151
|
Zhang R, Zhang Z, Chopp M. Function of neural stem cells in ischemic brain repair processes. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2034-2043. [PMID: 27742890 PMCID: PMC5363673 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16674487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic injury is the single most important cause of disabilities in infants, while stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity in children and adults around the world. The injured brain has limited repair capacity, and thereby only modest improvement of neurological function is evident post injury. In rodents, embryonic neural stem cells in the ventricular zone generate cortical neurons, and adult neural stem cells in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle produce new neurons through animal life. In addition to generation of new neurons, neural stem cells contribute to oligodendrogenesis. Neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis are essential for repair of injured brain. Much progress has been made in preclinical studies on elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control and coordinate neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in perinatal hypoxic/ischemic injury and the adult ischemic brain. This article will review these findings with a focus on the ventricular-subventricular zone neurogenic niche and discuss potential applications to facilitate endogenous neurogenesis and thereby to improve neurological function post perinatal hypoxic/ischemic injury and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Bravo-Ferrer I, Cuartero MI, Zarruk JG, Pradillo JM, Hurtado O, Romera VG, Díaz-Alonso J, García-Segura JM, Guzmán M, Lizasoain I, Galve-Roperh I, Moro MA. Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptor Drives Neurogenesis and Improves Functional Outcome After Stroke. Stroke 2016; 48:204-212. [PMID: 27899748 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.014793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a leading cause of adult disability characterized by physical, cognitive, and emotional disturbances. Unfortunately, pharmacological options are scarce. The cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) is neuroprotective in acute experimental stroke by anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, its role in chronic stroke is still unknown. METHODS Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice; CB2R modulation was assessed by administering the CB2R agonist JWH133 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylbutyl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran) or the CB2R antagonist SR144528 (N-[(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) once daily from day 3 to the end of the experiment or by CB2R genetic deletion. Analysis of immunofluorescence-labeled brain sections, 5-bromo-2´-deoxyuridine (BrdU) staining, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of brain cell suspensions, and behavioral tests were performed. RESULTS SR144528 decreased neuroblast migration toward the boundary of the infarct area when compared with vehicle-treated mice 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Consistently, mice on this pharmacological treatment, like mice with CB2R genetic deletion, displayed a lower number of new neurons (NeuN+/BrdU+ cells) in peri-infarct cortex 28 days after stroke when compared with vehicle-treated group, an effect accompanied by a worse sensorimotor performance in behavioral tests. The CB2R agonist did not affect neurogenesis or outcome in vivo, but increased the migration of neural progenitor cells in vitro; the CB2R antagonist alone did not affect in vitro migration. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that CB2R is fundamental for driving neuroblast migration and suggest that an endocannabinoid tone is required for poststroke neurogenesis by promoting neuroblast migration toward the injured brain tissue, increasing the number of new cortical neurons and, conceivably, enhancing motor functional recovery after stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cuartero
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Hurtado
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor G Romera
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Alonso
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M García-Segura
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- From the Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.G.Z., J.M.P., O.H., V.G.R., I.L., M.A.M.), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.D.-A., J.M.G.-S., M.G., I.G.-R.), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (I.B.-F., M.I.C., J.M.P., O.H., J.D.-A., M.G., I.L., I.G.-R., M.A.M.), Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Lee WD, Wang KC, Tsai YF, Chou PC, Tsai LK, Chien CL. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Promotes Proliferation, Differentiation, and Migration of Neural Stem Cells via BDNF Upregulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165460. [PMID: 27832087 PMCID: PMC5104421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who suffer from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) usually have long-term neurological impairments. Endogenous neurogenesis might play a potential role in functional recovery after SAH; however, the underlying neurogenesis mechanism is still unclear. We assessed the extent of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) to better understand the neurogenesis mechanism after SAH. We performed a rat model of SAH to examine the extent of neurogenesis in the SVZ and assessed functional effects of the neurotrophic factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on neural stem cells (NSCs) after SAH. In this study, the proliferation, differentiation, and