151
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Thak EJ, Yoo SJ, Moon HY, Kang HA. Yeast synthetic biology for designed cell factories producing secretory recombinant proteins. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5721243. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Yeasts are prominent hosts for the production of recombinant proteins from industrial enzymes to therapeutic proteins. Particularly, the similarity of protein secretion pathways between these unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms and higher eukaryotic organisms has made them a preferential host to produce secretory recombinant proteins. However, there are several bottlenecks, in terms of quality and quantity, restricting their use as secretory recombinant protein production hosts. In this mini-review, we discuss recent developments in synthetic biology approaches to constructing yeast cell factories endowed with enhanced capacities of protein folding and secretion as well as designed targeted post-translational modification process functions. We focus on the new genetic tools for optimizing secretory protein expression, such as codon-optimized synthetic genes, combinatory synthetic signal peptides and copy number-controllable integration systems, and the advanced cellular engineering strategies, including endoplasmic reticulum and protein trafficking pathway engineering, synthetic glycosylation, and cell wall engineering, for improving the quality and yield of secretory recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Thak
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Yoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Moon
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
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152
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Novačić A, Vučenović I, Primig M, Stuparević I. Non-coding RNAs as cell wall regulators in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:15-25. [PMID: 31994960 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1715340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an extracellular organelle crucial for preserving its cellular integrity and detecting environmental cues. The cell wall is composed of mannoproteins attached to a polysaccharide network and is continuously remodelled as cells undergo cell division, mating, gametogenesis or adapt to stressors. This makes yeast an excellent model to study the regulation of genes important for cell wall formation and maintenance. Given that certain yeast strains are pathogenic, a better understanding of their life cycle is of clinical relevance. This is why transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing genes involved in cell wall biogenesis or maintenance have been the focus of numerous studies. However, little is known about the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of transcripts that are thought to possess little or no protein coding potential, in controlling the expression of cell wall-related genes. This review outlines currently known mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in S. cerevisiae and describes examples of lncRNA-regulated genes encoding cell wall proteins. We suggest that the association of currently annotated lncRNAs with the coding sequences and/or promoters of cell wall-related genes highlights a potential role for lncRNAs as important regulators of the yeast cell wall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Novačić
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Vučenović
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michael Primig
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Igor Stuparević
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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153
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Chhetri A, Loksztejn A, Nguyen H, Pianalto KM, Kim MJ, Hong J, Alspaugh JA, Yokoyama K. Length Specificity and Polymerization Mechanism of (1,3)-β-d-Glucan Synthase in Fungal Cell Wall Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2020; 59:682-693. [PMID: 31899625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(1,3)-β-d-Glucan synthase (GS) catalyzes formation of the linear (1,3)-β-d-glucan in the fungal cell wall and is a target of clinically approved antifungal antibiotics. The catalytic subunit of GS, FKS protein, does not exhibit significant sequence homology to other glycosyltransferases, and thus, significant ambiguity about its catalytic mechanism remains. One of the major technical barriers in studying GS is the absence of activity assay methods that allow characterization of the lengths and amounts of (1,3)-β-d-glucan due to its poor solubility in water and organic solvents. Here, we report a successful development of a novel GS activity assay based on size-exclusion chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection and radiation counting (SEC-PAD-RC), which allows for the simultaneous characterization of the amount and length of the polymer product. The assay revealed that the purified yeast GS produces glucan with a length of 6550 ± 760 mer, consistent with the reported degree of polymerization of (1,3)-β-d-glucan isolated from intact cells. Pre-steady state kinetic analysis revealed a highly efficient but rate-determining chain elongation rate of 51.5 ± 9.8 s-1, which represents the first observation of chain elongation by a nucleotide-sugar-dependent polysaccharide synthase. Coupling the SEC-PAD-RC method with substrate analogue mechanistic probes provided the first unambiguous evidence that GS catalyzes non-reducing end polymerization. On the basis of these observations, we propose a detailed model for the catalytic mechanism of GS. The approaches described here can be used to determine the mechanism of catalysis of other polysaccharide synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chhetri
- Department of Biochemistry , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Anna Loksztejn
- Department of Biochemistry , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kaila M Pianalto
- Department of Medicine , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Department of Medicine , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kenichi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0354 , United States
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154
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Jones DR, Xing X, Tingley JP, Klassen L, King ML, Alexander TW, Abbott DW. Analysis of Active Site Architecture and Reaction Product Linkage Chemistry Reveals a Conserved Cleavage Substrate for an Endo-alpha-mannanase within Diverse Yeast Mannans. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1083-1097. [PMID: 31945375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Yeast α-mannan (YM) is a densely branched N-linked glycan that decorates the surface of yeast cell walls. Owing to the high degree of branching, cleavage of the backbone of YM appears to rely on the coupled action of side-chain-cleaving enzymes. Upon examining the genome sequences of bovine-adapted Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strains, isolated for their ability to degrade YM, we have identified a tandem pair of genes inserted into an orphan pathway predicted to be involved in YM metabolism. Here, we investigated the activity of one of these enzymes, a predicted endo-mannanase from glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 76 (BtGH76-MD40). Purified recombinant BtGH76-MD40 displayed activity on structurally distinct YMs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Linkage analysis of released oligosaccharide products from S. cerevisiae and S. pombe mannan determined BtGH76-MD40 targets a specific linkage that is conserved in structurally diverse YM substrates. In addition, using two differential derivatization methods, we have shown that there is an absolute requirement for undecorated d-mannopyranose in the -1 subsite. Determination of the BtGH76-MD40 X-ray crystal structure and structural superimposition and molecular docking of a branched alpha-mannopentatose substrate supported these findings. In contrast, BtGH76-MD40 can accommodate extended side chains in the +1 and -2 subsites, highlighting that a single alpha-1,6-mannosyl residue is a prerequisite for activity, and cleavage occurs at the reducing end of the undecorated monosaccharide. Collectively these results demonstrate how acquisition of new enzymes within extant pathways contributes to the functional abilities of saccharolytic bacteria persisting in complex digestive ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl R Jones
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Leeann Klassen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Marissa L King
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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155
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Scariot DB, Volpato H, Fernandes NS, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Borges O, Sousa MDC, Rosa FA, Jacomini AP, Silva SO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Rubira AF, Nakamura CV. Oral treatment with T6-loaded yeast cell wall particles reduces the parasitemia in murine visceral leishmaniasis model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20080. [PMID: 31882925 PMCID: PMC6934808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56647-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cell wall particles isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (scYCWPs) have a rich constitution of β-glucan derived from the cell wall. After removing intracellular contents, β-glucan molecules are readily recognized by dectin-1 receptors, present on the cytoplasmic membrane surface of the mononuclear phagocytic cells and internalized. Leishmania spp. are obligate intracellular parasites; macrophages are its primary host cells. An experimental murine model of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. infantum was used to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of oral administration of these particles. A low-water soluble thiophene previously studied in vitro against L. infantum was entrapped into scYCWPs to direct it into the host cell, in order to circumvent the typical pharmacokinetic problems of water-insoluble compounds. We found that scYCWPs + T6 reduced the parasitic burden in the liver and spleen. There was an increase in IFN-γ levels related to nitric oxide production, explaining the reduction of the L. infantum burden in the tissue. Histological analysis did not show signals of tissue inflammation and biochemical analysis from plasma did not indicate signals of cytotoxicity after scYCWPs + T6 treatment. These findings suggested that scYCWPs + T6 administered through oral route reduced the parasitic burden without causing toxic effects, satisfying requirements for development of new strategies to treat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora B Scariot
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Hélito Volpato
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Nilma S Fernandes
- Cellular Biology Graduate Program, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Olga Borges
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Fernanda A Rosa
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Andrey P Jacomini
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Sueli O Silva
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Adley F Rubira
- Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, State University of Maringá, Maringa, 87020-900, Brazil.
