151
|
Bártholo TP, Costa CHD, Rufino R. Evaluation of von Willebrand factor in COPD patients. J Bras Pneumol 2015; 40:373-9. [PMID: 25210959 PMCID: PMC4201167 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132014000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the absolute serum von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels and relative serum vWF activity in patients with clinically stable COPD, smokers without airway obstruction, and healthy never-smokers. METHODS The study included 57 subjects, in three groups: COPD (n = 36); smoker (n = 12); and control (n = 9). During the selection phase, all participants underwent chest X-rays, spirometry, and blood testing. Absolute serum vWF levels and relative serum vWF activity were obtained by turbidimetry and ELISA, respectively. The modified Medical Research Council scale (cut-off score = 2) was used in order to classify COPD patients as symptomatic or mildly symptomatic/asymptomatic. RESULTS Absolute vWF levels were significantly lower in the control group than in the smoker and COPD groups: 989 ± 436 pg/mL vs. 2,220 ± 746 pg/mL (p < 0.001) and 1,865 ± 592 pg/mL (p < 0.01). Relative serum vWF activity was significantly higher in the COPD group than in the smoker group (136.7 ± 46.0% vs. 92.8 ± 34.0%; p < 0.05), as well as being significantly higher in the symptomatic COPD subgroup than in the mildly symptomatic/asymptomatic COPD subgroup (154 ± 48% vs. 119 ± 8%; p < 0.05). In all three groups, there was a negative correlation between FEV1 (% of predicted) and relative serum vWF activity (r2 = -0.13; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that increases in vWF levels and activity contribute to the persistence of systemic inflammation, as well as increasing cardiovascular risk, in COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rogério Rufino
- Department of Pulmonology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Li CI, Li TC, Liu CS, Lin WY, Chen CC, Yang SY, Lin CC. Extreme values of hemoglobin a1c are associated with increased risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a competing risk analysis in national cohort of Taiwan diabetes study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e367. [PMID: 25569658 PMCID: PMC4602831 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with type 2 diabetes.We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 45,753 patients with type 2 diabetes, who participated in the National Diabetes Case Management Program in Taiwan. HbA1c at baseline and COPD events over the subsequent years were analyzed.After multivariate adjustment, the COPD risk increased among patients with HbA1c levels <6.0%, compared with that in patients with HbA1c levels ranging from 6.0% to 7.0% (hazard ratio: 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.34). Similarly, high HbA1c levels (≥10%) were independently associated with COPD (1.19, 95% CI: 1.06-1.32). A U-shaped relationship was observed between HbA1c levels and COPD incidence.HbA1c levels lower than 6.0% and higher than 10% are associated with an increased risk of COPD in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that meeting the recommended HbA1c targets might reduce the risk of COPD, but care should be taken not to pose risks to this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ing Li
- From the Department of Medical Research (C-IL, C-SL, C-CL), China Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine (C-IL, C-SL, W-YL, C-CL), College of Medicine; Graduate Institute of Biostatistics (T-CL, S-YY), College of Management, China Medical University; Department of Healthcare Administration (T-CL), College of Health Science, Asia University; Department of Family Medicine (C-SL, C-CL, W-YL); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (C-CC), Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital; and School of Chinese Medicine (C-CC), College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
McGarvey L, Lee AJ, Roberts J, Gruffydd-Jones K, McKnight E, Haughney J. Characterisation of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in COPD patients in a large UK primary care population. Respir Med 2014; 109:228-37. [PMID: 25613107 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'frequent exacerbator' is recognised as an important phenotype in COPD. Current understanding about this phenotype comes from prospective longitudinal clinical trials in secondary/tertiary care with little information reported in primary care populations. AIMS To characterize the frequent-exacerbator phenotype and identify associated risk factors in a large UK primary care COPD population. METHODS Using a large database of primary care patients from 80 UK general practices, patients were categorised using GOLD 2014 criteria into high and low risk groups based on exacerbation history. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate covariates associated with the frequent-exacerbator phenotype and risk of experiencing a severe exacerbation (leading to hospitalisation). RESULTS Of the total study population (n = 9219), 2612 (28%) fulfilled the criteria for high risk frequent-exacerbators. Independent risk factors (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]) for ≥2 exacerbations were: most severely impaired modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea score (mMRC grade 4: 4.37 [2.64-7.23]), lower FEV1 percent predicted (FEV1 <30%: 2.42 [1.61-3.65]), co-morbid cardiovascular disease (1.42 [1.19-1.68]), depression (1.56 [1.22-1.99]) or osteoporosis (1.54 [1.19-2.01]), and female gender (1.20 [1.01-1.43]). Older patients (≥75 years), those with most severe lung impairment (FEV1 <30%), those with highest mMRC score and those with co-morbid osteoporosis were identified as most at risk of experiencing exacerbations requiring hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS Although COPD exacerbations occur across all grades of disease severity, female patients with high dyspnoea scores, more severely impaired lung function and co-morbidities are at greatest risk. Elderly patients, with severely impaired lung function, high mMRC scores and osteoporosis are associated with experience of severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan McGarvey
- Centre of Infection and Immunity, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK.
| | - Amanda J Lee
- Medical Statistics Team, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | | - John Haughney
- Centre of Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Müllerová H, Shukla A, Hawkins A, Quint J. Risk factors for acute exacerbations of COPD in a primary care population: a retrospective observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e006171. [PMID: 25524545 PMCID: PMC4275672 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate risk factors associated with exacerbation frequency in primary care. Information on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has mainly been generated by secondary care-based clinical cohorts. DESIGN Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING Electronic medical records database (England and Wales). PARTICIPANTS 58,589 patients with COPD aged ≥40 years with COPD diagnosis recorded between 1 April 2009 and 30 September 2012, and with at least 365 days of follow-up before and after the COPD diagnosis, were identified in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Mean age: 69 years; 47% female; mean forced expiratory volume in 1s 60% predicted. OUTCOME MEASURES Data on moderate or severe exacerbation episodes defined by diagnosis and/or medication codes 12 months following cohort entry were retrieved, together with demographic and clinical characteristics. Associations between patient characteristics and odds of having none versus one, none versus frequent (≥2) and one versus frequent exacerbations over 12 months follow-up were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS During follow-up, 23% of patients had evidence of frequent moderate-to-severe COPD exacerbations (24% one; 53% none). Independent predictors of increased odds of having exacerbations during the follow-up, either frequent episodes or one episode, included prior exacerbations, increasing dyspnoea score, increasing grade of airflow limitation, females and prior or current history of several comorbidities (eg, asthma, depression, anxiety, heart failure and cancer). CONCLUSIONS Primary care-managed patients with COPD at the highest risk of exacerbations can be identified by exploring medical history for the presence of prior exacerbations, greater COPD disease severity and co-occurrence of other medical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Shukla
- Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Adam Hawkins
- Global Respiratory Franchise, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Quint
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Pretorius E, Kell DB. Diagnostic morphology: biophysical indicators for iron-driven inflammatory diseases. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:486-510. [PMID: 24714688 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00025k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most non-communicable diseases involve inflammatory changes in one or more vascular systems, and there is considerable evidence that unliganded iron plays major roles in this. Most studies concentrate on biochemical changes, but there are important biophysical correlates. Here we summarize recent microscopy-based observations to the effect that iron can have major effects on erythrocyte morphology, on erythrocyte deformability and on both fibrinogen polymerization and the consequent structure of the fibrin clots formed, each of which contributes significantly and negatively to such diseases. We highlight in particular type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemic thrombotic stroke, systemic lupus erythematosus, hereditary hemochromatosis and Alzheimer's disease, while recognizing that many other diseases have co-morbidities (and similar causes). Inflammatory biomarkers such as ferritin and fibrinogen are themselves inflammatory, creating a positive feedback that exacerbates disease progression. The biophysical correlates we describe may provide novel, inexpensive and useful biomarkers of the therapeutic benefits of successful treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Lock-Johansson S, Vestbo J, Sorensen GL. Surfactant protein D, Club cell protein 16, Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine, C-reactive protein, and Fibrinogen biomarker variation in chronic obstructive lung disease. Respir Res 2014; 15:147. [PMID: 25425298 PMCID: PMC4256818 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a multifaceted condition that cannot be fully described by the severity of airway obstruction. The limitations of spirometry and clinical history have prompted researchers to investigate a multitude of surrogate biomarkers of disease for the assessment of patients, prediction of risk, and guidance of treatment. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of observations for a selection of recently investigated pulmonary inflammatory biomarkers (Surfactant protein D (SP-D), Club cell protein 16 (CC-16), and Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC/CCL-18)) and systemic inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen) with COPD. The relevance of these biomarkers for COPD is discussed in terms of their biological plausibility, their independent association to disease and hard clinical outcomes, their modification by interventions, and whether changes in clinical outcomes are reflected by changes in the biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lock-Johansson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloews Vej 25.3, Odense, 5000, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Respiratory Research Group, Manchester Academic Science Centre University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloews Vej 25.3, Odense, 5000, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective study. Inflammation 2014; 37:374-80. [PMID: 24078279 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the lung with a high mortality and morbidity rate. Some of the inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count are associated with COPD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in COPD patients comparing with the other well-known inflammatory markers. We retrospectively enrolled the laboratory results of 269 COPD patients of which 178 patients at stable period and 91 patients during acute exacerbation and 50 sex- and age- matched healthy controls. We found that NLR values of the stable COPD patients were significantly higher than those of the controls (P < 0.001). During acute exacerbation of the disease there was a further increase compared to stable period (P < 0.001). NLR values were also positively correlated with serum CRP levels and red cell distribution width (RDW) and negatively correlated with mean platelet volume (MPV) in both COPD groups. In conclusion, NLR could be considered as a new inflammatory marker for assessment of inflammation in COPD patients with its quick, cheap, easily measurable property with routine complete blood count analysis.
