative restriction-modification enzymes. Taken together, the data generated in this study contributes to our knowledge of the genomic content, methylation profile, and encoding capacity of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. O’Loughlin
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tyson P. Eucker
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Juan D. Chavez
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Derrick R. Samuelson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Neal-McKinney
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Gourley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - James E. Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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163
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Robyn J, Rasschaert G, Pasmans F, Heyndrickx M. Thermotolerant Campylobacter during Broiler Rearing: Risk Factors and Intervention. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:81-105. [PMID: 33401809 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacters are one of the most important bacterial causative agents of human gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In most European Union (EU) member states human campylobacteriosis is mainly caused by infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli following consumption or inadequate handling of Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat. To date, no effective strategy to control Campylobacter colonization of broilers during rearing is available. In this review, we describe the public health problem posed by Campylobacter presence in broilers and list and critically review all currently known measures that have been researched to lower the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria in broilers during rearing. We also discuss the most promising measures and which measures should be investigated further. We end this review by elaborating on readily usable measures to lower Campylobacter introduction and Campylobacter numbers in a broiler flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Robyn
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium.,the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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164
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Zakarienė G, Rokaitytė A, Ramonaitė S, Novoslavskij A, Mulkytė K, Zaborskienė G, Malakauskas M. The Antimicrobial Effect of Spice-Based Marinades againstCampylobacter jejunion Contaminated Fresh Broiler Wings. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M627-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gintarė Zakarienė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Anita Rokaitytė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Sigita Ramonaitė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Aleksandr Novoslavskij
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Kristina Mulkytė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Gintarė Zaborskienė
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Malakauskas
- Dept. of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy; Lithuanian Univ. of Health Sciences; Tilzes st. 18 LT-47181 Kaunas Lithuania
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165
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Carreira AC, Cunha MV. Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli genotypes in poultry flocks by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:311-321. [PMID: 25399105 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple, rapid, and discriminatory methodology that allows the routine molecular characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates. The proposed approach is built on one of the earliest and simplest molecular typing methods ever, consisting on the analysis of the fragments of different lengths generated by digestion of homologous DNA sequences with specific restriction endonucleases, a process known as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The strategy underneath the workflow reported here is meant to explore the polymorphisms of Campylobacter spp. flaA gene (flaA-RFLP) that allows the local investigation of the genetic diversity and distribution of C. coli and C. jejuni isolates from different sources, namely, chickens' caeca. Although not appropriate for global and long-term epidemiological studies as a single approach, flaA-RFLP analysis can be very useful in surveys limited in space and time and, for specific epidemiological settings, an alternative to more modern and resource-demanding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Carreira
- iMed.UL-Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Intracellular Trafficking Modulation for Advanced Drug Delivery, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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166
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Matt M, Andersson M, Barker G, Smid J, Tenenhaus-Aziza F, Pielaat A. A Descriptive Tool for Tracing Microbiological Contaminations. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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167
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Baily JL, Méric G, Bayliss S, Foster G, Moss SE, Watson E, Pascoe B, Mikhail J, Pizzi R, Goldstone RJ, Smith DGE, Willoughby K, Hall AJ, Sheppard SK, Dagleish MP. Evidence of land-sea transfer of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter to a wildlife marine sentinel species. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:208-21. [PMID: 25401947 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution often accompanies the expansion and urbanization of human populations where sewage and wastewaters commonly have an impact on the marine environments. Here, we explored the potential for faecal bacterial pathogens, of anthropic origin, to spread to marine wildlife in coastal areas. The common zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter was isolated from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), an important sentinel species for environmental pollution, and compared to isolates from wild birds, agricultural sources and clinical samples to characterize possible transmission routes. Campylobacter jejuni was present in half of all grey seal pups sampled (24/50 dead and 46/90 live pups) in the breeding colony on the Isle of May (Scotland), where it was frequently associated with histological evidence of disease. Returning yearling animals (19/19) were negative for C. jejuni suggesting clearance of infection while away from the localized colony infection source. The genomes of 90 isolates from seals were sequenced and characterized using a whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and compared to 192 published genomes from multiple sources using population genetic approaches and a probabilistic genetic attribution model to infer the source of infection from MLST data. The strong genotype-host association has enabled the application of source attribution models in epidemiological studies of human campylobacteriosis, and here assignment analyses consistently grouped seal isolates with those from human clinical samples. These findings are consistent with either a common infection source or direct transmission of human campylobacter to grey seals, raising concerns about the spread of human pathogens to wildlife marine sentinel species in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Baily
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK; SeaMammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
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168
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Genotypes and antibiotic resistance of bovine Campylobacter and their contribution to human campylobacteriosis. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:2373-80. [PMID: 25511436 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the most important bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis. Chicken has been recognized as a major source for human infection, whereas cattle might also contribute to a lesser extent. However, there is a paucity of information available regarding Campylobacter in Swiss cattle and their role for human campylobacteriosis. To gain more information on genotypes and antibiotic resistance of bovine C. jejuni and C. coli and on their contribution to human disease, 97 cattle isolates were analysed. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and flaB typing were applied and the gyrA and 23S rRNA genes were screened for point mutations responsible for quinolone and macrolide resistance, respectively. A total of 37 sequence types (STs) and 44 flaB types were identified, including two sequence types and five flaB types not previously described. Most common sequence types were ST21 (21%), ST61 (12%) and ST48 (11%). Only one isolate was macrolide resistant while 31% (n = 30) were quinolone resistant. Source attribution indicated chicken as the main source of human infection with cattle being second. In conclusion, cattle should not be underestimated as a potential source of human campylobacteriosis.
