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Harvey R, Foulds L, Housden T, Bennett KA, Falzon D, McNarry AF, Graham C. The impact of didactic read-aloud action cards on the performance of cannula cricothyroidotomy in a simulated ‘can't intubate can't oxygenate’ scenario. Anaesthesia 2016; 72:343-349. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Harvey
- Department of Anaesthesia; Borders General Hospital; Melrose UK
| | - L. Foulds
- Department of Anaesthesia; Ninewell's Hospital; Dundee UK
| | - T. Housden
- Department of Anaesthesia; St John's Hospital; NHS Lothian; Livingston UK
| | - K. A. Bennett
- Department of Anaesthesia; Wishaw General Hospital; Wishaw UK
| | - D. Falzon
- Department of Anaesthesia; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; NHS Lothian; Edinburgh UK
| | - A. F. McNarry
- Departments of Anaesthesia; The Western General and St John's Hospital; NHS Lothian; Edinburgh UK
| | - C. Graham
- Epidemiology and Statistics Core; Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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152
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Merz CJ, Dietsch F, Schneider M. The impact of psychosocial stress on conceptual knowledge retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt B:392-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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153
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Acute stress and working memory: The role of sex and cognitive stress appraisal. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:336-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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154
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Evaluating the Effects of Stress and Fatigue on Police Officer Response and Recall: A Challenge for Research, Training, Practice and Policy. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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155
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Kinner VL, Wolf OT, Merz CJ. Cortisol alters reward processing in the human brain. Horm Behav 2016; 84:75-83. [PMID: 27170428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional reward processing is known to play a central role for the development of psychiatric disorders. Glucocorticoids that are secreted in response to stress have been shown to attenuate reward sensitivity and thereby might promote the onset of psychopathology. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms mediating stress hormone effects on reward processing as well as potential sex differences remain elusive. In this neuroimaging study, we administered 30mg cortisol or a placebo to 30 men and 30 women and subsequently tested them in the Monetary Incentive Delay Task. Cortisol attenuated anticipatory neural responses to a verbal and a monetary reward in the left pallidum and the right anterior parahippocampal gyrus. Furthermore, in men, activation in the amygdala, the precuneus, the anterior cingulate, and in hippocampal regions was reduced under cortisol, whereas in cortisol-treated women a signal increase was observed in these regions. Behavioral performance also indicated that reward learning in men is impaired under high cortisol concentrations, while it is augmented in women. These findings illustrate that the stress hormone cortisol substantially diminishes reward anticipation and provide first evidence that cortisol effects on the neural reward system are sensitive to sex differences, which might translate into different vulnerabilities for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Kinner
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christian J Merz
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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156
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Wolf OT, Atsak P, de Quervain DJ, Roozendaal B, Wingenfeld K. Stress and Memory: A Selective Review on Recent Developments in the Understanding of Stress Hormone Effects on Memory and Their Clinical Relevance. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26708929 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stress causes a neuroendocrine response cascade, leading to the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs influence learning and memory by acting on mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors. Typically, GCs enhance the consolidation of memory processing at the same time as impairing the retrieval of memory of emotionally arousing experiences. The present selective review addresses four recent developments in this area. First, the role of the endocannabinoid system in mediating the rapid, nongenomic effects of GCs on memory is illustrated in rodents. Subsequently, studies on the impact of the selective stimulation of MRs on different memory processes in humans are summarised. Next, a series of human experiments on the impact of stress or GC treatment on fear extinction and fear reconsolidation is presented. Finally, the clinical relevance of the effects of exogenous GC administration is highlighted by the description of patients with anxiety disorders who demonstrate an enhancement of extinction-based therapies by GC treatment. The review highlights the substantial progress made in our mechanistic understanding of the memory-modulating properties of GCs, as well as their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - P Atsak
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D J de Quervain
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Wingenfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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157
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the association between personality factors and age-related longitudinal cognitive performance, and explore interactions of stress-proneness with apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4, a prevalent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A total of 510 neuropsychiatrically healthy residents of Maricopa County recruited through media ads (mean age 57.6±10.6 years; 70% women; mean education 15.8±2.4 years; 213 APOE ɛ4 carriers) had neuropsychological testing every 2 years (mean duration follow-up 9.1±4.4 years), and the complete Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory-Revised. Several tests were administered within each of the following cognitive domains: memory, executive skills, language, visuospatial skills, and general cognition. Primary effects on cognitive trajectories and APOE ɛ4 interactions were ascertained with quadratic models. RESULTS With personality factors treated as continuous variables, Neuroticism was associated with greater decline, and Conscientiousness associated with reduced decline consistently across tests in memory and executive domains. With personality factors trichotomized, the associations of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were again highly consistent across tests within memory and to a lesser degree executive domains. While age-related memory decline was greater in APOE ɛ4 carriers as a group than ɛ4 noncarriers, verbal memory decline was mitigated in ɛ4 carriers with higher Conscientiousness, and visuospatial perception and memory decline was mitigated in ɛ4 carriers with higher Openness. CONCLUSIONS Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were associated with changes in longitudinal performances on tests sensitive to memory and executive skills. APOE interactions were less consistent. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that have suggested that personality factors, particularly Neuroticism and Conscientiousness are associated with cognitive aging patterns. (JINS, 2016, 22, 765-776).
