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Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Tapia LI, Yang CF, Torres JP, Chavez-Bueno S, Garcia C, Jaramillo LM, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Jafri HS, Peeples ME, Piedra PA, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotypes, Host Immune Profiles, and Disease Severity in Young Children Hospitalized With Bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:24-34. [PMID: 29045741 PMCID: PMC5853407 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on how respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genotypes influence disease severity and host immune responses is limited. Here, we characterized the genetic variability of RSV during 5 seasons, and evaluated the role of RSV subtypes, genotypes, and viral loads in disease severity and host transcriptional profiles. Methods A prospective, observational study was carried out, including a convenience sample of healthy infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis. Nasopharyngeal samples for viral load quantitation, typing, and genotyping, and blood samples for transcriptome analyses were obtained within 24 hours of hospitalization. Multivariate models were constructed to identify virologic and clinical variables predictive of clinical outcomes. Results We enrolled 253 infants (median age 2.1 [25%-75% interquartile range] months). RSV A infections predominated over RSV B and showed greater genotype variability. RSV A/GA2, A/GA5, and RSV B/BA were the most common genotypes identified. Compared to GA2 or BA, infants with GA5 infections had higher viral loads. GA5 infections were associated with longer hospital stay, and with less activation of interferon and increased overexpression of neutrophil genes. Conclusions RSV A infections were more frequent than RSV B, and displayed greater variability. GA5 infections were associated with enhanced disease severity and distinct host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lorena I Tapia
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics and Virology Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Chin-Fen Yang
- Department of Research, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California
- Enimmune Corporation, Taiwan
| | - Juan Pablo Torres
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Department of Pediatrics and Virology Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Susana Chavez-Bueno
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Carla Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- PID Associates, Carrollton, Texas
| | - Lisa M Jaramillo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Hasan S Jafri
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Medimmune /AztraZeneca
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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152
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Barton AJ, Hill J, Pollard AJ, Blohmke CJ. Transcriptomics in Human Challenge Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1839. [PMID: 29326715 PMCID: PMC5741696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human challenge models, in which volunteers are experimentally infected with a pathogen of interest, provide the opportunity to directly identify both natural and vaccine-induced correlates of protection. In this review, we highlight how the application of transcriptomics to human challenge studies allows for the identification of novel correlates and gives insight into the immunological pathways required to develop functional immunity. In malaria challenge trials for example, innate immune pathways appear to play a previously underappreciated role in conferring protective immunity. Transcriptomic analyses of samples obtained in human challenge studies can also deepen our understanding of the immune responses preceding symptom onset, allowing characterization of innate immunity and early gene signatures, which may influence disease outcome. Influenza challenge studies demonstrate that these gene signatures have diagnostic potential in the context of pandemics, in which presymptomatic diagnosis of at-risk individuals could allow early initiation of antiviral treatment and help limit transmission. Furthermore, gene expression analysis facilitates the identification of host factors contributing to disease susceptibility, such as C4BPA expression in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Overall, these studies highlight the exceptional value of transcriptional data generated in human challenge trials and illustrate the broad impact molecular data analysis may have on global health through rational vaccine design and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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153
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Katz SE, Williams DJ. Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States: Changing Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges, and Areas for Future Research. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2017; 32:47-63. [PMID: 29269189 PMCID: PMC5801082 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common serious infections in childhood. This review focuses on pediatric CAP in the United States and other industrialized nations, specifically highlighting the changing epidemiology of CAP, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Katz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D-7235 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2581, USA
| | - Derek J Williams
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, CCC 5324 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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154
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Mariani TJ, Qiu X, Chu C, Wang L, Thakar J, Holden-Wiltse J, Corbett A, Topham DJ, Falsey AR, Caserta MT, Walsh EE. Association of Dynamic Changes in the CD4 T-Cell Transcriptome With Disease Severity During Primary Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Young Infants. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1027-1037. [PMID: 28962005 PMCID: PMC5853440 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nearly all children are infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) within the first 2 years of life, with a minority developing severe disease (1%-3% hospitalized). We hypothesized that an assessment of the adaptive immune system, using CD4+ T-lymphocyte transcriptomics, would identify gene expression correlates of disease severity. Methods Infants infected with RSV representing extremes of clinical severity were studied. Mild illness (n = 23) was defined as a respiratory rate (RR) < 55 and room air oxygen saturation (SaO2) ≥ 97%, and severe illness (n = 23) was defined as RR ≥ 65 and SaO2 ≤ 92%. RNA from fresh, sort-purified CD4+ T cells was assessed by RNA sequencing. Results Gestational age, age at illness onset, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, bacterial colonization, and breastfeeding were associated (adjusted P < .05) with disease severity. RNA sequencing analysis reliably measured approximately 60% of the genome. Severity of RSV illness had the greatest effect size upon CD4 T-cell gene expression. Pathway analysis identified correlates of severity, including JAK/STAT, prolactin, and interleukin 9 signaling. We also identified genes and pathways associated with timing of symptoms and RSV group (A/B). Conclusions These data suggest fundamental changes in adaptive immune cell phenotypes may be associated with RSV clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
| | - ChinYi Chu
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program.,Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center.,Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York
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155
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Capella C, Chaiwatpongsakorn S, Gorrell E, Risch ZA, Ye F, Mertz SE, Johnson SM, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Ramilo O, Mejias A, Peeples ME. Prefusion F, Postfusion F, G Antibodies, and Disease Severity in Infants and Young Children With Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1398-1406. [PMID: 29029312 PMCID: PMC5853469 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Maternally derived RSV-specific antibodies play a role in protection against RSV infection in early life, but data regarding the concentration and specificity of those antibodies are incomplete. Methods We prospectively enrolled a cohort of previously healthy infants and young children hospitalized (n = 45) or evaluated as outpatients (n = 20) for RSV infection, and healthy noninfected age-matched controls (n = 18). Serum samples were obtained at enrollment to quantify the concentrations and neutralizing activity of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to the RSV prefusion (pre-F), postfusion (post-F), and G glycoproteins. We also assessed the associations between antibody concentrations and clinical disease severity. Results Concentrations of pre-F antibodies were ≥3-fold higher than post-F antibodies and >30-fold higher than G antibodies in serum from infants with acute RSV infection. Antibody concentrations and neutralizing activity inversely correlated with age. The pre-F antibodies displayed the greatest neutralizing activity (55%-100%), followed by G (0%-45%), and post-F (0%-29%) antibodies. Higher concentrations of pre-F and G antibodies, but not post-F antibodies, were associated with lower clinical disease severity scores. Conclusions Maternal antibodies directed to pre-F, followed by antibodies directed to G, can modulate RSV disease severity in young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capella
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | | | - Erin Gorrell
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Zachary A Risch
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Fang Ye
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Sara E Mertz
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Sara M Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | | | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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156
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Sweeney TE, Wong HR, Khatri P. Robust classification of bacterial and viral infections via integrated host gene expression diagnostics. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:346ra91. [PMID: 27384347 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf7165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Improved diagnostics for acute infections could decrease morbidity and mortality by increasing early antibiotics for patients with bacterial infections and reducing unnecessary antibiotics for patients without bacterial infections. Several groups have used gene expression microarrays to build classifiers for acute infections, but these have been hampered by the size of the gene sets, use of overfit models, or lack of independent validation. We used multicohort analysis to derive a set of seven genes for robust discrimination of bacterial and viral infections, which we then validated in 30 independent cohorts. We next used our previously published 11-gene Sepsis MetaScore together with the new bacterial/viral classifier to build an integrated antibiotics decision model. In a pooled analysis of 1057 samples from 20 cohorts (excluding infants), the integrated antibiotics decision model had a sensitivity and specificity for bacterial infections of 94.0 and 59.8%, respectively (negative likelihood ratio, 0.10). Prospective clinical validation will be needed before these findings are implemented for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Sweeney
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Hector R Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45223, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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157
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Komaravelli N, Ansar M, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Respiratory syncytial virus induces NRF2 degradation through a promyelocytic leukemia protein - ring finger protein 4 dependent pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:494-504. [PMID: 29107745 PMCID: PMC5699968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children, for which no vaccine or specific treatments are available. RSV causes airway mucosa inflammation and cellular oxidative damage by triggering production of reactive oxygen species and by inhibiting at the same time expression of antioxidant enzymes, via degradation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2). RSV infection induces NRF2 deacetylation, ubiquitination, and degradation through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Although degradation via KEAP1 is the most common mechanism, silencing KEAP1 expression did not rescue NRF2 levels during RSV infection. We found that RSV-induced NRF2 degradation occurs in an SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase - RING finger protein 4 (RNF4)-dependent manner. NRF2 is progressively SUMOylated in RSV infection and either blocking SUMOylation or silencing RNF4 expression rescued both NRF2 nuclear levels and transcriptional activity. RNF4 associates with promyelocytic leukemia - nuclear bodies (PML-NBs). RSV infection induces the expression of PML and PML-NBs formation in an interferon (INF)-dependent manner and also induces NRF2 - PMN-NBs association. Inhibition of PML-NB formation by blocking IFN pathway or silencing PML expression resulted in a significant reduction of RSV-associated NRF2 degradation and increased antioxidant enzyme expression, identifying the RNF4-PML pathway as a key regulator of antioxidant defenses in the course of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Komaravelli
