151
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Quigley HA. Understanding Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: The Synergy Between Clinical Observation and Investigation. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2016; 2:235-254. [PMID: 28532352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111815-114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex disorder of aging defined by the death of retinal ganglion cells and remodeling of connective tissues at the optic nerve head. Intraocular pressure-induced axonal injury at the optic nerve head leads to apoptosis. Loss of retinal ganglion cells follows a slowly progressive sequence. Clinical features of the disease have suggested and corroborated pathological events. The death of retinal ganglion cells causes secondary loss of neurons in the brain, but only as a by-product of injury to the retinal ganglion cells. Although therapy to lower intraocular pressure is moderately effective, new treatments are being developed to alter the remodeling of ocular connective tissue, to interrupt the injury signal from axon to soma, and to upregulate a variety of survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Quigley
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287;
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152
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Who's lost first? Susceptibility of retinal ganglion cell types in experimental glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:43-50. [PMID: 27319294 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to summarize our current knowledge about the susceptibility of specific retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in experimental glaucoma, and to delineate the initial morphological and functional alterations that occur in response to intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. There has been debate in the field as to whether RGCs with large somata and axons are more vulnerable, with definitive conclusions still in progress because of the wide diversity of RGC types. Indeed, it is now estimated that there are greater than 30 different RGC types, and while we do not yet understand the complete details, we discuss a growing body of work that supports the selective vulnerability hypothesis of specific RGC types in experimental glaucoma. Specifically, structural and functional degeneration of various RGC types have been examined across different rodent models of experimental glaucoma (acute vs. chronic) and different strains, and an emerging consensus is that OFF RGCs appear to be more vulnerable to IOP elevation compared to ON RGCs. Understanding the mechanisms by which this selective vulnerability manifests across different RGC types should lead to novel and improved strategies for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in glaucoma.
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153
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Johnson TV, Oglesby EN, Steinhart MR, Cone-Kimball E, Jefferys J, Quigley HA. Time-Lapse Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Field Degeneration Imaged in Organotypic Retinal Explant Culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:253-64. [PMID: 26811145 PMCID: PMC4736988 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop an ex vivo organotypic retinal explant culture system suitable for multiple time-point imaging of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendritic arbors over a period of 1 week, and capable of detecting dendrite neuroprotection conferred by experimental treatments. Methods Thy1-YFP mouse retinas were explanted and maintained in organotypic culture. Retinal ganglion cell dendritic arbors were imaged repeatedly using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Maximal projection z-stacks were traced by two masked investigators and dendritic fields were analyzed for characteristics including branch number, size, and complexity. One group of explants was treated with brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) added to the culture media. Changes in individual dendritic fields over time were detected using pair-wise comparison testing. Results Retinal ganglion cells in mouse retinal explant culture began to degenerate after 3 days with 52.4% surviving at 7 days. Dendritic field parameters showed minimal change over 8 hours in culture. Intra- and interobserver measurements of dendrite characteristics were strongly correlated (Spearman rank correlations consistently > 0.80). Statistically significant (P < 0.001) dendritic tree degeneration was detected following 7 days in culture including: 40% to 50% decreases in number of branch segments, number of junctions, number of terminal branches, and total branch length. Scholl analyses similarly demonstrated a significant decrease in dendritic field complexity. Treatment of explants with BDNF+CNTF significantly attenuated dendritic field degeneration. Conclusions Retinal explant culture of Thy1-YFP tissue provides a useful model for time-lapse imaging of RGC dendritic field degeneration over a course of several days, and is capable of detecting neuroprotective amelioration of dendritic pruning within individual RGCs.