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169
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Anderson RC, Harvey RB, Wickersham TA, MacDonald JC, Ponce CH, Brown M, Pinchak WE, Osterstock JB, Krueger N, Nisbet DJ. Effect of distillers feedstuffs and lasalocid on Campylobacter carriage in feedlot cattle. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1968-75. [PMID: 25364932 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter bacteria are foodborne pathogens that can colonize the gut of food animals. Limited in their ability to ferment sugars, Campylobacter can derive energy for growth via amino acid catabolism. The objectives of the present studies were to test whether supplemental distillers grains containing high amounts of rumen-undegradable intake protein or supplemental lasalocid may, by promoting amino acid flow to the lower bovine gut, increase intestinal carriage of Campylobacter. In study one, 10 steers (5 per treatment) were adapted to diets formulated to achieve 0 or 30% dried distillers grains. After an initial 14-day adaptation to the basal diet, control and treated steers were fed their respective diets for 23 days, after which time they were fed supplemental lasalocid for an additional 8 days, followed by a 5-day withdrawal. In study two, 24 steers preacclimated to a basal diet were adapted via 3-day periodic increases to dietary treatments formulated to achieve 0, 30, or 60% wet corn distillers grains with solubles. Analysis of Campylobacter bacteria cultured from duodenal and fecal samples in study one and from fecal samples in study two revealed no effect of dried distillers grains or wet corn distillers grains with solubles on the prevalence or concentrations of duodenal or fecal Campylobacter. The results from study one indicated that colonized steers, regardless of treatment, harbored higher Campylobacter concentrations when transitioned to the basal diet than when coming off pasture. Campylobacter carriage was unaffected by lasalocid. These results provide no evidence that feeding distillers grains high in rumen-undegradable intake protein or supplemental lasalocid contributes to increased intestinal carriage of Campylobacter in fed cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Anderson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | - Roger B Harvey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Tryon A Wickersham
- Animal Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Jim C MacDonald
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA; Texas AgriLife Research, 6500 Amarillo Boulevard West, Amarillo, Texas 79106, C220 Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Christian H Ponce
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolqui 171-5-2318, Ecuador
| | - Mike Brown
- Feedlot Research Group, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, Texas AgriLife Research, 6500 Amarillo Boulevard West, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA; Global Animal Products, 3701 Airway Boulevard, Amarillo, TX 79118, USA
| | | | - Jason B Osterstock
- Texas AgriLife Research, 6500 Amarillo Boulevard West, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA; Texas AgriLife Research, P.O. Box 1658, Vernon, Texas 76385, USA; Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Nathan Krueger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - David J Nisbet
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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170
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Aguilar C, Jiménez-Marín Á, Martins RP, Garrido JJ. Interaction between Campylobacter and intestinal epithelial cells leads to a different proinflammatory response in human and porcine host. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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171
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Yang R, Jacobson C, Gardner G, Carmichael I, Campbell AJ, Ryan U. Longitudinal prevalence, faecal shedding and molecular characterisation of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella enterica in sheep. Vet J 2014; 202:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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172
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Mughini-Gras L, Smid J, Enserink R, Franz E, Schouls L, Heck M, van Pelt W. Tracing the sources of human salmonellosis: a multi-model comparison of phenotyping and genotyping methods. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:251-60. [PMID: 25315490 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella source attribution is usually performed using frequency-matched models, such as the (modified) Dutch and Hald models, based on phenotyping data, i.e. serotyping, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance profiling. However, for practical and economic reasons, genotyping methods such as Multi-locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis (MLVA) are gradually replacing traditional phenotyping of salmonellas beyond the serovar level. As MLVA-based source attribution of human salmonellosis using frequency-matched models is problematic due to the high variability of the genetic targets investigated, other models need to be explored. Using a comprehensive data set from the Netherlands in 2005-2013, this study aimed at attributing sporadic and domestic cases of Salmonella Typhimurium/4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Enteritidis to four putative food-producing animal sources (pigs, cattle, broilers, and layers/eggs) using the modified Dutch and Hald models (based on sero/phage typing data) in comparison with a widely applied population genetics model - the asymmetric island model (AIM) - supplied with MLVA data. This allowed us to compare model outcomes and to corroborate whether MLVA-based Salmonella source attribution using the AIM is able to provide sound, comparable results. All three models provided very similar results, confirming once more that most S. Typhimurium/4,[5],12:i:- and S. Enteritidis cases are attributable to pigs and layers/eggs, respectively. We concluded that MLVA-based source attribution using the AIM is a feasible option, at least for S. Typhimurium/4,[5],12:i:- and S. Enteritidis. Enough information seems to be contained in the MLVA profiles to trace the sources of human salmonellosis even in presence of imperfect temporal overlap between human and source isolates. Besides Salmonella, the AIM might also be applicable to other pathogens that do not always comply to clonal models. This would add further value to current surveillance activities by performing source attribution using genotyping data that are being collected in a standardized fashion internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost Smid