migratory capacities of NSCs in the SVZ were significantly increased on days 5 and 7 post SAH. Furthermore, treatment of cultured rat fetal NSCs with the CSF collected from rats on days 5 and 7 post SAH enhanced their proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the CSF detected a marked increase in the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Treating the cultured NSCs with recombinant BDNF (at the same concentration as that in the CSF) or with CSF from SAH rats, directly, stimulated proliferation, differentiation, and migration to a similar extent. BDNF expression was upregulated in the SVZ of rats on days 5 and 7 post SAH, and BDNF release occurred from NSCs, astrocytes, and microglia in the SVZ. These results indicate that SAH triggers the expression of BDNF, which promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of NSCs in the SVZ after SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Di Lee
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fen Tsai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chun Chou
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kai Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CLC); (LKT)
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CLC); (LKT)
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
|
155
|
Lukacova K, Pavukova E, Kostal L, Bilcik B, Kubikova L. Dopamine D3 receptors modulate the rate of neuronal recovery, cell recruitment in Area X, and song tempo after neurotoxic damage in songbirds. Neuroscience 2016; 331:158-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
156
|
Ahmed ME, Tucker D, Dong Y, Lu Y, Zhao N, Wang R, Zhang Q. Methylene Blue promotes cortical neurogenesis and ameliorates behavioral deficit after photothrombotic stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 336:39-48. [PMID: 27590267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke in rodents stimulates neurogenesis in the adult brain and the proliferation of newborn neurons that migrate into the penumbra zone. The present study investigated the effect of Methylene Blue (MB) on neurogenesis and functional recovery in a photothrombotic (PT) model of ischemic stroke in rats. PT stroke model was induced by photo-activation of Rose Bengal dye in cerebral blood flow by cold fiber light. Rats received intraperitoneal injection of either MB (0.5mg/kg/day) from day 1 to day 5 after stroke or an equal volume of saline solution as a control. Cell proliferative marker 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected twice daily (50mg/kg) from day 2 to day 8 and animals were sacrificed on day 12 after PT induction. We report that MB significantly enhanced cell proliferation and neurogenesis, as evidenced by the increased co-localizations of BrdU/NeuN, BrdU/DCX, BrdU/MAP2 and BrdU/Ki67 in the peri-infarct zone compared with vehicle controls. MB thus effectively limited infarct volume and improved neurological deficits compared to PT control animals. The effects of MB were accompanied with an attenuated level of reactive gliosis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as elevated levels of cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP production in peri-infarct regions. Our study provides important information that MB has the ability to promote neurogenesis and enhance the newborn-neurons' survival in ischemic brain repair by inhibiting microenvironmental inflammation and increasing mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Donovan Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ningjun Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
In Vivo Targeted MR Imaging of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091143. [PMID: 27589699 PMCID: PMC6273863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability. Endogenous neurogenesis enhanced via activation of neural stem cells (NSCs) could be a promising method for stroke treatment. In vivo targeted tracking is highly desirable for monitoring the dynamics of endogenous NSCs in stroke. Previously, we have successfully realized in vivo targeted MR imaging of endogenous NSCs in normal adult mice brains by using anti-CD15 antibody-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (anti-CD15-SPIONs) as the molecular probe. Herein, we explore the performance of this molecular probe in targeted in vivo tracking of activated endogenous NSCs in ischemic stroke. Our study showed that intraventricular injection of anti-CD15-SPIONs could label activated endogenous NSCs in situ seven days after ischemic stroke, which were detected as enlarged areas of hypo-intense signals on MR imaging at 7.0 T. The treatment of cytosine arabinosine could inhibit the activation of endogenous NSCs, which was featured by the disappearance of areas of hypo-intense signals on MR imaging. Using anti-CD15-SPIONs as imaging probes, the dynamic process of activation of endogenous NSCs could be readily monitored by in vivo MR imaging. This targeted imaging strategy would be of great benefit to develop a new therapeutic strategy utilizing endogenous NSCs for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
158
|
