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Thayer RE, Callahan TJ, Weiland BJ, Hutchison KE, Bryan AD. Associations between fractional anisotropy and problematic alcohol use in juvenile justice-involved adolescents. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2014; 39:365-71. [PMID: 24200206 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.834909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown associations between heavy alcohol use and white matter alterations in adolescence. Youth involved with the juvenile justice system engage in high levels of risk behavior generally and alcohol use in particular as compared to their non-justice-involved peers. OBJECTIVES This study explored white matter integrity among justice-involved adolescents. Analyses examined fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between adolescents with low and high levels of problematic alcohol use as assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). METHODS Participants (N = 125; 80% male; 14-18 years) completed measures assessing psychological status and substance use followed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI data for low (n = 51) and high AUDIT (n = 74) adolescents were subjected to cluster-based group comparisons on skeletonized FA and MD data. RESULTS Whole-brain analyses revealed significantly lower FA in clusters in the right and left posterior corona radiata (PCR) and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in the high AUDIT group, as well as one cluster in the right anterior corona radiata that showed higher FA in the high AUDIT group. No differences in MD were identified. Exploratory analyses correlated cluster FA with measures of additional risk factors. FA in the right SLF and left PCR was negatively associated with impulsivity. CONCLUSION Justice-involved adolescents with alcohol use problems generally showed poorer FA than their low problematic alcohol use peers. Future research should aim to better understand the nature of the relationship between white matter development and alcohol use specifically as well as risk behavior more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Thayer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO , USA
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Kim JE, Son JW, Choi WH, Kim YR, Oh JH, Lee S, Kim JK. Neural responses to various rewards and feedback in the brains of adolescent Internet addicts detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:463-70. [PMID: 24920379 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to examine differences in brain activation for various types of reward and feedback in adolescent Internet addicts (AIA) and normal adolescents (NA) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS AIA (n = 15) and NA (n = 15) underwent fMRI while performing easy tasks for which performance feedback (PF), social reward (SR) (such as compliments), or monetary reward (MR) was given. Using the no reward (NR) condition, three types of contrasts (PF-NR, SR-NR, and MR-NR) were analyzed. RESULTS In NA, we observed activation in the reward-related subcortical system, self-related brain region, and other brain areas for the three contrasts, but these brain areas showed almost no activation in AIA. Instead, AIA showed significant activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the PF-NR contrast and the negative correlation was found between the level of activation in the left superior temporal gyrus (BA 22) and the duration of Internet game use per day in AIA. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that AIA show reduced levels of self-related brain activation and decreased reward sensitivity irrespective of the type of reward and feedback. AIA may be only sensitive to error monitoring regardless of positive feelings, such as sense of satisfaction or achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
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153
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Brand M, Young KS, Laier C. Prefrontal control and internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:375. [PMID: 24904393 PMCID: PMC4034340 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most people use the Internet as a functional tool to perform their personal goals in everyday-life such as making airline or hotel reservations. However, some individuals suffer from a loss of control over their Internet use resulting in personal distress, symptoms of psychological dependence, and diverse negative consequences. This phenomenon is often referred to as Internet addiction. Only Internet Gaming Disorder has been included in the appendix of the DSM-5, but it has already been argued that Internet addiction could also comprise problematic use of other applications with cybersex, online relations, shopping, and information search being Internet facets at risk for developing an addictive behavior. Neuropsychological investigations have pointed out that certain prefrontal functions in particular executive control functions are related to symptoms of Internet addiction, which is in line with recent theoretical models on the development and maintenance of the addictive use of the Internet. Control processes are particularly reduced when individuals with Internet addiction are confronted with Internet-related cues representing their first choice use. For example, processing Internet-related cues interferes with working memory performance and decision making. Consistent with this, results from functional neuroimaging and other neuropsychological studies demonstrate that cue-reactivity, craving, and decision making are important concepts for understanding Internet addiction. The findings on reductions in executive control are consistent with other behavioral addictions, such as pathological gambling. They also emphasize the classification of the phenomenon as an addiction, because there are also several similarities with findings in substance dependency. The neuropsychological and neuroimaging results have important clinical impact, as one therapy goal should enhance control over the Internet use by modifying specific cognitions and Internet use expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Kimberly S. Young
- Center for Internet Addiction, Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, NY, USA
| | - Christian Laier
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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154
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Impaired frontal-basal ganglia connectivity in adolescents with internet addiction. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5027. [PMID: 24848380 PMCID: PMC4030253 DOI: 10.1038/srep05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of poor impulse control in Internet addiction (IA) is important for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of this syndrome. The current study investigated how neuronal pathways implicated in response inhibition were affected in IA using a Go-Stop paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty-three control subjects aged 15.2 ± 0.5 years (mean ± S.D.) and eighteen IA subjects aged 15.1 ± 1.4 years were studied. Effective connectivity within the response inhibition network was quantified using (stochastic) dynamic causal modeling (DCM). The results showed that the indirect frontal-basal ganglia pathway was engaged by response inhibition in healthy subjects. However, we did not detect any equivalent effective connectivity in the IA group. This suggests the IA subjects fail to recruit this pathway and inhibit unwanted actions. This study provides a clear link between Internet addiction as a behavioral disorder and aberrant connectivity in the response inhibition network.