- Utrecht University, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Enserink
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Franz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Schouls
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Max Heck
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfrid van Pelt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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173
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Franz E, Delaquis P, Morabito S, Beutin L, Gobius K, Rasko DA, Bono J, French N, Osek J, Lindstedt BA, Muniesa M, Manning S, LeJeune J, Callaway T, Beatson S, Eppinger M, Dallman T, Forbes KJ, Aarts H, Pearl DL, Gannon VP, Laing CR, Strachan NJ. Exploiting the explosion of information associated with whole genome sequencing to tackle Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in global food production systems. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 187:57-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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174
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Dong HJ, Cho AR, Hahn TW, Cho S. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid, sensitive detection of Campylobacter jejuni in cattle farm samples. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1593-8. [PMID: 25198853 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne disease worldwide. The detection of this organism in cattle and their environment is important for the control of C. jejuni transmission and the prevention of campylobacteriosis. Here, we describe the development of a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of C. jejuni in naturally contaminated cattle farm samples, based on real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of the hipO gene. The LAMP assay was specific (100% inclusivity and exclusivity for 84 C. jejuni and 41 non-C. jejuni strains, respectively), sensitive (detection limit of 100 fg/μl), and quantifiable (R(2) = 0.9133). The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was then evaluated for its application to the naturally contaminated cattle farm samples. C. jejuni strains were isolated from 51 (20.7%) of 246 cattle farm samples, and the presence of the hipO gene was tested using the LAMP assay. Amplification of the hipO gene by LAMP within 30 min (mean ~10.8 min) in all C. jejuni isolates (n = 51) demonstrated its rapidity and accuracy. Next, template DNA was prepared from a total of 186 enrichment broth cultures of cattle farm samples either by boiling or using a commercial kit, and the sensitivity of detection of C. jejuni was compared between the LAMP and PCR assays. In DNA samples prepared by boiling, the higher sensitivity of the LAMP assay (84.4%) compared with the PCR assay (35.5%) indicates that it is less susceptible to the existence of inhibitors in sample material. In DNA samples prepared using a commercial kit, both the LAMP and PCR assays showed 100% sensitivity. We anticipate that the use of this rapid, sensitive, and simple LAMP assay, which is the first of its kind for the identification and screening of C. jejuni in cattle farm samples, may play an important role in the prevention of C. jejuni contamination in the food chain, thereby reducing the risk of human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Dong
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ae-Ri Cho
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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175
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A systematic review characterizing on-farm sources of Campylobacter spp. for broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104905. [PMID: 25171228 PMCID: PMC4149356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter are frequently isolated from broiler chickens worldwide. In Canada, campylobacteriosis is the third leading cause of enteric disease and the regional emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter in broiler chickens has raised a public health concern. This study aimed to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize literature on sources of Campylobacter in broilers at the farm level using systematic review methodology. Literature searches were conducted in January 2012 and included electronic searches in four bibliographic databases. Relevant studies in French or English (n = 95) conducted worldwide in any year and all study designs were included. Risk of Bias and GRADE criteria endorsed by the Cochrane collaboration was used to assess the internal validity of the study and overall confidence in the meta-analysis. The categories for on-farm sources were: broiler breeders/vertical transfer (number of studies = 32), animals (n = 57), humans (n = 26), environment (n = 54), and water (n = 63). Only three studies examined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter from these on-farm sources. Subgroups of data by source and outcome were analyzed using random effect meta-analysis. The highest risk for contaminating a new flock appears to be a contaminated barn environment due to insufficient cleaning and disinfection, insufficient downtime, and the presence of an adjacent broiler flock. Effective biosecurity enhancements from physical barriers to restricting human movement on the farm are recommended for consideration to enhance local on-farm food safety programs. Improved sampling procedures and standardized laboratory testing are needed for comparability across studies. Knowledge gaps that should be addressed include farm-level drug use and antimicrobial resistance information, further evaluation of the potential for vertical transfer, and improved genotyping methods to strengthen our understanding of Campylobacter epidemiology in broilers at the farm-level. This systematic review emphasizes the importance of improved industry-level and on-farm risk management strategies to reduce pre-harvest Campylobacter in broilers.