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Ansar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, US; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonella Casola
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Centers for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, US; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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158
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Lambert L, Culley FJ. Innate Immunity to Respiratory Infection in Early Life. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1570. [PMID: 29184555 PMCID: PMC5694434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life is a period of particular susceptibility to respiratory infections and symptoms are frequently more severe in infants than in adults. The neonatal immune system is generally held to be deficient in most compartments; responses to innate stimuli are weak, antigen-presenting cells have poor immunostimulatory activity and adaptive lymphocyte responses are limited, leading to poor immune memory and ineffective vaccine responses. For mucosal surfaces such as the lung, which is continuously exposed to airborne antigen and to potential pathogenic invasion, the ability to discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous antigens is essential, to prevent inflammation that could lead to loss of gaseous exchange and damage to the developing lung tissue. We have only recently begun to define the differences in respiratory immunity in early life and its environmental and developmental influences. The innate immune system may be of relatively greater importance than the adaptive immune system in the neonatal and infant period than later in life, as it does not require specific antigenic experience. A better understanding of what constitutes protective innate immunity in the respiratory tract in this age group and the factors that influence its development should allow us to predict why certain infants are vulnerable to severe respiratory infections, design treatments to accelerate the development of protective immunity, and design age specific adjuvants to better boost immunity to infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lambert
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J Culley
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Infections Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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159
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Gliddon HD, Herberg JA, Levin M, Kaforou M. Genome-wide host RNA signatures of infectious diseases: discovery and clinical translation. Immunology 2017; 153:171-178. [PMID: 28921535 PMCID: PMC5765383 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of whole blood gene expression to derive diagnostic biomarkers capable of distinguishing between phenotypically similar diseases holds great promise but remains a challenge. Differential gene expression analysis is used to identify the key genes that undergo changes in expression relative to healthy individuals, as well as to patients with other diseases. These key genes can act as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers of disease. Gene expression ‘signatures’ in the blood hold the potential to be used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, where current diagnostics are unreliable, ineffective or of limited potential. For diagnostic tests based on RNA signatures to be useful clinically, the first step is to identify the minimum set of gene transcripts that accurately identify the disease in question. The second requirement is rapid and cost‐effective detection of the gene expression levels. Signatures have been described for a number of infectious diseases, but ‘clinic‐ready’ technologies for RNA detection from clinical samples are limited, though existing methods such as RT‐PCR are likely to be superseded by a number of emerging technologies, which may form the basis of the translation of gene expression signatures into routine diagnostic tests for a range of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet D Gliddon
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Levin
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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160
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Jartti T, Gern JE. Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:895-906. [PMID: 28987219 PMCID: PMC7172811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are closely linked to wheezing illnesses in children of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main causative agent of bronchiolitis, whereas rhinovirus (RV) is most commonly detected in wheezing children thereafter. Severe respiratory illness induced by either of these viruses is associated with subsequent development of asthma, and the risk is greatest for young children who wheeze with RV infections. Whether viral illnesses actually cause asthma is the subject of intense debate. RSV-induced wheezing illnesses during infancy influence respiratory health for years. There is definitive evidence that RSV-induced bronchiolitis can damage the airways to promote airway obstruction and recurrent wheezing. RV likely causes less structural damage and yet is a significant contributor to wheezing illnesses in young children and in the context of asthma. For both viruses, interactions between viral virulence factors, personal risk factors (eg, genetics), and environmental exposures (eg, airway microbiome) promote more severe wheezing illnesses and the risk for progression to asthma. In addition, allergy and asthma are major risk factors for more frequent and severe RV-related illnesses. Treatments that inhibit inflammation have efficacy for RV-induced wheezing, whereas the anti-RSV mAb palivizumab decreases the risk of severe RSV-induced illness and subsequent recurrent wheeze. Developing a greater understanding of personal and environmental factors that promote more severe viral illnesses might lead to new strategies for the prevention of viral wheezing illnesses and perhaps reduce the subsequent risk for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
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161
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Abstract
A biomarker is a characteristic by which a (patho)physiologic process can be identified. Biomarkers can be of diagnostic value (to discriminate infection from noninfectious conditions or to determine the causative pathogen), of prognostic value (assigning risk profiles and predict outcome), and in the future may be of theranostic value (aid in selection and monitoring of therapy). Systems biology provides a promising tool for the discovery of novel biomarkers. Biomarkers can be the key to personalized targeted treatment in the future clinical management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjitske S R van Engelen
- Division of Laboratory Specialties, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem Joost Wiersinga
- Division of Laboratory Specialties, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Division of Laboratory Specialties, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Laboratory Specialties, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-130, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands
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162
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Dumeaux V, Fjukstad B, Fjosne HE, Frantzen JO, Holmen MM, Rodegerdts E, Schlichting E, Børresen-Dale AL, Bongo LA, Lund E, Hallett M. Interactions between the tumor and the blood systemic response of breast cancer patients. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005680. [PMID: 28957325 PMCID: PMC5619688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although systemic immunity is critical to the process of tumor rejection, cancer research has largely focused on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. To understand molecular changes in the patient systemic response (SR) to the presence of BC, we profiled RNA in blood and matched tumor from 173 patients. We designed a system (MIxT, Matched Interactions Across Tissues) to systematically explore and link molecular processes expressed in each tissue. MIxT confirmed that processes active in the patient SR are especially relevant to BC immunogenicity. The nature of interactions across tissues (i.e. which biological processes are associated and their patterns of expression) varies highly with tumor subtype. For example, aspects of the immune SR are underexpressed proportionally to the level of expression of defined molecular processes specific to basal tumors. The catalog of subtype-specific interactions across tissues from BC patients provides promising new ways to tackle or monitor the disease by exploiting the patient SR. We present a novel system (MIxT) to identify genes and pathways in the primary tumor that are tightly linked to genes and pathways in the patient systemic response (SR). These results suggest new ways to tackle and monitor the disease by looking outside the tumor and exploiting the patient SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dumeaux
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Bjørn Fjukstad
- Department of Computer Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans E. Fjosne
- Department of Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, The Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Marit Muri Holmen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Lars Ailo Bongo
- Department of Computer Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Institute of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Michael Hallett
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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163
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Zhivaki D, Lemoine S, Lim A, Morva A, Vidalain PO, Schandene L, Casartelli N, Rameix-Welti MA, Hervé PL, Dériaud E, Beitz B, Ripaux-Lefevre M, Miatello J, Lemercier B, Lorin V, Descamps D, Fix J, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Schwartz O, Porcheray F, Mascart F, Mouquet H, Zhang X, Tissières P, Lo-Man R. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infects Regulatory B Cells in Human Neonates via Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1 and Promotes Lung Disease Severity. Immunity 2017; 46:301-314. [PMID: 28228284 PMCID: PMC7128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and is characterized by pulmonary infiltration of B cells in fatal cases. We analyzed the B cell compartment in human newborns and identified a population of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg cells) that produced interleukin 10 (IL-10) in response to RSV infection. The polyreactive B cell receptor of nBreg cells interacted with RSV protein F and induced upregulation of chemokine receptor CX3CR1. CX3CR1 interacted with RSV glycoprotein G, leading to nBreg cell infection and IL-10 production that dampened T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine production. In the respiratory tract of neonates with severe RSV-induced acute bronchiolitis, RSV-infected nBreg cell frequencies correlated with increased viral load and decreased blood memory Th1 cell frequencies. Thus, the frequency of nBreg cells is predictive of the severity of acute bronchiolitis disease and nBreg cell activity may constitute an early-life host response that favors microbial pathogenesis. Identified a neonatal-specific subset of regulatory B (nBreg) cells in the blood Neonatal nBreg cells are infected by RSV via the BCR and CX3CR1 RSV-infected nBreg cells produce anti-inflammatory IL-10 that dowregulates Th1 cell responses Blood nBreg cells are a biomarker of lung disease severity in RSV+ patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Zhivaki
- Neonatal Immunity Group, Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris 75724, France
| | - Sébastien Lemoine
- Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1041, Paris 75724, France
| | - Annick Lim
- Departement d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Ahsen Morva
- Neonatal Immunity Group, Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; UMR CNRS 3568, Paris 75724, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- INSERM U1173, Versailles-Saint-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin en Yvelines 78180, France; AP-HP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt 92100, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Hervé
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Edith Dériaud
- Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1041, Paris 75724, France
| | - Benoit Beitz
- Bioaster Microbiology Technology Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Jordi Miatello
- APHP, Pediatric ICU and Neonatal Medicine, Paris South University Hospitals, Le Kremlin-Bicetre 94270, France; School of Medicine, Paris South University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France; Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell - UMR 9196, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | | | - Valerie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75724, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; UMR CNRS 3568, Paris 75724, France
| | | | - Françoise Mascart
- Immunobiology Clinic, Hopital Erasme, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75724, France
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Unit of Innate Defense and Immune Modulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pierre Tissières
- APHP, Pediatric ICU and Neonatal Medicine, Paris South University Hospitals, Le Kremlin-Bicetre 94270, France; School of Medicine, Paris South University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France; Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell - UMR 9196, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- Neonatal Immunity Group, Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France.