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155
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Xu J, Shen LX, Yan CH, Hu H, Yang F, Wang L, Kotha SR, Ouyang F, Zhang LN, Liao XP, Zhang J, Zhang JS, Shen XM. Parent-adolescent interaction and risk of adolescent internet addiction: a population-based study in Shanghai. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:112. [PMID: 24731648 PMCID: PMC3999889 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family-based intervention is essential for adolescents with behavioral problems. However, limited data are available on the relationship between family-based factors and adolescent internet addiction (AIA). We aimed to examine this relationship using a representative sample of Shanghai adolescents. METHODS In October 2007, a total of 5122 adolescents were investigated from 16 high schools via stratified-random sampling in Shanghai. Self-reported and anonymous questionnaires were used to assess parent-adolescent interaction and family environments. AIA was assessed by DRM-52 Scale, developed from Young's Internet-addiction Scale, using seven subscales to evaluate psychological symptoms of AIA. RESULTS Adjusting for adolescents' ages, genders, socio-economic status, school performances and levels of the consumption expenditure, strong parental disapproval of internet-use was associated with AIA (vs. parental approval, OR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.24-3.91). Worse mother-adolescent relationships were more significantly associated with AIA (OR = 3.79, 95% CI: 2.22-6.48) than worse father-adolescent relationships (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.10-2.80). Marital status of "married-but-separated" and family structure of "left-behind adolescents" were associated with symptoms of some subscales. When having high monthly allowance, resident students tended to develop AIA but commuter students did not. Family social-economic status was not associated with the development of AIA. CONCLUSIONS The quality of parent-adolescent relationship/communication was closely associated with the development of AIA, and maternal factors were more significantly associated with development of AIA than paternal factors. Family social-economic status moderated adolescent internet-use levels but not the development of AIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-xiao Shen
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-huai Yan
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Howard Hu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fang Yang
- Global Health Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sudha Rani Kotha
- Global Health at University of Toronto’s Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-na Zhang
- Biostatistics Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-peng Liao
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-song Zhang
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-ming Shen
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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156
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Holstein BE, Pedersen TP, Bendtsen P, Madsen KR, Meilstrup CR, Nielsen L, Rasmussen M. Perceived problems with computer gaming and internet use among adolescents: measurement tool for non-clinical survey studies. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:361. [PMID: 24731270 PMCID: PMC3990242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing instruments for measuring problematic computer and console gaming and internet use are often lengthy and often based on a pathological perspective. The objective was to develop and present a new and short non-clinical measurement tool for perceived problems related to computer use and gaming among adolescents and to study the association between screen time and perceived problems. Methods Cross-sectional school-survey of 11-, 13-, and 15-year old students in thirteen schools in the City of Aarhus, Denmark, participation rate 89%, n = 2100. The main exposure was time spend on weekdays on computer- and console-gaming and internet use for communication and surfing. The outcome measures were three indexes on perceived problems related to computer and console gaming and internet use. Results The three new indexes showed high face validity and acceptable internal consistency. Most schoolchildren with high screen time did not experience problems related to computer use. Still, there was a strong and graded association between time use and perceived problems related to computer gaming, console gaming (only boys) and internet use, odds ratios ranging from 6.90 to 10.23. Conclusion The three new measures of perceived problems related to computer and console gaming and internet use among adolescents are appropriate, reliable and valid for use in non-clinical surveys about young people’s everyday life and behaviour. These new measures do not assess Internet Gaming Disorder as it is listed in the DSM and therefore has no parity with DSM criteria. We found an increasing risk of perceived problems with increasing time spent with gaming and internet use. Nevertheless, most schoolchildren who spent much time with gaming and internet use did not experience problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn E Holstein
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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157
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Zhang P, Liu J, Li G, Pan J, Li Z, Liu Q, Qin W, Dong M, Sun J, Huang X, Wu T, Chang D. White matter microstructural changes in psychogenic erectile dysfunction patients. Andrology 2014; 2:379-85. [PMID: 24711250 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zhang
- The Urology and Andrology Department; The 1st Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - J. Liu
- Life Sciences Research Center; School of Life Sciences and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - G. Li
- The Urology and Andrology Department; The 1st Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - J. Pan
- The Urology and Andrology Department; Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Meishan City; Meishan Sichuan China
| | - Z. Li
- The 3rd Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Q. Liu
- The 3rd Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - W. Qin
- Life Sciences Research Center; School of Life Sciences and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - M. Dong
- Life Sciences Research Center; School of Life Sciences and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - J. Sun
- Life Sciences Research Center; School of Life Sciences and Technology; Xidian University; Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - X. Huang
- The Urology and Andrology Department; The 1st Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - T. Wu
- The Urology and Andrology Department; The 1st Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - D. Chang
- The Urology and Andrology Department; The 1st Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