Zhao S, Qu H, Zhao Y, Xiao T, Zhao M, Li Y, Jolkkonen J, Cao Y, Zhao C. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reverses the neurogenesis and behavioral recovery promoted by forced limb-use in stroke rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:809-21. [PMID: 26444377 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forced limb-use can enhance neurogenesis and behavioral recovery as well as increasing the level of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in stroke rats. We examined whether the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway is involved in the enhanced neurogenesis and promoted behavioral recovery induced by forced limb-use in the chronic phase of stroke. METHODS The CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, was used to block the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway in the ischemic rats. Brain ischemia was induced by endothelin-1. One week after ischemia, the unimpaired forelimb of rats was immobilized for 3 weeks. The proliferation, migration, and survival of DCX-positive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the dendritic complexity of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), as well as the inflammatory response in the infarcted striatum were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Functional recovery was assessed in beam-walking and water maze tests. RESULTS Forced limb-use enhanced the proliferation, migration, dendritic complexity and the survival of newborn neurons. Furthermore, forced limb-use suppressed the inflammatory response and improved both motor and cognitive functions after stroke. AMD3100 significantly abrogated the enhanced neurogenesis and behavioral recovery induced by forced limb-use without influencing the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway seems to be involved in the enhancement of neurogenesis and behavioral recovery induced by post-stroke forced limb-use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Kim H, Wei Y, Lee JY, Wu Y, Zheng Y, Moskowitz MA, Chen JW. Myeloperoxidase Inhibition Increases Neurogenesis after Ischemic Stroke. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:262-272. [PMID: 27550713 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation and neurogenesis in stroke is currently not well understood. Focal ischemia enhances cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the neurogenic regions, including the subventricular zone (SVZ), dentate gyrus, as well as the non-neurogenic striatum, and cortex in the ischemic hemisphere. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a potent oxidizing enzyme secreted during inflammation by activated leukocytes, and its enzymatic activity is highly elevated after stroke. In this study, we investigated whether the inhibition of MPO activity by a specific irreversible inhibitor, 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) (MPO-/- mice) can increase neurogenesis after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. ABAH administration increased the number of proliferating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells expressing markers for neural stems cells, astrocytes, neuroprogenitor cells (Nestin), and neuroblasts (doublecortin) in the ischemic SVZ, anterior SVZ, striatum, and cortex. MPO inhibition also increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (Ser133), acetylated H3, and NeuN to promote neurogenesis in the ischemic SVZ. ABAH treatment also increased chemokine CXC receptor 4 expression in the ischemic SVZ. MPO-deficient mice treated with vehicle or ABAH both showed similar effects on the number of BrdU+ cells in the ischemic hemisphere, demonstrating that ABAH is specific to MPO. Taken together, our results underscore a detrimental role of MPO activity to postischemia neurogenesis and that a strategy to inhibit MPO activity can increase cell proliferation and improve neurogenesis after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HyeonJu Kim
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Wei
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yue Wu
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yi Zheng
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John W Chen
- Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (H.K., J.Y.L., J.W.C), and Neuroscience Center (Y. Wei, Y. Wu, Y.Z., M.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Gervois P, Wolfs E, Ratajczak J, Dillen Y, Vangansewinkel T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Struys T. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging-Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1080-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Yörg Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) are present in different locations in the central nervous system. In the subgranular zone (SGZ) there is a constant generation of new neurons under normal conditions. New neurons are also formed from the subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs, and they migrate anteriorly as neuroblast to the olfactory bulb in rodents, whereas in humans migration is directed toward striatum. Most CNS injuries elicit proliferation and migration of the NSCs toward the injury site, indicating the activation of a regenerative response. However, regeneration from NSC is incomplete, and this could be due to detrimental cues encountered during inflammation. Different CNS diseases and trauma cause activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses that influence the NSCs. Furthermore, NSCs in the brain react differently to inflammatory cues than their counterparts in the spinal cord. In this review, we have summarized the effects of inflammation on NSCs in relation to their origin and briefly described the NSC activity during different neurological diseases or experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Covacu
- 1 Depatment of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lou Brundin