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164
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Levitz R, Gao Y, Dozmorov I, Song R, Wakeland EK, Kahn JS. Distinct patterns of innate immune activation by clinical isolates of respiratory syncytial virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184318. [PMID: 28877226 PMCID: PMC5587315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major respiratory pathogen of infants and young children. Multiple strains of both subgroup A and B viruses circulate during each seasonal epidemic. Genetic heterogeneity among RSV genomes, in large part due to the error prone RNA-dependent, RNA polymerase, could mediate variations in pathogenicity. We evaluated clinical strains of RSV for their ability to induce the innate immune response. Subgroup B viruses were used to infect human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) and primary monocyte-derived human macrophages (MDM) from a variety of donors. Secretions of IL-6 and CCL5 (RANTES) from infected cells were measured following infection. Host and viral transcriptome expression were assessed using RNA-SEQ technology and the genomic sequences of several clinical isolates were determined. There were dramatic differences in the induction of IL-6 and CCL5 in both A549 cells and MDM infected with a variety of clinical isolates of RSV. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the pattern of innate immune activation in MDM was virus-specific and host-specific. Specifically, viruses that induced high levels of secreted IL-6 and CCL5 tended to induce cellular innate immune pathways whereas viruses that induced relatively low level of IL-6 or CCL5 did not induce or suppressed innate immune gene expression. Activation of the host innate immune response mapped to variations in the RSV G gene and the M2-1 gene. Viral transcriptome data indicated that there was a gradient of transcription across the RSV genome though in some strains, RSV G was the expressed in the highest amounts at late times post-infection. Clinical strains of RSV differ in cytokine/chemokine induction and in induction and suppression of host genes expression suggesting that these viruses may have inherent differences in virulence potential. Identification of the genetic elements responsible for these differences may lead to novel approaches to antiviral agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Levitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ran Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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165
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Ramos-Fernández JM, Moreno-Pérez D, Antúnez-Fernández C, Milano-Manso G, Cordón-Martínez AM, Urda-Cardona A. [Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2017; 88:315-321. [PMID: 28818563 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants. PATIENTS AND METHOD Retrospective observational-analytical study of cases-controls nested in a cohort of patients admitted due to RSV-AB between the period from October 2010 to March 2015. Those with a full blood count in the first 48hours of respiratory distress were included. Infants with underlying disease, bacterial superinfection, and premature infants <32 weeks of gestation were excluded. The main dichotomous variable was PICU admission. Other variables were: gender, age, post-menstrual age, gestational and post-natal tobacco exposure, admission month, type of lactation, and days of onset of respiratory distress. Lymphocyte counts were categorised by quartiles. Bivariate analysis was performed with the main variable and then by logistic regression to analyse confounding factors. RESULTS The study included 252 infants, of whom 6.6% (17) required PICU admission. The difference in mean±SD of lymphocytes for patients admitted to and not admitted to PICU was 4,044±1755 and 5,035±1786, respectively (Student-t test, P<.05). An association was found between PICU admission and lymphocyte count <3700/ml (Chi-squared, P=.019; OR: 3.2) and it was found to be maintained in the logistic regression, regardless of age and all other studied factors (Wald 4.191 P=.041, OR: 3.8). CONCLUSIONS A relationship was found between lymphocytosis <3700/ml in the first days of respiratory distress and a worse outcome in previously healthy infants <12 months and gestational age greater than 32 weeks with RSV-AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Ramos-Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Hospital Materno-Infantil Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España.
| | - David Moreno-Pérez
- Infectología Pediátrica e Inmunodeficiencias, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Materno-Infantil Regional Universitario de Málaga, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Departamento de Pediatría y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Cristina Antúnez-Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Hospital Materno-Infantil Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Guillermo Milano-Manso
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital Materno-Infantil Regional Universitario de Málaga, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Departamento de Pediatría y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Ana María Cordón-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Hospital Materno-Infantil Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Antonio Urda-Cardona
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Grupo de Investigación IBIMA, Hospital Materno-Infantil Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, España
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166
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Kullaya VI, de Mast Q, van der Ven A, elMoussaoui H, Kibiki G, Simonetti E, de Jonge MI, Ferwerda G. Platelets Modulate Innate Immune Response Against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:576-581. [PMID: 28783457 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in blood, including mononuclear leukocytes and organs other than the lung, suggests that RSV disseminates outside the respiratory tract. In this study, the role of platelets in host defense against RSV was explored using an in vitro model. Platelets, also produced in the lungs, are increasingly recognized as an important part of host immune responses and may therefore play a role in modulating lung infections and clearing RSV viremia. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), platelets significantly reduced RSV infection of monocytes, monocyte activation, and interferon (IFN)α/γ production. Direct contact of platelets with PBMCs modulated the immune response when stimulated with Poly I:C (TLR3) and R848 (TLR7/8), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in the recognition of RSV, and led to an enhanced IFNα/γ production. This suggested that reduction in RSV infection of monocytes in the presence of platelets could be IFN dependent; blocking IFNα receptor 2 (IFNAR2) on PBMCs indeed increased RSV infection. In addition, IFNs were not detected when PBMCs were stimulated with inactivated RSV, indicating that infection of monocytes was important for the induction of IFN responses and that the platelet-mediated reduced RSV infection was responsible for the decreased IFN levels. Furthermore, platelets could internalize RSV reducing the amount of viral particles that could infect monocytes. Our findings suggest that platelets may play a role in the clearance of RSV viremia by internalizing viral particles and by enhancing type I IFN production from PBMCs, which subsequently exert antiviral effect on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesla I Kullaya
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, the Netherlands .,2 Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute , Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andre van der Ven
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hicham elMoussaoui
- 3 Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gibson Kibiki
- 2 Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute , Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Elles Simonetti
- 3 Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- 3 Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- 3 Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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167
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de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Heinonen S, Hasrat R, Bunsow E, Smith B, Suarez-Arrabal MC, Chaussabel D, Cohen DM, Sanders EAM, Ramilo O, Bogaert D, Mejias A. Nasopharyngeal Microbiota, Host Transcriptome, and Disease Severity in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1104-1115. [PMID: 27135599 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0220oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Known risk factors, however, incompletely explain the variability of RSV disease severity, especially among healthy children. We postulate that the severity of RSV infection is influenced by modulation of the host immune response by the local bacterial ecosystem. OBJECTIVES To assess whether specific nasopharyngeal microbiota (clusters) are associated with distinct host transcriptome profiles and disease severity in children less than 2 years of age with RSV infection. METHODS We characterized the nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles of young children with mild and severe RSV disease and healthy children by 16S-rRNA sequencing. In parallel, using multivariable models, we analyzed whole-blood transcriptome profiles to study the relationship between microbial community composition, the RSV-induced host transcriptional response, and clinical disease severity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified five nasopharyngeal microbiota clusters characterized by enrichment of either Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Moraxella, or Staphylococcus aureus. RSV infection and RSV hospitalization were positively associated with H. influenzae and Streptococcus and negatively associated with S. aureus abundance, independent of age. Children with RSV showed overexpression of IFN-related genes, independent of the microbiota cluster. In addition, transcriptome profiles of children with RSV infection and H. influenzae- and Streptococcus-dominated microbiota were characterized by greater overexpression of genes linked to Toll-like receptor and by neutrophil and macrophage activation and signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that interactions between RSV and nasopharyngeal microbiota might modulate the host immune response, potentially affecting clinical disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Santtu Heinonen
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Raiza Hasrat
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Bunsow
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Bennett Smith
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- 3 Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington; and.,4 Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital.,6 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Debby Bogaert
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital.,6 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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168
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Ramilo O, Mejias A. Host transcriptomics for diagnosis of infectious diseases: one step closer to clinical application. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/6/1700993. [PMID: 28619965 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00993-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Ramilo
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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169
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Raiden S, Sananez I, Remes-Lenicov F, Pandolfi J, Romero C, De Lillo L, Ceballos A, Geffner J, Arruvito L. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infects CD4+ T Cells: Frequency of Circulating CD4+ RSV+ T Cells as a Marker of Disease Severity in Young Children. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1049-1058. [PMID: 28199704 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although human airway epithelial cells are the main target of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), it also infects immune cells, such as macrophages and B cells. Whether T cells are permissive to RSV infection is unknown. We sought to analyze the permissiveness of CD4+ T cells to RSV infection. Methods CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from cord blood, healthy young children, and adults were challenged by RSV or cocultured with infected HEp-2 cells. Infection, phenotype, and cytokine production by T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of RSV antigens by circulating CD4+ T cells from infected children was analyzed by flow cytometry, and disease severity was defined by standard criteria. Results CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were productively infected by RSV. Infection decreased interleukin 2 and interferon γ production as well as the expression of CD25 and Ki-67 by activated CD4+ T cells. Respiratory syncytial virus antigens were detected in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during severe RSV infection of young children. Interestingly, the frequency of CD4+ RSV+ T cells positively correlated with disease severity. Conclusions Respiratory syncytial virus infects CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and compromises T-cell function. The frequency of circulating CD4+ RSV+ T cells might represent a novel marker of severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inés Sananez
- Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Federico Remes-Lenicov
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Pandolfi
- Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | | | | | - Ana Ceballos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Arruvito
- Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires
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170
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Silterra J, Gillette MA, Lanaspa M, Pellé KG, Valim C, Ahmad R, Acácio S, Almendinger KD, Tan Y, Madrid L, Alonso PL, Carr SA, Wiegand RC, Bassat Q, Mesirov JP, Milner DA, Wirth DF. Transcriptional Categorization of the Etiology of Pneumonia Syndrome in Pediatric Patients in Malaria-Endemic Areas. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:312-320. [PMID: 27837008 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric acute respiratory distress in tropical settings is very common. Bacterial pneumonia is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality rates and requires adequate diagnosis for correct treatment. A rapid test that could identify bacterial (vs other) infections would have great clinical utility. Methods and Results We performed RNA (RNA-seq) sequencing and analyzed the transcriptomes of 68 pediatric patients with well-characterized clinical phenotype to identify transcriptional features associated with each disease class. We refined the features to predictive models (support vector machine, elastic net) and validated those models in an independent test set of 37 patients (80%-85% accuracy). Conclusions We have identified sets of genes that are differentially expressed in pediatric patients with pneumonia syndrome attributable to different infections and requiring different therapeutic interventions. Findings of this study demonstrate that human transcription signatures in infected patients recapitulate the underlying biology and provide models for predicting a bacterial diagnosis to inform treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Gillette
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Massachusetts General Hospital.,Harvard Medical School
| | - Miguel Lanaspa
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre of International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça
| | - Karell G Pellé
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Clarissa Valim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
| | | | - Sozinho Acácio
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça.,National Institute of Health, Health Ministry, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Yan Tan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University
| | - Lola Madrid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre of International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça
| | - Pedro L Alonso
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre of International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça
| | | | | | - Quique Bassat
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre of International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Danny A Milner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Harvard Medical School.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to a need for better sepsis diagnostics, several new gene expression classifiers have been recently published, including the 11-gene "Sepsis MetaScore," the "FAIM3-to-PLAC8" ratio, and the Septicyte Lab. We performed a systematic search for publicly available gene expression data in sepsis and tested each gene expression classifier in all included datasets. We also created a public repository of sepsis gene expression data to encourage their future reuse. DATA SOURCES We searched National Institutes of Health Gene Expression Omnibus and EBI ArrayExpress for human gene expression microarray datasets. We also included the Glue Grant trauma gene expression cohorts. STUDY SELECTION We selected clinical, time-matched, whole blood studies of sepsis and acute infections as compared to healthy and/or noninfectious inflammation patients. We identified 39 datasets composed of 3,241 samples from 2,604 patients. DATA EXTRACTION All data were renormalized from raw data, when available, using consistent methods. DATA SYNTHESIS Mean validation areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for discriminating septic patients from patients with noninfectious inflammation for the Sepsis MetaScore, the FAIM3-to-PLAC8 ratio, and the Septicyte Lab were 0.82 (range, 0.73-0.89), 0.78 (range, 0.49-0.96), and 0.73 (range, 0.44-0.90), respectively. Paired-sample t tests of validation datasets showed no significant differences in area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Mean validation area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for discriminating infected patients from healthy controls for the Sepsis MetaScore, FAIM3-to-PLAC8 ratio, and Septicyte Lab were 0.97 (range, 0.85-1.0), 0.94 (range, 0.65-1.0), and 0.71 (range, 0.24-1.0), respectively. There were few significant differences in any diagnostics due to pathogen type. CONCLUSIONS The three diagnostics do not show significant differences in overall ability to distinguish noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome from sepsis, though the performance in some datasets was low (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, < 0.7) for the FAIM3-to-PLAC8 ratio and Septicyte Lab. The Septicyte Lab also demonstrated significantly worse performance in discriminating infections as compared to healthy controls. Overall, public gene expression data are a useful tool for benchmarking gene expression diagnostics.