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158
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Vogel S, Schwabe L. Learning and memory under stress: implications for the classroom. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2016; 1:16011. [PMID: 30792896 PMCID: PMC6380371 DOI: 10.1038/npjscilearn.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exams, tight deadlines and interpersonal conflicts are just a few examples of the many events that may result in high levels of stress in both students and teachers. Research over the past two decades identified stress and the hormones and neurotransmitters released during and after a stressful event as major modulators of human learning and memory processes, with critical implications for educational contexts. While stress around the time of learning is thought to enhance memory formation, thus leading to robust memories, stress markedly impairs memory retrieval, bearing, for instance, the risk of underachieving at exams. Recent evidence further indicates that stress may hamper the updating of memories in the light of new information and induce a shift from a flexible, 'cognitive' form of learning towards rather rigid, 'habit'-like behaviour. Together, these stress-induced changes may explain some of the difficulties of learning and remembering under stress in the classroom. Taking these insights from psychology and neuroscience into account could bear the potential to facilitate processes of education for both students and teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogel
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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159
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Cortisol disrupts the neural correlates of extinction recall. Neuroimage 2016; 133:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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160
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Atsak P, Guenzel FM, Kantar-Gok D, Zalachoras I, Yargicoglu P, Meijer OC, Quirarte GL, Wolf OT, Schwabe L, Roozendaal B. Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced impairment of retrieval of stimulus-response memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 67:207-15. [PMID: 26923851 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress and elevated glucocorticoid hormone levels are well known to impair the retrieval of hippocampus-dependent 'declarative' memory. Recent findings suggest that stress might also impair the retrieval of non-hippocampal memories. In particular, stress shortly before retention testing was shown to impair the retrieval of striatal stimulus-response associations in humans. However, the mechanism underlying this stress-induced retrieval impairment of non-hippocampal stimulus-response memory remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated whether an acute elevation in glucocorticoid levels mediates the impairing effects of stress on retrieval of stimulus-response memory. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a stimulus-response task in an eight-arm radial maze until they learned to associate a stimulus, i.e., cue, with a food reward in one of the arms. Twenty-four hours after successful acquisition, they received a systemic injection of vehicle, corticosterone (1mg/kg), the corticosterone-synthesis inhibitor metyrapone (35mg/kg) or were left untreated 1h before retention testing. We found that the corticosterone injection impaired the retrieval of stimulus-response memory. We further found that the systemic injection procedure per se was stressful as the vehicle administration also increased plasma corticosterone levels and impaired the retrieval of stimulus-response memory. However, memory retrieval was not impaired when rats were tested 2min after the systemic vehicle injection, before any stress-induced elevation in corticosterone levels had occurred. Moreover, metyrapone treatment blocked the effect of injection stress on both plasma corticosterone levels and memory retrieval impairment, indicating that the endogenous corticosterone response mediates the stress-induced memory retrieval impairment. None of the treatments affected rats' locomotor activity or motivation to search for the food reward within the maze. These findings show that stress may affect memory processes beyond the hippocampus and that these stress effects are due to the action of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piray Atsak
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Friederike M Guenzel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Deniz Kantar-Gok
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Arapsuyu, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ioannis Zalachoras
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Arapsuyu, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gina L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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161
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Lin IM, Ko JM, Fan SY, Yen CF. Heart Rate Variability and the Efficacy of Biofeedback in Heroin Users with Depressive Symptoms. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:168-76. [PMID: 27121428 PMCID: PMC4857864 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective Low heart rate variability (HRV) has been confirmed in heroin users, but the effects of heart-rate-variability–biofeedback in heroin users remain unknown. This study examined (1) correlations between depression and HRV indices; (2) group differences in HRV indices among a heroin-user group, a group with major depressive disorder but no heroin use, and healthy controls; and (3) the effects of heart-rate-variability–biofeedback on depressive symptoms, HRV indices, and respiratory rates within the heroin group. Methods All participants completed a depression questionnaire and underwent electrocardiogram measurements, and group differences in baseline HRV indices were examined. The heroin group underwent electrocardiogram and respiration rate measurements at baseline, during a depressive condition, and during a happiness condition, before and after which they took part in the heart-rate-variability–biofeedback program. The effects of heart-rate-variability–biofeedback on depressive symptoms, HRV indices, and respiration rates were examined. Results There was a negative correlation between depression and high frequency of HRV, and a positive correlation between depression and low frequency to high frequency ratio of HRV. The heroin group had a lower overall and high frequency of HRV, and a higher low frequency/high frequency ratio than healthy controls. The heart-rate-variability–biofeedback intervention increased HRV indices and decreased respiratory rates from pre-intervention to post-intervention. Conclusion Reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activations were found in heroin users. Heart-rate-variability–biofeedback was an effective non-pharmacological intervention to restore autonomic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Mei Lin
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Min Ko
- Kaohsiung Drug Abuser Treatment Center, Agency of Corrections, Ministry of Justice, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Fan
- Institute of Gerontology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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162
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Guez J, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Keha E, Tiferet-Dweck C. The Effect of Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on Item and Associative Recognition of Words and Pictures in Healthy Participants. Front Psychol 2016; 7:507. [PMID: 27148117 PMCID: PMC4828429 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress, induced by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), has repeatedly been shown to alter memory performance. Although factors influencing memory performance such as stimulus nature (verbal/pictorial) and emotional valence have been extensively studied, results whether stress impairs or improves memory are still inconsistent. This study aimed at exploring the effect of TSST on item versus associative memory for neutral, verbal, and pictorial stimuli. 48 healthy subjects were recruited, 24 participants were randomly assigned to the TSST group and the remaining 24 participants were assigned to the control group. Stress reactivity was measured by psychological (subjective state anxiety ratings) and physiological (Galvanic skin response recording) measurements. Subjects performed an item-association memory task for both stimulus types (words, pictures) simultaneously, before, and after the stress/non-stress manipulation. The results showed that memory recognition for pictorial stimuli was higher than for verbal stimuli. Memory for both words and pictures was impaired following TSST; while the source for this impairment was specific to associative recognition in pictures, a more general deficit was observed for verbal material, as expressed in decreased recognition for both items and associations following TSST. Response latency analysis indicated that the TSST manipulation decreased response time but at the cost of memory accuracy. We conclude that stress does not uniformly affect memory; rather it interacts with the task’s cognitive load and stimulus type. Applying the current study results to patients diagnosed with disorders associated with traumatic stress, our findings in healthy subjects under acute stress provide further support for our assertion that patients’ impaired memory originates in poor recollection processing following depletion of attentional resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Guez