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156
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Rekstina VV, Bykova AA, Ziganshin RH, Kalebina TS. GPI-Modified Proteins Non-covalently Attached to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Cell Wall. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1513-1520. [PMID: 31870255 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919120101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Yeast cell wall GPI-anchored proteins lack the lipid part of the anchor and are covalently bound to the high-molecular-weight polysaccharides glucan and/or chitin through the mannose residues. They perform many functions, including participation in the cell wall molecular ensemble formation and providing cell resistance to stress. In this work, we identified a pool of GPI-modified proteins firmly bound to the cell wall by non-covalent interactions with the high-molecular-weight structural polysaccharides. We believe that the detected proteins are intermediate forms in the processing of the cell wall GPI-proteins, since they had already lost the lipid part of the GPI anchor and are absent in the lipoprotein fraction extracted according to Folch, but were not yet incorporated into the cell wall by the covalent binding to high-molecular-weight polysaccharides because they could be extracted into water by heating of delipidized cell walls. This group of previously unknown proteins might be present in the cell wall in a form of lipid-associated microcompartments represented by transport vesicles recently found in yeast. GPI-modified proteins non-covalently attached to the high-molecular-weight polysaccharides were found in the cell walls of both the parent strain and yeast devoid of glucanosyltransglycosylase Bgl2, which indicates that the pathway of their incorporation into the cell wall is independent on this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Rekstina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Bykova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - R H Ziganshin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - T S Kalebina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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157
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158
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Removal of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Alginate System. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244128. [PMID: 31835462 PMCID: PMC6947380 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the Cd2+ removal capacity of a biosorbent system formed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in calcium alginate beads. The adsorption of Cd2+ by a S. cerevisiae–alginate system was tested either by batch or fixed-bed column experiments. The S. cerevisiae–alginate system was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS, zeta potential), size, hardness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Beads of the S. cerevisiae–alginate system showed a spherical–elliptical morphology, diameter of 1.62 ± 0.02 mm, 96% moisture, negative surface charge (−29.3 ± 2.57 mV), and texture stability during storage at 4 °C for 20 days. In batch conditions, the system adsorbed 4.3 µg of Cd2+/g of yeast–alginate beads, using a Cd2+ initial concentration of 5 mg/L. Adsorption capacity increased to 15.4 µg/g in a fixed-bed column system, removing 83% of total Cd2+. In conclusion, the yeast–alginate system is an efficient option for the removal of cadmium at low concentrations in drinking water.
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159
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Dinh HV, Suthers PF, Chan SHJ, Shen Y, Xiao T, Deewan A, Jagtap SS, Zhao H, Rao CV, Rabinowitz JD, Maranas CD. A comprehensive genome-scale model for Rhodosporidium toruloides IFO0880 accounting for functional genomics and phenotypic data. Metab Eng Commun 2019; 9:e00101. [PMID: 31720216 PMCID: PMC6838544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodosporidium toruloides is a red, basidiomycetes yeast that can accumulate a large amount of lipids and produce carotenoids. To better assess this non-model yeast's metabolic capabilities, we reconstructed a genome-scale model of R. toruloides IFO0880's metabolic network (iRhto1108) accounting for 2204 reactions, 1985 metabolites and 1108 genes. In this work, we integrated and supplemented the current knowledge with in-house generated biomass composition and experimental measurements pertaining to the organism's metabolic capabilities. Predictions of genotype-phenotype relations were improved through manual curation of gene-protein-reaction rules for 543 reactions leading to correct recapitulations of 84.5% of gene essentiality data (sensitivity of 94.3% and specificity of 53.8%). Organism-specific macromolecular composition and ATP maintenance requirements were experimentally measured for two separate growth conditions: (i) carbon and (ii) nitrogen limitations. Overall, iRhto1108 reproduced R. toruloides's utilization capabilities for 18 alternate substrates, matched measured wild-type growth yield, and recapitulated the viability of 772 out of 819 deletion mutants. As a demonstration to the model's fidelity in guiding engineering interventions, the OptForce procedure was applied on iRhto1108 for triacylglycerol overproduction. Suggested interventions recapitulated many of the previous successful implementations of genetic modifications and put forth a few new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V. Dinh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 306 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Patrick F. Suthers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 306 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Siu Hung Joshua Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 306 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Yihui Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, 285 Frick Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Tianxia Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, 285 Frick Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Anshu Deewan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, 114 Roger Adams Laboratory MC 712, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sujit S. Jagtap
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, 114 Roger Adams Laboratory MC 712, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, 114 Roger Adams Laboratory MC 712, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher V. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne, 114 Roger Adams Laboratory MC 712, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joshua D. Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, 285 Frick Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 306 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, PA, 16802-4400, USA
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160
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Inokuma K, Kurono H, den Haan R, van Zyl WH, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Novel strategy for anchorage position control of GPI-attached proteins in the yeast cell wall using different GPI-anchoring domains. Metab Eng 2019; 57:110-117. [PMID: 31715252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The yeast cell surface provides space to display functional proteins. Heterologous proteins can be covalently anchored to the yeast cell wall by fusing them with the anchoring domain of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall proteins (GPI-CWPs). In the yeast cell-surface display system, the anchorage position of the target protein in the cell wall is an important factor that maximizes the capabilities of engineered yeast cells because the yeast cell wall consists of a 100- to 200-nm-thick microfibrillar array of glucan chains. However, knowledge is limited regarding the anchorage position of GPI-attached proteins in the yeast cell wall. Here, we report a comparative study on the effect of GPI-anchoring domain-heterologous protein fusions on yeast cell wall localization. GPI-anchoring domains derived from well-characterized GPI-CWPs, namely Sed1p and Sag1p, were used for the cell-surface display of heterologous proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Immunoelectron-microscopic analysis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-displaying cells revealed that the anchorage position of the GPI-attached protein in the cell wall could be controlled by changing the fused anchoring domain. eGFP fused with the Sed1-anchoring domain predominantly localized to the external surface of the cell wall, whereas the anchorage position of eGFP fused with the Sag1-anchoring domain was mainly inside the cell wall. We also demonstrate the application of the anchorage position control technique to improve the cellulolytic ability of cellulase-displaying yeast. The ethanol titer during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of hydrothermally-processed rice straw was improved by 30% after repositioning the exo- and endo-cellulases using Sed1- and Sag1-anchor domains. This novel anchorage position control strategy will enable the efficient utilization of the cell wall space in various fields of yeast cell-surface display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inokuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurono
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Riaan den Haan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7530, South Africa
| | - Willem Heber van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan; Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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161
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Saad H, Patel C, Lederkremer GZ. Letting go of O-glycans. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15912-15913. [PMID: 31676555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h119.011245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of free N-glycans, or unconjugated oligosaccharides derived from N-linked glycoproteins, is well understood, but whether a similar fate awaits O-linked glycoprotein carbohydrates was unknown. Hirayama et al. now reveal, by using only mannose as an energy source, the generation of free O-glycans in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the lumen of a secretory compartment, possibly the vacuole. These findings uncover the presence of a possible regulated degradation pathway for O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haddas Saad
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chaitanya Patel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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162