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172
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Rath B, Conrad T, Myles P, Alchikh M, Ma X, Hoppe C, Tief F, Chen X, Obermeier P, Kisler B, Schweiger B. Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:545-568. [PMID: 28277820 PMCID: PMC7103706 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Areas covered: We present a composite clinical score allowing individual patient data analyses of disease severity based on systematic literature review and WHO-criteria for uncomplicated and complicated disease. The 22-item ViVI Disease Severity Score showed a normal distribution in a pediatric cohort of 6073 children aged 0-18 years (mean age 3.13; S.D. 3.89; range: 0 to 18.79). Expert commentary: The ViVI Score was correlated with risk of antibiotic use as well as need for hospitalization and intensive care. The ViVI Score was used to track children with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections and is fully compliant with regulatory data standards. The ViVI Disease Severity Score mobile application allows physicians to measure disease severity at the point-of care thereby taking clinical trials to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rath
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany.,c Division of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Tim Conrad
- d Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Puja Myles
- c Division of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Maren Alchikh
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany.,e National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses , Robert Koch Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Hoppe
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,d Department of Mathematics and Computer Science , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Franziska Tief
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Patrick Obermeier
- a Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative , Berlin , Germany.,b Department of Pediatrics , Charité University Medical Center , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bron Kisler
- f Clinical Data Standards Interchange Consortium (CDISC) , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- e National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses , Robert Koch Institute , Berlin , Germany
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173
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Man WH, de Steenhuijsen Piters WA, Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:259-270. [PMID: 28316330 PMCID: PMC7097736 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung alveoli and is inhabited by niche-specific communities of bacteria. The microbiota of the respiratory tract probably acts as a gatekeeper that provides resistance to colonization by respiratory pathogens. The respiratory microbiota might also be involved in the maturation and maintenance of homeostasis of respiratory physiology and immunity. The ecological and environmental factors that direct the development of microbial communities in the respiratory tract and how these communities affect respiratory health are the focus of current research. Concurrently, the functions of the microbiome of the upper and lower respiratory tract in the physiology of the human host are being studied in detail. In this Review, we will discuss the epidemiological, biological and functional evidence that support the physiological role of the respiratory microbiota in the maintenance of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ho Man
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Spaarnepoort 1, Hoofddorp, 2134 TM The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA The Netherlands
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
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174
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Openshaw PJ, Chiu C, Culley FJ, Johansson C. Protective and Harmful Immunity to RSV Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:501-532. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J.M. Openshaw
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Chiu
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. Culley
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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175
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Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, Schwarze J. The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:481-502. [PMID: 28179378 PMCID: PMC5355638 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00090-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8+ T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan A Unger
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Walton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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176
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Wishaupt JO, Ploeg TVD, Smeets LC, Groot RD, Versteegh FGA, Hartwig NG. Pitfalls in interpretation of CT-values of RT-PCR in children with acute respiratory tract infections. J Clin Virol 2017; 90:1-6. [PMID: 28259567 PMCID: PMC7185604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The relation between viral load and disease severity in childhood acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) is not fully understood. Objectives To assess the clinical relevance of the relation between viral load, determined by cycle threshold (CT) value of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and disease severity in children with single- and multiple viral ARI. Study design 582 children with ARI were prospectively followed and tested for 15 viruses. Correlations were calculated between CT values and clinical parameters. Results In single viral ARI, statistically significant correlations were found between viral loads of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and hospitalization and between viral loads of Human Coronavirus (HCoV) and a disease severity score. In multiple-viral ARI, statistically significant correlations between viral load and clinical parameters were found. In RSV-Rhinovirus (RV) multiple infections, a low viral load of RV was correlated with a high length of hospital stay and a high duration of extra oxygen use. The mean CT value for RV, HCoV and Parainfluenza virus was significantly lower in single- versus multiple infections. Conclusion Although correlations between CT values and clinical parameters in patients with single and multiple viral infection were found, the clinical importance of these findings is limited because individual differences in host-, viral and laboratory factors complicate the interpretation of statistically significant findings. In multiple infections, viral load cannot be used to differentiate between disease causing virus and innocent bystanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme O Wishaupt
- Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 5011, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjeerd van der Ploeg
- Pieter van Foreest Institute for Education and Research, Medical Center Alkmaar, PO Box 501, 1800AM Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Leo C Smeets
- Reinier Haga Medisch Diagnostisch Centrum, PO Box 5011, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Radboud University Medical Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Florens G A Versteegh
- Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 1098, 2800BB Gouda, The Netherlands; Ghent University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico G Hartwig
- Franciscus Gasthuis en Vlietland, Department of Pediatrics, Postbus 10900, 3004BA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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177
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Brown PM, Harford TJ, Agrawal V, Yen-Lieberman B, Rezaee F, Piedimonte G. Prenatal Exposure to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Alters Postnatal Immunity and Airway Smooth Muscle Contractility during Early-Life Reinfections. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168786. [PMID: 28178290 PMCID: PMC5298216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal viral infections can have pathological effects on the developing fetus which last long after birth. Recently, maternal-fetal transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was shown to cause postnatal airway hyperreactivity (AHR) during primary early-life reinfection; however, the influence of prenatal exposure to RSV on offspring airway immunity and smooth muscle contractility during recurrent postnatal reinfections remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to determine whether maternal RSV infection impairs specific aspects of cell-mediated offspring immunity during early-life reinfections and the mechanisms leading to AHR. Red fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant RSV (rrRSV) was inoculated into pregnant rat dams at midterm, followed by primary and secondary postnatal rrRSV inoculations of their offspring at early-life time points. Pups and weanlings were tested for specific lower airway leukocyte populations by flow cytometry; serum cytokine/chemokine concentrations by multiplex ELISA and neurotrophins concentrations by standard ELISA; and ex vivo lower airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction by physiological tissue bath. Pups born to RSV-infected mothers displayed elevated total CD3+ T cells largely lacking CD4+ and CD8+ surface expression after both primary and secondary postnatal rrRSV infection. Cytokine/chemokine analyses revealed reduced IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-18, and TNF-α, as well as elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) expression. Prenatal exposure to RSV also increased ASM reactivity and contractility during early-life rrRSV infection compared to non-exposed controls. We conclude that maternal RSV infection can predispose offspring to postnatal lower airways dysfunction by altering immunity development, NGF signaling, and ASM contraction during early-life RSV reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Brown
- Center for Pediatric Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Terri J. Harford
- Center for Pediatric Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vandana Agrawal
- Center for Pediatric Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Belinda Yen-Lieberman
- Center for Pediatric Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Center for Pediatric Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Center for Pediatric Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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178
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Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res 2016; 17:156. [PMID: 27871304 PMCID: PMC5117516 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. The severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. In this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. Then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the underlying molecular drivers of these networks. Finally, we discuss unique aspects of the biology and pathogenesis of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza, drawing on insights from genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Troy
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia.