- The Andrology Department; The 2nd Teaching Hospital; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu Sichuan China
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158
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Paik A, Oh D, Kim D. A case of withdrawal psychosis from internet addiction disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:207-9. [PMID: 24843379 PMCID: PMC4023098 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to substance use disorder, patients with Internet addiction disorder (IAD) show excessive use, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. We report a case of a patient with withdrawal psychosis who showed persecutory delusion and disorganized behaviors in addition to common withdrawal symptoms such as agitation and irritability. A 25-year-old male developed a full-blown psychotic episode within one day after discontinuing an Internet game that he had been playing for at least eight hours a day for two years. Upon admission, he had no abnormal brain imaging findings and laboratory tests. With antipsychotic medication (quetiapine up to 800 mg), his psychotic symptoms rapidly subsided and after four days of treatment, he no longer showed any signs of psychosis. This case report suggests that brief psychosis can develop during withdrawal from long-term excessive use of an Internet and the central pathology beneath the IAD is more likely a form of addiction than impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Paik
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyoung Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Republic of Korea
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159
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Hahn C, Kim DJ. Is there a shared neurobiology between aggression and Internet addiction disorder? J Behav Addict 2014; 3:12-20. [PMID: 25215210 PMCID: PMC4117279 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidences indicate that Internet addiction disorder (IAD) has a higher risk of developing aggression and violent behavior. A few correlation studies between IAD and aggression have implicated a common biological mechanism. However, neurobiological approaches to IAD and aggression have not yet been studied. METHODS A literature search for studies for Internet addiction disorder or aggression was performed in the PubMed database and we selected articles about neurobiology of IAD or aggression. RESULTS This review includes (a) common neural substrates such as the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system between aggression and IAD; (b) common neuromodulators such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, opiate and nicotine between aggression and IAD. CONCLUSIONS Through reviewing the relevant literature, we suggested the possibility of common neurobiology between the two psychiatric phenomena and direction of research on aggression in IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtae Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Saint Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Saint Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author: Dai-Jin Kim, MD, PhD; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Saint Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea; Phone: +82-2-2258-6086; Fax: +82-2-594-3870;
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160
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Yau YHC, Pilver CE, Steinberg MA, Rugle LJ, Hoff RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Potenza MN. Relationships between problematic internet use and problem-gambling severity: findings from a high-school survey. Addict Behav 2014; 39:13-21. [PMID: 24140304 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With the popularity of Internet use among adolescents, there is concern that some youth may display problematic or addictive patterns of Internet use. Although excessive patterns of Internet use was considered for inclusion in the DSM-5 with pathological gambling and substance-use disorders in a category of addictive disorders, it was determined that more research was needed on Internet-use behaviors before such actions be further considered and possibly undertaken. The present study is the first to investigate whether at-risk/problematic Internet use (ARPIU) may moderate the strength of association between problem-gambling severity and gambling-related characteristics and health and well-being measures in adolescents. Survey data from 1884 Connecticut high-school student stratified by Internet use (ARPIU vs. non-ARPIU) were examined in bivariate analyses and logistic regression models. Gambling-related characteristics and health and well-being measures were mostly positively associated with problem-gambling severity in both Internet use groups. Interaction odds ratio revealed that the strength of the associations between problem-gambling severity and marijuana, alcohol and caffeine use were stronger amongst the non-ARPIU compared to the ARPIU group, suggesting that the relationships between these substance use behaviors and problem gambling may be partially accounted for by ARPIU. Future studies should examine the extent to which preventative interventions targeting both problematic Internet use and problem gambling may synergistically benefit measures of health and reduce risk-taking behaviors in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne H C Yau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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162
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Koehler S, Hasselmann E, Wüstenberg T, Heinz A, Romanczuk-Seiferth N. Higher volume of ventral striatum and right prefrontal cortex in pathological gambling. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 220:469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
In the 2000s, online games became popular, while studies of Internet gaming addiction emerged, outlining the negative consequences of excessive gaming, its prevalence, and associated risk factors. The establishment of specialized treatment centers in South-East Asia, the US, and Europe reflects the growing need for professional help. It is argued that only by understanding the appeal of Internet gaming, its context, and neurobiologic correlates can the phenomenon of Internet gaming addiction be understood comprehensively. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into current perspectives on Internet gaming addiction using a holistic approach, taking into consideration the mass appeal of online games, the context of Internet gaming addiction, and associated neuroimaging findings, as well as the current diagnostic framework adopted by the American Psychiatric Association. The cited research indicates that the individual’s context is a significant factor that marks the dividing line between excessive gaming and gaming addiction, and the game context can gain particular importance for players, depending on their life situation and gaming preferences. Moreover, the cultural context is significant because it embeds the gamer in a community with shared beliefs and practices, endowing their gaming with particular meaning. The cited neuroimaging studies indicate that Internet gaming addiction shares similarities with other addictions, including substance dependence, at the molecular, neurocircuitry, and behavioral levels. The findings provide support for the current perspective of understanding Internet gaming addiction from a disease framework. The benefits of an Internet gaming addiction diagnosis include reliability across research, destigmatization of individuals, development of efficacious treatments, and the creation of an incentive for public health care and insurance providers. The holistic approach adopted here not only highlights empirical research that evidences neurobiologic correlates of Internet gaming addiction and the establishment of a preliminary diagnosis, but also emphasizes the necessity of an indepth understanding of the meaning, context, and practices associated with gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria J Kuss
- Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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164
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Yuan K, Jin C, Cheng P, Yang X, Dong T, Bi Y, Xing L, von Deneen KM, Yu D, Liu J, Liang J, Cheng T, Qin W, Tian J. Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation abnormalities in adolescents with online gaming addiction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78708. [PMID: 24223843 PMCID: PMC3817073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated both structural and task-related functional abnormalities in adolescents with online gaming addiction (OGA). However, few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies focused on the regional intensity of spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) during the resting state and fewer studies investigated the relationship between the abnormal resting-state properties and the impaired cognitive control ability. In the present study, we employed the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method to explore the local features of spontaneous brain activity in adolescents with OGA and healthy controls during resting-state. Eighteen adolescents with OGA and 18 age-, education- and gender-matched healthy volunteers participated in this study. Compared with healthy controls, adolescents with OGA showed a significant increase in ALFF values in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the left precuneus, the left supplementary motor area (SMA), the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and the bilateral middle cingulate cortex (MCC). The abnormalities of these regions were also detected in previous addiction studies. More importantly, we found that ALFF values of the left medial OFC and left precuneus were positively correlated with the duration of OGA in adolescents with OGA. The ALFF values of the left medial OFC were also correlated with the color-word Stroop test performance. Our results suggested that the abnormal spontaneous neuronal activity of these regions may be implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of OGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Chenwang Jin
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi’an, Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Xuejuan Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Tao Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Lihong Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Karen M. von Deneen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Dahua Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
- Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Baotou Heping Middle School, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Baotou Heping Middle School, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Baotou Heping Middle School, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Peoples R China
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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165
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Zhou Z, Li C, Zhu H. An error-related negativity potential investigation of response monitoring function in individuals with internet addiction disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:131. [PMID: 24093009 PMCID: PMC3782698 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is an impulse disorder or at least related to impulse control disorder. Deficits in executive functioning, including response monitoring, have been proposed as a hallmark feature of impulse control disorders. The error-related negativity (ERN) reflects individual's ability to monitor behavior. Since IAD belongs to a compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder, theoretically, it should present response monitoring functional deficit characteristics of some disorders, such as substance dependence, ADHD, or alcohol abuse, testing with an Erikson flanker task. Up to now, no studies on response monitoring functional deficit in IAD were reported. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether IAD displays response monitoring functional deficit characteristics in a modified Erikson flanker task. Twenty-three subjects were recruited as IAD group. Twenty-three matched age, gender, and education healthy persons were recruited as control group. All participants completed the modified Erikson flanker task while measured with event-related potentials. IAD group made more total error rates than did controls (p < 0.01); Reactive times for total error responses in IAD group were shorter than did controls (p < 0.01). The mean ERN amplitudes of total error response conditions at frontal electrode sites and at central electrode sites of IAD group were reduced compared with control group (all p < 0.01). These results revealed that IAD displays response monitoring functional deficit characteristics and shares ERN characteristics of compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhe Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Psychology, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, China
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166