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154
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Williams PA, Tribble JR, Pepper KW, Cross SD, Morgan BP, Morgan JE, John SWM, Howell GR. Inhibition of the classical pathway of the complement cascade prevents early dendritic and synaptic degeneration in glaucoma. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:26. [PMID: 27048300 PMCID: PMC4822272 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is a complex, multifactorial disease characterised by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons leading to a decrease in visual function. The earliest events that damage retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma are currently unknown. Retinal ganglion cell death appears to be compartmentalised, with soma, dendrite and axon changes potentially occurring through different mechanisms. There is mounting evidence from other neurodegenerative diseases suggesting that neuronal dendrites undergo a prolonged period of atrophy, including the pruning of synapses, prior to cell loss. In addition, recent evidence has shown the role of the complement cascade in synaptic pruning in glaucoma and other diseases. Results Using a genetic (DBA/2J mouse) and an inducible (rat microbead) model of glaucoma we first demonstrate that there is loss of retinal ganglion cell synapses and dendrites at time points that precede axon or soma loss. We next determine the role of complement component 1 (C1) in early synaptic loss and dendritic atrophy during glaucoma. Using a genetic knockout of C1qa (D2.C1qa-/- mouse) or pharmacological inhibition of C1 (in the rat bead model) we show that inhibition of C1 is sufficient to preserve dendritic and synaptic architecture. Conclusions This study further supports assessing the potential for complement-modulating therapeutics for the prevention of retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Tribble
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Stephen D Cross
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA. .,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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155
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Ito YA, Belforte N, Cueva Vargas JL, Di Polo A. A Magnetic Microbead Occlusion Model to Induce Ocular Hypertension-Dependent Glaucoma in Mice. J Vis Exp 2016:e53731. [PMID: 27077732 PMCID: PMC4841308 DOI: 10.3791/53731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of rodent models of glaucoma has been essential to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of this multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. With the advent of numerous transgenic mouse lines, there is increasing interest in inducible murine models of ocular hypertension. Here, we present an occlusion model of glaucoma based on the injection of magnetic microbeads into the anterior chamber of the eye using a modified microneedle with a facetted bevel. The magnetic microbeads are attracted to the iridocorneal angle using a handheld magnet to block the drainage of aqueous humour from the anterior chamber. This disruption in aqueous dynamics results in a steady elevation of intraocular pressure, which subsequently leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells, as observed in human glaucoma patients. The microbead occlusion model presented in this manuscript is simple compared to other inducible models of glaucoma and also highly effective and reproducible. Importantly, the modifications presented here minimize common issues that often arise in occlusion models. First, the use of a bevelled glass microneedle prevents backflow of microbeads and ensures that minimal damage occurs to the cornea during the injection, thus reducing injury-related effects. Second, the use of magnetic microbeads ensures the ability to attract most beads to the iridocorneal angle, effectively reducing the number of beads floating in the anterior chamber avoiding contact with other structures (e.g., iris, lens). Lastly, the use of a handheld magnet allows flexibility when handling the small mouse eye to efficiently direct the magnetic microbeads and ensure that there is little reflux of the microbeads from the eye when the microneedle is withdrawn. In summary, the microbead occlusion mouse model presented here is a powerful investigative tool to study neurodegenerative changes that occur during the onset and progression of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko A Ito
- Department of Neuroscience, CRCHUM and University of Montreal
| | | | | | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, CRCHUM and University of Montreal;
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156
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Kador KE, Grogan SP, Dorthé EW, Venugopalan P, Malek MF, Goldberg JL, D'lima DD. Control of Retinal Ganglion Cell Positioning and Neurite Growth: Combining 3D Printing with Radial Electrospun Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:286-94. [PMID: 26729061 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are responsible for the transfer of signals from the retina to the brain. As part of the central nervous system, RGCs are unable to regenerate following injury, and implanted cells have limited capacity to orient and integrate in vivo. During development, secreted guidance molecules along with signals from extracellular matrix and the vasculature guide cell positioning, for example, around the fovea, and axon outgrowth; however, these changes are temporally regulated and are not the same in the adult. Here, we combine electrospun cell transplantation scaffolds capable of RGC neurite guidance with thermal inkjet 3D cell printing techniques capable of precise positioning of RGCs on the scaffold surface. Optimal printing parameters are developed for viability, electrophysiological function and, neurite pathfinding. Different media, commonly used to promote RGC survival and growth, were tested under varying conditions. When printed in growth media containing both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), RGCs maintained survival and normal electrophysiological function, and displayed radial axon outgrowth when printed onto electrospun scaffolds. These results demonstrate that 3D printing technology may be combined with complex electrospun surfaces in the design of future retinal models or therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Kador
- 1 Shiley Eye Institute and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Shawn P Grogan