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179
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Jong VL, Ahout IML, van den Ham HJ, Jans J, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, Zomer A, Simonetti E, Bijl MA, Brand HK, van IJcken WFJ, de Jonge MI, Fraaij PL, de Groot R, Osterhaus ADME, Eijkemans MJ, Ferwerda G, Andeweg AC. Transcriptome assists prognosis of disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus infected infants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36603. [PMID: 27833115 PMCID: PMC5105123 DOI: 10.1038/srep36603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes infections that range from common cold to severe lower respiratory tract infection requiring high-level medical care. Prediction of the course of disease in individual patients remains challenging at the first visit to the pediatric wards and RSV infections may rapidly progress to severe disease. In this study we investigate whether there exists a genomic signature that can accurately predict the course of RSV. We used early blood microarray transcriptome profiles from 39 hospitalized infants that were followed until recovery and of which the level of disease severity was determined retrospectively. Applying support vector machine learning on age by sex standardized transcriptomic data, an 84 gene signature was identified that discriminated hospitalized infants with eventually less severe RSV infection from infants that suffered from most severe RSV disease. This signature yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.966 using leave-one-out cross-validation on the experimental data and an AUC of 0.858 on an independent validation cohort consisting of 53 infants. A combination of the gene signature with age and sex yielded an AUC of 0.971. Thus, the presented signature may serve as the basis to develop a prognostic test to support clinical management of RSV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L. Jong
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M. L. Ahout
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jop Jans
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elles Simonetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A. Bijl
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. Kim Brand
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marien I. de Jonge
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter L. Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Veterinary University Hannover, Germany
| | - Marinus J. Eijkemans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno C. Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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180
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Gardinassi LG, Garcia GR, Costa CHN, Costa Silva V, de Miranda Santos IKF. Blood Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Immunological Signatures of Distinct States of Infection of Humans with Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005123. [PMID: 27828962 PMCID: PMC5102635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) can be lethal if untreated; however, the majority of human infections with the etiological agents are asymptomatic. Using Illumina Bead Chip microarray technology, we investigated the patterns of gene expression in blood of active VL patients, asymptomatic infected individuals, patients under remission of VL and controls. Computational analyses based on differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, weighted gene co-expression networks and cell deconvolution generated data demonstrating discriminative transcriptional signatures. VL patients exhibited transcriptional profiles associated with pathways and gene modules reflecting activation of T lymphocytes via MHC class I and type I interferon signaling, as well as an overall down regulation of pathways and gene modules related to myeloid cells, mainly due to differences in the relative proportions of monocytes and neutrophils. Patients under remission of VL presented heterogeneous transcriptional profiles associated with activation of T lymphocytes via MHC class I, type I interferon signaling and cell cycle and, importantly, transcriptional activity correlated with activation of Notch signaling pathway and gene modules that reflected increased proportions of B cells after treatment of disease. Asymptomatic and uninfected individuals presented similar gene expression profiles, nevertheless, asymptomatic individuals exhibited particularities which suggest an efficient regulation of lymphocyte activation and a strong association with a type I interferon response. Of note, we validated a set of target genes by RT-qPCR and demonstrate the robustness of expression data acquired by microarray analysis. In conclusion, this study profiles the immune response during distinct states of infection of humans with Leishmania infantum with a novel strategy that indicates the molecular pathways that contribute to the progression of the disease, while also providing insights into transcriptional activity that can drive protective mechanisms. Infections of humans with the protozoan parasites L. donvani and L. infantum can lead to the development of the disease visceral leishmaniasis, but also to an asymptomatic status. However, the mechanisms that result in these clinical outcomes after infection are poorly understood. In this study, we applied a data-driven approach to obtain insights into the immunological processes linked to the progression of the disease or to protective mechanisms. For this purpose, we evaluated the patterns of expression for genes that code proteins from the entire human genome in the peripheral blood from patients with visceral leishmaniasis, from individuals who remained asymptomatic after infections with L. infantum, from patients who were recovering from disease after treatment and from uninfected individuals. By employing computational analysis to evaluate the blood transcriptional activity of each group, we identified transcriptional signatures that correlate with previous findings obtained through different analytical methods. Moreover, our analyses uncovered hitherto unidentified molecular pathways and gene networks associated with the transcriptional profiles of individuals recovering from disease or that did not develop symptoms after infection. This suggests that activation of protective responses can be useful targets for the development of new therapies for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Natan Portela Institute for Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Costa Silva
- Department of Community Medicine, Natan Portela Institute for Tropical Diseases, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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181
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Host-Based Peripheral Blood Gene Expression Analysis for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 55:360-368. [PMID: 27795332 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01057-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging pandemic infectious threats, inappropriate antibacterial use contributing to multidrug resistance, and increased morbidity and mortality from diagnostic delays all contribute to a need for improved diagnostics in the field of infectious diseases. Historically, diagnosis of infectious diseases has relied on pathogen detection; however, a novel concept to improve diagnostics in infectious diseases relies instead on the detection of changes in patterns of gene expression in circulating white blood cells in response to infection. Alterations in peripheral blood gene expression in the infected state are robust and reproducible, yielding diagnostic and prognostic information to help facilitate patient treatment decisions.
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182
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Mejias A, Garcia-Maurino C, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Peeples ME, Ramilo O. Development and clinical applications of novel antibodies for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 2016; 35:496-502. [PMID: 27692523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. Despite the high disease burden, an effective and safe vaccine is lacking, although several candidates are currently in development. Current treatment for RSV infection remains largely supportive and RSV-specific options for prophylaxis are limited to palivizumab. In the past few years, novel therapeutic options including nanobodies, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have emerged and there are several products in preclinical and Phase-I, -II or -III clinical trials. The major target for antiviral drug development is the surface fusion (F) glycoprotein, which is crucial for the infectivity and pathogenesis of the virus. Solving the structures of the two conformations of the RSV F protein, the prefusion and postfusion forms, has revolutionized RSV research. It is now known that prefusion F is highly superior in inducing neutralizing antibodies. In this section we will review the stages of development and availability of different antibodies directed against RSV for the prevention and also for treatment of acute RSV infections. Some of these newer anti-RSV agents have shown enhanced potency, are being explored through alternative routes of administration, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles with an extended half-life, and may reduce design and manufacturing costs. Management strategies will require targeting not only high-risk populations (including adults or immunocompromised patients), but also previously healthy children who, in fact, represent the majority of children hospitalized with RSV infection. Following treated patients longitudinally is essential for determining the impact of these strategies on the acute disease as well as their possible long-term benefits on lung morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Cristina Garcia-Maurino
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Caballero IS, Honko AN, Gire SK, Winnicki SM, Melé M, Gerhardinger C, Lin AE, Rinn JL, Sabeti PC, Hensley LE, Connor JH. In vivo Ebola virus infection leads to a strong innate response in circulating immune cells. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:707. [PMID: 27595844 PMCID: PMC5011782 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus is the causative agent of a severe syndrome in humans with a fatality rate that can approach 90 %. During infection, the host immune response is thought to become dysregulated, but the mechanisms through which this happens are not entirely understood. In this study, we analyze RNA sequencing data to determine the host response to Ebola virus infection in circulating immune cells. RESULTS Approximately half of the 100 genes with the strongest early increases in expression were interferon-stimulated genes, such as ISG15, OAS1, IFIT2, HERC5, MX1 and DHX58. Other highly upregulated genes included cytokines CXCL11, CCL7, IL2RA, IL2R1, IL15RA, and CSF2RB, which have not been previously reported to change during Ebola virus infection. Comparing this response in two different models of exposure (intramuscular and aerosol) revealed a similar signature of infection. The strong innate response in the aerosol model was seen not only in circulating cells, but also in primary and secondary target tissues. Conversely, the innate immune response of vaccinated macaques was almost non-existent. This suggests that the innate response is a major aspect of the cellular response to Ebola virus infection in multiple tissues. CONCLUSIONS Ebola virus causes a severe infection in humans that is associated with high mortality. The host immune response to virus infection is thought to be an important aspect leading to severe pathology, but the components of this overactive response are not well characterized. Here, we analyzed how circulating immune cells respond to the virus and found that there is a strong innate response dependent on active virus replication. This finding is in stark contrast to in vitro evidence showing a suppression of innate immune signaling, and it suggests that the strong innate response we observe in infected animals may be an important contributor to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD USA
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Stephen K. Gire
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Sarah M. Winnicki
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Marta Melé
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Chiara Gerhardinger
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron E. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - John L. Rinn
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD USA
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