- 1 Depatment of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Xu WS, Sun X, Song CG, Mu XP, Ma WP, Zhang XH, Zhao CS. Bumetanide promotes neural precursor cell regeneration and dendritic development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the chronic stage of cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:745-51. [PMID: 27335557 PMCID: PMC4904464 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bumetanide has been shown to lessen cerebral edema and reduce the infarct area in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia. Few studies focus on the effects of bumetanide on neuroprotection and neurogenesis in the chronic stage of cerebral ischemia. We established a rat model of cerebral ischemia by injecting endothelin-1 in the left cortical motor area and left corpus striatum. Seven days later, bumetanide 200 µg/kg/day was injected into the lateral ventricle for 21 consecutive days with a mini-osmotic pump. Results demonstrated that the number of neuroblasts cells and the total length of dendrites increased, escape latency reduced, and the number of platform crossings increased in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus in the chronic stage of cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that bumetanide promoted neural precursor cell regeneration, dendritic development and the recovery of cognitive function, and protected brain tissue in the chronic stage of ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Shu Xu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Guang Song
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Neurology, Benxi Central Hospital of China Medical University, Benxi, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Mu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wen-Ping Ma
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Hu Zhang
- Neuroinfection and Neuroimmunology Center, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Lin Y, Zhang JC, Yao CY, Wu Y, Abdelgawad AF, Yao SL, Yuan SY. Critical role of astrocytic interleukin-17 A in post-stroke survival and neuronal differentiation of neural precursor cells in adult mice. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2273. [PMID: 27336717 PMCID: PMC5143370 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The brain and the immune system interact in complex ways after ischemic stroke, and the long-term effects of immune response associated with stroke remain controversial. As a linkage between innate and adaptive immunity, interleukin-17 A (IL-17 A) secreted from gamma delta (γδ) T cells has detrimental roles in the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke. However, to date, the long-term actions of IL-17 A after stroke have not been investigated. Here, we found that IL-17 A showed two distinct peaks of expression in the ischemic hemisphere: the first occurring within 3 days and the second on day 28 after stroke. Our data also showed that astrocyte was the major cellular source of IL-17 A that maintained and augmented subventricular zone (SVZ) neural precursor cells (NPCs) survival, neuronal differentiation, and subsequent synaptogenesis and functional recovery after stroke. IL-17 A also promoted neuronal differentiation in cultured NPCs from the ischemic SVZ. Furthermore, our in vitro data revealed that in primary astrocyte cultures activated astrocytes released IL-17 A via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Culture media from reactive astrocytes increased neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Blockade of IL-17 A with neutralizing antibody prevented this effect. In addition, after screening for multiple signaling pathways, we revealed that the p38 MAPK/calpain 1 signaling pathway was involved in IL-17 A-mediated neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our results reveal a previously uncharacterized property of astrocytic IL-17 A in the maintenance and augment of survival and neuronal differentiation of NPCs, and subsequent synaptogenesis and spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Lin
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - J-C Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - C-Y Yao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - A F Abdelgawad
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - S-L Yao
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - S-Y Yuan
- Department of Anesthesia, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Liu XS, Fan BY, Pan WL, Li C, Levin AM, Wang X, Zhang RL, Zervos TM, Hu J, Zhang XM, Chopp M, Zhang ZG. Identification of miRNomes associated with adult neurogenesis after stroke using Argonaute 2-based RNA sequencing. RNA Biol 2016; 14:488-499. [PMID: 27315491 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1196320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is associated with functional recovery after stroke. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Using an Ago2-based RNA immunoprecipitation to immunoprecipated Ago2-RNA complexes followed by RNA sequencing (Ago2 RIP-seq) approach, we profiled the miRNomes in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) harvested from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles of young adult rats. We identified more than 7 and 15 million reads in normal and ischemic NPC libraries, respectively. We found that stroke substantially changed Ago2-associated miRNA profiles in NPCs compared to those in non-ischemic NPCs. We also discovered a new complex repertoire of isomiRs and multiple miRNA-miRNA* pairs and numerous novel miRNAs in the non-ischemic and ischemic NPCs. Among them, pc-3p-17172 significantly regulated NPC proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Collectively, the present study reveals profiles of Ago2-associated miRNomes in non-ischemic and ischemic NPCs, which provide a molecular basis to further investigate the role of miRNAs in mediating adult neurogenesis under physiological and ischemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Shuang Liu
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Bao Yan Fan
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Wan Long Pan
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA.,b Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Immunology , North Sichuan Medical University , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Chao Li