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Stirke A, Celiesiute-Germaniene R, Zimkus A, Zurauskiene N, Simonis P, Dervinis A, Ramanavicius A, Balevicius S. The link between yeast cell wall porosity and plasma membrane permeability after PEF treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14731. [PMID: 31611587 PMCID: PMC6791849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the yeast cell resealing process was performed by studying the absorption of the tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) ion by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was shown that the main barrier for the uptake of such TPP+ ions is the cell wall. An increased rate of TPP+ absorption after treatment of such cells with a pulsed electric field (PEF) was observed only in intact cells, but not in spheroplasts. The investigation of the uptake of TPP+ in PEF treated cells exposed to TPP+ for different time intervals also showed the dependence of the absorption rate on the PEF strength. The modelling of the TPP+ uptake recovery has also shown that the characteristic decay time of the non-equilibrium (PEF induced) pores was approximately a few tens of seconds and this did not depend on the PEF strength. A further investigation of such cell membrane recovery process using a florescent SYTOX Green nucleic acid stain dye also showed that such membrane resealing takes place over a time that is like that occurring in the cell wall. It was thus concluded that the similar characteristic lifetimes of the non-equilibrium pores in the cell wall and membrane after exposure to PEF indicate a strong coupling between these parts of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Stirke
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Aurelijus Zimkus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Life Sciences Center, Sauletekio ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nerija Zurauskiene
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Povilas Simonis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aldas Dervinis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko st. 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Balevicius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio ave. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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163
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Identification of New Antifungal Agents Targeting Chitin Synthesis by a Chemical-Genetic Method. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173155. [PMID: 31470665 PMCID: PMC6749524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infection is a leading cause of mortality in immunocompromised population; thus, it is urgent to develop new and safe antifungal agents. Different from human cells, fungi have a cell wall, which is composed mainly of polysaccharide glucan and chitin. The unique cell wall structure is an ideal target for antifungal drugs. In this research, a chemical-genetic method was used to isolate antifungal agents that target chitin synthesis in yeast cells. From a compound library, we isolated two benzothiazole compounds that showed greater toxicity to yeast mutants lacking glucan synthase Fks1 compared to wild-type yeast cells and mutants lacking chitin synthase Chs3. Both of them inhibited the activity of chitin synthase in vitro and reduced chitin level in yeast cells. Besides, these compounds showed clear synergistic antifungal effect with a glucan synthase inhibitors caspofungin. Furthermore, these compounds inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Surprisingly, the genome-wide mass-spectrometry analysis showed decreased protein level of chitin synthases in cells treated with one of these drugs, and this decrease was not a result of downregulation of gene transcription. Therefore, we successfully identified two new antifungal agents that inhibit chitin synthesis using a chemical-genetic method.
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164
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Ma S, Zhang J, Chen S, Zeng L. The effects of (E)‐2‐hexenal on morphological, physiological, and biochemical indices of postharvest disease
Penicillium cyclopium
spores. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Shaoyang Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringXiangtan University Xiangtan China
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165
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Zhao F, Li J, Lin K, Chen H, Lin Y, Zheng S, Liang S, Han S. Genome-wide screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants reveals cellular processes required for tolerance to the cell wall antagonist calcofluor white. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:1-6. [PMID: 31427087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We screened a haploid library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-gene deletion mutants to identify nonessential genes associated with increased sensitivity to or resistance against the cell wall antagonist calcofluor white. Through a genome-wide screen, we isolated 537 strains that had an altered growth rate relative to wild type, of which 485 showed increased sensitivity and 52 showed increased resistance to calcofluor white. The MAPK signaling pathway, N-glycan biosynthesis, endocytosis, vacuole acidification, autophagy, and the sulfur relay system were identified as being associated with calcofluor white sensitivity. Resistance genes were mainly involved in chitin metabolism and the RIM101 pathway or encoded several components of the ESCRT complexes or related to cysteine and methionine metabolism and RNA degradation. Further investigation indicated a clear global response network that S. cerevisiae relies on in the presence of the cell wall antagonist calcofluor white, which may help us to understand fungal cell wall remodeling and the mechanisms of toxicity of calcofluor white with respect to eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Kerui Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Suiping Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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166
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Microscopy examination of red blood and yeast cell agglutination induced by bacterial lectins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220318. [PMID: 31344098 PMCID: PMC6657890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a group of ubiquitous proteins which specifically recognize and reversibly bind sugar moieties of glycoprotein and glycolipid constituents on cell surfaces. The mutagenesis approach is often employed to characterize lectin binding properties. As lectins are not enzymes, it is not easy to perform a rapid specificity screening of mutants using chromogenic substrates. It is necessary to use different binding assays such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), microscale thermophoresis (MST), enzyme-linked lectin assays (ELLA), or glycan arrays for their characterization. These methods often require fluorescently labeled proteins (MST), highly purified proteins (SPR) or high protein concentrations (ITC). Mutant proteins may often exhibit problematic behaviour, such as poor solubility or low stability. Lectin-based cell agglutination is a simple and low-cost technique which can overcome most of these problems. In this work, a modified method of the agglutination of human erythrocytes and yeast cells with microscopy detection was successfully used for a specificity study of the newly prepared mutant lectin RS-IIL_A22S, which experimentally completed studies on sugar preferences of lectins in the PA-IIL family. Results showed that the sensitivity of this method is comparable with ITC, is able to determine subtle differences in lectin specificity, and works directly in cell lysates. The agglutination method with microscopy detection was validated by comparison of the results with results obtained by agglutination assay in standard 96-well microtiter plate format. In contrast to this assay, the microscopic method can clearly distinguish between hemagglutination and hemolysis. Therefore, this method is suitable for examination of lectins with known hemolytic activity as well as mutant or uncharacterized lectins, which could damage red blood cells. This is due to the experimental arrangement, which includes very short sample incubation time in combination with microscopic detection of agglutinates, that are easily observed by a small portable microscope.
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167
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Coordination of the Cell Wall Integrity and High-Osmolarity Glycerol Pathways in Response to Ethanol Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00551-19. [PMID: 31101611 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00551-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During fermentation, a high ethanol concentration is a major stress that influences the vitality and viability of yeast cells, which in turn leads to a termination of the fermentation process. In this study, we show that the BCK1 and SLT2 genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway, respectively, are essential for ethanol tolerance, suggesting that the CWI pathway is involved in the response to ethanol-induced cell wall stress. Upon ethanol exposure, the CWI pathway induces the expression of specific cell wall-remodeling genes, including FKS2, CRH1, and PIR3 (encoding β-1,3-glucan synthase, chitin transglycosylase, and O-glycosylated cell wall protein, respectively), which eventually leads to the remodeling of the cell wall structure. Our results revealed that in response to ethanol stress, the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway plays a collaborative role with the CWI pathway in inducing cell wall remodeling via the upregulation of specific cell wall biosynthesis genes such as the CRH1 gene. Furthermore, the substantial expression of CWI-responsive genes is also triggered by external hyperosmolarity, suggesting that the adaptive changes in the cell wall are crucial for protecting yeast cells against not only cell wall stress but also osmotic stress. On the other hand, the cell wall stress-inducing agent calcofluor white has no effect on promoting the expression of GPD1, a major target gene of the HOG pathway. Collectively, these findings suggest that during ethanol stress, the CWI and HOG pathways collaboratively regulate the transcription of specific cell wall biosynthesis genes, thereby leading to adaptive changes in the cell wall.IMPORTANCE The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used in industrial fermentations, including the production of alcoholic beverages and bioethanol. During fermentation, an increased ethanol concentration is the main stress that affects yeast metabolism and inhibits ethanol production. This work presents evidence that in response to ethanol stress, both CWI and HOG pathways cooperate to control the expression of cell wall-remodeling genes in order to build the adaptive strength of the cell wall. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptive responses and tolerance of yeast to ethanol stress, which is essential for successful engineering of yeast strains for improved ethanol tolerance.