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Yu D, Yuan K, Zhao L, Dong M, Liu P, Yang X, Liu J, Sun J, Zhou G, Xue T, Zhao L, Cheng P, Dong T, von Deneen KM, Qin W, Tian J. White matter integrity affected by depressive symptoms in migraine without aura: a tract-based spatial statistics study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1103-1112. [PMID: 23447382 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have proven that migraine and depression are bidirectionally linked. However, few studies have investigated white matter (WM) integrity affected by depressive symptoms in patients suffering from migraine without aura (MWoA). Forty patients with MWoA were divided into two groups according to their self-rating depression scale (SDS) score in the present study, including 20 in the SDS (+) (SDS > 49) group and 20 in the SDS (-) (SDS ≤ 49) group. Forty healthy participants were also recruited as the control group. Tract-based spatial statistics analyses with multiple diffusion tensor imaging-derived indices [fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity (AD)] were employed collectively to investigate WM integrity between all patients with MWoA and all healthy controls, between each subgroup (SDS (-) group and SDS (+) group) and healthy controls, and between the SDS (-) and SDS (+) groups. Compared with healthy controls, decreased AD was shown in several WM tracts of the whole MWoA group, SDS (-) group and SDS (+) group. In addition, compared with the SDS (-) group, the SDS (+) group showed decreased FA and increased MD and RD, with conserved AD, including the genu, body and splenium of the corpus callosum, bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculi, the right anterior corona radiata and some other WM tracts, similar to previous findings in depression disorder. Furthermore, mean FA and RD in some of the above-mentioned WM tracts in the SDS (+) group were correlated significantly with SDS scores, including the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, the right anterior corona radiata and the superior longitudinal fasciculi. Our results suggest that WM integrity may be affected by both depression symptoms (more sensitive as RD) and migraine (more sensitive as AD). The findings may serve as a sensitive biomarker of depression severity in MWoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Yu
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Mittal VA, Dean DJ, Pelletier A. Internet addiction, reality substitution and longitudinal changes in psychotic-like experiences in young adults. Early Interv Psychiatry 2013; 7:261-9. [PMID: 22925309 PMCID: PMC3510325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Internet use has grown exponentially in the past decade, but there has been little systematic research to inform our understanding of how this phenomenon may relate to mental illness. Although several characteristics of individuals experiencing psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) may render this group particularly susceptible to problematic Internet use, to date there have been no studies examining Internet use in this group. Because the experience of PLEs is considered a risk "behaviour" for formal psychosis, it is crucial to understand how patterns of Internet use may be tied to the progression of illness. METHODS A total of 170 young adults were followed for 2 months, and grouped into those showing a steady/improved course of PLEs (PLE-Improved/Constant) and those showing an exacerbation in PLEs (PLE-Increase). Internet addiction and a factor 'Reality Substitute' were examined within and between the two groups. RESULTS Findings indicated that although both groups reported a similar level of Internet addiction and Reality Substitute at baseline, the PLE-Improved/Constant group showed longitudinal declines in both domains of problematic Internet usage whereas the PLE-Increase group's reported level remained constant. Further, there were moderate correlations between PLEs and domains of problematic Internet use, and the magnitude of association with Reality Substitute for the PLE-Increase group grew significantly over time. CONCLUSION Taken together, results implicate a close link between continued problematic Internet use and the phenomena of PLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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169
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Lortie CL, Guitton MJ. Internet addiction assessment tools: dimensional structure and methodological status. Addiction 2013; 108:1207-16. [PMID: 23651255 DOI: 10.1111/add.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Excessive internet use is becoming a concern, and some have proposed that it may involve addiction. We evaluated the dimensions assessed by, and psychometric properties of, a range of questionnaires purporting to assess internet addiction. METHODS Fourteen questionnaires were identified purporting to assess internet addiction among adolescents and adults published between January 1993 and October 2011. Their reported dimensional structure, construct, discriminant and convergent validity and reliability were assessed, as well as the methods used to derive these. RESULTS Methods used to evaluate internet addiction questionnaires varied considerably. Three dimensions of addiction predominated: compulsive use (79%), negative outcomes (86%) and salience (71%). Less common were escapism (21%), withdrawal symptoms (36%) and other dimensions. Measures of validity and reliability were found to be within normally acceptable limits. CONCLUSIONS There is a broad convergence of questionnaires purporting to assess internet addiction suggesting that compulsive use, negative outcome and salience should be covered and the questionnaires show adequate psychometric properties. However, the methods used to evaluate the questionnaires vary widely and possible factors contributing to excessive use such as social motivation do not appear to be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Lortie
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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170
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Leeman RF, Potenza MN. A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2013; 58:260-73. [PMID: 23756286 PMCID: PMC3762982 DOI: 10.1177/070674371305800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes neurobiological and genetic findings in behavioural addictions, draws parallels with findings pertaining to substance use disorders, and offers suggestions for future research. Articles concerning brain function, neurotransmitter activity, and family history and (or) genetic findings for behavioural addictions involving gambling, Internet use, video game playing, shopping, kleptomania, and sexual activity were reviewed. Behavioural addictions involve dysfunction in several brain regions, particularly the frontal cortex and striatum. Findings from imaging studies incorporating cognitive tasks have arguably been more consistent than cue-induction studies. Early results suggest white and grey matter differences. Neurochemical findings suggest roles for dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, but results from clinical trials seem more equivocal. While limited, family history and genetic data support heritability for pathological gambling and that people with behavioural addictions are more likely to have a close family member with some form of psychopathology. Parallels exist between neurobiological and genetic and family history findings in substance and nonsubstance addictions, suggesting that compulsive engagement in these behaviours may constitute addictions. To date, findings are limited, particularly for shopping, kleptomania, and sexual behaviour. Genetic understandings are at an early stage. Future research directions are offered.