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Albert M Levin
- c Department of Public Health Sciences , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA.,d Center for Bioinformatics , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Xinli Wang
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Rui Lan Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Thomas M Zervos
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Jiani Hu
- e Department of Radiology , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Xiao Ming Zhang
- f Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging and Department of Radiology , Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical University , Nanchong , Sichuan , China
| | - Michael Chopp
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA.,g Department of Physics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Jones KS, Connor BJ. The Effect of Pro-Neurogenic Gene Expression on Adult Subventricular Zone Precursor Cell Recruitment and Fate Determination After Excitotoxic Brain Injury. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2016. [PMID: 27397999 PMCID: PMC4929891 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1201005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the presence of on-going neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, neurons are generally not replaced after injury. Using a rodent model of excitotoxic cell loss and retroviral (RV) lineage tracing, we previously demonstrated transient recruitment of precursor cells from the subventricular zone (SVZ) into the lesioned striatum. In the current study we determined that these cells included migratory neuroblasts and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), with the predominant response from glial cells. We attempted to override this glial response by ectopic expression of the pro-neurogenic genes Pax6 or Dlx2 in the adult rat SVZ following quinolinic acid lesioning. RV-Dlx2 over-expression stimulated repair at a previously non-neurogenic time point by enhancing neuroblast recruitment and the percentage of cells that retained a neuronal fate within the lesioned area, compared to RV-GFP controls. RV-Pax6 expression was unsuccessful at inhibiting glial fate and intriguingly, increased OPC cell numbers with no change in neuronal recruitment. These findings suggest that gene choice is important when attempting to augment endogenous repair as the lesioned environment can overcome pro-neurogenic gene expression. Dlx2 over-expression however was able to partially overcome an anti-neuronal environment and therefore is a promising candidate for further study of striatal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Jones
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
| | - Bronwen J Connor
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Heuer A, Kirkeby A, Pfisterer U, Jönsson ME, Parmar M. hESC-derived neural progenitors prevent xenograft rejection through neonatal desensitisation. Exp Neurol 2016; 282:78-85. [PMID: 27235932 PMCID: PMC4920671 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies for neurological disorders are rapidly moving towards use in clinical trials. Before initiation of clinical trials, extensive pre-clinical validation in appropriate animal models is essential. However, grafts of human cells into the rodent brain are rejected within weeks after transplantation and the standard methods of immune-suppression for the purpose of studying human xenografts are not always sufficient for the long-term studies needed for transplanted human neurons to maturate, integrate and provide functional benefits in the host brain. Neonatal injections in rat pups using human fetal brain cells have been shown to desensitise the host to accept human tissue grafts as adults, whilst not compromising their immune system. Here, we show that differentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be used for desensitisation to achieve long-term graft survival of human stem cell-derived neurons in a xenograft setting, surpassing the time of conventional pharmacological immune-suppressive treatments. The use of hESCs for desensitisation opens up for a widespread use of the technique, which will be of great value when performing pre-clinical evaluation of stem cell-derived neurons in animal models. Neonatal desensitisation prevents graft rejection in a xenograft rat model. Successful neonatal desensitisation using hESC-derived progenitors Grafted human neurons survive beyond the time of conventional immune suppression. Multiple breaches of the BBB do not affect graft protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heuer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnete Kirkeby
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Human Neural Development, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Pfisterer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie E Jönsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Zhang JC, Xu H, Yuan Y, Chen JY, Zhang YJ, Lin Y, Yuan SY. Delayed Treatment with Green Tea Polyphenol EGCG Promotes Neurogenesis After Ischemic Stroke in Adult Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3652-3664. [PMID: 27206430 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3‑gallate (EGCG), the predominant constituent of green tea, has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective against acute ischemic stroke. However, the long-term actions of EGCG on neurogenesis and functional recovery after ischemic stroke have not been identified. In this study, C57BL/6 mice underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (60 min) followed by reperfusion for 28 days. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were isolated from ipsilateral subventricular zone (SVZ) at 14 days post-ischemia (dpi). The effects of EGCG on the proliferation and differentiation of NPCs were examined in vivo and in vitro. Behavioral assessments were made 3 days before MCAO and at 28 dpi. SVZ NPCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro to mimic the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke. We found that 14 days treatment with EGCG significantly increased the proliferation of SVZ NPCs and the migration of SVZ neuroblasts, as well as functional recovery, perhaps through M2 phenotype induction in microglia. LPS stimulation promoted the neuronal differentiation in cultured NPCs from the ischemic SVZ. EGCG treatment (20 or 40 μM) further significantly increased the neuronal differentiation of LPS-stimulated SVZ NPCs. After screening for multiple signaling pathways, the AKT signaling pathway was found to be involved in EGCG-mediated proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NPCs in vitro. Taken together, our results reveal a previously uncharacterized role of EGCG in the augment of proliferation and neuronal differentiation of SVZ NPCs and subsequent spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke. Thus, the beneficial effects of EGCG on neurogenesis and stroke recovery should be considered in developing therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 832003, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Shi-Ying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Formylpeptide Receptors Promote the Migration and Differentiation of Rat Neural Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25946. [PMID: 27173446 PMCID: PMC4865803 DOI: 10.1038/srep25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) bear characteristics for proliferation, migration and differentiation into three main neural cell type(s): neurons, astrocytes and/or oligodendrocytes. Formylpeptide receptors (Fprs), belonging to the family of G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptors, have been detected on neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we report that Fpr1 and Fpr2 are expressed on NSCs as detected with immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and WB assays. In addition, Fpr1 and Fpr2 promoted NSC migration through F-actin polymerization and skewed NSC differentiation to neurons. Our study demonstrates a unique role of Fpr1 and Fpr2 in NSCs and opens a novel window for cell replacement therapies for brain and spinal cord injury.
Collapse
|
169
|
Barbosa JS, Ninkovic J. Adult neural stem cell behavior underlying constitutive and restorative neurogenesis in zebrafish. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1148101. [PMID: 27606336 PMCID: PMC4973591 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adult Neural Stem Cells (aNSCs) generate new neurons that integrate into the pre-existing networks in specific locations of the Vertebrate brain. Moreover, aNSCs contribute with new neurons to brain regeneration in some non-mammalian Vertebrates. The similarities and the differences in the cellular and molecular processes governing neurogenesis in the intact and regenerating brain are still to be assessed. Toward this end, we recently established a protocol for non-invasive imaging of aNSC behavior in their niche in vivo in the adult intact and regenerating zebrafish telencephalon. We observed different modes of aNSC division in the intact brain and a novel mode of neurogenesis by direct conversion, which contributes to stem cell depletion with age. After injury, the generation of neurons is increased both by the activation of additional aNSCs and a shift in the division mode of aNSCs, thereby contributing to the successful neuronal regeneration. The cellular behavior we observed opens new questions regarding long-term aNSC maintenance in homeostasis and in regeneration. In this commentary we discuss our data and new questions arising in the context of aNSC behavior, not only in zebrafish but also in other species, including mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana S Barbosa
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany; PhD Program in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (BEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center, University of Munich, Germany; Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology SYNERGY, LMU
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Neural Stem Cell Therapy and Rehabilitation in the Central Nervous System: Emerging Partnerships. Phys Ther 2016; 96:734-42. [PMID: 26847015 PMCID: PMC6281018 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20150063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of regenerative medicine is to restore function through therapy at levels such as the gene, cell, tissue, or organ. For many disorders, however, regenerative medicine approaches in isolation may not be optimally effective. Rehabilitation is a promising adjunct therapy given the beneficial impact that physical activity and other training modalities can offer. Accordingly, "regenerative rehabilitation" is an emerging concentration of study, with the specific goal of improving positive functional outcomes by enhancing tissue restoration following injury. This article focuses on one emerging example of regenerative rehabilitation-namely, the integration of clinically based protocols with stem cell technologies following central nervous system injury. For the purposes of this review, the state of stem cell technologies for the central nervous system is summarized, and a rationale for a synergistic benefit of carefully orchestrated rehabilitation protocols in conjunction with cellular therapies is provided. An overview of practical steps to increase the involvement of physical therapy in regenerative rehabilitation research also is provided.