- Department of Psychology, Achva Academic CollegeBeer-Tuvia, Israel; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva Mental Health CenterBeer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Psychology and the School of Social-Work, Ashkelon Academic CollegeAshkelon, Israel
| | - Eldad Keha
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Chen Tiferet-Dweck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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163
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Stress during neurosurgery: no need to worry? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:623-624. [PMID: 26852035 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-2729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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164
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Howell JL, Sweeny K. Is waiting bad for subjective health? J Behav Med 2016; 39:652-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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165
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Hampson E, Duff-Canning SJ. Salivary cortisol and explicit memory in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64:99-107. [PMID: 26630390 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Circulating cortisol levels are known to influence explicit memory in humans and other primates. The present study investigated salivary cortisol and its association with explicit memory performance in 99 postmenopausal women (64 treated with conjugated equine estrogens or estradiol, and 35 matched controls not using any form of hormone therapy). Controls were compared with treated women taking estrogens alone (n=39), or taking estrogens in combination with a progestin (n=25). Mean time on hormone therapy was approximately 5 years, with initiation of treatment in close proximity to the onset of menopause. Explicit memory was assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Saliva was collected before (basal or resting sample) and after (post-test sample) completing a set of cognitive tasks. Cortisol was measured using a high-sensitivity radioimmunoassay. Treated women were found to have higher resting cortisol concentrations than controls matched for time of day. Basal cortisol was a modest predictor of learning and memory on the CVLT. Higher cortisol was associated with better recall and fewer memory errors, which is consistent with experimental studies examining explicit memory under small increases in circulating cortisol load. Potential cumulative effects on the central nervous system of sustained exposure to mildly increased cortisol in conjunction with the long-term use of oral estrogens are discussed in the context of aging and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5C2, Canada.
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166
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Gagnon SA, Wagner AD. Acute stress and episodic memory retrieval: neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral consequences. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:55-75. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony D. Wagner
- Department of Psychology
- Neurosciences Program; Stanford University; Stanford California
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167
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168
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Albright G, Adam C, Serri D, Bleeker S, Goldman R. Harnessing the power of conversations with virtual humans to change health behaviors. Mhealth 2016; 2:44. [PMID: 28293614 PMCID: PMC5344154 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth.2016.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skillful, collaborative conversations are powerful tools to improve physical and mental health. Whether you are a parent talking with your child about the dangers of substance abuse, an educator concerned about a student's signs of psychological distress, a veteran worried about a buddy who is contemplating suicide, or a healthcare professional wanting to better engage patients to increase treatment compliance, having the skill, confidence and motivation to engage in conversations can truly transform the health and well-being of those you interact with. Kognito develops role-play simulations that prepare individuals to effectively lead real-life conversations that measurably improve social, emotional, and physical health. The behavior change model that drives the simulations draws upon components of game mechanics, virtual human simulation technology and integrates evidence-based instructional design components as well as principles of social-cognitive theory and neuroscience such as motivational interviewing, emotional regulation, empathy and mindfulness. In the simulations, users or enter a risk-free practice environment and engage in a conversation with intelligent, fully animated, and emotionally responsive virtual characters that model human behavior. It is in practicing these conversations, and receiving feedback from a virtual coach, that users learn to better lead conversations in real life. Numerous longitudinal studies have shown that users who complete Kognito simulations demonstrate statistically significant and sustained increases in attitudinal variables that predict behavior change including preparedness, likelihood, and self-efficacy to better manage conversations. Pending the target population, each online or mobile simulation resulted in desired behavior changes ranging from increased referrals of students, patients or veterans in psychological distress to mental health support services, or increasing physician patient-centered communication or patient self-confidence and active involved in the decision-making processes. These simulations have demonstrated a capability to address major health and public health concerns where effective conversations are necessary to bring about changes in attitudes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Albright
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Kognito, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cyrille Adam
- Kognito, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Communication, Media, and Learning Technologies Design, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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169
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Review of crisis resource management (CRM) principles in the setting of intraoperative malignant hyperthermia. J Anesth 2015; 30:298-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-015-2115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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170
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Thomas SA. Neuromodulatory signaling in hippocampus-dependent memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2015; 25:415-31. [PMID: 25475876 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made toward understanding the molecular signaling events that underlie memory acquisition and consolidation. In contrast, less is known about memory retrieval, despite its necessity for utilizing learned information. This review focuses on neuromodulatory and intracellular signaling events that underlie memory retrieval mediated by the hippocampus, for which the most information is currently available. Among neuromodulators, adrenergic signaling is required for the retrieval of various types of hippocampus-dependent memory. Although they contribute to acquisition and/or consolidation, cholinergic and dopaminergic signaling are generally not required for retrieval. Interestingly, while not required for retrieval, serotonergic and opioid signaling may actually constrain memory retrieval. Roles for histamine and non-opioid neuropeptides are currently unclear but possible. A critical effector of adrenergic signaling in retrieval is reduction of the slow afterhyperpolarization mediated by β1 receptors, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, Epac, and possibly ERK. In contrast, stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval by decreasing cyclic AMP, mediated in part by the activation of β2 -adrenergic receptors. Clinically, alterations in neuromodulatory signaling and in memory retrieval occur in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and recent evidence has begun to link changes in neuromodulatory signaling with effects on memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Thomas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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171