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168
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Hirayama H, Matsuda T, Tsuchiya Y, Oka R, Seino J, Huang C, Nakajima K, Noda Y, Shichino Y, Iwasaki S, Suzuki T. Free glycans derived from O-mannosylated glycoproteins suggest the presence of an O-glycoprotein degradation pathway in yeast. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15900-15911. [PMID: 31311856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, unconjugated oligosaccharides that are structurally related to N-glycans (i.e. free N-glycans) are generated either from misfolded N-glycoproteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation or from lipid-linked oligosaccharides, donor substrates for N-glycosylation of proteins. The mechanism responsible for the generation of free N-glycans is now well-understood, but the issue of whether other types of free glycans are present remains unclear. Here, we report on the accumulation of free, O-mannosylated glycans in budding yeast that were cultured in medium containing mannose as the carbon source. A structural analysis of these glycans revealed that their structures are identical to those of O-mannosyl glycans that are attached to glycoproteins. Deletion of the cyc8 gene, which encodes for a general transcription repressor, resulted in the accumulation of excessive amounts of free O-glycans, concomitant with a severe growth defect, a reduction in the level of an O-mannosylated protein, and compromised cell wall integrity. Our findings provide evidence in support of a regulated pathway for the degradation of O-glycoproteins in yeast and offer critical insights into the catabolic mechanisms that control the fate of O-glycosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Hirayama
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsugiyo Matsuda
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yae Tsuchiya
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Oka
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junichi Seino
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Department of Academic Research Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Noda
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shichino
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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169
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Elhasi T, Blomberg A. Integrins in disguise - mechanosensors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as functional integrin analogues. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:335-355. [PMID: 31404395 PMCID: PMC6685044 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.08.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense external mechanical stimuli is vital for all organisms. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate bidirectional signalling between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton in animals. Thus, integrins can sense changes in ECM mechanics and can translate these into internal biochemical responses through different signalling pathways. In the model yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are no proteins with sequence similarity to mammalian integrins. However, we here emphasise that the WSC-type (Wsc1, Wsc2, and Wsc3) and the MID-type (Mid2 and Mtl1) mechanosensors in yeast act as partial functional integrin analogues. Various environmental cues recognised by these mechanosensors are transmitted by a conserved signal transduction cascade commonly referred to as the PKC1-SLT1 cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. We exemplify the WSC- and MID-type mechanosensors functional analogy to integrins with a number of studies where they resemble the integrins in terms of both mechanistic and molecular features as well as in the overall phenotypic consequences of their activity. In addition, many important components in integrin-dependent signalling in humans are conserved in yeast; for example, Sla1 and Sla2 are homologous to different parts of human talin, and we propose that they together might be functionally similar to talin. We also propose that the yeast cell wall is a prominent cellular feature involved in sensing a number of external factors and subsequently activating different signalling pathways. In a hypothetical model, we propose that nutrient limitations modulate cell wall elasticity, which is sensed by the mechanosensors and results in filamentous growth. We believe that mechanosensing is a somewhat neglected aspect of yeast biology, and we argue that the physiological and molecular consequences of signal transduction initiated at the cell wall deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Elhasi
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden
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170
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Physiologically Relevant Alternative Carbon Sources Modulate Biofilm Formation, Cell Wall Architecture, and the Stress and Antifungal Resistance of Candida glabrata. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133172. [PMID: 31261727 PMCID: PMC6651560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexibility in carbon metabolism is pivotal for the survival and propagation of many human fungal pathogens within host niches. Indeed, flexible carbon assimilation enhances pathogenicity and affects the immunogenicity of Candida albicans. Over the last decade, Candida glabrata has emerged as one of the most common and problematic causes of invasive candidiasis. Despite this, the links between carbon metabolism, fitness, and pathogenicity in C. glabrata are largely unexplored. Therefore, this study has investigated the impact of alternative carbon metabolism on the fitness and pathogenic attributes of C. glabrata. We confirm our previous observation that growth on carbon sources other than glucose, namely acetate, lactate, ethanol, or oleate, attenuates both the planktonic and biofilm growth of C. glabrata, but that biofilms are not significantly affected by growth on glycerol. We extend this by showing that C. glabrata cells grown on these alternative carbon sources undergo cell wall remodeling, which reduces the thickness of their β-glucan and chitin inner layer while increasing their outer mannan layer. Furthermore, alternative carbon sources modulated the oxidative stress resistance of C. glabrata as well as the resistance of C. glabrata to an antifungal drug. In short, key fitness and pathogenic attributes of C. glabrata are shown to be dependent on carbon source. This reaffirms the perspective that the nature of the carbon sources available within specific host niches is crucial for C. glabrata pathogenicity during infection.