Collapse
|
158
|
Identification of airway bacterial colonization by an electronic nose in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respir Med 2014; 108:1608-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
159
|
Nakou A, Papaparaskevas J, Diamantea F, Skarmoutsou N, Polychronopoulos V, Tsakris A. A prospective study on bacterial and atypical etiology of acute exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:1251-60. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim: The bacterial and atypical etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was investigated and the diagnostic techniques used were compared among 92 hospitalized patients. Materials & methods: Sputum specimens were investigated using culture and PCR, serological status evaluation was performed and the inflammatory profile was associated with the microbiological results. Results & conclusion: The majority of the patients (65.2%) had very severe airway obstruction. The most common bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.9 and 14.1%, respectively). Acinetobacter baumannii- and P. aeruginosa-positive cultures were associated with prolonged hospitalization and severe airway obstruction (p = 0.03 and 0.031, respectively). Chlamydia pneumoniae or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection was diagnosed in four and two patients, respectively. Discrepant results were detected between PCR and serology, especially regarding C. pneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nakou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Third Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglio District General Hospital, 15126, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Joseph Papaparaskevas
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Filia Diamantea
- Third Pulmonary Department, Sismanoglio District General Hospital, 15126, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Skarmoutsou
- Department of Microbiology, Sismanoglio District General Hospital, 15126, Maroussi, Greece
| | | | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Finney LJ, Ritchie A, Pollard E, Johnston SL, Mallia P. Lower airway colonization and inflammatory response in COPD: a focus on Haemophilus influenzae. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:1119-32. [PMID: 25342897 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s54477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is common both in stable patients and during acute exacerbations. The most frequent bacteria detected in COPD patients is Haemophilus influenzae, and it appears this organism is uniquely adapted to exploit immune deficiencies associated with COPD and to establish persistent infection in the lower respiratory tract. The presence of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract in stable COPD is termed colonization; however, there is increasing evidence that this is not an innocuous phenomenon but is associated with airway inflammation, increased symptoms, and increased risk for exacerbations. In this review, we discuss host immunity that offers protection against H. influenzae and how disturbance of these mechanisms, combined with pathogen mechanisms of immune evasion, promote persistence of H. influenzae in the lower airways in COPD. In addition, we examine the role of H. influenzae in COPD exacerbations, as well as interactions between H. influenzae and respiratory virus infections, and review the role of treatments and their effect on COPD outcomes. This review focuses predominantly on data derived from human studies but will refer to animal studies where they contribute to understanding the disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Finney
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ritchie
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: What Does the Future Hold? Drugs 2014; 74:1983-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
162
|
Baldi S, Jose PE, Bruschi C, Pinna GD, Maestri R, Rezzani A, Bellinzona E, Fracchia C, Dacosto E, Crotti P, Montemartini S. The mediating role of cytokine IL-6 on the relationship of FEV₁ upon 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:1091-9. [PMID: 25336940 PMCID: PMC4199845 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s57845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore the mediating role of protein interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the relationship between forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and, further, to determine whether status variables (such as age, sex, and body mass index [BMI]) operate as moderators of this mediation relationship. Design Moderated mediation model. Setting An inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation center in Italy. Participants All 153 patients involved in the screening of a randomized controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01253941) were included in this study. All patients were Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages I–IV and were aged 70.1±9.1 years. Measurements At run-in phase of the protocol, clinical and functional screening included BMI, fasting plasma levels of protein (IL-6), spirometry, and standardized 6-minute walking test, measured at the start of the respiratory rehabilitation program. Methods The size of the indirect effect of the initial variable (FEV1) upon the outcome variable (6MWD) through the intervening variable (IL-6) was computed and tested for statistical significance. Moderated mediation analyses were subsequently conducted with age, sex, and BMI. Results FEV1 averaged 53.4%±21.2%, and 6MWD 66.4%±41.3% of predicted. Median protein IL-6 was 6.68 pg/mL (interquartile range: 5.96). A bootstrapped mediation test supported the predicted indirect pathway (P=0.003). The indirect effect through IL-6 log units accounted for 17% of the total effect between FEV1 and 6MWD. Age functioned as a significant moderator of the mediational pattern. For individuals aged <70 years, the standardized indirect effect was significant (0.122, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.044–0.254, P=0.004), and for individuals >70 years it was not significant (0.04, 95% CI: –0.010 to 0.142, P=0.10). Conclusion This moderated mediation result based on concurrent data suggests, but does not prove, a causal role of systemic inflammatory syndrome on progression from functional impairment to “frailty” status and substantial disability in aging chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Baldi
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paul E Jose
- School of Psychology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Claudio Bruschi
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gian Domenico Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Maestri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Rezzani
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ezio Bellinzona
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Fracchia
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Dacosto
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Crotti
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Montemartini
- Department of Pneumology, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Triantafilou K, Triantafilou M. Ion flux in the lung: virus-induced inflammasome activation. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:580-8. [PMID: 24986075 PMCID: PMC7126464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity has a primary role in lung antimicrobial defenses. The inflammasome has evolved for this purpose and is an important surveillance system that, when triggered, fights infection and eliminates pathogens. However, there is growing evidence that the inflammasome also plays a role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic respiratory disease. Inflammasomes contribute to both the clearance of the pathogen as well as its pathogenesis - depending on the amount of inflammation triggered. How respiratory viruses trigger inflammasome activation remains unclear. Emerging evidence shows that ion flux is responsible for triggering inflammasome activation in the lung, causing lung pathology and disease exacerbations. Viroporins, encoded by all common respiratory viruses, are responsible for the changes in intracellular ion homeostasis that modulate inflammasome activation. This is a novel mechanism by which respiratory viral infection activates inflammasomes, and identifies sensing of disturbances in intracellular ionic concentrations as a novel pathogen-recognition pathway in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Triantafilou
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Martha Triantafilou