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176
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Ragimbeau C, Colin S, Devaux A, Decruyenaere F, Cauchie HM, Losch S, Penny C, Mossong J. Investigating the host specificity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by sequencing gyrase subunit A. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:205. [PMID: 25163418 PMCID: PMC4156964 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance and field investigations of Campylobacter infections require molecular tools with genetic markers appropriate for tracing purposes, i.e. based on the principle that some Campylobacter lineages acquire a host signature under adaptive selection pressure. We developed a sequence-based method targeting the quinolone resistance determining region within the subunit A of DNA gyrase (gyrA). Host specificity was evaluated by characterizing two collections of Campylobacter jejuni (N = 430) and Campylobacter coli (N = 302) originating from surface waters, domestic mammals and poultry. RESULTS Based on nucleotide identity, a total of 80 gyrA alleles were observed. Thirty nine alleles assigned to C. coli encoding two peptides fell into three clades: two associated with surface waters and one associated with domestic mammals and poultry. The variability in GC content generated by synonymous mutations suggested that surface waters isolates originated from two distinct ecological niches. A total of 42 alleles were recorded from C. jejuni strains and encoded 8 peptides including one lying in a distinct lineage associated with wildlife. Seven of the 23 alleles encoding peptide #1 displayed the synonymous mutation G408A not identified in poultry isolates. By contrast, the substitution Ser22Gly observed in 4 different peptide groups was significantly associated with domestic birds (P = 0.001). The change in amino acid sequences Thr86Ile conferring resistance to quinolones was significantly associated with poultry (P < 0.001) in both C. jejuni and C. coli with 38.7% and 67.9% of quinolone-resistant strains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The gyrA typing method presented here is an informative tool as sequences appear to be predictive of particular ecological niches. Combined with multi-locus sequence typing, it could increase the resolution of source attribution, and combined with porA/flaA typing it could be suitable for detecting temporal clusters of human cases. All gyrA alleles identified were deposited in the freely accessible online database http://pubmlst.org/campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ragimbeau
- />National Health Laboratory, Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange, L-3555 Luxembourg
| | - Stephanie Colin
- />Centre de Recherche Public Santé, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, L-1445 Luxembourg
| | - Anthony Devaux
- />National Health Laboratory, Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange, L-3555 Luxembourg
| | - Frédéric Decruyenaere
- />National Health Laboratory, Bacteriology- Parasitology- Mycology, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange, L-3555 Luxembourg
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- />Département Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- />Veterinary Medecine Laboratory, 54, av. Gast Diderich, Luxembourg, L-1420 Luxembourg
| | - Christian Penny
- />Département Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg
| | - Joël Mossong
- />National Health Laboratory, Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange, L-3555 Luxembourg
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Distribution of Salmonella, Arcobacter, and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. among Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) population in Dasht-e-Arzhan Wildlife refuge, southern Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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178
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Occurrence of multidrug resistance in Campylobacter from Ivorian poultry and analysis of bacterial response to acid shock. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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179
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Kwan PSL, Xavier C, Santovenia M, Pruckler J, Stroika S, Joyce K, Gardner T, Fields PI, McLaughlin J, Tauxe RV, Fitzgerald C. Multilocus sequence typing confirms wild birds as the source of a Campylobacter outbreak associated with the consumption of raw peas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4540-6. [PMID: 24837383 PMCID: PMC4148789 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00537-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From August to September 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assisted the Alaska Division of Public Health with an outbreak investigation of campylobacteriosis occurring among the residents of Southcentral Alaska. During the investigation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human, raw pea, and wild bird fecal samples confirmed the epidemiologic link between illness and the consumption of raw peas contaminated by sandhill cranes for 15 of 43 epidemiologically linked human isolates. However, an association between the remaining epidemiologically linked human infections and the pea and wild bird isolates was not established. To better understand the molecular epidemiology of the outbreak, C. jejuni isolates (n=130; 59 from humans, 40 from peas, and 31 from wild birds) were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Here we present the molecular evidence to demonstrate the association of many more human C.jejuni infections associated with the outbreak with raw peas and wild bird feces. Among all sequence types (STs) identified, 26 of 39 (67%) were novel and exclusive to the outbreak. Five clusters of overlapping STs (n=32 isolates; 17 from humans, 2 from peas, and 13 from wild birds) were identified. In particular, cluster E (n=7 isolates; ST-5049) consisted of isolates from humans,peas, and wild birds. Novel STs clustered closely with isolates typically associated with wild birds and the environment but distinct from lineages commonly seen in human infections. Novel STs and alleles recovered from human outbreak isolates allowed additional infections caused by these rare genotypes to be attributed to the contaminated raw peas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. L. Kwan
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Catherine Xavier
- Alaska State Public Health Laboratories, Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Monica Santovenia
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet Pruckler
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Stroika
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin Joyce
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracie Gardner
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Assigned to the State of Alaska Section of Epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia I. Fields
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joe McLaughlin
- Alaska State Public Health Laboratories, Division of Public Health, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Robert V. Tauxe
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Collette Fitzgerald
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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180