Collapse
|
171
|
Solano Fonseca R, Mahesula S, Apple DM, Raghunathan R, Dugan A, Cardona A, O'Connor J, Kokovay E. Neurogenic Niche Microglia Undergo Positional Remodeling and Progressive Activation Contributing to Age-Associated Reductions in Neurogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:542-55. [PMID: 26857912 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) exist throughout life in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the mammalian forebrain. During aging NSC function is diminished through an unclear mechanism. In this study, we establish microglia, the immune cells of the brain, as integral niche cells within the V-SVZ that undergo age-associated repositioning in the V-SVZ. Microglia become activated early before NSC deficits during aging resulting in an antineurogenic microenvironment due to increased inflammatory cytokine secretion. These age-associated changes were not observed in non-neurogenic brain regions, suggesting V-SVZ microglia are specialized. Using a sustained inflammatory model in young adult mice, we induced microglia activation and inflammation that was accompanied by reduced NSC proliferation in the V-SVZ. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed secreted factors from activated microglia reduced proliferation and neuron production compared to secreted factors from resting microglia. Our results suggest that age-associated chronic inflammation contributes to declines in NSC function within the aging neurogenic niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Solano Fonseca
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,2 Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Swetha Mahesula
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Deana M Apple
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,2 Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rekha Raghunathan
- 3 Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allison Dugan
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Astrid Cardona
- 5 Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jason O'Connor
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Erzsebet Kokovay
- 1 Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas.,2 Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies , San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Chloride Co-transporter NKCC1 Inhibitor Bumetanide Enhances Neurogenesis and Behavioral Recovery in Rats After Experimental Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2406-2414. [PMID: 26960329 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bumetanide, a selective Na+-K+-Cl--co-transporter inhibitor, is widely used in clinical practice as a loop diuretic. In addition, bumetanide has been reported to attenuate ischemia-induced cerebral edema and reduce neuronal injury. This study examined whether bumetanide could influence neurogenesis and behavioral recovery in rats after experimentally induced stroke. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham, sham treated with bumetanide, ischemia, and ischemia treated with bumetanide. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by injection of endothelin-1. Bumetanide (0.2 mg/kg/day) was infused into the lateral ventricle with drug administration being initiated 1 week after ischemia and continued for 3 weeks. Behavioral impairment and recovery were evaluated by tapered/ledged beam-walking test on post-stroke days 28. Then, the rats were perfused for BrdU/DCX (neuroblast marker), BrdU/NeuN (neuronal marker), BrdU/GFAP (astrocyte marker), and BrdU/Iba-1 (microglia marker) immunohistochemistry. The numbers of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone (SVZ) were significantly increased after the experimentally induced stroke. Bumetanide treatment increased migration of neuroblasts in the SVZ towards the infarct area, enhanced long-term survival of newborn neurons, and improved sensorimotor recovery, but it did not exert any effects on inflammation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that chronic bumetanide treatment enhances neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after experimentally induced stroke in rats.