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Herberg JA, Kaforou M, Wright VJ, Shailes H, Eleftherohorinou H, Hoggart CJ, Cebey-Lopez M, Carter MJ, Janes VA, Gormley S, Shimizu C, Tremoulet AH, Barendregt AM, Salas A, Kanegaye J, Pollard AJ, Faust SN, Patel S, Kuijpers T, Martinon-Torres F, Burns JC, Coin LJM, Levin M. Diagnostic Test Accuracy of a 2-Transcript Host RNA Signature for Discriminating Bacterial vs Viral Infection in Febrile Children. JAMA 2016; 316:835-45. [PMID: 27552617 PMCID: PMC5997174 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.11236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Because clinical features do not reliably distinguish bacterial from viral infection, many children worldwide receive unnecessary antibiotic treatment, while bacterial infection is missed in others. OBJECTIVE To identify a blood RNA expression signature that distinguishes bacterial from viral infection in febrile children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Febrile children presenting to participating hospitals in the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States between 2009-2013 were prospectively recruited, comprising a discovery group and validation group. Each group was classified after microbiological investigation as having definite bacterial infection, definite viral infection, or indeterminate infection. RNA expression signatures distinguishing definite bacterial from viral infection were identified in the discovery group and diagnostic performance assessed in the validation group. Additional validation was undertaken in separate studies of children with meningococcal disease (n = 24) and inflammatory diseases (n = 48) and on published gene expression datasets. EXPOSURES A 2-transcript RNA expression signature distinguishing bacterial infection from viral infection was evaluated against clinical and microbiological diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Definite bacterial and viral infection was confirmed by culture or molecular detection of the pathogens. Performance of the RNA signature was evaluated in the definite bacterial and viral group and in the indeterminate infection group. RESULTS The discovery group of 240 children (median age, 19 months; 62% male) included 52 with definite bacterial infection, of whom 36 (69%) required intensive care, and 92 with definite viral infection, of whom 32 (35%) required intensive care. Ninety-six children had indeterminate infection. Analysis of RNA expression data identified a 38-transcript signature distinguishing bacterial from viral infection. A smaller (2-transcript) signature (FAM89A and IFI44L) was identified by removing highly correlated transcripts. When this 2-transcript signature was implemented as a disease risk score in the validation group (130 children, with 23 definite bacterial, 28 definite viral, and 79 indeterminate infections; median age, 17 months; 57% male), all 23 patients with microbiologically confirmed definite bacterial infection were classified as bacterial (sensitivity, 100% [95% CI, 100%-100%]) and 27 of 28 patients with definite viral infection were classified as viral (specificity, 96.4% [95% CI, 89.3%-100%]). When applied to additional validation datasets from patients with meningococcal and inflammatory diseases, bacterial infection was identified with a sensitivity of 91.7% (95% CI, 79.2%-100%) and 90.0% (95% CI, 70.0%-100%), respectively, and with specificity of 96.0% (95% CI, 88.0%-100%) and 95.8% (95% CI, 89.6%-100%). Of the children in the indeterminate groups, 46.3% (63/136) were classified as having bacterial infection, although 94.9% (129/136) received antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides preliminary data regarding test accuracy of a 2-transcript host RNA signature discriminating bacterial from viral infection in febrile children. Further studies are needed in diverse groups of patients to assess accuracy and clinical utility of this test in different clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jethro A Herberg
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Victoria J Wright
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hannah Shailes
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hariklia Eleftherohorinou
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Clive J Hoggart
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Miriam Cebey-Lopez
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases section, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, and Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Healthcare research Institute of Santiago de Compostela and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Michael J Carter
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Victoria A Janes
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Stuart Gormley
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Chisato Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Adriana H Tremoulet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anouk M Barendregt
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Haematology, Immunology & Infectious Disease, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Salas
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases section, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, and Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Healthcare research Institute of Santiago de Compostela and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidade de Xenética, Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, and Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Spain
| | - John Kanegaye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University of Southampton UK
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sanjay Patel
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Taco Kuijpers
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Haematology, Immunology & Infectious Disease, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases section, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, and Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatría (GENVIP), Healthcare research Institute of Santiago de Compostela and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jane C Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lachlan JM Coin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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185
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Mahajan P, Kuppermann N, Mejias A, Suarez N, Chaussabel D, Casper TC, Smith B, Alpern ER, Anders J, Atabaki SM, Bennett JE, Blumberg S, Bonsu B, Borgialli D, Brayer A, Browne L, Cohen DM, Crain EF, Cruz AT, Dayan PS, Gattu R, Greenberg R, Hoyle JD, Jaffe DM, Levine DA, Lillis K, Linakis JG, Muenzer J, Nigrovic LE, Powell EC, Rogers AJ, Roosevelt G, Ruddy RM, Saunders M, Tunik MG, Tzimenatos L, Vitale M, Dean JM, Ramilo O. Association of RNA Biosignatures With Bacterial Infections in Febrile Infants Aged 60 Days or Younger. JAMA 2016; 316:846-57. [PMID: 27552618 PMCID: PMC5122927 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Young febrile infants are at substantial risk of serious bacterial infections; however, the current culture-based diagnosis has limitations. Analysis of host expression patterns ("RNA biosignatures") in response to infections may provide an alternative diagnostic approach. OBJECTIVE To assess whether RNA biosignatures can distinguish febrile infants aged 60 days or younger with and without serious bacterial infections. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective observational study involving a convenience sample of febrile infants 60 days or younger evaluated for fever (temperature >38° C) in 22 emergency departments from December 2008 to December 2010 who underwent laboratory evaluations including blood cultures. A random sample of infants with and without bacterial infections was selected for RNA biosignature analysis. Afebrile healthy infants served as controls. Blood samples were collected for cultures and RNA biosignatures. Bioinformatics tools were applied to define RNA biosignatures to classify febrile infants by infection type. EXPOSURE RNA biosignatures compared with cultures for discriminating febrile infants with and without bacterial infections and infants with bacteremia from those without bacterial infections. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Bacterial infection confirmed by culture. Performance of RNA biosignatures was compared with routine laboratory screening tests and Yale Observation Scale (YOS) scores. RESULTS Of 1883 febrile infants (median age, 37 days; 55.7% boys), RNA biosignatures were measured in 279 randomly selected infants (89 with bacterial infections-including 32 with bacteremia and 15 with urinary tract infections-and 190 without bacterial infections), and 19 afebrile healthy infants. Sixty-six classifier genes were identified that distinguished infants with and without bacterial infections in the test set with 87% (95% CI, 73%-95%) sensitivity and 89% (95% CI, 81%-93%) specificity. Ten classifier genes distinguished infants with bacteremia from those without bacterial infections in the test set with 94% (95% CI, 70%-100%) sensitivity and 95% (95% CI, 88%-98%) specificity. The incremental C statistic for the RNA biosignatures over the YOS score was 0.37 (95% CI, 0.30-0.43). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this preliminary study, RNA biosignatures were defined to distinguish febrile infants aged 60 days or younger with vs without bacterial infections. Further research with larger populations is needed to refine and validate the estimates of test accuracy and to assess the clinical utility of RNA biosignatures in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mahajan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit
| | - Nathan Kuppermann
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Nicolas Suarez
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason and Sidra Medical and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, and Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Bennett Smith
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Elizabeth R Alpern
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania7Now at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer Anders
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shireen M Atabaki
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Jonathan E Bennett
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children's Health System, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Stephen Blumberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bema Bonsu
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dominic Borgialli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center and University of Michigan, Flint
| | - Anne Brayer
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Lorin Browne
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Daniel M Cohen
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Ellen F Crain
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children's Health System, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Andrea T Cruz
- Sections of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Peter S Dayan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Rajender Gattu
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore
| | - Richard Greenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - John D Hoyle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital of Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan22Now with the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker, MD, School of Medicine, Kalamazoo
| | - David M Jaffe
- Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri24Now with the Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Deborah A Levine
- Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Hospital New York University Langone Center, New York
| | - Kathleen Lillis
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - James G Linakis
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jared Muenzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Hospital New York University Langone Center, New York28Now with the Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Lise E Nigrovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth C Powell
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander J Rogers
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Genie Roosevelt
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora
| | - Richard M Ruddy
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mary Saunders
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee35Now with Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - Michael G Tunik
- Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Hospital, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York
| | - Leah Tzimenatos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento
| | - Melissa Vitale
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J Michael Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus
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186
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Heinonen S, Jartti T, Garcia C, Oliva S, Smitherman C, Anguiano E, de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Vuorinen T, Ruuskanen O, Dimo B, Suarez NM, Pascual V, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Rhinovirus Detection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children: Value of Host Transcriptome Analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:772-82. [PMID: 26571305 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201504-0749oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Rhinoviruses (RVs) are a major cause of symptomatic respiratory tract infection in all age groups. However, RVs can frequently be detected in asymptomatic individuals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of host transcriptional profiling to differentiate between symptomatic RV infection and incidental detection in children. METHODS Previously healthy children younger than 2 years old (n = 151) were enrolled at four study sites and classified into four clinical groups: RV- healthy control subjects (n = 37), RV+ asymptomatic subjects (n = 14), RV+ outpatients (n = 30), and RV+ inpatients (n = 70). Host responses were analyzed using whole-blood RNA transcriptional profiles. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS RV infection induced a robust transcriptional signature, which was validated in three independent cohorts and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with high prediction accuracy. The immune profile of symptomatic RV infection was characterized by overexpression of innate immunity and underexpression of adaptive immunity genes, whereas negligible changes were observed in asymptomatic RV+ subjects. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identified two main clusters of subjects. The first included 93% of healthy control subjects and 100% of asymptomatic RV+ subjects, and the second comprised 98% of RV+ inpatients and 88% of RV+ outpatients. Genomic scores of healthy control subjects and asymptomatic RV+ children were similar and significantly lower than those of RV+ inpatients and outpatients (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic RV infection induced a robust and reproducible transcriptional signature, whereas identification of RV in asymptomatic children was not associated with significant systemic transcriptional immune responses. Transcriptional profiling represents a useful tool to discriminate between active infection and incidental virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santtu Heinonen