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Calligaro GL, Gray DM. Lung function abnormalities in HIV-infected adults and children. Respirology 2014; 20:24-32. [PMID: 25251876 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a global health crisis with a high burden of respiratory disease among infected persons. While the early complications of the epidemic were dominated by opportunistic infections, improved survival has led to the emergence of non-infectious conditions that are associated with chronic respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disability. Obstructive ventilatory defects and reduced diffusing capacity are common findings in adults, and the association between HIV and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is increasingly recognized. There is synergism between viral factors, opportunistic infections, conventional influences like tobacco smoke and biomass fuel exposure, and potentially, the immunological effects of ART on the development of HIV-associated chronic obstructive lung disease. Pulmonary function data for HIV-infected infants and children are scarce, but shows that bronchiectasis and obliterative bronchiolitis with severe airflow limitation are major problems, particularly in the developing world. However, studies from these regions are sorely lacking. There is thus a major unmet need to understand the influences of chronic HIV infection on the lung in both adults and children, and to devise strategies to manage and prevent these diseases in HIV-infected individuals. It is important for clinicians working with HIV-infected individuals to have an appreciation of their effects on measurements of lung function. This review therefore summarizes the lung function abnormalities described in HIV-positive adults and children, with an emphasis on obstructive lung disease, and examines potential pathogenic links between HIV and the development of chronic pulmonary disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Calligaro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Nikota JK, Shen P, Morissette MC, Fernandes K, Roos A, Chu DK, Barra NG, Iwakura Y, Kolbeck R, Humbles AA, Stampfli MR. Cigarette smoke primes the pulmonary environment to IL-1α/CXCR-2-dependent nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-exacerbated neutrophilia in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3134-45. [PMID: 25092891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has a broad impact on the mucosal environment with the ability to alter host defense mechanisms. Within the context of a bacterial infection, this altered host response is often accompanied by exacerbated cellular inflammation, characterized by increased neutrophilia. The current study investigated the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure and, subsequently, a model of both cigarette smoke exposure and bacterial infection. We investigated the role of IL-1 signaling in neutrophil recruitment and found that cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1α produced by alveolar macrophages. In addition to being the crucial source of IL-1α, alveolar macrophages isolated from smoke-exposed mice were primed for excessive IL-1α production in response to bacterial ligands. To test the relevance of exaggerated IL-1α production in neutrophil recruitment, a model of cigarette smoke exposure and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infection was developed. Mice exposed to cigarette smoke elaborated an exacerbated CXCR2-dependent neutrophilia in response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Exacerbated neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1α priming of the pulmonary environment by cigarette smoke as exaggerated neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1 signaling. These data characterize a novel mechanism of cigarette smoke priming the lung mucosa toward greater IL-1-driven neutrophilic responses to bacteria, with a central role for the alveolar macrophage in this process.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL1/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CXCL5/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CXCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL5/immunology
- Female
- Haemophilus Infections/immunology
- Haemophilus Infections/microbiology
- Haemophilus influenzae/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Interleukin-1alpha/immunology
- Leukocyte Count
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/immunology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/microbiology
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Nicotiana/adverse effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake K Nikota
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Pamela Shen
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kimberly Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Abraham Roos
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Derek K Chu
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nicole G Barra
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | | | | | - Martin R Stampfli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Ravi AK, Khurana S, Lemon J, Plumb J, Booth G, Healy L, Catley M, Vestbo J, Singh D. Increased levels of soluble interleukin-6 receptor and CCL3 in COPD sputum. Respir Res 2014; 15:103. [PMID: 25183374 PMCID: PMC4156958 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COPD patients have increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling via its soluble receptor sIL-6R, governs the influx of innate immune cells to inflammatory foci through regulation of the chemokine CCL3. We hypothesized that there would be enhanced levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and CCL3 in COPD sputum. Methods 59 COPD patients, 15 HNS and 15 S underwent sputum induction and processing with phosphate buffered saline to obtain supernatants for IL-6, sIL-6R and CCL3 analysis. Cytoslides were produced for differential cell counting and immunocytochemistry (COPD; n = 3) to determine cell type surface expression of the CCL3 receptors CCR5 and CCR1. Results COPD patients expressed higher levels (p < 0.05) of sIL-6R and CCL3 compared to controls (sIL-6R medians pg/ml: COPD 166.4 vs S 101.1 vs HNS 96.4; CCL3 medians pg/ml: COPD 117.9 vs S 0 vs HNS 2.7). COPD sIL-6R levels were significantly correlated with sputum neutrophil (r = 0.5, p < 0.0001) and macrophage (r = 0.3, p = 0.01) counts. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that CCR5 and CCR1 were exclusively expressed on airway macrophages. Conclusion Enhanced airway generation of sIL-6R may promote IL-6 trans-signaling in COPD. Associated upregulation of CCL3 may facilitate the recruitment of macrophages into the airways by ligation of CCR1 and CCR5. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0103-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
167
|
Gökdeniz T, Kalaycıoğlu E, Boyacı F, Aykan AÇ, Gürsoy MO, Hatem E, Börekçi A, Karabag Y, Altun S. The BODE Index, a Multidimensional Grading System, Reflects Impairment of Right Ventricle Functions in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Speckle-Tracking Study. Respiration 2014; 88:223-33. [DOI: 10.1159/000365222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
168
|
de Moraes MR, da Costa AC, Corrêa KDS, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Rabahi MF. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 blood levels' poor association with the severity and clinical profile of ex-smokers with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:735-43. [PMID: 25114519 PMCID: PMC4122580 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s64135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of interleukins in the severity and clinical profile of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not known, but evidence supports the contribution of systemic inflammation to disease pathophysiology. This study evaluated the relationship of serum biomarkers to the severity and clinical parameters of COPD. Methods and findings Serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured in 50 patients with stable COPD and in 16 controls. The levels of these biomarkers were compared with parameters of severity, such as the grading of flow obstruction using the recommendations of the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, the BMI (body mass index), obstruction, dyspnea, exercise capacity (health index) index, the number of exacerbations within the last year, and peripheral oxygen saturation after the six-minute walk test, and with clinical parameters, such as bronchitis and non-bronchitis phenotypes, the number of associated comorbidities, and the smoking burden. COPD patients exhibited higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 compared to the control group. Higher levels of IL-6 occurred in COPD groups with body mass index <21 kg/m2, with more than two exacerbations in the past year, with a higher smoking burden, and with bronchitis. The increase in serum IL-8 was found only in the group with the highest number of exacerbations within the previous year. Conclusion Increased IL-6 was mainly associated with smoking burden, in patients who had smoked for more than 30 pack-years and exhibited a bronchitis phenotype. No direct association was observed for both IL-6 and IL-8 blood levels with the severity of COPD in ex-smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeliane Castro da Costa
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Krislainy de Sousa Corrêa
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Alahmari AD, Patel ARC, Kowlessar BS, Mackay AJ, Singh R, Wedzicha JA, Donaldson GC. Daily activity during stability and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:98. [PMID: 24885188 PMCID: PMC4057595 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During most COPD exacerbations, patients continue to live in the community but there is little information on changes in activity during exacerbations due to the difficulties of obtaining recent, prospective baseline data. Methods Patients recorded on daily diary cards any worsening in respiratory symptoms, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and the number of steps taken per day measured with a Yamax Digi-walker pedometer. Exacerbations were defined by increased respiratory symptoms and the number of exacerbations experienced in the 12 months preceding the recording of daily step count used to divide patients into frequent (> = 2/year) or infrequent exacerbators. Results The 73 COPD patients (88% male) had a mean (±SD) age 71(±8) years and FEV1 53(±16)% predicted. They recorded pedometer data on a median 198 days (IQR 134–353). At exacerbation onset, symptom count rose by 1.9(±1.3) and PEF fell by 7(±13) l/min. Mean daily step count fell from 4154(±2586) steps/day during a preceding baseline week to 3673(±2258) step/day during the initial 7 days of exacerbation (p = 0.045). Patients with larger falls in activity at exacerbation took longer to recover to stable level (rho = −0.56; p < 0.001). Recovery in daily step count was faster (median 3.5 days) than for exacerbation symptoms (median 11 days; p < 0.001). Recovery in step count was also faster in untreated compared to treated exacerbation (p = 0.030). Daily step count fell faster over time in the 40 frequent exacerbators, by 708 steps/year, compared to 338 steps/year in 33 infrequent exacerbators (p = 0.002). Conclusions COPD exacerbations reduced physical activity and frequent exacerbations accelerate decline in activity over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayedh D Alahmari