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171
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Gryz E, Perlińska-Lenart U, Gawarecka K, Jozwiak A, Piłsyk S, Lipko A, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Bernat P, Muszewska A, Steczkiewicz K, Ginalski K, Długoński J, Strzalka K, Swiezewska E, Kruszewska JS. Poly-Saturated Dolichols from Filamentous Fungi Modulate Activity of Dolichol-Dependent Glycosyltransferase and Physical Properties of Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123043. [PMID: 31234450 PMCID: PMC6628320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-saturated polyprenols (dolichols) have been found in almost all Eukaryotic cells, however, dolichols containing additional saturated bonds at the ω-end, have been identified in A. fumigatus and A. niger. Here we confirm using an LC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis, that poly-saturated dolichols are abundant in other filamentous fungi, Trichoderma reesei, A. nidulans and Neurospora crassa, while the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae only contains the typical mono-saturated dolichols. We also show, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-l,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) that the structure of dolichols modulates the properties of membranes and affects the functioning of dolichyl diphosphate mannose synthase (DPMS). The activity of this enzyme from T. reesei and S. cerevisiae was strongly affected by the structure of dolichols. Additionally, the structure of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) model membranes was more strongly disturbed by the poly-saturated dolichols from Trichoderma than by the mono-saturated dolichols from yeast. By comparing the lipidome of filamentous fungi with that from S. cerevisiae, we revealed significant differences in the PC/PE ratio and fatty acids composition. Filamentous fungi differ from S. cerevisiae in the lipid composition of their membranes and the structure of dolichols. The structure of dolichols profoundly affects the functioning of dolichol-dependent enzyme, DPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Gryz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Perlińska-Lenart
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gawarecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Lipko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, CeNT, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Ginalski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, CeNT, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Długoński
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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172
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Ohnuki S, Kashima M, Yamada T, Ghanegolmohammadi F, Zhou Y, Goshima T, Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K, Hirata D, Akao T, Ohya Y. Genome editing to generate nonfoam-forming sake yeast strains. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1583-1593. [PMID: 31189439 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1631146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations frequently occur during breeding of sake yeasts and result in unexpected phenotypes. Here, genome editing tools were applied to develop an ideal nonfoam-forming sake yeast strain, K7GE01, which had homozygous awa1∆/awa1∆ deletion alleles that were responsible for nonfoam formation and few off-target mutations. High-dimensional morphological phenotyping revealed no detectable morphological differences between the genome-edited strain and its parent, while the canonical nonfoam-forming strain, K701, showed obvious morphological changes. Small-scale fermentation tests also showed differences between components of sake produced by K7GE01 and K701. The K7GE01 strain produced sake with significant differences in the concentrations of ethyl acetate, malic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid, while K701 produced sake with more differences. Our results indicated genuine phenotypes of awa1∆/awa1∆ in sake yeast isolates and showed the usefulness of genome editing tools for sake yeast breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ohnuki
- a Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan
| | - Mao Kashima
- a Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yamada
- a Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan
| | - Farzan Ghanegolmohammadi
- a Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan
| | - Yan Zhou
- b National Research Institute of Brewing , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Goshima
- b National Research Institute of Brewing , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maruyama
- c Department of Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,d Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kitamoto
- e Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Business Sciences , Nihon Pharmaceutical University , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- f Sake Research Center , Asahi Sake Brewing Co. Ltd ., Nagaoka , Japan.,g Department of Molecular Biotechnology , Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan.,h Sakeology Center , Niigata University , Ikarashi , Japan
| | - Takeshi Akao
- b National Research Institute of Brewing , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ohya
- a Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan.,d Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,i AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL) , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan
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173
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Designing selenium functional foods and beverages: A review. Food Res Int 2019; 120:708-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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174
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Magistrado-Coxen P, Aqeel Y, Lopez A, Haserick JR, Urbanowicz BR, Costello CE, Samuelson J. The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are lectins that bind cellulose and localize to distinct structures in developing and mature cyst walls. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007352. [PMID: 31095564 PMCID: PMC6541295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthamoeba castellanii, which causes keratitis and blindness in under-resourced countries, is an emerging pathogen worldwide, because of its association with contact lens use. The wall makes cysts resistant to sterilizing reagents in lens solutions and to antibiotics applied to the eye. Methodology/Principal findings Transmission electron microscopy and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) showed purified cyst walls of A. castellanii retained an outer ectocyst layer, an inner endocyst layer, and conical ostioles that connect them. Mass spectrometry showed candidate cyst wall proteins were dominated by three families of lectins (named here Jonah, Luke, and Leo), which bound well to cellulose and less well to chitin. An abundant Jonah lectin, which has one choice-of-anchor A (CAA) domain, was made early during encystation and localized to the ectocyst layer of cyst walls. An abundant Luke lectin, which has two carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM49), outlined small, flat ostioles in a single-layered primordial wall and localized to the endocyst layer and ostioles of mature walls. An abundant Leo lectin, which has two unique domains with eight Cys residues each (8-Cys), localized to the endocyst layer and ostioles. The Jonah lectin and glycopolymers, to which it binds, were accessible in the ectocyst layer. In contrast, Luke and Leo lectins and the glycopolymers, to which they bind, were mostly inaccessible in the endocyst layer and ostioles. Conclusions/Significance The most abundant A. castellanii cyst wall proteins are three sets of lectins, which have carbohydrate-binding modules that are conserved (CBM49s of Luke), newly characterized (CAA of Jonah), or unique to Acanthamoebae (8-Cys of Leo). Cyst wall formation is a tightly choreographed event, in which lectins and glycopolymers combine to form a mature wall with a protected endocyst layer. Because of its accessibility in the ectocyst layer, an abundant Jonah lectin is an excellent diagnostic target. A half century ago, investigators identified cellulose in the Acanthamoeba cyst wall, which has two layers and conical ostioles that connect them. Here we showed cyst walls contain three large sets of cellulose-binding lectins, which localize to the ectocyst layer (a Jonah lectin) or to the endocyst layer and ostioles (Luke and Leo lectins). We used the lectins to establish a sequence for cyst wall assembly when trophozoites are starved and encyst. In the first stage, a Jonah lectin and glycopolymers were present in dozens of distinct vesicles. In the second stage, a primordial wall contained small, flat ostioles outlined by a Luke lectin. In the third stage, a Jonah lectin remained in the ectocyst layer, while Luke and Leo lectins moved to the endocyst layer and ostioles. A description of the major events during cyst wall development is a starting point for mechanistic studies of its assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Magistrado-Coxen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yousuf Aqeel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angelo Lopez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. Haserick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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175
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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176
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Chen Y, Cheng L, Zhang X, Cao J, Wu Z, Zheng X. Transcriptomic and proteomic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3”Me) treatment on ethanol-stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Food Res Int 2019; 119:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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177
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Serum Amyloid P Component Binds Fungal Surface Amyloid and Decreases Human Macrophage Phagocytosis and Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00218-19. [PMID: 30862745 PMCID: PMC6414697 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00218-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with invasive fungal diseases, there is often little cellular inflammatory response. We tested the idea that binding of the human constitutive plasma protein serum amyloid P component (SAP) (also called PTX2) to Candida albicans dampens the innate immune response to this fungus. Many pathogenic fungi have cell surface amyloid-like structures important for adhesion and biofilm formation. Human SAP bound to fungi that expressed functional cell surface amyloid, but SAP had minimal binding to fungi with reduced expression of cell surface amyloid. In the absence of SAP, phagocytosis of fungi by human macrophages was potentiated by expression of amyloid on the fungi. SAP binding to fungi inhibited their phagocytosis by macrophages. Macrophages pretreated with SAP displayed reduced fungal phagocytosis, reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α), and increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. SAP bound to fungi or added to the medium upregulated the expression of the anti-inflammatory receptor CD206 on macrophages. These findings suggest that SAP bound to amyloid-like structures on fungal cells dampens the host cellular immune response in fungal diseases such as invasive candidiasis.IMPORTANCE Macrophages are a key part of our innate immune system and are responsible for recognizing invading microbes, ingesting them, and sending appropriate signals to other immune cells. We have found that human macrophages can recognize invading yeast pathogens that have a specific molecular pattern of proteins on their surfaces: these proteins have structures similar to the structures of amyloid aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. However, this surface pattern also causes the fungi to bind a serum protein called serum amyloid P component (SAP). In turn, the SAP-coated yeasts are poorly recognized and seldom ingested by the macrophages, and the macrophages have a more tolerant and less inflammatory response in the presence of SAP. Therefore, we find that surface structures on the yeast can alter how the macrophages react to invading microbes.