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Ramonaite S, Kudirkiene E, Tamuleviciene E, Leviniene G, Malakauskas A, Gölz G, Alter T, Malakauskas M. Prevalence and genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni from urban environmental sources in comparison with clinical isolates from children. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1205-1213. [PMID: 24987101 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.072892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in potential contamination sources that are not regularly monitored such as free-living urban pigeons and crows, dogs, cats and urban environmental water and to assess the possible impact on the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in children using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 36.2 % of faecal samples of free-living urban birds and in 40.4 % of environmental water samples. A low prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in dogs and cats, with 7.9 and 9.1 %, respectively. Further identification of isolates revealed that environmental water and pet samples were mostly contaminated by other Campylobacter spp. than C. jejuni, whereas C. jejuni was the most prevalent species in faecal samples of free-living birds (35.4 %). This species was the dominant cause of campylobacteriosis in children (91.5 %). In addition, the diversity of C. jejuni MLST types in free-living birds and children was investigated. Clonal complex (CC) 179 was predominant among free-living urban birds; however, only two isolates from children were assigned to this CC. One dog and one child isolate were assigned to the same clonal complex (CC48) and sequence type (ST) 918. The dominant two clonal complexes among the child clinical isolates (CC353 and CC21) were not detected among C. jejuni strains isolated from environmental sources examined in this study. As only two CCs were shared by environmental and child C. jejuni isolates and a high number of novel alleles and STs were found in C. jejuni isolated from free-living urban birds and environmental water, there is probably only a limited link between urban environmental sources and campylobacteriosis in children, particularly in rather cold climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Ramonaite
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str.18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbojlen 4, 1780 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str.18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
| | - Egle Tamuleviciene
- Clinic of Children Diseases, Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas, LT 44307
| | - Giedra Leviniene
- Clinic of Children Diseases, Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, Kaunas, LT 44307
| | - Alvydas Malakauskas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str.18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Malakauskas
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str.18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
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181
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Islam Z, van Belkum A, Wagenaar JA, Cody AJ, de Boer AG, Sarker SK, Jacobs BC, Talukder KA, Endtz HP. Comparative population structure analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from human and poultry origin in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2173-81. [PMID: 24962195 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of antecedent infections leading to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS). The objective of the present study was to define the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential role of poultry in the transmission of Campylobacter to humans in Bangladesh. We determined the population structure of C. jejuni isolated from poultry (n = 66) and patients with enteritis (n = 39) or GBS (n = 10). Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) typing showed that 50/66 (76 %) C. jejuni strains isolated from poultry could be assigned to one of five LOS locus classes (A-E). The distribution of neuropathy-associated LOS locus classes A, B, and C were 30/50 (60 %) among the typable strains isolated from poultry. The LOS locus classes A, B, and C were significantly associated with GBS and enteritis-related C. jejuni strains more than for the poultry strains [(31/38 (82 %) vs. 30/50 (60 %), p < 0.05]. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) defined 15 sequence types (STs) and six clonal complexes (CCs) among poultry isolates, including one ST-3740 not previously documented. The most commonly identified type, ST-5 (13/66), in chicken was seen only once among human isolates (1/49) (p < 0.001). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) revealed three major clusters (A, B, and C) among C. jejuni isolated from humans and poultry. There seems to be a lack of overlap between the major human and chicken clones, which suggests that there may be additional sources for campylobacteriosis other than poultry in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Islam
- Emerging Diseases and Immunobiology Research Group, Centre for Food and Waterborne Diseases (CFWD), International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research (ICDDR,B), GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh,
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182
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Llarena AK, Skarp-de Haan CPA, Rossi M, Hänninen ML. Characterization of the Campylobacter jejuni population in the barnacle geese reservoir. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:209-21. [PMID: 24948379 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and have been isolated from a wide number of different hosts and environmental sources. Waterfowl is considered a natural reservoir for this zoonotic bacterium and may act as a potential infection source for human campylobacteriosis. In this study, faecal samples from 924 barnacle geese were tested for the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli. The resulting C. jejuni and C. coli populations were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), structure analysis by BAPS and phylogenetic analysis based on full genome sequences. The prevalences of C. jejuni in barnacle geese faeces were 11.5% and 23.1% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and only 0.2% of the samples were positive for C. coli in both years. Furthermore, a possible adaption of the clonal complexes (CCs) ST-702 and ST-1034 to the barnacle geese reservoir was found, as these two CCs represented the majority of the typed isolates and were repeatedly isolated from different flocks at several time-points. Further core genome phylogenetic analysis using ClonalFrame revealed a formation of a distinct monophyletic lineage by these two CCs, suggesting a certain degree of clonality of the C. jejuni population adapted to barnacle geese. Therefore, although STs also commonly found in humans patients (e.g. ST-45) were among the barnacle geese C. jejuni isolates, this reservoir is probably an infrequent source for human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Llarena
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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183
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Bronowski C, James CE, Winstanley C. Role of environmental survival in transmission of Campylobacter jejuni. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 356:8-19. [PMID: 24888326 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with C. jejuni responsible for the majority of these cases. Although it is clear that livestock, and particularly poultry, are the most common source, it is likely that the natural environment (soil and water) plays a key role in transmission, either directly to humans or indirectly via farm animals. It has been shown using multilocus sequence typing that some clonal complexes (such as ST-45) are more frequently isolated from environmental sources such as water, suggesting that strains vary in their ability to survive in the environment. Although C. jejuni are fastidious microaerophiles generally unable to grow in atmospheric levels of oxygen, C. jejuni can adapt to survival in the environment, exhibiting aerotolerance and starvation survival. Biofilm formation, the viable but nonculturable state, and interactions with other microorganisms can all contribute to survival outside the host. By exploiting high-throughput technologies such as genome sequencing and RNA Seq, we are well placed to decipher the mechanisms underlying the variations in survival between strains in environments such as soil and water and to better understand the role of environmental persistence in the transmission of C. jejuni directly or indirectly to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bronowski
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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184