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Calero C, Arellano E, Lopez-Villalobos JL, Sánchez-López V, Moreno-Mata N, López-Campos JL. Differential expression of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in different cell types in the lung tissue of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:95. [PMID: 24884805 PMCID: PMC4051146 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic systemic inflammatory syndrome has been implicated in the pathobiology of extrapulmonary manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to investigate which cell types within lung tissue are responsible for expressing major acute-phase reactants in COPD patients and disease-free ("resistant") smokers. METHODS An observational case-control study was performed to investigate three different cell types in surgical lung samples of COPD patients and resistant smokers via expression of the C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA1, SAA2 and SAA4) genes. Epithelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts from the lung parenchyma were separated by magnetic microbeads (CD326, CD14 and anti-fibroblast), and gene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. RESULTS The sample consisted of 74 subjects, including 40 COPD patients and 34 smokers without disease. All three cell types were capable of synthesizing these biomarkers to some extent. In fibroblasts, gene expression analysis of the studied biomarkers demonstrated increased SAA2 and decreased SAA1 in patients with COPD. In epithelial cells, there was a marked increase in CRP, which was not observed in fibroblasts or macrophages. In macrophages, however, gene expression of these markers was decreased in COPD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel information regarding the gene expression of CRP and SAA in different cell types in the lung parenchyma. This study revealed differences in the expression of these markers according to cell type and disease status and contributes to the identification of cell types that are responsible for the secretion of these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Calero
- Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Nakamura M, Nakamura H, Minematsu N, Chubachi S, Miyazaki M, Yoshida S, Tsuduki K, Shirahata T, Mashimo S, Takahashi S, Nakajima T, Tateno H, Fujishima S, Betsuyaku T. Plasma cytokine profiles related to smoking-sensitivity and phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomarkers 2014; 19:368-77. [PMID: 24842387 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2014.915342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops only in smoking-sensitive smokers and manifests heterogeneous phenotypes, including emphysema and non-emphysema types. We aimed to identify biomarkers related to the smoking-sensitivity and phenotypes of COPD. Among 240 smokers suggestive of COPD, we studied on four groups defined by % forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and computed tomography-based pulmonary emphysema. Plasma concentrations of 33 inflammatory markers were measured in four groups as well as Non-smokers using multiplex protein arrays. IL-5, IL-7 and IL-13 were identified to be associated with smoking sensitivity and IL-6 and IL-10 were candidate biomarkers for airway-lesion dominant COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakamura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Agassandian M, Shurin GV, Ma Y, Shurin MR. C-reactive protein and lung diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:77-88. [PMID: 24853773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), a member of the pentraxin family of plasma proteins, is one of the most distinctive acute phase reactants. In response to inflammation, cell damage or tissue injury, plasma level of CRP rapidly and dramatically increases up to 1000-fold, a phenomenon that has been used for years to monitor infections and many destructive/inflammatory conditions. The magnitude of CRP increase usually correlates with the severity of injury or inflammation and reflects an important physiological role of this interesting but still under-investigated protein. It is now generally accepted that CRP is involved in host defense and inflammation. However, the exact function of this protein in health and disease remains unclear. Many studies have demonstrated that in different pathophysiological conditions CRP might be involved in the regulation of lung function and may participate in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary disorders. The fluctuation of CRP concentrations in both alveolar fluid and serum associated with different pulmonary diseases suggests its important role in lung biology. Discussion of the still controversial functions of CRP in lung physiology and diseases is the main focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Agassandian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Yang H, Xiang P, Zhang E, Guo W, Shi Y, Zhang S, Tong Z. Predictors of exacerbation frequency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Med Res 2014; 19:18. [PMID: 24713440 PMCID: PMC4004527 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-19-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are sporadic, acute worsening of symptoms. Identifying predictors of exacerbation frequency may facilitate medical interventions that reduce exacerbation frequency and severity. The objective of this study was to determine predictors of exacerbation frequency and mortality. Methods A total of 227 COPD patients were enrolled in a prospective clinical study between January 2000 and December 2011. Reported exacerbations were recorded for the year preceding enrollment and annually thereafter, and patients were grouped by median annual exacerbation frequency into those experiencing infrequent exacerbations (less than one exacerbation annually) and frequent exacerbations (one or more exacerbation annually). Patients experiencing frequent exacerbations were further divided into those experiencing moderately frequent exacerbations (fewer than two exacerbations per year) and severely frequent exacerbations (two or more exacerbations per year). The rate of clinical relapse and survival was recorded over a 10-year period. The mean of follow-up time was 5.15 years per patient. Results For patients experiencing infrequent, moderately frequent, and severely frequent exacerbations, median exacerbations in the year preceding enrollment were 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, respectively, and more frequent exacerbations correlated with lower baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (0.81 L, 0.75 L, and 0.66 L, respectively), higher comorbidity (70.7%, 75.0%, and 89.4%, respectively), and greater NPPV use during hospitalization (16.4%, 35.9% and 51.1%, respectively). FEV1 declined and mortality increased with increasing exacerbation frequency. Conclusions Exacerbation frequency can be used to generate discreet patient subpopulations, supporting the hypothesis that multiple COPD phenotypes exist and can be used in patient risk stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Beijing, Capital Medical University, No, 8 Gong Ti Southern Road, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Ucar EY, Araz O, Meral M, Sonkaya E, Saglam L, Kaynar H, Gorguner AM, Akgun M. Two different dosages of nebulized steroid versus parenteral steroid in the management of COPD exacerbations: a randomized control trial. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:513-20. [PMID: 24675102 PMCID: PMC3976199 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of nebulized steroid (NS) with systemic corticosteroids (SC) and to determine optimal NS dose in the treatment of patients with COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was a randomized, parallel design trial. Eligible patients (n=86) were randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 treatment groups: parenteral corticosteroid (PS) (n=33), 4 mg (NB) (n=27), or 8 mg NB (n=26). Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2), carbon dioxide (PaCO2), pH, and oxygen saturation (SaO2) were evaluated at baseline, 24 h, 48 h, and discharge. Airway obstruction (forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume 1 s [FEV1]) was evaluated at admission and discharge. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups for all parameters at all time periods, except for higher FEV1 value in the 8-mg NB group at baseline. In groups, significant differences were determined for FVC, FEV1, PaO2, and SaO2 (p<0.001), but not for PaCO2 and pH, in comparison to their baseline values. As adverse events, hyperglycemia and oral moniliasis were observed in the PS group (n=4) and in the NB groups (n=5), respectively, and treatment change was required in 9 patients (2 patients in the PS group and 7 patients in the NB groups) (p=0.57). CONCLUSIONS Nebulized budesonide may be used as an alternative to SC because of its equal effectiveness and lesser systemic adverse effects. The choice of optimal dosage needs to be evaluated carefully because adverse effect and dropout rates varied according to dosage. However, there is a need for further studies including more severe cases and evaluating long-term outcomes or relapses comparing the 3 arms.