- 2 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
| | - Erik W Dorthé
- 2 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
| | - Praseeda Venugopalan
- 1 Shiley Eye Institute and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Monisha F Malek
- 1 Shiley Eye Institute and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- 1 Shiley Eye Institute and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California.,3 Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University , Palo Alto, California
| | - Darryl D D'lima
- 2 Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic , La Jolla, California
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157
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A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the benzoquinone idebenone in a mouse model of OPA1-related dominant optic atrophy reveals a limited therapeutic effect on retinal ganglion cell dendropathy and visual function. Neuroscience 2016; 319:92-106. [PMID: 26820596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) arises from mutations in the OPA1 gene that promotes fusion of the inner mitochondrial membrane and plays a role in maintaining ATP levels. Patients display optic disc pallor, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and bilaterally reduced vision. We report a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of idebenone at 2000 mg/kg/day in 56 Opa1 mutant mice (B6;C3-Opa1(Q285STOP)), with RGC dendropathy and visual loss, and 63 wildtype mice. We assessed cellular responses in the retina, brain and liver and RGC morphology, by diolistic labeling, Sholl analysis and quantification of dendritic morphometric features. Vision was assessed by optokinetic responses. ATP levels were raised by 0.57 nmol/mg (97.73%, p=0.035) in brain from idebenone-treated Opa1 mutant mice, but in the liver there was an 80.35% (p=0.011) increase in oxidative damage. NQO1 expression in Opa1 mutant mice was reduced in the brain (to 30.5%, p=0.002) but not in retina, and neither expression level was induced by idebenone. ON-center RGCs failed to show major recovery, other than improvements in secondary dendritic length (by 53.89%, p=0.052) and dendritic territory (by 2.22 × 10(4) μm(2) or 90.24%, p=0.074). An improvement in optokinetic response was observed (by 12.2 ± 3.2s, p=0.003), but this effect was not sustained over time. OFF-center RGCs from idebenone-treated wildtype mice showed shrinkage in total dendritic length by 2.40 mm (48.05%, p=0.025) and a 47.37% diminished Sholl profile (p=0.029). Visual function in wildtype idebenone-treated mice was impaired (2.9 fewer head turns than placebo, p=0.007). Idebenone appears largely ineffective in protecting Opa1 heterozygous RGCs from dendropathy. The detrimental effect of idebenone in wildtype mice has not been previously observed and raises some concerns.
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158
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Križaj D. Polymodal Sensory Integration in Retinal Ganglion Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:693-8. [PMID: 26427477 PMCID: PMC5111544 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An animal's ability to perceive the external world is conditioned by its capacity to extract and encode specific features of the visual image. The output of the vertebrate retina is not a simple representation of the 2D visual map generated by photon absorptions in the photoreceptor layer. Rather, spatial, temporal, direction selectivity and color "dimensions" of the original image are distributed in the form of parallel output channels mediated by distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) populations. We propose that visual information transmitted to the brain includes additional, light-independent, inputs that reflect the functional states of the retina, anterior eye and the body. These may include the local ion microenvironment, glial metabolism and systemic parameters such as intraocular pressure, temperature and immune activation which act on ion channels that are intrinsic to RGCs. We particularly focus on light-independent mechanical inputs that are associated with physical impact, cell swelling and intraocular pressure as excessive mechanical stimuli lead to the counterintuitive experience of "pressure phosphenes" and/or debilitating blinding disease such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. We point at recently discovered retinal mechanosensitive ion channels as examples through which molecular physiology brings together Greek phenomenology, modern neuroscience and medicine. Thus, RGC output represents a unified picture of the embodied context within which vision takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Križaj
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Institute and Neurobiology & Anatomy, Univ. of Utah School of Medicine, 84132, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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159
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Huberman
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Science, and in the Departments of Neurosciences and Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla
| | - Rana N El-Danaf
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Science, and in the Departments of Neurosciences and Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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160
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Berry RH, Qu J, John SWM, Howell GR, Jakobs TC. Synapse Loss and Dendrite Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144341. [PMID: 26637126 PMCID: PMC4670161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that synaptic pruning precedes retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma, causing early dysfunction to retinal ganglion cells. To begin to assess this, we studied the excitatory synaptic inputs to individual ganglion cells in normal mouse retinas and in retinas with ganglion cell degeneration from glaucoma (DBA/2J), or following an optic nerve crush. Excitatory synapses were labeled by AAV2-mediated transfection of ganglion cells with PSD-95-GFP. After both insults the linear density of synaptic inputs to ganglion cells decreased. In parallel, the dendritic arbors lost complexity. We did not observe any cells that had lost dendritic synaptic input while preserving a normal or near-normal morphology. Within the temporal limits of these observations, dendritic remodeling and synapse pruning thus appear to occur near-simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H. Berry