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MUGHINI-GRAS L, SMID JH, WAGENAAR JA, DE BOER A, HAVELAAR AH, FRIESEMA IHM, FRENCH NP, GRAZIANI C, BUSANI L, VAN PELT W. Campylobacteriosis in returning travellers and potential secondary transmission of exotic strains. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:1277-88. [PMID: 23962634 PMCID: PMC9151200 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Multilocus sequence types (STs) were determined for 232 and 737 Campylobacter jejuni/coli isolates from Dutch travellers and domestically acquired cases, respectively. Putative risk factors for travel-related campylobacteriosis, and for domestically acquired campylobacteriosis caused by exotic STs (putatively carried by returning travellers), were investigated. Travelling to Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Southern Europe significantly increased the risk of acquiring campylobacteriosis compared to travelling within Western Europe. Besides eating chicken, using antacids, and having chronic enteropathies, we identified eating vegetable salad outside Europe, drinking bottled water in high-risk destinations, and handling/eating undercooked pork as possible risk factors for travel-related campylobacteriosis. Factors associated with domestically acquired campylobacteriosis caused by exotic STs involved predominantly person-to-person contacts around popular holiday periods. We concluded that putative determinants of travel-related campylobacteriosis differ from those of domestically acquired infections and that returning travellers may carry several exotic strains that might subsequently spread to domestic populations even through limited person-to-person transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. MUGHINI-GRAS
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. SMID
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. WAGENAAR
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht/Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A. DE BOER
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. HAVELAAR
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I. H. M. FRIESEMA
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - N. P. FRENCH
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C. GRAZIANI
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L. BUSANI
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - W. VAN PELT
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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185
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O'Donovan D, Corcoran GD, Lucey B, Sleator RD. Campylobacter ureolyticus: a portrait of the pathogen. Virulence 2014; 5:498-506. [PMID: 24717836 PMCID: PMC4063811 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we provide a brief overview of the emerging bacterial pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus. We describe the identification of the pathogen by molecular as opposed to classical culture based diagnostics and discuss candidate reservoirs of infection. We also review the available genomic data, outlining some of the major virulence factors, and discuss how these mechanisms likely contribute to pathogenesis of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan O'Donovan
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard D Corcoran
- Department of Diagnostic Microbiology; Cork University Hospital; Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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186
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Sison F, Chaisowwong W, Alter T, Tiwananthagorn S, Pichpol D, Lampang K, Baumann M, Gölz G. Loads and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. on fresh chicken meat in Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1270-3. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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187
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CampylobacterSpecies. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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188
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Koziel M, Corcoran GD, Sleator RD, Lucey B. Detection and molecular analysis of Campylobacter ureolyticus in domestic animals. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:9. [PMID: 24739468 PMCID: PMC3996856 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed the presence of Campylobacter ureolyticus in a large proportion of diarrhoeal samples from patients in Ireland. This emerging gastrointestinal pathogen was the second most common Campylobacter species detected in patients presenting with gastroenteritis, surpassed only by C. jejuni. However, the source of C. ureolyticus infections in humans remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of C. ureolyticus in a range of domestic animals. Over a period of 6 months, 164 samples collected from various domestic animals were tested using molecular method based on detection of the C. ureolyticus specific hsp60 gene. These included canine faeces (n = 44), feline faeces (n = 31) and porcine faeces (n = 89). C. ureolyticus was detected in 32% (10/31) of feline faeces, 9% (4/44) of canine faeces and 18% (16/89) of porcine faeces. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of C. ureolyticus isolates showed that an isolate from a cat is genetically similar to a strain isolated from a patient presenting with gastroenteritis. This study reports the first detection and isolation of this organism in domestic animals in Ireland, with a potential source for human infection. Together with the previously reported detection of C. ureolyticus in bovine samples, it is likely that this emerging pathogen has a zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Koziel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard D Corcoran
- Department of Diagnostic Microbiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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189
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Kittler S, Fischer S, Abdulmawjood A, Glünder G, Klein G. Colonisation of a phage susceptible Campylobacter jejuni population in two phage positive broiler flocks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94782. [PMID: 24733154 PMCID: PMC3986380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are commensals in the poultry intestine and campylobacteriosis is one of the most frequent foodborne diseases in developed and developing countries. Phages were identified to be effective in reducing intestinal Campylobacter load and this was evaluated, in the first field trials which were recently carried out. The aim of this study was to further investigate Campylobacter population dynamics during phage application on a commercial broiler farm. This study determines the superiority in colonisation of a Campylobacter type found in a field trial that was susceptible to phages in in vitro tests. The colonisation factors, i.e. motility and gamma glutamyl transferase activity, were increased in this type. The clustering in phylogenetic comparisons of MALDI-TOF spectra did not match the ST, biochemical phenotype and phage susceptibility. Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni strains and phage susceptibility types with different colonisation potential seem to play a very important role in the success of phage therapy in commercial broiler houses. Thus, mechanisms of both, phage susceptibility and Campylobacter colonisation should be further investigated and considered when composing phage cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kittler
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samuel Fischer
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Glünder
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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190
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Drivers of emerging risks and their interactions in the domain of biological risks to animal, plant and public health: a pilot study. EFSA SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7163721 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.en-588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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191