Collapse
|
175
|
Perez T, Garcia G, Roche N, Bautin N, Chambellan A, Chaouat A, Court-Fortune I, Delclaux B, Guenard H, Jebrak G, Orvoen-Frija E, Terrioux P. Société de pneumologie de langue française. Recommandation pour la pratique clinique. Prise en charge de la BPCO. Mise à jour 2012. Exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire. Texte long. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 31:263-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
176
|
Choudhury G, Rabinovich R, MacNee W. Comorbidities and Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35:101-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
177
|
Chang C, Yao W. Time course of inflammation resolution in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:311-20. [PMID: 24569299 PMCID: PMC3943719 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) occurs frequently, patients have high levels of airway and systemic inflammation and a poor quality of life. This study compared the nature and course of systemic and airway inflammation during AECOPD between patients who experienced frequent exacerbations and those with non-frequent exacerbations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Consecutive hospitalized patients with AECOPD were recruited and divided into 2 groups according to the frequency of AECOPD they had experienced in the previous year. Frequent exacerbators (defined as 2 or more AECOPD in the previous year) and non-frequent exacerbators (defined as zero or 1 AECOPD in the previous year). Inflammatory (interleukin 6, interleukin 8, myeloperoxidase, and C-reactive protein) and clinical (dyspnea, COPD assessment test (CAT), and peak expiratory flow) indices were assessed on the day of admission before starting therapy, day 7 of treatment, the day of planned discharge (day 10-14), and 8 weeks after discharge. RESULTS We analyzed data from 135 patients; 78 (57.8%) were non-frequent exacerbators and 57 (42.2%) were frequent exacerbators. In both groups, the inflammatory and clinical indices at day 7, the day of planned discharge (day 10-14), and 8 weeks were significantly improved compared to those at admission. Frequent exacerbators had a smaller reduction in their inflammatory indices and CAT scores between exacerbation onset and all the other time points compared with infrequent exacerbators. CONCLUSIONS Frequent exacerbators have a reduced response to treatment of AECOPD in terms of inflammatory indices and quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Wanzhen Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Siva R, Bafadhel M, Monteiro W, Brightling CE, Pavord ID. Effect of levofloxacin on neutrophilic airway inflammation in stable COPD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:179-86. [PMID: 24532969 PMCID: PMC3923615 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s55419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Airway inflammation persists after smoking cessation in established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), suggesting that other factors drive the airway inflammatory response. Objectives We tested the hypothesis that high levels of bacterial colonization are associated with increased levels of neutrophilic airway inflammation in stable COPD by examining the cross-sectional relationship between these measurements and by conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of levofloxacin in patients with stable COPD. Methods Patients were randomized to receive either levofloxacin 500 mg daily or placebo for 7 days and underwent sputum induction for a differential cell count and quantitative bacterial analysis at baseline and at days 7, 14, and 28. Results Sputum percentage neutrophil count correlated with airway bacterial load at baseline (r=0.56; P=0.003). Levofloxacin reduced bacterial load compared with placebo by 4.9-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.4–25.7; P=0.02) at day 7 but had no effect at any point on any marker of neutrophilic airway inflammation. In patients with a baseline bacterial load of more than 106 cfu/mL, levofloxacin treatment was associated with a 26.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.8%–51.3%; P=0.04) greater reduction in the percentage neutrophil count compared with placebo at day 7. Change in percentage neutrophil count correlated significantly with baseline airway bacterial load and change in airway bacterial load. Conclusion In stable COPD, levofloxacin treatment causes a short-term reduction in bacterial load. This is associated with a reduction in neutrophilic airway inflammation in patients with high bacterial loads. Further studies are required to investigate whether this effect is clinically advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Siva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon Health Services NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mona Bafadhel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - William Monteiro
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian D Pavord
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Multidetector Computed Tomographic Imaging in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Radiol Clin North Am 2014; 52:137-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
180
|
O'Reilly PJ, Jackson PL, Wells JM, Dransfield MT, Scanlon PD, Blalock JE. Sputum PGP is reduced by azithromycin treatment in patients with COPD and correlates with exacerbations. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e004140. [PMID: 24366582 PMCID: PMC3884851 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Proline-glycine-proline (PGP), a neutrophil chemoattractant derived from the enzymatic breakdown of collagen, is elevated in sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may contribute to disease progression. Whether sputum levels of PGP respond to therapy for COPD or predict outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVES We conducted a study ancillary to a multicenter trial of the efficacy of azithromycin treatment for 1 year in preventing COPD exacerbations to test whether sputum levels of PGP were altered by treatment or associated with exacerbation frequency. METHODS We collected remnant sputa from trial participants and assayed them in a blinded fashion for PGP, myeloperoxidase and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and for the ability to generate PGP from collagen ex vivo. Once the parent trial was unblinded, the results were correlated with use of azithromycin or placebo and exacerbations in participants. RESULTS Azithromycin treatment significantly reduced sputum levels of PGP and myeloperoxidase in patients with COPD, particularly with increased duration of therapy. We found no difference in sputum MMP-9 or PGP generation between participants taking azithromycin or placebo. Sputum PGP levels were highest around the time of an exacerbation and declined with successful treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data support a role for PGP in the airway and parenchymal neutrophilic inflammation that drives COPD progression and exacerbations, and provide new information on the anti-inflammatory properties of macrolides. PGP may have potential as a target for novel anti-inflammatory therapies in COPD and as a biomarker for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J O'Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Patricia L Jackson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - J Michael Wells
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Paul D Scanlon
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with chronic inflammation affecting predominantly lung parenchyma and peripheral airways and results in largely irreversible and progressive airflow limitation. This inflammation is characterized by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes, which are recruited from the circulation. Oxidative stress plays a key role in driving this inflammation. The pulmonary inflammation may enhance the development and growth of lung cancer. The peripheral inflammation extends into the circulation, resulting in systemic inflammation with the same inflammatory proteins. Systemic inflammation may worsen comorbidities. Treatment of pulmonary inflammation may therefore have beneficial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Abstract
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one of the commonest causes of hospital admission in Europe, Australasia, and North America. These adverse events have a large effect on the health status of the patients and impose a heavy burden on healthcare systems. While we acknowledge the contribution of pharmacotherapies to exacerbation prevention, our interpretation of the data is that exacerbations continue to be a major burden to individuals and healthcare systems, therefore, there remains great scope for other therapies to influence exacerbation frequency and preservation of quality of life. In this review, the benefits and limitations of pulmonary rehabilitation, non-invasive ventilation, smoking cessation, and long-term oxygen therapy are discussed. In addition, supported discharge, advanced care coordination, and telehealth programs to improve clinical outcome are reviewed as future directions for the management of COPD.