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and
| | | | - Carla Garcia
- 3 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Silvia Oliva
- 4 Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- 6 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- 7 Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Blerta Dimo
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and
| | - Nicolas M Suarez
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and
| | | | - Octavio Ramilo
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and.,8 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,9 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- 1 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and.,8 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,9 The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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187
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Hasegawa K, Dumas O, Hartert TV, Camargo CA. Advancing our understanding of infant bronchiolitis through phenotyping and endotyping: clinical and molecular approaches. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:891-9. [PMID: 27192374 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bronchiolitis is a major public health problem worldwide. However, no effective treatment strategies are available, other than supportive care. AREAS COVERED Although bronchiolitis has been considered a single disease diagnosed based on clinical characteristics, emerging evidence supports both clinical and pathobiological heterogeneity. The characterization of this heterogeneity supports the concept that bronchiolitis consists of multiple phenotypes or consistent grouping of characteristics. Expert commentary: Using unbiased statistical approaches, multidimentional clinical characteristics will derive bronchiolitis phenotypes. Furthermore, molecular and systems biology approaches will, by linking pathobiology to phenotype, identify endotypes. Large cohort studies of bronchiolitis with comprehensive clinical characterization and system-wide profiling of the '-omics' data (e.g., host genome, transcriptome, epigenome, viral genome, microbiome, metabolome) should enhance our ability to molecularly understand these phenotypes and lead to more targeted and personalized approaches to bronchiolitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hasegawa
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Orianne Dumas
- b INSERM U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Univ. Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines , Villejuif , France
| | - Tina V Hartert
- c Center for Asthma & Environmental Health Sciences Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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188
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Rinchai D, Anguiano E, Nguyen P, Chaussabel D. Finger stick blood collection for gene expression profiling and storage of tempus blood RNA tubes. F1000Res 2016; 5:1385. [PMID: 28357036 PMCID: PMC5357033 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8841.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With this report we aim to make available a standard operating procedure (SOP) developed for RNA stabilization of small blood volumes collected via a finger stick. The anticipation that this procedure may be improved through peer-review and/or readers public comments is another element motivating the publication of this SOP. Procuring blood samples from human subjects can, among other uses, enable assessment of the immune status of an individual subject via the profiling of RNA abundance using technologies such as real time PCR, NanoString, microarrays or RNA-sequencing. It is often desirable to minimize blood volumes and employ methods that are the least invasive and can be practically implemented outside of clinical settings. Finger stick blood samples are increasingly used for measurement of levels of pharmacological drugs and biological analytes. It is a simple and convenient procedure amenable for instance to field use or self-collection at home using a blood sample collection kit. Such methodologies should also enable the procurement of blood samples at high frequency for health or disease monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darawan Rinchai
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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189
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Nair H, Ramilo O, Eichler I, Pelfrene E, Mejias A, Polack FP, Pouwels KB, Langley JM, Nunes M, van der Maas N, Kragten–Tabatabaie L, Baraldi E, Heikkinen T, Fauroux B, Sharland M, Park C, Manzoni P, Papadopoulos NG, Martinón–Torres F, Stein R, Bont L. Meeting Report: Harmonization of RSV therapeutics – from design to performance. J Glob Health 2016. [PMCID: PMC4920015 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.06.010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Nair
- Center for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Asuncion Mejias
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Koen B. Pouwels
- Modelling & Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
- Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | - Marta Nunes
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases & Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicoline van der Maas
- Department Epidemiology and Surveillance of the National Immunisation Programme, CIb–RIVM, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Women’s and Children’s Health Department, Unit of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Padova, Italy
| | - Terho Heikkinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Brigitte Fauroux
- Noninvasive ventilation and Sleep Unit, Necker Pediatric University Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Mike Sharland
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George’s University London, UK
| | | | - Paolo Manzoni
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, S Anna Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Allergy Dept 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Federico Martinón–Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics Department, Hóspital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, University of Santiago, La Coruña
| | - Renato Stein
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Pontifícia Universidade Católica RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Louis Bont
- Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Despite the evident success of currently available vaccines to prevent infectious diseases, we still lack a full understanding of the mechanisms by which vaccines induce protective immune responses. Systems immunology applies multifaceted analytical tools to better understand the immune responses to vaccines by deep characterization of the cellular components, regulatory pathways, antibody responses and immune gene profiles with the ultimate goal of identifying the complex cellular, genetic and regulatory factors and mechanisms that contribute to effective and protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cao
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA; The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA; The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA; The Ohio State University, USA.
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191
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Rinchai D, Boughorbel S, Presnell S, Quinn C, Chaussabel D. A compendium of monocyte transcriptome datasets to foster biomedical knowledge discovery. F1000Res 2016; 5:291. [PMID: 27158451 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8182.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems-scale profiling approaches have become widely used in translational research settings. The resulting accumulation of large-scale datasets in public repositories represents a critical opportunity to promote insight and foster knowledge discovery. However, resources that can serve as an interface between biomedical researchers and such vast and heterogeneous dataset collections are needed in order to fulfill this potential. Recently, we have developed an interactive data browsing and visualization web application, the Gene Expression Browser (GXB). This tool can be used to overlay deep molecular phenotyping data with rich contextual information about analytes, samples and studies along with ancillary clinical or immunological profiling data. In this note, we describe a curated compendium of 93 public datasets generated in the context of human monocyte immunological studies, representing a total of 4,516 transcriptome profiles. Datasets were uploaded to an instance of GXB along with study description and sample annotations. Study samples were arranged in different groups. Ranked gene lists were generated based on relevant group comparisons. This resource is publicly available online at http://monocyte.gxbsidra.org/dm3/landing.gsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darawan Rinchai
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabri Boughorbel
- Biomedical informatics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Scott Presnell
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, USA
| | - Charlie Quinn
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, USA
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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192
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Andres-Terre M, McGuire HM, Pouliot Y, Bongen E, Sweeney TE, Tato CM, Khatri P. Integrated, Multi-cohort Analysis Identifies Conserved Transcriptional Signatures across Multiple Respiratory Viruses. Immunity 2016; 43:1199-211. [PMID: 26682989 PMCID: PMC4684904 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are a significant burden to healthcare worldwide. Many whole genome expression profiles have identified different respiratory viral infection signatures, but these have not translated to clinical practice. Here, we performed two integrated, multi-cohort analyses of publicly available transcriptional data of viral infections. First, we identified a common host signature across different respiratory viral infections that could distinguish (1) individuals with viral infections from healthy controls and from those with bacterial infections, and (2) symptomatic from asymptomatic subjects prior to symptom onset in challenge studies. Second, we identified an influenza-specific host response signature that (1) could distinguish influenza-infected samples from those with bacterial and other respiratory viral infections, (2) was a diagnostic and prognostic marker in influenza-pneumonia patients and influenza challenge studies, and (3) was predictive of response to influenza vaccine. Our results have applications in the diagnosis, prognosis, and identification of drug targets in viral infections. MVS is a common transcriptional host response to respiratory viral infection MVS could be used in clinics as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker IMS distinguishes influenza from other viral and bacterial infections IMS correlates with infection symptomatology and vaccine response
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Andres-Terre
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Helen M McGuire
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yannick Pouliot
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erika Bongen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy E Sweeney
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cristina M Tato
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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193
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A Cross-Study Biomarker Signature of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:3605302. [PMID: 27274726 PMCID: PMC4870338 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3605302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Despite of advances in diagnosis and treatment, biomarkers of RSV infection are still unclear. To understand the host response and propose signatures of RSV infection, previous studies evaluated the transcriptional profile of the human bronchial epithelial cell line—BEAS-2B—infected with different strains of this virus. However, the evolution of statistical methods and functional analysis together with the large amount of expression data provide opportunities to uncover novel biomarkers of inflammation and infections. In view of those facts publicly available microarray datasets from RSV-infected BEAS-2B cells were analyzed with linear model-based statistics and the platform for functional analysis InnateDB. The results from those analyses argue for the reevaluation of previously reported transcription patterns and biological pathways in BEAS-2B cell lines infected with RSV. Importantly, this study revealed a biosignature constituted by genes such as ABCC4, ARMC8, BCLAF1, EZH1, FAM118A, FAM208B, FUS, HSPH1, KAZN, MAP3K2, N6AMT1, PRMT2, S100PBP, SERPINA1, TLK2, ZNF322, and ZNF337 which should be considered in the development of new molecular diagnosis tools.