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Cedernaes J, Rångtell FH, Axelsson EK, Yeganeh A, Vogel H, Broman JE, Dickson SL, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Short Sleep Makes Declarative Memories Vulnerable to Stress in Humans. Sleep 2015; 38:1861-8. [PMID: 26158890 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the role of nocturnal sleep duration for the retrieval of oversleep consolidated memories, both prior to and after being cognitively stressed for ∼30 minutes the next morning. DESIGN Participants learned object locations (declarative memory task comprising 15 card pairs) and a finger tapping sequence (procedural memory task comprising 5 digits) in the evening. After learning, participants either had a sleep opportunity of 8 hours (between ∼23:00 and ∼07:00, full sleep condition) or they could sleep between ∼03:00 and ∼07:00 (short sleep condition). Retrieval of both memory tasks was tested in the morning after each sleep condition, both before (∼08:30) and after being stressed (∼09:50). SETTING Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 15 healthy young men. RESULTS The analyses demonstrated that oversleep memory changes did not differ between sleep conditions. However, in their short sleep condition, following stress hallmarked by increased subjective stress feelings, the men were unable to maintain their pre-stress performance on the declarative memory task, whereas their performance on the procedural memory task remained unchanged. While men felt comparably subjectively stressed by the stress intervention, overall no differences between pre- and post-stress recalls were observed following a full night of sleep. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that 8-h sleep duration, within the range recommended by the US National Sleep Foundation, may not only help consolidate newly learned procedural and declarative memories, but also ensure full access to both during periods of subjective stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emil K Axelsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adine Yeganeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Broman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Miller CJ, Metz MJ. Can Clinical Scenario Videos Improve Dental Students’ Perceptions of the Basic Sciences and Ability to Apply Content Knowledge? J Dent Educ 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2015.79.12.tb06045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Jayne Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; University of Louisville School of Medicine
| | - Michael James Metz
- Department of General Dentistry and Oral Medicine; University of Louisville School of Dentistry
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174
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Hidalgo V, Pulopulos MM, Puig-Perez S, Espin L, Gomez-Amor J, Salvador A. Acute stress affects free recall and recognition of pictures differently depending on age and sex. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:393-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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175
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Bailey KM, Bird SJ, McGrath PJ, Chorney JE. Preparing Parents to Be Present for Their Child’s Anesthesia Induction. Anesth Analg 2015; 121:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Krix AC, Sauerland M, Raymaekers LHC, Memon A, Quaedflieg CWEM, Smeets T. Eyewitness Evidence Obtained with the Self-Administered Interview© Is Unaffected by Stress. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alana C. Krix
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology Section; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology Section; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Linsey H. C. Raymaekers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology Section; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Amina Memon
- Department of Psychology; Royal Holloway, University of London; Surrey UK
| | - Conny W. E. M. Quaedflieg
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology Section; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Tom Smeets
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Forensic Psychology Section; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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Pierard C, Krazem A, Henkous N, Decorte L, Béracochéa D. Acute stress blocks the caffeine-induced enhancement of contextual memory retrieval in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:70-8. [PMID: 25934571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated in mice the dose-effect of caffeine on memory retrieval in non-stress and stress conditions. C57 Bl/6 Jico mice learned two consecutive discriminations (D1 and D2) in a four-hole board which involved either distinct contextual (CSD) or similar contextual (SSD) cues. All mice received an i.p. injection of vehicle or caffeine (8, 16 or 32mg/kg) 30min before the test session. Results showed that in non-stress conditions, the 16mg/kg caffeine dose induced a significant enhancement of D1 performance in CSD but not in SSD. Hence, we studied the effect of an acute stress (electric footshocks) administered 15min before the test session on D1 performance in caffeine-treated mice. Results showed that stress significantly decreased D1 performance in vehicle-treated controls and the memory-enhancing effect induced by the 16mg/kg caffeine dose in non-stress condition is no longer observed. Interestingly, whereas caffeine-treated mice exhibited weaker concentrations of plasma corticosterone as compared to vehicles in non-stress condition, stress significantly increased plasma corticosterone concentrations in caffeine-treated mice which reached similar level to that of controls. Overall, the acute stress blocked both the endocrinological and memory retrieval enhancing effects of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chistophe Pierard
- IRBA, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France
| | - Ali Krazem
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Integratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5287, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Nadia Henkous
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Integratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5287, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Decorte
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Integratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5287, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Béracochéa
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Integratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5287, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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Maki PM, Mordecai KL, Rubin LH, Sundermann E, Savarese A, Eatough E, Drogos L. Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor. Horm Behav 2015; 74:201-8. [PMID: 26187711 PMCID: PMC4876953 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and cognition". Laboratory-induced stress produces elevations in cortisol and deficits in memory, especially when stress is induced immediately before retrieval of emotionally valent stimuli. Sex and sex steroids appear to influence these stress-induced outcomes, though no study has directly compared the effects of laboratory-induced stress on cortisol and emotional retrieval across the menstrual cycle. We examined the effect of psychosocial stress on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval in women tested during either the follicular phase (low estradiol and progesterone) or the luteal phase (higher estradiol and progesterone). Forty women (50% White; age 18-40 years) participated in the study; 20 completed the task during the luteal phase and 20 during the follicular phase. Psychosocial stress was induced with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). On the day before the TSST, participants learned two lists of word pairs to 100% criterion. The next day, participants recalled one list after the control condition and the other after the TSST. Women in the follicular phase, but not the luteal phase, demonstrated a significant cortisol response to the TSST. There was a stress-induced decrease in emotional retrieval following the TSST, but this effect was not modified by menstrual phase. However, regression and correlational analyses showed that individual differences in stress-induced cortisol levels were associated with impaired emotional retrieval in the follicular phase only. The present findings indicate that cortisol responsivity and the impairing effects of cortisol on emotional memory are lower when levels of estradiol and progesterone are high compared to when levels are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Maki
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Health Professions, Clinical Psychology, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064-3095, USA.