Collapse
|
183
|
Koutsokera A, Kostikas K, Nicod LP, Fitting JW. Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review. Respir Res 2013; 14:111. [PMID: 24143945 PMCID: PMC4014989 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) represent a major burden for patients and health care systems. Innovative sampling techniques have led to the identification of several pulmonary biomarkers. Although some molecules are promising, their usefulness in clinical practice is not yet established. Medline and Highwire databases were used to identify studies evaluating pulmonary sampled biomarkers in ECOPD. We combined 3 terms for ECOPD, 3 for biomarkers and 6 for the sampling method. Seventy-nine studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the review and were analyzed further. Pulmonary biomarkers sampled with non-invasive, semi-invasive and invasive methods were evaluated for their potential to illustrate the disease's clinical course, to correlate to clinical variables and to predict clinical outcomes, ECOPD etiology and response to treatment. According to published data several pulmonary biomarkers assessed in ECOPD have the potential to illustrate the natural history of disease through the modification of their levels. Among the clinically relevant molecules, those that have been studied the most and appear to be promising are spontaneous and induced sputum biomarkers for reflecting clinical severity and symptomatic recovery, as well as for directing towards an etiological diagnosis. Current evidence on the clinical usefulness of exhaled breath condensate and bronchoalveolar lavage biomarkers in ECOPD is limited. In conclusion, pulmonary biomarkers have the potential to provide information on the mechanisms underlying ECOPD, and several correlate with clinical variables and outcomes. However, on the basis of published evidence, no single molecule is adequately validated for wide clinical use. Clinical trials that incorporate biomarkers in decisional algorithms are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Koutsokera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma is usually misdiagnosed and under-treated in the elderly population, resulting in complications and increased severity to the patient. In this review, we describe some of the most important serum markers of asthma studied so far, reporting their outcomes and possible prediction of asthma in the elderly population. METHODS The PubMed electronic database was used to search for promising serum biomarkers of asthma studied in original articles published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to January 2013. RESULTS A total of 13 relevant serum biomarkers were selected, including IgE, CRP, high sensitive CRP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, neopterin, serum amyloid A, eosinophil cationic protein, leukolysin, YKL-40 and soluble CD86. CONCLUSIONS Although the major focus of treatment and research has been on allergic asthma, several forms of the disease are recognized, such as neutrophilic asthma, which is characteristic of older patients. Different phenotypes imply different treatments and so it becomes important to correctly determine which type of asthma the patient is suffering from. Serum markers capable of supporting a diagnosis of asthma are needed in order to counter mistreatment and misdiagnosis with other obstructive airways disease (OAD) in elderly patients. As convenient as serum markers may seem to be, a marker capable of accurately identifying asthma with sufficient specificity is yet to be found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Rufo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Agarwal R, Zaheer MS, Ahmad Z, Akhtar J. The relationship between C-reactive protein and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multidiscip Respir Med 2013; 8:63. [PMID: 24073993 PMCID: PMC3844686 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-8-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and prognostic factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS We studied 50 stable COPD patients with: spirometry, 6 minute walk distance, body mass index, GOLD stage (spirometric classification) and smoking status. In these patients hs-CRP values were measured and compared with those of 50 healthy controls. Then the serum hs-CRP was subjected to evaluation for any correlation with the predictors of outcomes in COPD subjects. RESULTS Hs-CRP levels were higher in COPD patients than in controls (4.82 vs. 0.88 mg/L p < 0.01). Correlation was found between hs-CRP and the following variables: FEV1 (r= -0.813; p < 0.01), 6MWD (r= -0.876; p < 0.01), body mass index (r= -0.710; p < 0.01), GOLD stage (r= 0.797, p < 0.01) and smoking status (r= 0.796; p < 0.01). Using multivariate analysis, FEV1 and 6MWD showed the strongest negative association with hs-CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS The circulating levels of the inflammatory marker hs-CRP are significantly elevated in patients with COPD, supporting the view that COPD is in part an inflammatory disorder. Hs-CRP levels in stable COPD patients are best correlated with FEV1 and 6-minute walk distance (6MWD). This information should be considered when hs-CRP levels are measured in stable COPD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Agarwal
- Department of Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Abstract
Neutrophils are central to the pathogenesis of COPD, releasing a range of pro-inflammatory and tissue destructive mediators. Sputum neutrophil numbers are elevated in COPD patients compared to healthy controls. We critically appraise the potential of sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in COPD. We show that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of this biomarker to define a phenotype of patients with more severe disease characteristics or a different prognosis. However, sputum neutrophil measurements can be used to measure the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gupta
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital Of South Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, M23 9QZ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Interleukin-6 neutralization alleviates pulmonary inflammation in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and poly(I:C). Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:483-93. [PMID: 23738811 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased systemic and pulmonary levels of IL-6 (interleukin-6) are associated with the severity of exacerbations and decline of lung function in patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Whether IL-6 is directly involved or plays a bystander role in the pathophysiology of COPD remains unclear. Here we hypothesized that neutralizing circulating levels of IL-6 would modulate episodes of acute pulmonary inflammation following CS (cigarette smoke) exposure and virus-like challenges. For this purpose, we used a model where C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS twice daily via a nose-only system, and concomitant periodic intranasal challenge with poly(I:C), a synthetic ligand for TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) that mimics the encounter with double stranded RNA that is carried by influenza-like viruses. This protocol recapitulates several aspects of acute pulmonary inflammation associated with COPD, including prominent airway neutrophilia, insensitivity to steroid treatment and increased levels of several inflammatory cytokines in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) samples. Although IL-6-deficient mice exposed to CS/poly(I:C) developed pulmonary inflammation similar to WT (wild-type) controls, WT mice exposed to CS/poly(I:C) and treated intraperitoneally with IL-6-neutralizing antibodies showed significantly lower blood counts of lymphocytes and monocytes, lower BAL levels of IL-6 and CXCL1 (CXC chemokine ligand 1)/KC (keratinocyte chemoattractant), as well as reduced numbers of BAL neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. Our results thus indicate that the systemic neutralization of IL-6 significantly reduces CS/poly(I:C)-induced pulmonary inflammation, which may be a relevant approach to the treatment of episodes of acute pulmonary inflammation associated with COPD.