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MESH Headings
- Behavior, Addictive/classification
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/metabolism
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Behavioral Research/methods
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/classification
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/genetics
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/metabolism
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/psychology
- Functional Neuroimaging/methods
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetics, Behavioral/methods
- Humans
- Neurobiology/methods
- Neuropsychology/methods
- Neurotransmitter Agents/classification
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Substance-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Leeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Kim JH, Seo JS. Beyond substance addiction: broadening the concept of addiction to include behavioral addiction. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:646-7. [PMID: 23678252 PMCID: PMC3653073 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.5.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk Unversity, Chungju, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk Unversity, Chungju, Korea
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172
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Hong SB, Kim JW, Choi EJ, Kim HH, Suh JE, Kim CD, Klauser P, Whittle S, Yűcel M, Pantelis C, Yi SH. Reduced orbitofrontal cortical thickness in male adolescents with internet addiction. Behav Brain Funct 2013; 9:11. [PMID: 23497383 PMCID: PMC3608995 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has consistently been implicated in the pathology of both drug and behavioral addictions. However, no study to date has examined OFC thickness in internet addiction. In the current study, we investigated the existence of differences in cortical thickness of the OFC in adolescents with internet addiction. On the basis of recently proposed theoretical models of addiction, we predicted a reduction of thickness in the OFC of internet addicted individuals. Findings Participants were 15 male adolescents diagnosed as having internet addiction and 15 male healthy comparison subjects. Brain magnetic resonance images were acquired on a 3T MRI and group differences in cortical thickness were analyzed using FreeSurfer. Our results confirmed that male adolescents with internet addiction have significantly decreased cortical thickness in the right lateral OFC (p<0.05). Conclusion This finding supports the view that the OFC alterations in adolescents with internet addiction reflect a shared neurobiological marker of addiction-related disorders in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Beom Hong
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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173
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Wang Y, Zhu J, Li Q, Li W, Wu N, Zheng Y, Chang H, Chen J, Wang W. Altered fronto-striatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits in heroin-dependent individuals: a resting-state FMRI study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58098. [PMID: 23483978 PMCID: PMC3590175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of compulsive pattern of drug use is related to abnormal regional neural activity and functional reorganization in the heroin addicts' brain, but the relationship between heroin-use-induced disrupted local neural activity and its functional organization pattern in resting-state is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS With fMRI data acquired during resting state from 17 male heroin dependent individuals (HD) and 15 matched normal controls (NC), we analyzed the changes of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in brain areas, and its relationship with history of heroin use. Then we investigated the addiction related alteration in functional connectivity of the brain regions with changed ALFF using seed-based correlation analysis. Compared with NC, the ALFF of HD was obviously decreased in the right caudate, right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), right superior medial frontal cortex and increased in the bilateral cerebellum, left superior temporal gyrus and left superior occipital gyrus. Of the six regions, only the ALFF value of right caudate had a negative correlation with heroin use. Setting the six regions as "seeds", we found the functional connectivity between the right caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) was reduced but that between the right caudate and cerebellum was enhanced. Besides, an abnormal lateral PFC-dACC connection was also observed in HD. CONCLUSIONS The observations of dysfunction of fronto-striatal and fronto-cerebellar circuit in HD implicate an altered balance between local neuronal assemblies activity and their integrated network organization pattern which may be involved in the process from voluntary to habitual and compulsive drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haifeng Chang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiajie Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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174
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Moreno M, Trainor ME. Adolescence extended: implications of new brain research on medicine and policy. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:226-32. [PMID: 23176160 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Last December, the Excellence in Paediatrics conference presented a panel discussion of how new biologic findings from brain imaging cast new light on adolescent development. This study will review this presentation, focusing on the interplay between adolescent development and new brain research findings. CONCLUSION Paediatricians can consider these new insights in both interacting individually with patients and advocating for policies within their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison; WI; USA
| | - Meaghan E Trainor
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison; WI; USA
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175
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Hong SB, Zalesky A, Cocchi L, Fornito A, Choi EJ, Kim HH, Suh JE, Kim CD, Kim JW, Yi SH. Decreased functional brain connectivity in adolescents with internet addiction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57831. [PMID: 23451272 PMCID: PMC3581468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internet addiction has become increasingly recognized as a mental disorder, though its neurobiological basis is unknown. This study used functional neuroimaging to investigate whole-brain functional connectivity in adolescents diagnosed with internet addiction. Based on neurobiological changes seen in other addiction related disorders, it was predicted that connectivity disruptions in adolescents with internet addiction would be most prominent in cortico-striatal circuitry. Methods Participants were 12 adolescents diagnosed with internet addiction and 11 healthy comparison subjects. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance images were acquired, and group differences in brain functional connectivity were analyzed using the network-based statistic. We also analyzed network topology, testing for between-group differences in key graph-based network measures. Results Adolescents with internet addiction showed reduced functional connectivity spanning a distributed network. The majority of impaired connections involved cortico-subcortical circuits (∼24% with prefrontal and ∼27% with parietal cortex). Bilateral putamen was the most extensively involved subcortical brain region. No between-group difference was observed in network topological measures, including the clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, or the small-worldness ratio. Conclusions Internet addiction is associated with a widespread and significant decrease of functional connectivity in cortico-striatal circuits, in the absence of global changes in brain functional network topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Beom Hong
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- NICTA Victorian Research Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eun-Jung Choi
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program (Early Childhood Education Major), College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Suh
- Center for Campus Life & Culture, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Dai Kim