| | - Kristen L Mordecai
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Leah H Rubin
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA.
| | - Erin Sundermann
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA.
| | - Antonia Savarese
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois at Chicago, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, 828S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Erin Eatough
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 912 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Lauren Drogos
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA.
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Mather M. Emotional Arousal and Memory Binding: An Object-Based Framework. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 2:33-52. [PMID: 26151918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binding various features of an event together and maintaining these connections in memory is an essential component of episodic memories. Previous theories make contradictory predictions about the effects of emotional arousal on memory binding. In this article, I review evidence for both arousal-impaired and arousal-enhanced memory binding and explain these contradictory findings using an object-based framework. According to this framework, emotionally arousing objects attract attention that enhances binding of their constituent features. In contrast, the emotional arousal associated with one object either impairs or has no effect on the associations between that object and other distinct objects or background contextual information. After initial encoding, the attention-grabbing nature of emotionally arousing objects can lead to interference in working memory, making it more difficult to maintain other bound representations. These contrasting effects of arousal on memory binding should help predict which aspects of emotional memories are likely to be accurate and which aspects are likely to be misremembered.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cognitive aids and other methods of decision support are receiving increased interest by the anesthesia community. These tools have significant safety implications because of the possibility to decrease variability in human performance. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of the use of cognitive aids during realistic simulations supports use of cognitive aids and other decision support tools. SUMMARY The early work in this field of decision support is encouraging but there are many questions regarding the optimal design, presentation and use.
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182
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Delahaye M, Lemoine P, Cartwright S, Deuring G, Beck J, Pflueger M, Graf M, Hachtel H. Learning aptitude, spatial orientation and cognitive flexibility tested in a virtual labyrinth after virtual stress induction. BMC Psychol 2015; 3:22. [PMID: 26146558 PMCID: PMC4491419 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-015-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under stressful conditions such as in an emergency situation, efficient information processing is essential for reasonable responses. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Virtual Reality (VR) technology is used to induce stress and to test three main cognitive functions for decision making in stressful situations. METHODS A VR task was developed to induce stress following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) protocol and two VR cognitive performance tests to measure learning aptitude, spatial orientation and cognitive flexibility. Participants (N = 31) gave a public speech in front of a virtual audience (TSST) and later had to find their way out of different VR labyrinths. The first exercise tested spatial orientation and learning aptitude where participants had to learn aspects of the ground layout and geometric icons had to be identified as correct in order to be able to exit. The second labyrinth tested cognitive flexibility on the background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. STATISTICAL TESTS Correlations were analyzed using Kendall Tau Correlation (One-tailed tests with p set to 0.05 for all analyses). Heart rate (HR) was calculated from the RR time values and averaged across the TSST- speech and the post-stress period. Autonomic nervous system reactivity was defined as the deviation of HR during TSST- speech condition from post-stress baseline measurement. A repeated-measures t-test was used to analyze differences. RESULTS The newly developed virtual stress test was successfully adapted from the original TSST. Participants perceived the task as stressful and scored an average of 5.7 points on a 1-8 Likert Scale. As a physiological stress parameter, increased heart rates of the participants showed that they were more stressed during the TSST procedure compared to the post-stress period. Also, the subjective stress perception, has a strong correlation with the results of the cognitive tasks performed after the stress induction. CONCLUSIONS The more a participant experienced the TSST as stressful, the lower their learning aptitude and spatial orientation were found to be at the end of the study. On the other hand, if someone perceived the virtual TSST as "unexpected", as an indicator for a mild stress response, their cognitive flexibility was improved. Potential Implications: The findings indicate that both, the VR stress induction scenario using TSST, as well as the VR cognitive tests, are a first successful step towards a better ecological validity in neuropsychological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Delahaye
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Lemoine
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shanique Cartwright
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Deuring
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Beck
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlon Pflueger
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Graf
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Hachtel
- Universitaere Psychiatrische Kliniken (UPK) Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
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183