Collapse
|
188
|
Stockley JA, Walton GM, Lord JM, Sapey E. Aberrant neutrophil functions in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the neutrophil as an immunotherapeutic target. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1211-7. [PMID: 23994347 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, progressive and debilitating chronic inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, with significant systemic manifestations and co-morbidities. Smoking cigarettes is the main risk factor, but only a fifth of smokers have clinically significant airflow obstruction and the inflammation persists after smoking cessation. This suggests that smoking (and exposure to other inhaled toxins) may be necessary but not sufficient to cause COPD. Neutrophils are believed central to COPD and their accumulation and degranulation are associated with tissue damage, increased inflammation and disordered tissue repair. It was assumed that neutrophil activity and function were appropriate in COPD, responding to the presence of high levels of inflammation in the lung. However more recent studies of neutrophil function (including migration, reactive oxygen species generation, degranulation, phagocytosis and extracellular trap (NET) production) suggest that there is a general impairment in COPD neutrophil responses that predispose towards increased inflammation and reduced bacterial clearance. This may be amenable to correction and manipulating neutrophil intracellular pathways (such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase signalling) appears to restore some key COPD neutrophil responses. Targeting neutrophil intra-cellular signalling may provide a means to normalise neutrophil behaviour in COPD. This could lead to improvements in disease outcomes by reducing extraneous inflammatory burden. However further studies are needed to determine if these findings are relevant in vivo and whether this would impact positively upon health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Stockley
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Wedzicha JA, Brill SE, Allinson JP, Donaldson GC. Mechanisms and impact of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Med 2013; 11:181. [PMID: 23945277 PMCID: PMC3750926 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are important events that carry significant consequences for patients. Some patients experience frequent exacerbations, and are now recognized as a distinct clinical subgroup, the 'frequent exacerbator' phenotype. This is relatively stable over time, occurs across disease severity, and is associated with poorer health outcomes. These patients are therefore a priority for research and treatment. The pathophysiology underlying the frequent exacerbator phenotype is complex, with increased airway and systemic inflammation, dynamic lung hyperinflation, changes in lower airway bacterial colonization and a possible increased susceptibility to viral infection. Frequent exacerbators are also at increased risk from comorbid extrapulmonary diseases including cardiovascular disease, gastroesophageal reflux, depression, osteoporosis and cognitive impairment. Overall these patients have poorer health status, accelerated forced expiratory volume over 1 s (FEV1) decline, worsened quality of life, and increased hospital admissions and mortality, contributing to increased exacerbation susceptibility and perpetuation of the frequent exacerbator phenotype. This review article sets out the definition and importance of the frequent exacerbator phenotype, with a detailed examination of its pathophysiology, impact and interaction with other comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Kuhlmann A, Ólafsdóttir IS, Lind L, Sundström J, Janson C. Association of biomarkers of inflammation and cell adhesion with lung function in the elderly: a population-based study. BMC Geriatr 2013; 13:82. [PMID: 23924044 PMCID: PMC3750696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-13-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low lung function is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It is therefore of interest to identify biomarkers that are associated with impaired lung function. The aim of the study was to analyse associations of biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers with lung function in an elderly general population. Methods Lung function (FEV1 and FVC) and a panel of 15 inflammatory markers from blood samples were analysed in 888 subjects aged 70 years. Biomarkers included cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte count. Results Leukocyte count and CRP were independently associated with FEV1 after adjustments for other inflammatory markers, sex, BMI, current smoking and pack-years of smoking. In a similar model, leukocyte count and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) were the biomarkers that were significantly associated with FVC. Subjects that had both leukocyte count and CRP in the lowest tertile had a FEV1 that was 9% of predicted higher than subjects with leukocyte count and CRP in the highest tertile (103±16 vs. 94±21% of predicted, p=0.0002) (mean±SD). A difference of 8% of predicted in FVC was found between subjects with leukocyte count and VCAM-1 in the lowest and highest tertiles, respectively (106±18 vs. 98±19% of predicted, p=0.002). Conclusion Leucocyte count, CRP and VCAM-1 were found to relate to poorer lung function. A dose related association was found for the combination leukocyte count and CRP towards FEV1 and leukocyte and VCAM-1 towards FVC. This indicates that combination of two biomarkers yielded more information than assessing them one by one when analysing the association between systemic inflammation and lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kuhlmann
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Miller J, Edwards LD, Agustí A, Bakke P, Calverley PMA, Celli B, Coxson HO, Crim C, Lomas DA, Miller BE, Rennard S, Silverman EK, Tal-Singer R, Vestbo J, Wouters E, Yates JC, Macnee W. Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Med 2013; 107:1376-84. [PMID: 23791463 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Comorbidities, are common in COPD, have been associated with poor outcomes and are thought to relate to systemic inflammation. To investigate comorbidities in relation to systemic inflammation and outcomes we recorded comorbidities in a well characterized cohort (ECLIPSE study) for 2164 clinically stable COPD subjects, 337 smokers and 245 non-smokers with normal lung function. COPD patients had a higher prevalence of osteoporosis, anxiety/panic attacks, heart trouble, heart attack, and heart failure, than smokers or nonsmokers. Heart failure (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.9, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.3-2.9), ischemic heart disease (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0), heart disease (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-2.0), and diabetes (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) had increased odds of mortality when coexistent with COPD. Multiple comorbidities had accumulative effect on mortality. COPD and cardiovascular disease was associated with poorer quality of life, higher MRC dyspnea scores, reduced 6MWD, higher BODE index scores. Osteoporosis, hypertension and diabetes were associated with higher MRC dyspnea scores and reduced 6MWD. Higher blood concentrations of fibrinogen, IL-6 and IL-8 levels occurred in those with heart disease. Comorbidity is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD. The comorbidities of heart disease, hypertension and diabetes are associated with increased systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Miller
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh & Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Kristan SS. Blood specimen biomarkers of inflammation, matrix degradation, angiogenesis, and cardiac involvement: a future useful tool in assessing clinical outcomes of COPD patients in clinical practice? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:469-81. [PMID: 23703244 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible; this airflow limitation is both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gasses. COPD is undoubtedly an umbrella term, and it seems unlikely that all patients with COPD have the same underlying disease processes; thus, there is a need for differential treatment of different subgroups. A potential solution is to find modifiable biomarkers that can assist in drug development and distinguish subgroups of COPD. With the exception of lung function tests, there are currently no well-validated biomarkers or surrogate endpoints that can be used to establish the efficacy of a drug for COPD. This article discusses biomarkers of inflammation (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine/CC-chemokine ligand-18, serum surfactant protein D, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α, complement factor C5a), angiogenesis factors as a part of the pathogenetic aspect in this disease (vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenin, and IL-8), and matrix degradation biomarkers. Troponin and natriuretic peptides are presented as biomarkers of cardiac involvement in the light of COPD comorbidities. Trials based on research on known clinical variables such as FEV1, BODE, and 6MWT in combination with biomarkers from lung and blood specimens will probably clarify part of the prognosis and natural history of the disease. This will also represent an additional step in COPD phenotyping and new treatment possibilities.
Collapse
|
193
|
Tufvesson E, Ekberg M, Bjermer L. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Sputum Predict COPD Exacerbations. Lung 2013; 191:413-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-013-9473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
194
|
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can no longer be considered as a disease affecting only the lungs. Increasing evidence supports the presence of a systemic inflammatory component which is thought to provide the link between COPD and the co-morbidities commonly associated with this disease. These include cardiovascular disorders, skeletal muscle dysfunction, diabetes, and osteoporosis. The majority of current therapies for COPD have been developed to improve airway obstruction or to target airway inflammation, leaving an unmet medical need with respect to the systemic inflammatory component of COPD and its extra-pulmonary manifestations. This review describes systemic biomarkers in COPD and their relationship with both the local lung and systemic manifestations of the disease. A summary is provided of the most promising biomarkers that have been investigated in COPD and its co-morbidities. Such biomarkers may be used to assess and manage the systemic effects of COPD, and may guide future development of novel therapeutic interventions to provide a more holistic approach to treating this multi-faceted disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William MacNee
- ELEGI, Colt Research Laboratories, MRC/UoE Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH 16 4TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Wedzicha JA, Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Bredenbröker D, Brose M, Goehring UM, Calverley PM. Efficacy of Roflumilast in the COPD Frequent Exacerbator Phenotype. Chest 2013; 143:1302-1311. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
196
|