- Department of Education (Educational Counseling Major), College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Hyung Yi
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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176
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Lehmkuhl G, Frölich J. [The new media and their influence on children and adolescents]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2013; 41:83-6. [PMID: 23425610 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Lehmkuhl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters der Universität zu Köln
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177
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Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Unbalanced neuronal circuits in addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:639-48. [PMID: 23434063 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Through sequential waves of drug-induced neurochemical stimulation, addiction co-opts the brain's neuronal circuits that mediate reward, motivation to behavioral inflexibility and a severe disruption of self-control and compulsive drug intake. Brain imaging technologies have allowed neuroscientists to map out the neural landscape of addiction in the human brain and to understand how drugs modify it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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178
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Cortical thickness abnormalities in late adolescence with online gaming addiction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53055. [PMID: 23326379 PMCID: PMC3541375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Online gaming addiction, as the most popular subtype of Internet addiction, had gained more and more attention from the whole world. However, the structural differences in cortical thickness of the brain between adolescents with online gaming addiction and healthy controls are not well unknown; neither was its association with the impaired cognitive control ability. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans from late adolescence with online gaming addiction (n = 18) and age-, education- and gender-matched controls (n = 18) were acquired. The cortical thickness measurement method was employed to investigate alterations of cortical thickness in individuals with online gaming addiction. The color-word Stroop task was employed to investigate the functional implications of the cortical thickness abnormalities. Imaging data revealed increased cortical thickness in the left precentral cortex, precuneus, middle frontal cortex, inferior temporal and middle temporal cortices in late adolescence with online gaming addiction; meanwhile, the cortical thicknesses of the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, lingual gyrus, the right postcentral gyrus, entorhinal cortex and inferior parietal cortex were decreased. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the cortical thicknesses of the left precentral cortex, precuneus and lingual gyrus correlated with duration of online gaming addiction and the cortical thickness of the OFC correlated with the impaired task performance during the color-word Stroop task in adolescents with online gaming addiction. The findings in the current study suggested that the cortical thickness abnormalities of these regions may be implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of online gaming addiction.
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179
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Xu J, Shen LX, Yan CH, Hu H, Yang F, Wang L, Kotha SR, Zhang LN, Liao XP, Zhang J, Ouyang FX, Zhang JS, Shen XM. Personal characteristics related to the risk of adolescent internet addiction: a survey in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:1106. [PMID: 23259906 PMCID: PMC3563549 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paralleling the rapid growth in computers and internet connections, adolescent internet addiction (AIA) is becoming an increasingly serious problem, especially in developing countries. This study aims to explore the prevalence of AIA and associated symptoms in a large population-based sample in Shanghai and identify potential predictors related to personal characteristics. Methods In 2007, 5,122 adolescents were randomly chosen from 16 high schools of different school types (junior, senior key, senior ordinary and senior vocational) in Shanghai with stratified-random sampling. Each student completed a self-administered and anonymous questionnaire that included DRM 52 Scale of Internet-use. The DRM 52 Scale was adapted for use in Shanghai from Young’s Internet Addiction Scale and contained 7 subscales related to psychological symptoms of AIA. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were both used to analyze the data. Results Of the 5,122 students, 449 (8.8%) were identified as internet addicts. Although adolescents who had bad (vs. good) academic achievement had lower levels of internet-use (p < 0.0001), they were more likely to develop AIA (odds ratio 4.79, 95% CI: 2.51-9.73, p < 0.0001) and have psychological symptoms in 6 of the 7 subscales (not in Time-consuming subscale). The likelihood of AIA was higher among those adolescents who were male, senior high school students, or had monthly spending >100 RMB (all p-values <0.05). Adolescents tended to develop AIA and show symptoms in all subscales when they spent more hours online weekly (however, more internet addicts overused internet on weekends than on weekdays, p < 0.0001) or when they used the internet mainly for playing games or real-time chatting. Conclusions This study provides evidence that adolescent personal factors play key roles in inducing AIA. Adolescents having aforementioned personal characteristics and online behaviors are at high-risk of developing AIA that may compound different psychological symptoms associated with AIA. Spending excessive time online is not in itself a defining symptom of AIA. More attention is needed on adolescent excessive weekend internet-use in prevention of potential internet addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Xinhua Hospital, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yu D, Yuan K, Qin W, Zhao L, Dong M, Liu P, Yang X, Liu J, Sun J, Zhou G, von Deneen KM, Tian J. Axonal loss of white matter in migraine without aura: a tract-based spatial statistics study. Cephalalgia 2012; 33:34-42. [PMID: 23150889 DOI: 10.1177/0333102412466964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Multiple diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived indices may help to deduce the pathophysiological type of white matter (WM) changes and provide more specific biomarkers of WM neuropathology in the whole brain of migraine patients without aura (MWoA). METHODS Twenty MWoA and 20 age-, education- and gender-matched healthy volunteers participated in this study. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was employed to investigate the WM abnormalities in MWoA by integrating multiple indices, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, MWoA showed significantly lower FA, MD and AD in multiple brain regions, whereas no difference in RD was observed. Specifically, the overlap among the lower FA, MD, and AD was found in the genu, body, and splenium part of the corpus callosum (CC), the right anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) and the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) in MWoA compared with healthy controls. Additionally, some of the above WM findings were significantly correlated with duration and headache frequency in MWoA. CONCLUSION Given that decreased AD may suggest axonal loss, our findings may reveal axonal loss in MWoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Yu
- Life Sciences Research Center, Xidian University, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The Internet has so radically changed the way we conduct our lives for a long time. However, maladaptive use of the internet has resulted in impairment of the individual's psychological well-being, academic failure and reduced work performance. While not yet officially codified within a psychopathological framework, Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is growing both in prevalence and within the public consciousness as a potentially problematic condition with many parallels to existing recognized disorders. Neuroimaging is a noninvasive way to reveal altered regional cerebral activity and structural changes. As there has been a recent rise in IAD, here, we review some of the neuroimaging IAD studies and discuss these findings.