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Juan Qu
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Simon W. M. John
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJ); (GH)
| | - Tatjana C. Jakobs
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJ); (GH)
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161
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Dhande OS, Stafford BK, Lim JHA, Huberman AD. Contributions of Retinal Ganglion Cells to Subcortical Visual Processing and Behaviors. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2015; 1:291-328. [PMID: 28532372 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Every aspect of visual perception and behavior is built from the neural activity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the eye. Here, we review progress toward understanding the many types of RGCs that communicate visual signals to the brain, along with the subcortical brain regions that use those signals to build and respond to representations of the outside world. We emphasize recent progress in the use of mouse genetics, viral circuit tracing, and behavioral psychophysics to define and map the various RGCs and their associated networks. We also address questions about the homology of RGC types in mice and other species including nonhuman primates and humans. Finally, we propose a framework for understanding RGC typology and for highlighting the relationship between RGC type-specific circuitry and the processing stations in the brain that support and give rise to the perception of sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar S Dhande
- Neurosciences Department, Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Benjamin K Stafford
- Neurosciences Department, Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Jung-Hwan A Lim
- Neurosciences Department, Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Neurosciences Department, Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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162
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Integrative properties of retinal ganglion cell electrical responsiveness depend on neurotrophic support and genotype in the mouse. Exp Eye Res 2015; 145:68-74. [PMID: 26614910 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early stages of glaucoma and optic neuropathies are thought to show inner retina remodeling and functional changes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) before they die. To assess RGC functional plasticity, we investigated the contrast-gain control properties of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), a sensitive measure of RGC function, as an index of spatio-temporal integration occurring in the inner retina circuitry subserving PERG generators. We studied the integrative properties of the PERG in mice exposed to different conditions of neurotrophic support. We also investigated the effect of genotypic differences among mouse strains with different susceptibility to glaucoma (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, DBA/2.Gpnmb(+)). Results show that the integrative properties of the PERG recorded in the standard C57BL/6J inbred mouse strain are impaired after deficit of neurotrophic support and partially restored after exogenous neurotrophic administration. Changes in PERG amplitude, latency, and contrast-dependent responses differ between mouse strains with different susceptibility to glaucoma. Results represent a proof of concept that the PERG could be used as a tool for in-vivo monitoring of RGC functional plasticity before RGC death, the effect of neuroactive treatments, as well as for high-throughput tool for phenotypic screening of different mouse genotypes.
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163
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Zhang P, Wen W, Sun X, He S. Selective reduction of fMRI responses to transient achromatic stimuli in the magnocellular layers of the LGN and the superficial layer of the SC of early glaucoma patients. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:558-69. [PMID: 26526339 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is now viewed not just a disease of the eye but also a disease of the brain. The prognosis of glaucoma critically depends on how early the disease can be detected. However, early glaucomatous loss of the laminar functions in the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and superior colliculus (SC) remains difficult to detect and poorly understood. Using functional MRI, we measured neural signals from different layers of the LGN and SC, as well as from the early visual cortices (V1, V2 and MT), in patients with early-stage glaucoma and normal controls. Compared to normal controls, early glaucoma patients showed more reduction of response to transient achromatic stimuli than to sustained chromatic stimuli in the magnocellular layers of the LGN, as well as in the superficial layer of the SC. Magnocellular responses in the LGN were also significantly correlated with the degree of behavioral deficits to the glaucomatous eye. Finally, early glaucoma patients showed no reduction of fMRI response in the early visual cortex. These findings demonstrate that 'large cells' in the human LGN and SC suffer selective loss of response to transient achromatic stimuli at the early stage of glaucoma. Hum Brain Mapp 37:558-569, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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164