Blidberg K, Palmberg L, James A, Billing B, Henriksson E, Lantz AS, Larsson K, Dahlén B. Adhesion molecules in subjects with COPD and healthy non-smokers: a cross sectional parallel group study. Respir Res 2013; 14:47. [PMID: 23635004 PMCID: PMC3669051 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to investigate how the expression of adhesion molecules changes as neutrophils migrate from the circulation to the lung and if these changes differ between non-smoking subjects and smokers with and without COPD. Methods Non-smoking healthy subjects (n=22), smokers without (n=21) and with COPD (n=18) were included. Neutrophils from peripheral blood, sputum and bronchial biopsies were analysed for cell surface expression of adhesion molecules (CD11b, CD62L, CD162). Serum, sputum supernatant and BAL-fluid were analysed for soluble adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, -3, E-selectin, P-selectin, VCAM-1, PECAM-1). Results Expression of CD11b was increased on circulating neutrophils from smokers with COPD. It was also increased on sputum neutrophils in both smokers groups, but not in non-smokers, as compared to circulating neutrophils. Serum ICAM-1 was higher in the COPD group compared to the other two groups (p<0.05) and PECAM-1 was lower in smokers without COPD than in non-smoking controls and the COPD group (p<0.05). In BAL-fluid ICAM-1 was lower in the COPD group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusions Thus, our data strongly support the involvement of a systemic component in COPD and demonstrate that in smokers neutrophils are activated to a greater extent at the point of transition from the circulation into the lungs than in non-smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blidberg
- Lung and Allergy Research, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Tang S, Cui H, Yao L, Hao X, Shen Y, Fan L, Sun H, Zhang Z, Huang JA. Increased cytokines response in patients with tuberculosis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62385. [PMID: 23626814 PMCID: PMC3633855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore the change and its significance of cytokines in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with COPD. Methods The immune function of 152 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with COPD was detected to compare with 150 cases of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 157 cases of patients with COPD and 50 cases of healthy volunteers who were in the hospital during the same period. T lymphocyte cell population in peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry. The serum levels of sIL-2R, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α were measured using ELISA. Results The percentage of CD4+ T cells in TB patients with or without COPD and COPD patients without TB was significantly lower than that in control group. The percentage of CD4+ T cells in patients with TB and COPD was significantly lower than that in the non-COPD TB patients. The percentage of CD8+ T cells was higher in the TB patients group than that in control group. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the TB patients group was significantly lower than that in control group. The concentrations of sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ in TB patients with or without COPD and COPD patients without TB were significantly higher than those in control group. In addition, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α concentrations in the patients with TB and COPD were higher than those in the non-COPD TB patients. The concentrations of sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ in COPD patients with TB were significantly higher than those in COPD patients without TB. There was a significant negative correlation between serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and FEV1 (%, predicted) in COPD without TB group. Conclusions The patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with COPD were impaired in cellular immunity, and its extent of immune impairment is more serious than those of the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and the patients with COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenjie Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Hao
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- Tuberculosis Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Mohamed Hoesein FAA, Zanen P, Boezen HM, Groen HJM, van Ginneken B, de Jong PA, Postma DS, Lammers JWJ. Lung function decline in male heavy smokers relates to baseline airflow obstruction severity. Chest 2013; 142:1530-1538. [PMID: 22722231 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that the rate of lung function decline is steepest in mild COPD and slower in moderate to severe COPD. The current study assessed whether lung function decline relates to baseline airflow obstruction severity in male heavy smokers. METHODS In total, 2,003 male smokers with a mean (SD) age of 59.8 (5.3) years underwent pulmonary function testing at baseline and after 3-year follow-up. Participants were classified by entry FEV1/FVC as follows: group 1, >70%; group 2, <70%, but greater than lower limit of normal (LLN); and group 3, less than LLN. Differences in lung function decline among the groups were assessed using multiple regression after adjustment for pack-years, smoking status (current or former smoker), presence or absence of mucus production, medical center, height, age, CT scan-derived emphysema severity (15th percentile), observation time (years in study), and the baseline values. RESULTS Over 3 years, the mean (SD) FEV₁/FVC, FEV₁, and maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC decreases in group 1 were 3.1% (1), 0.21 L (0.07), and 0.40 L/s (0.26), respectively. In group 3, these decreases were 2.4% (1.1), 0.15 L (0.08), and 0.06 L/s (0.19), respectively. All lung function parameters showed the greatest decline in group 1 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Diagnosing COPD based on the presence of more severe airflow obstruction (as defined by FEV₁/FVC less than LLN) means that, at the time of such a diagnosis, subjects had passed the phase of strong lung-function decline. TRIAL REGISTRY ISRCTN Register; No.: ISRCTN63545820; URL: www.trialregister.nl
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht.
| | - H Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Harry J M Groen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Bram van Ginneken
- Image Sciences Institute, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht; Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Jan-Willem J Lammers
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Val S, Liousse C, Doumbia EHT, Galy-Lacaux C, Cachier H, Marchand N, Badel A, Gardrat E, Sylvestre A, Baeza-Squiban A. Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: description of a worrying situation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:10. [PMID: 23548138 PMCID: PMC3637552 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of particulate matter (PM) in cardiorespiratory diseases is now established in developed countries whereas in developing areas such as Africa with a high level of specific pollution, PM pollution and its effects are poorly studied. Our objective was to characterize the biological reactivity of urban African aerosols on human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to PM physico-chemical properties to identify toxic sources. Methods Size-speciated aerosol chemical composition was analyzed in Bamako (BK, Mali, 2 samples with one having desert dust event BK1) and Dakar (DK; Senegal) for Ultrafine UF, Fine F and Coarse C PM. PM reactivity was studied in human bronchial epithelial cells investigating six biomarkers (oxidative stress responsive genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines). Results PM mass concentrations were mainly distributed in coarse mode (60%) and were impressive in BK1 due to the desert dust event. BK2 and DK samples showed a high content of total carbon characteristic of urban areas. The DK sample had huge PAH quantities in bulk aerosol compared with BK that had more water soluble organic carbon and metals. Whatever the site, UF and F PM triggered the mRNA expression of the different biomarkers whereas coarse PM had little or no effect. The GM-CSF biomarker was the most discriminating and showed the strongest pro-inflammatory effect of BK2 PM. The analysis of gene expression signature and of their correlation with main PM compounds revealed that PM-induced responses are mainly related to organic compounds. The toxicity of African aerosols is carried by the finest PM as with Parisian aerosols, but when considering PM mass concentrations, the African population is more highly exposed to toxic particulate pollution than French population. Regarding the prevailing sources in each site, aerosol biological impacts are higher for incomplete combustion sources resulting from two-wheel vehicles and domestic fires than from diesel vehicles (Dakar). Desert dust events seem to produce fewer biological impacts than anthropogenic sources. Discussion Our study shows that combustion sources contribute to the high toxicity of F and UF PM of African urban aerosols, and underlines the importance of emission mitigation and the imperative need to evaluate and to regulate particulate pollution in Africa.
Collapse
|
200
|
Soo J, Webber MP, Hall CB, Cohen HW, Schwartz TM, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ. Pulmonary function predicting confirmed recovery from lower-respiratory symptoms in World Trade Center-exposed firefighters, 2001 to 2010. Chest 2013; 142:1244-1250. [PMID: 22576633 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the relationship between pulmonary function (FEV 1 ) and confirmed recovery from three lower-respiratory symptoms (LRSs) (cough, dyspnea, and wheeze) up to 9 years after symptom onset. METHODS The study included white and black male World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed firefighters who reported at least one LRS on a medical monitoring examination during the fi rst year after September 11, 2001. Confirmed recovery was defined as reporting no LRSs on two consecutive and all subsequent examinations. FEV 1 was assessed at the fi rst post-September 11, 2001, examination and at each examination where symptom information was ascertained. We used stratified Cox regression models to analyze FEV 1 , WTC exposure, and other variables in relation to confirmed symptom recovery. RESULTS A total of 4,368 fi refighters met inclusion criteria and were symptomatic at year 1, of whom1,592 (36.4%) experienced confirmed recovery. In univariable models, fi rst post-September 11,2001, concurrent, and difference between fi rst post-September 11, 2001, and concurrent FEV 1 values were all significantly associated with confirmed recovery. In adjusted analyses, both fi rst post-September 11, 2001, FEV 1 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07 per 355-mL difference; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10) and FEV 1 % predicted (HR, 1.08 per 10% predicted difference; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12) predicted confirmed recovery. WTC exposure had an inverse association with confirmed recovery in the model with FEV 1 , with the earliest arrival group less likely to recover than the latest arrival group (HR, 0.73;95% CI, 0.58-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Higher FEV 1 and improvement in FEV 1 after September 11, 2001, predicted confirmed LRS recovery, supporting a physiologic basis for recovery and highlighting consideration of spirometry as part of any postexposure respiratory health assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Soo
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Mayris P Webber
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY.
| | - Charles B Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hillel W Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Theresa M Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Kerry J Kelly
- Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| | - David J Prezant
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, NY
| |
Collapse
|