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Colles FM, McCarthy ND, Bliss CM, Layton R, Maiden MCJ. The long-term dynamics of Campylobacter colonizing a free-range broiler breeder flock: an observational study. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:938-46. [PMID: 25588789 PMCID: PMC4390391 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A free-range broiler breeder flock was studied in order to determine the natural patterns of Campylobacter colonization over a period of 63 weeks. Campylobacter sequence types (STs) were not mutually exclusive and on average colonized only 17.7% of the birds tested at any time. Campylobacter STs typically reached a peak in prevalence upon initial detection in the flock before tailing off, although the ST and antigenic flaA short variable region in combination were stable over a number of months. There was evidence that, with a couple of exceptions, the ecology of C. jejuni and C. coli differed, with the latter forming a more stable population. Despite being free range, no newly colonizing STs were detected over a 6-week period in autumn and a 10-week period in winter, towards the end of the study. There was limited evidence that those STs identified among broiler chicken flocks on the same farm site were likely to colonize the breeder flock earlier (R(2) 0.16, P 0.01). These results suggest that there is natural control of Campylobacter dynamics within a flock which could potentially be exploited in designing new intervention strategies, and that the two different species should perhaps be considered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Colles
- The Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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192
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Carbonero A, Paniagua J, Torralbo A, Arenas-Montes A, Borge C, García-Bocanegra I. Campylobacter infection in wild artiodactyl species from southern Spain: Occurrence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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193
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Lévesque S, Fournier E, Carrier N, Frost E, Arbeit RD, Michaud S. Campylobacteriosis in urban versus rural areas: a case-case study integrated with molecular typing to validate risk factors and to attribute sources of infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83731. [PMID: 24386265 PMCID: PMC3873381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infection is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and most clinical cases appear as isolated, sporadic infections for which the source is rarely apparent. From July 2005 to December 2007 we conducted a prospective case-case study of sporadic, domestically-acquired Campylobacter enteritis in rural versus urban areas and a prevalence study of Campylobacter in animal and environmental sources in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. Isolates were typed using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) to reinforce the case-case findings and to assign a source probability estimate for each human isolate. The risk of human campylobacteriosis was 1.89-fold higher in rural than urban areas. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two independent risk factors associated with human Campylobacter infections acquired in rural area: occupational exposure to animals (OR = 10.6, 95% CI: 1.2–91, p = 0.032), and household water coming from a private well (OR = 8.3, 95% CI: 3.4–20.4, p<0.0001). A total of 851 C. jejuni isolates (178 human, 257 chicken, 87 bovine, 266 water, 63 wild bird) were typed using MLST. Among human isolates, the incidence rates of clonal complexes (CC) CC-21, CC-45, and CC-61 were higher in rural than urban areas. MLST-based source attribution analysis indicated that 64.5% of human C. jejuni isolates were attributable to chicken, followed by cattle (25.8%), water (7.4%), and wild birds (2.3%). Chicken was the attributable source for the majority of cases, independent of residential area, sex and age. The increased incidence in rural compared to urban areas was associated with occupational exposure to animals, particularly cattle among those aged 15–34 years, and with consumption of private well water. Both bovine and water exposure appeared to contribute to the seasonal variation in campylobacteriosis. These results provide a basis for developing public education and preventive programs targeting the risk factors identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lévesque
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Fournier
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Carrier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert D. Arbeit
- Infectious Diseases Section, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sophie Michaud
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculté de Médecine de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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194
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Fu LL, Li JR. Microbial Source Tracking: A Tool for Identifying Sources of Microbial Contamination in the Food Chain. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 54:699-707. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.605231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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195
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Ramonaitė S, Rokaitytė A, Tamulevičienė E, Malakauskas A, Alter T, Malakauskas M. Prevalence, quantitative load and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in dairy cattle herds in Lithuania. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:87. [PMID: 24304521 PMCID: PMC4176989 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacteriosis is a zoonotic disease, and animals such as poultry, pigs and cattle may act as reservoirs for Campylobacter spp. Cattle shed Campylobacter spp. into the environment and they can act as a reservoir for human infection directly via contact with cattle or their faeces or indirectly by consumption of contaminated food. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, the quantitative load and the genetic strain diversity of Campylobacter spp. in dairy cattle of different age groups. RESULTS Faecal samples of 200 dairy cattle from three farms in the central part of Lithuania were collected and examined for Campylobacter. Cattle herds of all three farms were Campylobacter spp. positive, with a prevalence ranging from 75% (farm I), 77.5% (farm II) to 83.3% (farm III). Overall, the highest prevalence was detected in calves (86.5%) and heifers (86.2%). In contrast, the lowest Campylobacter prevalence was detectable in dairy cows (60.6%). C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. fetus subsp. fetus were identified in faecal samples of dairy cattle. C. upsaliensis was not detectable in any sample. The high counts of Campylobacter spp. were observed in faecal material of dairy cattle (average 4.5 log10 cfu/g). The highest numbers of Campylobacter spp. were found in faecal samples from calves (average 5.3 log10 cfu/g), whereas, faecal samples from cows harboured the lowest number of Campylobacter spp. (average 3.7 log10 cfu/g). Genotyping by flaA PCR-RFLP analysis of selected C. jejuni isolates showed that some genotypes were present in all farms and all age groups. However, farm or age specific genotypes were also identified. CONCLUSIONS Future studies are needed to investigate risk factors related to the degree of colonisation in cattle. Based on that, possible measures to reduce the colonisation and subsequent shedding of Campylobacter in cattle could be established. It is important to further investigate the epidemiology of Campylobacter in the cattle population in order to assess associated risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Ramonaitė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
| | - Anita Rokaitytė
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
| | - Eglė Tamulevičienė
- Clinic of Children Diseases, Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus 9, Kaunas LT-44307, Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Malakauskas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 69, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Malakauskas
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, Kaunas LT-47181, Lithuania
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196