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178
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Utama GL, Meliana S, Djali M, Yuliana T, Balia RL. Probiotic Candidates Yeast Isolated from Dangke - Indonesian Traditional Fermented Buffalo Milk. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201967010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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179
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Cortés JCG, Curto MÁ, Carvalho VSD, Pérez P, Ribas JC. The fungal cell wall as a target for the development of new antifungal therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107352. [PMID: 30797093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades invasive mycoses have globally emerged as a persistent source of healthcare-associated infections. The cell wall surrounding the fungal cell opposes the turgor pressure that otherwise could produce cell lysis. Thus, the cell wall is essential for maintaining fungal cell shape and integrity. Given that this structure is absent in host mammalian cells, it stands as an important target when developing selective compounds for the treatment of fungal infections. Consequently, treatment with echinocandins, a family of antifungal agents that specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of cell wall (1-3)β-D-glucan, has been established as an alternative and effective antifungal therapy. However, the existence of many pathogenic fungi resistant to single or multiple antifungal families, together with the limited arsenal of available antifungal compounds, critically affects the effectiveness of treatments against these life-threatening infections. Thus, new antifungal therapies are required. Here we review the fungal cell wall and its relevance in biotechnology as a target for the development of new antifungal compounds, disclosing the most promising cell wall inhibitors that are currently in experimental or clinical development for the treatment of some invasive mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos G Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - M-Ángeles Curto
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Vanessa S D Carvalho
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica and Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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180
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Luu VT, Moon HY, Yoo SJ, Choo JH, Thak EJ, Kang HA. Development of conditional cell lysis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as production hosts by modulating OCH1 and CHS3 expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2277-2293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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181
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Abstract
In many yeast and fungi, β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin are essential components of the cell wall, an important structure that surrounds cells and which is responsible for their mechanical protection and necessary for maintaining the cellular shape. In addition, the cell wall is a dynamic structure that needs to be remodelled along with the different phases of the fungal life cycle or in response to extracellular stimuli. Since β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin perform a central structural role in the assembly of the cell wall, it has been postulated that β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases should perform an important function in cell wall softening and remodelling. This review focusses on fungal glucanases and chitinases and their role during fungal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Roncero
- Instituto de Biología Funcional Y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos R Vázquez de Aldana
- Instituto de Biología Funcional Y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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182
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Chitin Prevalence and Function in Bacteria, Fungi and Protists. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:19-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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183
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Orlean P, Funai D. Priming and elongation of chitin chains: Implications for chitin synthase mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:100017. [PMID: 32743134 PMCID: PMC7389259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most fungi have multiple chitin synthases (CSs) that may make chitin at different sites on the cell surface, at different times during growth, and in response to cell wall stress. The structure-based model for CS function is for transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane to the non-reducing end of a growing chitin chain, which is concomitantly translocated through a transmembrane channel formed by the synthase. Two aspects of CS mechanism are investigated: how chains might be initiated, and what governs how long they can get. First, it is shown that CSs incorporate free GlcNAc into di-N-acetylchitobiose and into insoluble chitin in a UDP-GlcNAc-dependent manner, and therefore that GlcNAc primes chitin synthesis. Second, average lengths of insoluble chitin chains were measured by determining the molar ratio of priming GlcNAc to chain-extending, UDP-GlcNAc-derived GlcNAc, and showed dependence on UDP-GlcNAc concentration, approaching a maximum at higher concentrations of substrate. These results, together with previous findings that 2-acylamido GlcN analogues prime formation of chitin oligosaccharides and stimulate chitin synthesis are discussed in the context of the structure-based model, and lead to the following proposals. 1) CSs may "self-prime" by hydrolyzing UDP-GlcNAc to yield GlcNAc. 2) A CS's active site is not continuously occupied by a nascent chitin chain, rather, CSs can release chitin chains, then re-initiate, and therefore synthesize chitin chains in bursts. 3) The length of chitin chains made by a given CS will impact that CS's contribution to construction of the fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B-213 Chemical and Life Sciences Laboratory, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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184
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Kar B, Patel P, Ao J, Free SJ. Neurospora crassa family GH72 glucanosyltransferases function to crosslink cell wall glycoprotein N-linked galactomannan to cell wall lichenin. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 123:60-69. [PMID: 30503329 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a glucan/chitin/glycoprotein cell wall matrix is vital for fungal survival, growth, and morphogenesis. The cell wall proteins are important cell wall components and function in adhesion, signal transduction, and as cell wall structural elements. In this report we demonstrate that Neurospora crassa GH72 glucan transferases function to crosslink cell wall glycoproteins into the cell wall. With an in vitro assay, we show that the glucan transferases are able to attach lichenin, a cell wall glucan with a repeating β-1,4-glucose-β-1,4-glucose-β-1,3-glucose structure, to cell wall glycoproteins. We propose that the pathway for attachment of lichenin to the glycoprotein has four steps. First, N-linked oligosaccharides present on the glycoproteins are modified by the addition of a galactomannan. As part of our report we have characterized the structure of the galactomannan, which consists of an α-1,6-mannose backbone with galactofuranose side chains. In the second step, the galactomannan is processed by members of the GH76 α-1,6-mannanases. In the third step, the glucan transferases cleave the lichenin and create substrate-enzyme intermediates. In the final step, the transferases transfer the lichenin to the processed galactomannan. We demonstrate that the N. crassa glucan transferases have demonstrate specificity for the processed galactomannan and for lichenin. The energy from the cleaved glycosidic bond in lichenin is retained in the substrate-enzyme intermediate and used to create a new glycosidic bond between the lichenin and the processed galactomannan. The pathway effectively crosslinks glycoproteins into the fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibekananda Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Pavan Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jie Ao
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Stephen J Free
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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185
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A comparative study for the isolation and characterization of mannoproteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell wall. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:654-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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186
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Kock M, Brückner S, Wozniak N, Maestre-Reyna M, Veelders M, Schlereth J, Mösch HU, Essen LO. Structural and Functional Characterization of PA14/Flo5-Like Adhesins From Komagataella pastoris. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2581. [PMID: 30425696 PMCID: PMC6218569 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell and cell-substrate based adhesion of yeasts are major determinants of their adoption of different life styles. Genome-mining of ascomycetous GPI-anchored cell wall proteins with lectin-like PA14 domains identified a unique class of putative adhesins in the clade of methylotrophic Komagataella yeasts, many of which are known to colonize plants and insects involving yet unknown adhesion mechanisms. Here, we report the functional and structural analysis of two of its members: KpFlo1 (=Cea1), that is highly specific for terminal N-acetylglucosamine moieties, and KpFlo2, which represents an orphan lectin with intact binding site but unknown specificity. Crystal structures of the Cea1 adhesion domain complexed to N-acetylglucosamine and N,N′-diacetylchitobiose reveal a Ca2+-dependent binding mode that differs from other members of the PA14/Flo5 adhesin family. Heterologous expression of Cea1A in Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes cellular adhesion to non-reducing ends of non-crystalline chitin. Overall, our data suggest that high-affinity recognition of β-GlcNAc-capped glycans by Cea1 enable Komagataella species to interact with surface cues present in fungi and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kock
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Brückner
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wozniak
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Maik Veelders
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schlereth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Mösch
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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187