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Barsegyan A, Atsak P, Hornberger WB, Jacobson PB, van Gaalen MM, Roozendaal B. The Vasopressin 1b Receptor Antagonist A-988315 Blocks Stress Effects on the Retrieval of Object-Recognition Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1979-89. [PMID: 25669604 PMCID: PMC4839522 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and high circulating glucocorticoid levels are well known to impair the retrieval of memory. Vasopressin can activate the HPA axis by stimulating vasopressin 1b (V1b) receptors located on the pituitary. In the present study, we investigated the effect of A-988315, a selective and highly potent non-peptidergic V1b-receptor antagonist with good pharmacokinetic properties, in blocking stress effects on HPA-axis activity and memory retrieval. To study cognitive performance, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on an object-discrimination task during which they could freely explore two identical objects. Memory for the objects and their location was tested 24 h later. A-988315 (20 or 60 mg/kg) or water was administered orally 90 min before retention testing, followed 60 min later by stress of footshock exposure. A-988315 dose-dependently dampened stress-induced increases in corticosterone plasma levels, but did not significantly alter HPA-axis activity of non-stressed control rats. Most importantly, A-988315 administration prevented stress-induced impairment of memory retrieval on both the object-recognition and the object-location tasks. A-988315 did not alter the retention of non-stressed rats and did not influence the total time spent exploring the objects or experimental context in either stressed or non-stressed rats. Thus, these findings indicate that direct antagonism of V1b receptors is an effective treatment to block stress-induced activation of the HPA axis and the consequent impairment of retrieval of different aspects of recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areg Barsegyan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peer B Jacobson
- Integrated Sciences and Technology, Imaging Research, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcel M van Gaalen
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 21, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 (0) 24 366 6301, E-mail:
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184
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Cadle CE, Zoladz PR. Stress time-dependently influences the acquisition and retrieval of unrelated information by producing a memory of its own. Front Psychol 2015; 6:910. [PMID: 26175712 PMCID: PMC4484976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress induces several temporally guided “waves” of psychobiological responses that differentially influence learning and memory. One way to understand how the temporal dynamics of stress influence these cognitive processes is to consider stress, itself, as a learning experience that influences additional learning and memory. Indeed, research has shown that stress results in electrophysiological and biochemical activity that is remarkably similar to the activity observed as a result of learning. In this review, we will present the idea that when a stressful episode immediately precedes or follows learning, such learning is enhanced because the learned information becomes a part of the stress context and is tagged by the emotional memory being formed. In contrast, when a stressful episode is temporally separated from learning or is experienced prior to retrieval, such learning or memory is impaired because the learning or memory is experienced outside the context of the stress episode or subsequent to a saturation of synaptic plasticity, which renders the retrieval of information improbable. The temporal dynamics of emotional memory formation, along with the neurobiological correlates of the stress response, are discussed to support these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Cadle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
| | - Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, and Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA
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185
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Colciago A, Casati L, Negri-Cesi P, Celotti F. Learning and memory: Steroids and epigenetics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 150:64-85. [PMID: 25766520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation and utilization is a complex process involving several brain structures in conjunction as the hippocampus, the amygdala and the adjacent cortical areas, usually defined as medial temporal lobe structures (MTL). The memory processes depend on the formation and modulation of synaptic connectivity affecting synaptic strength, synaptic plasticity and synaptic consolidation. The basic neurocognitive mechanisms of learning and memory are shortly recalled in the initial section of this paper. The effect of sex hormones (estrogens, androgens and progesterone) and of adrenocortical steroids on several aspects of memory processes are then analyzed on the basis of animal and human studies. A specific attention has been devoted to the different types of steroid receptors (membrane or nuclear) involved and on local metabolic transformations when required. The review is concluded by a short excursus on the steroid activated epigenetic mechanisms involved in memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colciago
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Negri-Cesi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Celotti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biomedicine and Endocrinology, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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186
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Omega-3 fatty acids and stress-induced changes to mood and cognition in healthy individuals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 132:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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187
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Ycaza Herrera A, Mather M. Actions and interactions of estradiol and glucocorticoids in cognition and the brain: Implications for aging women. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:36-52. [PMID: 25929443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Menopause involves dramatic declines in estradiol production and levels. Importantly, estradiol and the class of stress hormones known as glucocorticoids exert countervailing effects throughout the body, with estradiol exerting positive effects on the brain and cognition, glucocorticoids exerting negative effects on the brain and cognition, and estradiol able to mitigate negative effects of glucocorticoids. Although the effects of these hormones in isolation have been extensively studied, the effects of estradiol on the stress response and the neuroprotection offered against glucocorticoid exposure in humans are less well known. Here we review evidence suggesting that estradiol-related protection against glucocorticoids mitigates stress-induced interference with cognitive processes. Animal and human research indicates that estradiol-related mitigation of glucocorticoid damage and interference is one benefit of estradiol supplementation during peri-menopause or soon after menopause. The evidence for estradiol-related protection against glucocorticoids suggests that maintaining estradiol levels in post-menopausal women could protect them from stress-induced declines in neural and cognitive integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ycaza Herrera
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
| | - Mara Mather
- University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States.