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Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Internet and gaming addiction: a systematic literature review of neuroimaging studies. Brain Sci 2012; 2:347-74. [PMID: 24961198 PMCID: PMC4061797 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, research has accumulated suggesting that excessive Internet use can lead to the development of a behavioral addiction. Internet addiction has been considered as a serious threat to mental health and the excessive use of the Internet has been linked to a variety of negative psychosocial consequences. The aim of this review is to identify all empirical studies to date that used neuroimaging techniques to shed light upon the emerging mental health problem of Internet and gaming addiction from a neuroscientific perspective. Neuroimaging studies offer an advantage over traditional survey and behavioral research because with this method, it is possible to distinguish particular brain areas that are involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. A systematic literature search was conducted, identifying 18 studies. These studies provide compelling evidence for the similarities between different types of addictions, notably substance-related addictions and Internet and gaming addiction, on a variety of levels. On the molecular level, Internet addiction is characterized by an overall reward deficiency that entails decreased dopaminergic activity. On the level of neural circuitry, Internet and gaming addiction led to neuroadaptation and structural changes that occur as a consequence of prolonged increased activity in brain areas associated with addiction. On a behavioral level, Internet and gaming addicts appear to be constricted with regards to their cognitive functioning in various domains. The paper shows that understanding the neuronal correlates associated with the development of Internet and gaming addiction will promote future research and will pave the way for the development of addiction treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria J Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK.
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183
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Villanueva R. The cerebellum and neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:527-32. [PMID: 22436353 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Relative to non-human primates, in humans the cerebellum, and prefrontal cortex are brain regions which have undergone major evolutionary changes. In recent decades, progress in molecular biology and advances in the development of functional neuroimaging analysis have shown that the evolution of the human cerebellum was accompanied by the acquisition of more functions than were previously deduced from human post-mortem studies and animal experimentation. These new cerebellar functions included the control of attention and other cognitive functions, emotions and mood, and social behavior, which were all thought to represent cortical functions. The importance of this new view of cerebellar physiology has been confirmed by the frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders in individuals with cerebellar abnormalities. The information collected in this review emphasizes the importance of cerebellar studies in establishing the physiological substrate of mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Villanueva
- Servicio de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Paseo de Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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184
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Zhang Y, Tian J, von Deneen KM, Liu Y, Gold MS. Process addictions in 2012: food, internet and gambling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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185
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Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, Qin L, Zhao Z, Xu J, Lei H. Abnormal white matter integrity in adolescents with internet addiction disorder: a tract-based spatial statistics study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30253. [PMID: 22253926 PMCID: PMC3256221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is currently becoming a serious mental health issue around the globe. Previous studies regarding IAD were mainly focused on associated psychological examinations. However, there are few studies on brain structure and function about IAD. In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate white matter integrity in adolescents with IAD. Methodology/Principal Findings Seventeen IAD subjects and sixteen healthy controls without IAD participated in this study. Whole brain voxel-wise analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) was performed by tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to localize abnormal white matter regions between groups. TBSS demonstrated that IAD had significantly lower FA than controls throughout the brain, including the orbito-frontal white matter, corpus callosum, cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and corona radiation, internal and external capsules, while exhibiting no areas of higher FA. Volume-of-interest (VOI) analysis was used to detect changes of diffusivity indices in the regions showing FA abnormalities. In most VOIs, FA reductions were caused by an increase in radial diffusivity while no changes in axial diffusivity. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between FA and behavioral measures within the IAD group. Significantly negative correlations were found between FA values in the left genu of the corpus callosum and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and between FA values in the left external capsule and the Young's Internet addiction scale. Conclusions Our findings suggest that IAD demonstrated widespread reductions of FA in major white matter pathways and such abnormal white matter structure may be linked to some behavioral impairments. In addition, white matter integrity may serve as a potential new treatment target and FA may be as a qualified biomarker to understand the underlying neural mechanisms of injury or to assess the effectiveness of specific early interventions in IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasong Du
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lindi Qin
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Zhao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JX); (HL)
| | - Hao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JX); (HL)
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