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Golconda U, Sobonya RE, Klotz SA. Do Pentraxins Bind to Fungi in Invasive Human Gastrointestinal Candidiasis? J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030111. [PMID: 30227609 PMCID: PMC6162546 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue from 13 autopsy cases with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis was studied for the binding of the pentraxins, C-reactive protein (CRP), pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and serum amyloid P component (SAP) to fungal surfaces. Invasive candidal infection was demonstrated using a hematoxylin and eosin stain and a Gomori methenamine silver stain (GMS). Immunohistochemistry was performed with CRP and PTX3 monoclonal antibodies and did not demonstrate CRP or PTX3 bound to fungi (0 of 13 cases), although CRP was extensively deposited on human tissue. A polyclonal antibody to SAP showed that SAP was bound to fungi in 12 of 13 cases. Although all three pentraxins have been reported to bind to fungi or bacteria, only SAP was bound to filamentous and yeast forms of Candida in human tissue, as detected by immunohistochemistry. SAP was abundantly present on fungi and may have affected the host innate immune response to the invading fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamaheshwari Golconda
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Richard E Sobonya
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Stephen A Klotz
- Division of Infections Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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188
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Wang J, Li M, Zheng F, Niu C, Liu C, Li Q, Sun J. Cell wall polysaccharides: before and after autolysis of brewer's yeast. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:137. [PMID: 30128783 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brewer's yeast is used in production of beer since millennia, and it is receiving increased attention because of its distinct fermentation ability and other biological properties. During fermentation, autolysis occurs naturally at the end of growth cycle of yeast. Yeast cell wall provides yeast with osmotic integrity and holds the cell shape upon the cell wall stresses. The cell wall of yeast consists of β-glucans, chitin, mannoproteins, and proteins that cross linked with glycans and a glycolipid anchor. The variation in composition and amount of cell wall polysaccharides during autolysis in response to cell wall stress, laying significant impacts on the autolysis ability of yeast, either benefiting or destroying the flavor of final products. On the other hand, polysaccharides from yeast cell wall show outstanding health effects and are recommended to be used in functional foods. This article reviews the influence of cell wall polysaccharides on yeast autolysis, covering cell wall structure changings during autolysis, and functions and possible applications of cell wall components derived from yeast autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feiyun Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengtuo Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
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189
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Padkina MV, Sambuk EV. Prospects for the Application of Yeast Display in Biotechnology and Cell Biology (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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190
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Sze H, Chanroj S. Plant Endomembrane Dynamics: Studies of K +/H + Antiporters Provide Insights on the Effects of pH and Ion Homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:875-895. [PMID: 29691301 PMCID: PMC6053008 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants remodel their cells through the dynamic endomembrane system. Intracellular pH is important for membrane trafficking, but the determinants of pH homeostasis are poorly defined in plants. Electrogenic proton (H+) pumps depend on counter-ion fluxes to establish transmembrane pH gradients at the plasma membrane and endomembranes. Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase-mediated acidification of the trans-Golgi network is crucial for secretion and membrane recycling. Pump and counter-ion fluxes are unlikely to fine-tune pH; rather, alkali cation/H+ antiporters, which can alter pH and/or cation homeostasis locally and transiently, are prime candidates. Plants have a large family of predicted cation/H+ exchangers (CHX) of obscure function, in addition to the well-studied K+(Na+)/H+ exchangers (NHX). Here, we review the regulation of cytosolic and vacuolar pH, highlighting the similarities and distinctions of NHX and CHX members. In planta, alkalinization of the trans-Golgi network or vacuole by NHXs promotes membrane trafficking, endocytosis, cell expansion, and growth. CHXs localize to endomembranes and/or the plasma membrane and contribute to male fertility, pollen tube guidance, pollen wall construction, stomatal opening, and, in soybean (Glycine max), tolerance to salt stress. Three-dimensional structural models and mutagenesis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes have allowed us to infer that AtCHX17 and AtNHX1 share a global architecture and a translocation core like bacterial Na+/H+ antiporters. Yet, the presence of distinct residues suggests that some CHXs differ from NHXs in pH sensing and electrogenicity. How H+ pumps, counter-ion fluxes, and cation/H+ antiporters are linked with signaling and membrane trafficking to remodel membranes and cell walls awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heven Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Salil Chanroj
- Department of Biotechnology, Burapha University, Chon-Buri 20131, Thailand
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191
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Lai H, Chiou JG, Zhurikhina A, Zyla TR, Tsygankov D, Lew DJ. Temporal regulation of morphogenetic events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2069-2083. [PMID: 29927361 PMCID: PMC6232962 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-03-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tip growth in fungi involves highly polarized secretion and modification of the cell wall at the growing tip. The genetic requirements for initiating polarized growth are perhaps best understood for the model budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Once the cell is committed to enter the cell cycle by activation of G1 cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes, the polarity regulator Cdc42 becomes concentrated at the presumptive bud site, actin cables are oriented toward that site, and septin filaments assemble into a ring around the polarity site. Several minutes later, the bud emerges. Here, we investigated the mechanisms that regulate the timing of these events at the single-cell level. Septin recruitment was delayed relative to polarity establishment, and our findings suggest that a CDK-dependent septin “priming” facilitates septin recruitment by Cdc42. Bud emergence was delayed relative to the initiation of polarized secretion, and our findings suggest that the delay reflects the time needed to weaken the cell wall sufficiently for the cell to bud. Rho1 activation by Rom2 occurred at around the time of bud emergence, perhaps in response to local cell-wall weakening. This report reveals regulatory mechanisms underlying the morphogenetic events in the budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jian-Geng Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Anastasia Zhurikhina
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Trevin R Zyla
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Denis Tsygankov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Daniel J Lew
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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192
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Ishii M, Lupashin VV, Nakano A. Detailed Analysis of the Interaction of Yeast COG Complex. Cell Struct Funct 2018; 43:119-127. [PMID: 29899178 DOI: 10.1247/csf.18014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central station for protein trafficking in eukaryotic cells. A widely accepted model of protein transport within the Golgi apparatus is cisternal maturation. Each cisterna has specific resident proteins, which are thought to be maintained by COPI-mediated transport. However, the mechanisms underlying specific sorting of these Golgi-resident proteins remain elusive. To obtain a clue to understand the selective sorting of vesicles between the Golgi cisterenae, we investigated the molecular arrangements of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) subunits in yeast cells. Mutations in COG subunits cause defects in Golgi trafficking and glycosylation of proteins and are causative of Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) in humans. Interactions among COG subunits in cytosolic and membrane fractions were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. Cytosolic COG subunits existed as octamers, whereas membrane-associated COG subunits formed a variety of subcomplexes. Relocation of individual COG subunits to mitochondria resulted in recruitment of only a limited number of other COG subunits to mitochondria. These results indicate that COG proteins function in the forms of a variety of subcomplexes and suggest that the COG complex does not comprise stable tethering without other interactors.Key words: The Golgi apparatus, COG complex, yeast, membrane trafficking, multi-subunit tethering complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ishii
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Vladimir V Lupashin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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193
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Lipke PN. What We Do Not Know about Fungal Cell Adhesion Molecules. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020059. [PMID: 29772751 PMCID: PMC6023273 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been extensive research on structure and function of fungal cell adhesion molecules, but the most of the work has been about adhesins in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These yeasts are members of a single ascomycete order, and adhesion molecules from the six other fungal phyla are only sparsely described in the literature. In these other phyla, most of the research is at the cellular level, rather than at the molecular level, so there has been little characterization of the adhesion molecules themselves. A catalog of known adhesins shows some common features: high Ser/Thr content, tandem repeats, N- and O-glycosylations, GPI anchors, dibasic sequence motifs, and potential amyloid-forming sequences. However, none of these features is universal. Known ligands include proteins and glycans on homologous cells and host cells. Existing and novel tools can exploit the availability of genome sequences to identify and characterize new fungal adhesins. These include bioinformatics tools and well-established yeast surface display models, which could be coupled with an adhesion substrate array. Thus, new knowledge could be exploited to answer key questions in fungal ecology, animal and plant pathogenesis, and roles of biofilms in infection and biomass turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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194
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In vitro and in vivo activity of hydrolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae against goat nematodes. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:6-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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195