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188
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A novel briefing checklist at shift handoff in an emergency department improves situational awareness and safety event identification. Pediatr Emerg Care 2015; 31:231-8. [PMID: 25198767 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emergency department (ED) shift handoffs are sources of potential medical error, delays in care, and medicolegal liabilities. Few handoff studies exist in the ED literature. We aimed to describe the implementation of a standardized checklist for improving situational awareness during physician handoffs in a pediatric ED. METHODS This is a descriptive observational study in a large academic pediatric ED. Checklists were evaluated for rates of use, completion, and identification of potential safety events. We defined a complete checklist as 80% or more of items checked. A user perception survey was used. After 1 year, all checklist users (residents, fellows, faculty, and charge nurses with ED experience before and after checklist implementation) were anonymously surveyed to assess the checklist's usability, perceived contributions to Institute of Medicine quality domains, and situational awareness. The electronically administered survey used Likert frequency scales. RESULTS Of 732 handoffs, 98% used the checklist, and 89% were complete. A mean of 1.7 potential safety events were identified per handoff. The most frequent potential safety events were identification of intensive care unit-level patients in the ED (48%), equipment problems (46%), staffing issues (21%), and intensive care unit-level patients in transport (16%). Eighty-one subjects (88%) responded to the survey. The users agreed that the checklist promoted better communication, safety, efficiency, effective care, and situational awareness. CONCLUSIONS The Physician Active Shift Signout in the Emergency Department briefing checklist was used often and at a high completion rate, frequently identifying potential safety events. The users found that it improved the quality of care and team communication. Future studies on outcomes and processes are needed.
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189
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Olver JS, Pinney M, Maruff P, Norman TR. Impairments of spatial working memory and attention following acute psychosocial stress. Stress Health 2015; 31:115-23. [PMID: 24395182 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the effect of an acute psychosocial stress paradigm on impaired attention and working memory in humans. Further, the duration of any stress-related cognitive impairment remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an acute psychosocial stress paradigm, the Trier Social Stress, on cognitive function in healthy volunteers. Twenty-three healthy male and female subjects were exposed to an acute psychosocial stress task. Physiological measures (salivary cortisol, heart rate and blood pressure) and subjective stress ratings were measured at baseline, in anticipation of stress, immediately post-stress and after a period of rest. A neuropsychological test battery including spatial working memory and verbal memory was administered at each time point. Acute psychosocial stress produced significant increases in cardiovascular and subjective measures in the anticipatory and post-stress period, which recovered to baseline after rest. Salivary cortisol steadily declined over the testing period. Acute psychosocial stress impaired delayed verbal recall, attention and spatial working memory. Attention remained impaired, and delayed verbal recall continued to decline after rest. Acute psychosocial stress is associated with an impairment of a broad range of cognitive functions in humans and with prolonged abnormalities in attention and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Olver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic, Australia
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190
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Abstract
Stress in life is unavoidable, affecting everyone on a daily basis. Psychological stress in mammals triggers a rapidly organized response for survival, but it may also cause a variety of behavioral disorders and damage cognitive function. Stress is associated with biases in cognitive processing; some of the most enduring memories are formed by traumatic events. Our understanding of how cognition is shaped by stress is still relatively primitive; however, evidence is rapidly accumulating that the 'mature' brain has a great capacity for plasticity and that there are numerous ways through which pharmacological therapeutics could rescue cognitive function and regain cognitive balance. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between stress and cognitive processes and potential therapeutic approaches to stress-related behavioral and cognitive disorders.
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191
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Rimmele U, Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Emotional memory can be persistently weakened by suppressing cortisol during retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 119:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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192
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Johnson AC. Developmental pathways to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders: Investigating the impact of the stress response on executive functioning. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 36:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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193
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Marshall SD. Sink or swim? The difficulty of finding the correct level of independence and support for trainees. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114:724-5. [PMID: 25690835 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S D Marshall
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Monash Simulation, Monash Health, 823-865 Centre Road, East Bentleigh, Melbourne, Victoria 3165, Australia
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194
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Meland A, Fonne V, Wagstaff A, Pensgaard AM. Mindfulness-Based Mental Training in a High-Performance Combat Aviation Population: A One-Year Intervention Study and Two-Year Follow-Up. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10508414.2015.995572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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195
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Mohammadkhani R, Darbandi N, Vafaei AA, Ahmadalipour A, Rashidy-Pour A. Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of long-term memory retrieval in female rats: influences of estrous cycle and estrogen. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 118:209-15. [PMID: 25576134 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task, the effects of glucocorticoids on memory retrieval in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were investigated. Young adult female rats were trained in a one trial IA task (1-mA, 3-s footshock). The latency to reenter the dark compartment of the apparatus was recorded in the retention test performed 48h after training. Pre-retrieval injection of corticosterone (CORT, 1, 3, and 10mg/kg) to OVX rats impaired memory retrieval at all doses tested. Similar administration of CORT (3mg/kg) in intact female rats impaired memory retrieval in the estrus phase (when endogenous plasma levels of estrogen are low) but not in the proestrus phase (when endogenous levels of estrogen are high). Concurrent administration of CORT (3mg/kg) and 17-β-estradiol (15μg/kg) in both proestrus and estrous phases impaired memory retrieval. Our findings indicate that the effects of corticosterone on memory retrieval are modulated by the estrous cycle and 17-β-estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Mohammadkhani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran; Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Darbandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadalipour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Student's Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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196
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Umukoro S, Omorogbe O, Aluko OM, Eduviere TA, Owoeye O, Oluwole OG. Jobelyn<sup>®</sup>, a Sorghum-Based Nutritional Supplement Attenuates Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2015.513056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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197