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of molecular typing methods for major food‐borne microbiological hazards and their use for attribution modelling, outbreak investigation and scanning surveillance: Part 1 (evaluation of methods and applications). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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197
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Strachan NJC, Rotariu O, MacRae M, Sheppard SK, Smith-Palmer A, Cowden J, Maiden MCJ, Forbes KJ. Operationalising factors that explain the emergence of infectious diseases: a case study of the human campylobacteriosis epidemic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79331. [PMID: 24278127 PMCID: PMC3836786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework of general factors for infectious disease emergence was made operational for Campylobacter utilising explanatory variables including time series and risk factor data. These variables were generated using a combination of empirical epidemiology, case-case and case-control studies, time series analysis, and microbial sub-typing (source attribution, diversity, genetic distance) to unravel the changing/emerging aetiology of human campylobacteriosis. The study focused on Scotland between 1990-2012 where there was a 75% increase in reported cases that included >300% increase in the elderly and 50% decrease in young children. During this period there were three phases 1990-2000 a 75% rise and a 20% fall to 2006, followed by a 19% resurgence. The rise coincided with expansions in the poultry industry, consumption of chicken, and a shift from rural to urban cases. The post-2000 fall occurred across all groups apart from the elderly and coincided with a drop of the prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken and a higher proportion of rural cases. The increase in the elderly was associated with uptake of proton pump inhibitors. During the resurgence the increase was predominantly in adults and the elderly, again there was increasing use of PPIs and high prevalences in chicken and ruminants. Cases associated with foreign travel during the study also increased from 9% to a peak of 16% in 2006 before falling to an estimated 10% in 2011, predominantly in adults and older children. During all three periods source attribution, genetic distance, and diversity measurements placed human isolates most similar to those in chickens. A combination of emergence factors generic for infectious diseases were responsible for the Campylobacter epidemic. It was possible to use these to obtain a putative explanation for the changes in human disease and the potential to make an informed view of how incidence rates may change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norval J. C. Strachan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ovidiu Rotariu
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marion MacRae
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel K. Sheppard
- Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Swansea University, College of Medicine, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Smith-Palmer
- Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Cowden
- Health Protection Scotland, National Services Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ken J. Forbes
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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198
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Source attribution of human Campylobacter isolates by MLST and fla-typing and association of genotypes with quinolone resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81796. [PMID: 24244747 PMCID: PMC3828285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most frequent zoonosis in developed countries and various domestic animals can function as reservoir for the main pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. In the present study we compared population structures of 730 C. jejuni and C. coli from human cases, 610 chicken, 159 dog, 360 pig and 23 cattle isolates collected between 2001 and 2012 in Switzerland. All isolates had been typed with multi locus sequence typing (MLST) and flaB-typing and their genotypic resistance to quinolones was determined. We used complementary approaches by testing for differences between isolates from different hosts with the proportion similarity as well as the fixation index and by attributing the source of the human isolates with Bayesian assignment using the software STRUCTURE. Analyses were done with MLST and flaB data in parallel and both typing methods were tested for associations of genotypes with quinolone resistance. Results obtained with MLST and flaB data corresponded remarkably well, both indicating chickens as the main source for human infection for both Campylobacter species. Based on MLST, 70.9% of the human cases were attributed to chickens, 19.3% to cattle, 8.6% to dogs and 1.2% to pigs. Furthermore we found a host independent association between sequence type (ST) and quinolone resistance. The most notable were ST-45, all isolates of which were susceptible, while for ST-464 all were resistant.
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199
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Whiley H, van den Akker B, Giglio S, Bentham R. The role of environmental reservoirs in human campylobacteriosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5886-907. [PMID: 24217177 PMCID: PMC3863877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is infection caused by the bacteria Campylobacter spp. and is considered a major public health concern. Campylobacter spp. have been identified as one of the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis. They are typically considered a foodborne pathogen and have been shown to colonise the intestinal mucosa of all food-producing animals. Much emphasis has been placed on controlling the foodborne pathway of exposure, particularly within the poultry industry, however, other environmental sources have been identified as important contributors to human infection. This paper aims to review the current literature on the sources of human exposure to Campylobacter spp. and will cover contaminated poultry, red meat, unpasteurised milk, unwashed fruit and vegetables, compost, wild bird faeces, sewage, surface water, ground water and drinking water. A comparison of current Campylobacter spp. identification methods from environmental samples is also presented. The review of literature suggests that there are multiple and diverse sources for Campylobacter infection. Many environmental sources result in direct human exposure but also in contamination of the food processing industry. This review provides useful information for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, School of the Environment, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Ben van den Akker
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Giglio
- Healthscope Pathology, South Australia, 1 Goodwood Rd., Wayville 5034, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Bentham
- Environmental Health, School of the Environment, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
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200
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Abstract
SUMMARY This study assesses the contribution of different sources of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark using two different source-attribution approaches. In total, 794 non-human isolates and 406 isolates from human cases (domestic, travel related, and cases with unknown travel history) were collected. Isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, flaA typing and susceptibility to antibiotics. Both models used indicate that the major burden of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark originates from the domestic broiler chicken reservoir. The second most important reservoir was found to be cattle. The Asymmetric Island model attributed 52% [95% credibility interval (CrI) 37-67] to Danish chicken, 17% (95% CrI 3-33) to imported chicken, and 17% (95% CrI 7-28) to cattle. Similarly, the Campylobacter source-attribution model apportioned 38% (95% CrI 28-47) to Danish chicken, 14% (95% CrI 10-18) to imported chicken, and 16% (95% CrI 7-25) to cattle. The addition of flaA type as an extra discriminatory typing parameter did not change the attribution of cases markedly.
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