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Wang M, Nishihama R, Onishi M, Pringle JR. Role of the Hof1-Cyk3 interaction in cleavage-furrow ingression and primary-septum formation during yeast cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:597-609. [PMID: 29321253 PMCID: PMC6004579 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is well established that Hof1, Cyk3, and Inn1 contribute to septum formation and cytokinesis. Because hof1∆ and cyk3∆ single mutants have relatively mild defects but hof1∆ cyk3∆ double mutants are nearly dead, it has been hypothesized that these proteins contribute to parallel pathways. However, there is also evidence that they interact physically. In this study, we examined this interaction and its functional significance in detail. Our data indicate that the interaction 1) is mediated by a direct binding of the Hof1 SH3 domain to a proline-rich motif in Cyk3; 2) occurs specifically at the time of cytokinesis but is independent of the (hyper)phosphorylation of both proteins that occurs at about the same time; 3) is dispensable for the normal localization of both proteins; 4) is essential for normal primary-septum formation and a normal rate of cleavage-furrow ingression; and 5) becomes critical for growth when either Inn1 or the type II myosin Myo1 (a key component of the contractile actomyosin ring) is absent. The similarity in phenotype between cyk3∆ mutants and mutants specifically lacking the Hof1-Cyk3 interaction suggests that the interaction is particularly important for Cyk3 function, but it may be important for Hof1 function as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John R Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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196
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McMahon C, Baier AS, Pascolutti R, Wegrecki M, Zheng S, Ong JX, Erlandson SC, Hilger D, Rasmussen SGF, Ring AM, Manglik A, Kruse AC. Yeast surface display platform for rapid discovery of conformationally selective nanobodies. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:289-296. [PMID: 29434346 PMCID: PMC5839991 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Camelid single-domain antibody fragments ('nanobodies') provide the remarkable specificity of antibodies within a single 15-kDa immunoglobulin VHH domain. This unique feature has enabled applications ranging from use as biochemical tools to therapeutic agents. Nanobodies have emerged as especially useful tools in protein structural biology, facilitating studies of conformationally dynamic proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Nearly all nanobodies available to date have been obtained by animal immunization, a bottleneck restricting many applications of this technology. To solve this problem, we report a fully in vitro platform for nanobody discovery based on yeast surface display. We provide a blueprint for identifying nanobodies, demonstrate the utility of the library by crystallizing a nanobody with its antigen, and most importantly, we utilize the platform to discover conformationally selective nanobodies to two distinct human GPCRs. To facilitate broad deployment of this platform, the library and associated protocols are freely available for nonprofit research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S Baier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberta Pascolutti
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcin Wegrecki
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janice X Ong
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah C Erlandson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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197
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López-Ramírez LA, Hernández NV, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Functional characterization of the Sporothrix schenckii Ktr4 and Ktr5, mannosyltransferases involved in the N-linked glycosylation pathway. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:188-197. [PMID: 29476824 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is one of the causative agents of the deep-seated mycosis sporotrichosis, a fungal infection with worldwide distribution. Fungus-specific molecules and biosynthetic pathways are potential targets for the development of new antifungal drugs. The MNT1/KRE2 gene family is a group of genes that encode fungus-specific Golgi-resident mannosyltransferases that participate in the synthesis of O-linked and N-linked glycans. While this family is composed of five and nine members in Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, the S. schenckii genome contains only three putative members. MNT1 has been previously characterized as an enzyme that participates in the synthesis of both N-linked and O-linked glycans. Here, we aimed to establish the functional role of the two remaining family members, KTR4 and KTR5, in the protein glycosylation pathways by using heterologous complementation in C. albicans mutants lacking genes of the MNT1/KRE2 family. The two S. schenckii genes restored defects in the elaboration of N-linked glycans, but no complementation of mutants that synthesize truncated O-linked glycans was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that MNT1 is the sole member with a role in O-linked glycan elaboration, whereas the three family members have redundant activity in the S. schenckii N-linked glycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato Gto., Mexico
| | - Nahúm V Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato Gto., Mexico
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato Gto., Mexico
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato Gto., Mexico.
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198
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Andreu C, Del Olmo ML. Yeast arming systems: pros and cons of different protein anchors and other elements required for display. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2543-2561. [PMID: 29435617 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yeast display is a powerful strategy that consists in exposing peptides or proteins of interest on the cell surface of this microorganism. Ever since initial experiments with this methodology were carried out, its scope has extended and many applications have been successfully developed in different science and technology fields. Several yeast display systems have been designed, which all involve introducting into yeast cells the gene fusions that contain the coding regions of a signal peptide, an anchor protein, to properly attach the target to the cell surface, and the protein of interest to be exposed, all of which are controlled by a strong promoter. In this work, we report the description of such elements for the alternative systems introduced by focusing particularly on anchor proteins. The comparisons made between them are included whenever possible, and the main advantages and inconveniences of each one are discussed. Despite the huge number of publications on yeast surface display and the revisions published to date, this topic has not yet been widely considered. Finally, given the growing interest in developing systems for non-Saccharomyces yeasts, the main strategies reported for some are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Andreu
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n. 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Marcel Lí Del Olmo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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199
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Li J, Mouyna I, Henry C, Moyrand F, Malosse C, Chamot-Rooke J, Janbon G, Latgé JP, Fontaine T. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors from Galactomannan and GPI-Anchored Protein Are Synthesized by Distinct Pathways in Aspergillus fumigatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E19. [PMID: 29393895 PMCID: PMC5872322 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are lipid anchors allowing the exposure of proteins at the outer layer of the plasma membrane. In fungi, a number of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are involved in the remodeling of the cell wall polymers. GPIs follow a specific biosynthetic pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum. After the transfer of the protein onto the GPI-anchor, a lipid remodeling occurs to substitute the diacylglycerol moiety by a ceramide. In addition to GPI-APs, A. fumigatus produces a GPI-anchored polysaccharide, the galactomannan (GM), that remains unique in the fungal kingdom. To investigate the role of the GPI pathway in the biosynthesis of the GM and cell wall organization, the deletion of PER1-coding for a phospholipase required for the first step of the GPI lipid remodeling-was undertaken. Biochemical characterization of the GPI-anchor isolated from GPI-APs showed that the PER1 deficient mutant produced a lipid anchor with a diacylglycerol. The absence of a ceramide on GPI-anchors in the Δper1 mutant led to a mislocation of GPI-APs and to an alteration of the composition of the cell wall alkali-insoluble fraction. On the other hand, the GM isolated from the Δper1 mutant membranes possesses a ceramide moiety as the parental strain, showing that GPI anchor of the GM follow a distinct unknown biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Li
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Mouyna
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Christine Henry
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Frédérique Moyrand
- Unité de Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Christian Malosse
- Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Unité de Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Fontaine
- Unité des Aspergillus, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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200
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Wang J, Mao J, Yang G, Zheng F, Niu C, Li Y, Liu C, Li Q. The FKS family genes cause changes in cell wall morphology resulted in regulation of anti-autolytic ability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:49-56. [PMID: 29040859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to discuss the functions of FKS family genes which encode β-1, 3-glucan synthase regarding the viability and autolysis of yeast strain. Loss of FKS1 gene severely influences the viability and anti-autolytic ability of yeast. Mutation of FKS1 and FKS2 genes led to cell reconstruction, resulting in a sharp shrinkage of cell volume and decreased stress resistance, viability, and anti-autolytic ability. Deletion of FKS3 gene did not clearly influence the synthesis of β-1, 3-glucan of yeast but increased the strain's stress resistance, viability, and anti-autolytic ability. It is suggested that FKS3 would be the potential target for improving the stress resistance of yeast. The results revealed the relationship among FKS family genes and demonstrated their functions on yeast cell wall construction and anti-autolytic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiangchuan Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ge Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Feiyun Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chengtuo Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongxian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Lab of Brewing Science and Engineering of Jiangnan University, China, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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