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Zhao L, Sendek C, Davoodnia V, Lashgari R, Dul MW, Zaidi Q, Alonso JM. Effect of Age and Glaucoma on the Detection of Darks and Lights. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:7000-6. [PMID: 26513506 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have shown previously that normal observers detect dark targets faster and more accurately than light targets, when presented in noisy backgrounds. We investigated how these differences in detection time and accuracy are affected by age and ganglion cell pathology associated with glaucoma. METHODS We asked 21 glaucoma patients, 21 age-similar controls, and 5 young control observers to report as fast as possible the number of 1 to 3 light or dark targets. The targets were positioned at random in a binary noise background, within the central 30° of the visual field. RESULTS We replicate previous findings that darks are detected faster and more accurately than lights. We extend these findings by demonstrating that differences in detection of darks and lights are found reliably across different ages and in observers with glaucoma. We show that differences in detection time increase at a rate of approximately 55 msec/dB at early stages of glaucoma and then remain constant at later stages at approximately 800 msec. In normal subjects, differences in detection time increase with age at a rate of approximately 8 msec/y. We also demonstrate that the accuracy to detect lights and darks is significantly correlated with the severity of glaucoma and that the mean detection time is significantly longer for subjects with glaucoma than age-similar controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that differences in detection of darks and lights can be demonstrated over a wide range of ages, and asymmetries in dark/light detection increase with age and early stages of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Zhao
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Caroline Sendek
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Vandad Davoodnia
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Lashgari
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitchell W Dul
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Qasim Zaidi
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jose-Manuel Alonso
- Department of Biological and Visual Sciences State University of New York, College of Optometry, New York, New York, United States
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165
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Vidal-Sanz M, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Ortín-Martínez A, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Salinas-Navarro M, Alarcón-Martínez L, García-Ayuso D, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP. Retinal neurodegeneration in experimental glaucoma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:1-35. [PMID: 26497783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In rats and mice, limbar tissues of the left eye were laser-photocoagulated (LP) and ocular hypertension (OHT) effects were investigated 1 week to 6 months later. To investigate the innermost layers, retinas were examined in wholemounts using tracing from the superior colliculi to identify retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with intact retrograde axonal transport, melanopsin immunodetection to identify intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (m(+)RGC), Brn3a immunodetection to identify most RGCs but not m(+)RGCs, RECA1 immunodetection to examine the inner retinal vessels, and DAPI staining to detect all nuclei in the GC layer. The outer retinal layers (ORLs) were examined in cross sections analyzed morphometrically or in wholemounts to study S- and L-cones. Innervation of the superior colliculi was examined 10 days to 14 weeks after LP with orthogradely transported cholera toxin subunit B. By 2 weeks, OHT resulted in pie-shaped sectors devoid of FG(+)RGCs or Brn3a(+)RGCs but with large numbers of DAPI(+)nuclei. Brn3a(+)RGCs were significantly greater than FG(+)RGCs, indicating the survival of large numbers of RGCs with their axonal transport impaired. The inner retinal vasculature showed no abnormalities that could account for the sectorial loss of RGCs. m(+)RGCs decreased to approximately 50-51% in a diffuse loss across the retina. Cross sections showed focal areas of degeneration in the ORLs. RGC loss at 1m diminished to 20-25% and did not progress further with time, whereas the S- and L-cone populations diminished progressively up to 6m. The retinotectal projection was reduced by 10 days and did not progress further. LP-induced OHT results in retrograde degeneration of RGCs and m(+)RGCs, severe damage to the ORL, and loss of retinotectal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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Retinal ganglion cell dendrite pathology and synapse loss: Implications for glaucoma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:199-216. [PMID: 26497792 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites are exquisitely specialized cellular compartments that critically influence how neurons collect and process information. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites receive synaptic inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells, thus allowing cell-to-cell communication and flow of visual information. In glaucoma, damage to RGC axons results in progressive neurodegeneration and vision loss. Recent data indicate that axonal injury triggers rapid structural alterations in RGC dendritic arbors, prior to manifest axonal loss, which lead to synaptic rearrangements and functional deficits. Here, we provide an update on recent work addressing the role of RGC dendritic degeneration in models of acute and chronic optic nerve damage as well as novel mechanisms that regulate RGC dendrite stability. A better understanding of how defects in RGC dendrites contribute to neurodegeneration in glaucoma might provide new insights into disease onset and progression, while informing the development of novel therapies to prevent vision loss.
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167
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Puyang Z, Chen H, Liu X. Subtype-dependent Morphological and Functional Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Mouse Models of Experimental Glaucoma. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2015; 1:e103. [PMID: 26000339 PMCID: PMC4437223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this short review, Puyang and her colleagues compared the results from three laboratories on the dendritic and functional degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse models of experimental glaucoma [1-4]. Acute or chronic ocular hypertension was induced in mice, and different techniques were applied to identify RGC types. The dendritic alternations of RGCs were examined following the induction of ocular hypertension, and their light response properties were characterized by the multi-electrode array (MEA) recording. These studies support the notion that the morphological and functional degeneration of RGCs are subtype-dependent in experimental glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Puyang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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