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194
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McDonald JU, Kaforou M, Clare S, Hale C, Ivanova M, Huntley D, Dorner M, Wright VJ, Levin M, Martinon-Torres F, Herberg JA, Tregoning JS. A Simple Screening Approach To Prioritize Genes for Functional Analysis Identifies a Role for Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 in the Control of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. mSystems 2016; 1:e00051-16. [PMID: 27822537 PMCID: PMC5069771 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00051-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater understanding of the functions of host gene products in response to infection is required. While many of these genes enable pathogen clearance, some enhance pathogen growth or contribute to disease symptoms. Many studies have profiled transcriptomic and proteomic responses to infection, generating large data sets, but selecting targets for further study is challenging. Here we propose a novel data-mining approach combining multiple heterogeneous data sets to prioritize genes for further study by using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection as a model pathogen with a significant health care impact. The assumption was that the more frequently a gene is detected across multiple studies, the more important its role is. A literature search was performed to find data sets of genes and proteins that change after RSV infection. The data sets were standardized, collated into a single database, and then panned to determine which genes occurred in multiple data sets, generating a candidate gene list. This candidate gene list was validated by using both a clinical cohort and in vitro screening. We identified several genes that were frequently expressed following RSV infection with no assigned function in RSV control, including IFI27, IFIT3, IFI44L, GBP1, OAS3, IFI44, and IRF7. Drilling down into the function of these genes, we demonstrate a role in disease for the gene for interferon regulatory factor 7, which was highly ranked on the list, but not for IRF1, which was not. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach for collating published data sets into a manageable list of candidates, identifying novel targets for future analysis. IMPORTANCE Making the most of "big data" is one of the core challenges of current biology. There is a large array of heterogeneous data sets of host gene responses to infection, but these data sets do not inform us about gene function and require specialized skill sets and training for their utilization. Here we describe an approach that combines and simplifies these data sets, distilling this information into a single list of genes commonly upregulated in response to infection with RSV as a model pathogen. Many of the genes on the list have unknown functions in RSV disease. We validated the gene list with new clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data. This approach allows the rapid selection of genes of interest for further, more-detailed studies, thus reducing time and costs. Furthermore, the approach is simple to use and widely applicable to a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline U. McDonald
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Huntley
- Imperial College Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Molecular Virology, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Wright
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jethro A. Herberg
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
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195
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Rinchai D, Boughorbel S, Presnell S, Quinn C, Chaussabel D. A curated compendium of monocyte transcriptome datasets of relevance to human monocyte immunobiology research. F1000Res 2016; 5:291. [PMID: 27158452 PMCID: PMC4856112 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8182.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems-scale profiling approaches have become widely used in translational research settings. The resulting accumulation of large-scale datasets in public repositories represents a critical opportunity to promote insight and foster knowledge discovery. However, resources that can serve as an interface between biomedical researchers and such vast and heterogeneous dataset collections are needed in order to fulfill this potential. Recently, we have developed an interactive data browsing and visualization web application, the Gene Expression Browser (GXB). This tool can be used to overlay deep molecular phenotyping data with rich contextual information about analytes, samples and studies along with ancillary clinical or immunological profiling data. In this note, we describe a curated compendium of 93 public datasets generated in the context of human monocyte immunological studies, representing a total of 4,516 transcriptome profiles. Datasets were uploaded to an instance of GXB along with study description and sample annotations. Study samples were arranged in different groups. Ranked gene lists were generated based on relevant group comparisons. This resource is publicly available online at
http://monocyte.gxbsidra.org/dm3/landing.gsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darawan Rinchai
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabri Boughorbel
- Biomedical Informatics Division, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Scott Presnell
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, USA
| | - Charlie Quinn
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, USA
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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196
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Park HE, Shin MK, Park HT, Jung M, Cho YI, Yoo HS. Gene expression profiles of putative biomarker candidates in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw022. [PMID: 27029383 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze the gene expression of prognostic potential biomarker candidates using the whole blood of cattle naturally infected with ITALIC! Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. ITALIC! paratuberculosis(MAP). We conducted real-time PCR to evaluate 23 potential biomarker candidates. Experimental animals were divided into four groups based on fecal MAP PCR and serum ELISA. Seven ( ITALIC! KLRB1, ITALIC! HGF, ITALIC! MPO, ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! SERPINE1, ITALIC! S100A8and ITALIC! S100A9) genes were up-regulated in fecal MAP-positive cattle and three ( ITALIC! KLRB1, ITALIC! MPOand ITALIC! S100A9) were up-regulated in MAP-seropositive cattle relative to uninfected cattle. In subclinically infected animals, 17 genes ( ITALIC! TFRC, ITALIC! S100A8, ITALIC! S100A9, ITALIC! MPO, ITALIC! GBP6, ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! KLRB1, ITALIC! SERPINE1, ITALIC! PIGR, ITALIC! IL-10, ITALIC! CXCR3, ITALIC! CD14, ITALIC! MMP9, ITALIC! ELANE, ITALIC! CHI3L1, ITALIC! HPand ITALIC! HGF) were up-regulated compared with the control group. Moreover, six genes ( ITALIC! CXCR3, ITALIC! HP, ITALIC! HGF, ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! TFRCand ITALIC! GBP6) showed significant differences between experimental groups. Taken together, our data suggest that six genes ( ITALIC! LTF, ITALIC! HGF, ITALIC! HP, ITALIC! CXCR3, ITALIC! GBP6and ITALIC! TFRC) played essential roles in the immune response to MAP during the subclinical stage and therefore might be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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197
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of bronchiolitis in infants with a wide spectrum of disease severity. Besides environmental and genetic factors, it is thought that the innate immune system plays a pivotal role. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of immune receptors on monocytes and the in vitro responsiveness from infants with severe RSV infections. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from infants with RSV infections were isolated. Classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes were immunophenotyped for the expression of CD14, CD16, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC and HLA-DR. PBMCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide to determine the secretion of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin (IL)-10 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS During RSV infection, intermediate monocytes are increased in the peripheral blood, whereas classical and nonclassical monocytes are reduced. The expression of CD14 and HLA-ABC is increased on monocytes, whereas the expression of HLA-DR is suppressed. Low HLA-DR expression is correlated with increased disease severity. PBMCs from infants with severe RSV infections show an impaired IL-10 response in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Phenotyping subpopulations of monocytes combined with in vitro responsiveness reveals significant differences between nonsevere and severe RSV infections. Reduced HLA-DR expression and impaired IL-10 production in vitro during severe RSV infections indicate that an imbalanced innate immune response may play an important role in disease severity.
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198
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Dapat C, Oshitani H. Novel insights into human respiratory syncytial virus-host factor interactions through integrated proteomics and transcriptomics analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:285-97. [PMID: 26760927 PMCID: PMC4819838 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1141676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The lack of vaccine and limited antiviral options against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies. One alternative is to develop drugs that target host factors required for viral replication. Several microarray and proteomics studies had been published to identify possible host factors that are affected during RSV replication. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of RSV-host interaction, we integrated available proteome and transcriptome datasets and used it to construct a virus-host interaction network. Then, we interrogated the network to identify host factors that are targeted by the virus and we searched for drugs from the DrugBank database that interact with these host factors, which may have potential applications in repositioning for future treatment options of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Dapat
- a Department of Virology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- a Department of Virology , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan
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199
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Remot A, Descamps D, Jouneau L, Laubreton D, Dubuquoy C, Bouet S, Lecardonnel J, Rebours E, Petit-Camurdan A, Riffault S. Flt3 ligand improves the innate response to respiratory syncytial virus and limits lung disease upon RSV reexposure in neonate mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:874-84. [PMID: 26681580 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. The immunological factors responsible for RSV susceptibility in infants are poorly understood. Here, we used the BALB/c mouse model of neonatal RSV infection to study the mechanisms leading to severe disease upon reexposure to the virus when adults. Two major deficiencies in neonatal lung innate responses were found: a poor DCs mobilization, and a weak engagement of the IFNI pathway. The administration of Flt3 ligand (Flt3-L), a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, to neonates before RSV-infection, resulted in increased lung DC number, and reconditioned the IFNI pathway upon RSV neonatal infection. Besides, neonates treated with Flt3-L were protected against exacerbated airway disease upon adult reexposure to RSV. This was associated with a reorientation of RSV-specific responses toward Th1-mediated immunity. Thus, the poor lung DCs and IFNI responses to RSV in neonates may be partly responsible for the deleterious long-term consequences revealed upon adult reexposure to RSV, which could be prevented by Flt3-L treatment. These results open new perspectives for developing neonatal immuno-modulating strategies to reduce the burden of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Stephan Bouet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Lecardonnel
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rebours
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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200
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Tsalik EL, Henao R, Nichols M, Burke T, Ko ER, McClain MT, Hudson LL, Mazur A, Freeman DH, Veldman T, Langley RJ, Quackenbush EB, Glickman SW, Cairns CB, Jaehne AK, Rivers EP, Otero RM, Zaas AK, Kingsmore SF, Lucas J, Fowler VG, Carin L, Ginsburg GS, Woods CW. Host gene expression classifiers diagnose acute respiratory illness etiology. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:322ra11. [PMID: 26791949 PMCID: PMC4905578 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections caused by bacterial or viral pathogens are among the most common reasons for seeking medical care. Despite improvements in pathogen-based diagnostics, most patients receive inappropriate antibiotics. Host response biomarkers offer an alternative diagnostic approach to direct antimicrobial use. This observational cohort study determined whether host gene expression patterns discriminate noninfectious from infectious illness and bacterial from viral causes of acute respiratory infection in the acute care setting. Peripheral whole blood gene expression from 273 subjects with community-onset acute respiratory infection (ARI) or noninfectious illness, as well as 44 healthy controls, was measured using microarrays. Sparse logistic regression was used to develop classifiers for bacterial ARI (71 probes), viral ARI (33 probes), or a noninfectious cause of illness (26 probes). Overall accuracy was 87% (238 of 273 concordant with clinical adjudication), which was more accurate than procalcitonin (78%, P < 0.03) and three published classifiers of bacterial versus viral infection (78 to 83%). The classifiers developed here externally validated in five publicly available data sets (AUC, 0.90 to 0.99). A sixth publicly available data set included 25 patients with co-identification of bacterial and viral pathogens. Applying the ARI classifiers defined four distinct groups: a host response to bacterial ARI, viral ARI, coinfection, and neither a bacterial nor a viral response. These findings create an opportunity to develop and use host gene expression classifiers as diagnostic platforms to combat inappropriate antibiotic use and emerging antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim L Tsalik
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Marshall Nichols
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Thomas Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Emily R Ko
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Duke Regional Hospital, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Lori L Hudson
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Anna Mazur
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Debra H Freeman
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Tim Veldman
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Raymond J Langley
- Immunology Division, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108
| | - Eugenia B Quackenbush
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Seth W Glickman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Charles B Cairns
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Anja K Jaehne
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Emanuel P Rivers
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Ronny M Otero
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Aimee K Zaas
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- Rady Pediatric Genomic and Systems Medicine Institute, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123
| | - Joseph Lucas
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lawrence Carin
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
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