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Stress effects on mood, HPA axis, and autonomic response: comparison of three psychosocial stress paradigms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113618. [PMID: 25502466 PMCID: PMC4264740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive experimental psychology research has attempted to parse the complex relationship between psychosocial stress, mood, cognitive performance, and physiological changes. To do so, it is necessary to have effective, validated methods to experimentally induce psychosocial stress. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most commonly used method of experimentally inducing psychosocial stress, but it is resource intensive. Less resource intense psychosocial stress tasks include the Socially Evaluative Cold Pressor Task (SECPT) and a computerized mental arithmetic task (MAT). These tasks effectively produce a physiological and psychological stress response and have the benefits of requiring fewer experimenters and affording data collection from multiple participants simultaneously. The objective of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of these three experimental psychosocial stress induction paradigms. On each of four separate days, participants completed either a control non-stressful task or one of the three experimental stressors: the TSST, SECPT, or MAT. We measured mood, working memory performance, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (AA), and heart rate. The TSST and SECPT exerted the most robust effects on mood and physiological measures. TSST effects were generally evident immediately post-stress as well as 10- and 20-minutes after stress cessation, whereas SECPT effects were generally limited to the duration of the stressor. The stress duration is a key determinant when planning a study that utilizes an experimental stressor, as researchers may be interested in collecting dependent measures prior to stress cessation. In this way, the TSST would allow the investigator a longer window to administer tasks of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
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198
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Kinner VL, Het S, Wolf OT. Emotion regulation: exploring the impact of stress and sex. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:397. [PMID: 25431554 PMCID: PMC4230035 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation is a major prerequisite for adaptive behavior. The capacity to regulate emotions is particularly important during and after the encounter of a stressor. However, the impact of acute stress and its associated neuroendocrine alterations on emotion regulation have received little attention so far. This study aimed to explore how stress-induced cortisol increases affect three different emotion regulation strategies. Seventy two healthy men and women were either exposed to a stressor or a control condition. Subsequently participants viewed positive and negative images and were asked to up- or down-regulate their emotional responses or simultaneously required to solve an arithmetic task (distraction). The factors stress, sex, and strategy were operationalized as between group factors (n = 6 per cell). Stress caused an increase in blood pressure and higher subjective stress ratings. An increase in cortisol was observed in male participants only. In contrast to controls, stressed participants were less effective in distracting themselves from the emotional pictures. The results further suggest that in women stress enhances the ability to decrease negative emotions. These findings characterize the impact of stress and sex on emotion regulation and provide initial evidence that these factors may interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Kinner
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Serkan Het
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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199
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Michalowski JM, Weymar M, Hamm AO. Remembering the object you fear: brain potentials during recognition of spiders in spider-fearful individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109537. [PMID: 25296032 PMCID: PMC4190313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated long-term memory for unpleasant, neutral and spider pictures in 15 spider-fearful and 15 non-fearful control individuals using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. During the initial (incidental) encoding, pictures were passively viewed in three separate blocks and were subsequently rated for valence and arousal. A recognition memory task was performed one week later in which old and new unpleasant, neutral and spider pictures were presented. Replicating previous results, we found enhanced memory performance and higher confidence ratings for unpleasant when compared to neutral materials in both animal fearful individuals and controls. When compared to controls high animal fearful individuals also showed a tendency towards better memory accuracy and significantly higher confidence during recognition of spider pictures, suggesting that memory of objects prompting specific fear is also facilitated in fearful individuals. In line, spider-fearful but not control participants responded with larger ERP positivity for correctly recognized old when compared to correctly rejected new spider pictures, thus showing the same effects in the neural signature of emotional memory for feared objects that were already discovered for other emotional materials. The increased fear memory for phobic materials observed in the present study in spider-fearful individuals might result in an enhanced fear response and reinforce negative beliefs aggravating anxiety symptomatology and hindering recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alfons O. Hamm
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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200
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Holz E, Lass-Hennemann J, Streb M, Pfaltz M, Michael T. Effects of acute cortisol administration on perceptual priming of trauma-related material. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104864. [PMID: 25192334 PMCID: PMC4156294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrusive memories are a hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They reflect excessive and uncontrolled retrieval of the traumatic memory. Acute elevations of cortisol are known to impair the retrieval of already stored memory information. Thus, continuous cortisol administration might help in reducing intrusive memories in PTSD. Strong perceptual priming for neutral stimuli associated with a "traumatic" context has been shown to be one important learning mechanism that leads to intrusive memories. However, the memory modulating effects of cortisol have only been shown for explicit declarative memory processes. Thus, in our double blind, placebo controlled study we aimed to investigate whether cortisol influences perceptual priming of neutral stimuli that appeared in a "traumatic" context. Two groups of healthy volunteers (N = 160) watched either neutral or "traumatic" picture stories on a computer screen. Neutral objects were presented in between the pictures. Memory for these neutral objects was tested after 24 hours with a perceptual priming task and an explicit memory task. Prior to memory testing half of the participants in each group received 25 mg of cortisol, the other half received placebo. In the placebo group participants in the "traumatic" stories condition showed more perceptual priming for the neutral objects than participants in the neutral stories condition, indicating a strong perceptual priming effect for neutral stimuli presented in a "traumatic" context. In the cortisol group this effect was not present: Participants in the neutral stories and participants in the "traumatic" stories condition in the cortisol group showed comparable priming effects for the neutral objects. Our findings show that cortisol inhibits perceptual priming for neutral stimuli that appeared in a "traumatic" context. These findings indicate that cortisol influences PTSD-relevant memory processes and thus further support the idea that administration of cortisol might be an effective treatment strategy in reducing intrusive reexperiencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Holz
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Johanna Lass-Hennemann
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Markus Streb
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Monique Pfaltz
- Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Michael
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
- * E-mail:
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