Collapse
|
173
|
Pérez-Martín M, Rivera P, Blanco E, Lorefice C, Decara J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Environmental Enrichment, Age, and PPARα Interact to Regulate Proliferation in Neurogenic Niches. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:89. [PMID: 27013951 PMCID: PMC4783391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ligands have been shown to modulate recovery after brain insults such as ischemia and irradiation by enhancing neurogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the genetic deletion of PPARα receptors on the proliferative rate of neural precursor cells (NPC) in the adult brain. The study was performed in aged Pparα−/− mice exposed to nutritional (treats) and environmental (games) enrichments for 20 days. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of cells containing the replicating cell DNA marker 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU+) and the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (Dcx+) in the main neurogenic zones of the adult brain: subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (SGZ), subventricular zone of lateral ventricles (SVZ), and/or hypothalamus. Results indicated a reduction in the number of BrdU+ cells in the neurogenic zones analyzed as well as Dcx+ cells in the SGZ during aging (2, 6, and 18 months). Pparα deficiency alleviated the age-related reduction of NPC proliferation (BrdU+ cells) in the SVZ of the 18-months-old mice. While no genotype effect on NPC proliferation was detected in the SGZ during aging, an accentuated reduction in the number of Dcx+ cells was observed in the SGZ of the 6-months-old Pparα−/− mice. Exposing the 18-months-old mice to nutritional and environmental enrichments reversed the Pparα−/−-induced impairment of NPC proliferation in the neurogenic zones analyzed. The enriched environment did not modify the number of SGZ Dcx+ cells in the 18 months old Pparα−/− mice. These results identify PPARα receptors as a potential target to counteract the naturally observed decline in adult NPC proliferation associated with aging and impoverished environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain; Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Clara Lorefice
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Cordaro M, Paterniti I, Siracusa R, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin Promotes Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27014061 PMCID: PMC4782663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) stimulates activation of astrocytes and infiltration of immune cells at the lesion site; however, the mechanism that promotes the birth of new neurons is still under debate. Neuronal regeneration is restricted after spinal cord injury, but can be stimulated by experimental intervention. Previously we demonstrated that treatment co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin, namely co-ultraPEALut, reduced inflammation. The present study was designed to explore the neuroregenerative properties of co-ultraPEALut in an estabished murine model of SCI. A vascular clip was applied to the spinal cord dura at T5-T8 to provoke injury. Mice were treated with co-ultraPEALut (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) daily for 72 h after SCI. Co-ultraPEALut increased the numbers of both bromodeoxyuridine-positive nuclei and doublecortin-immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord of injured mice. To correlate neuronal development with synaptic plasticity a Golgi method was employed to analyze dendritic spine density. Co-ultraPEALut administration stimulated expression of the neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3. These findings show a prominent effect of co-ultraPEALut administration in the management of survival and differentiation of new neurons and spine maturation, and may represent a therapeutic treatment for spinal cord and other traumatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Zilkha-Falb R, Kaushansky N, Kawakami N, Ben-Nun A. Post-CNS-inflammation expression of CXCL12 promotes the endogenous myelin/neuronal repair capacity following spontaneous recovery from multiple sclerosis-like disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:7. [PMID: 26747276 PMCID: PMC4706716 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demyelination and axonal degeneration, hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS), are associated with the central nervous system (CNS) inflammation facilitated by C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) chemokine. Both in MS and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the deleterious CNS inflammation has been associated with upregulation of CXCL12 expression in the CNS. We investigated the expression dynamics of CXCL12 in the CNS with progression of clinical EAE and following spontaneous recovery, with a focus on CXCL12 expression in the hippocampal neurogenic dentate gyrus (DG) and in the corpus callosum (CC) of spontaneously recovered mice, and its potential role in promoting the endogenous myelin/neuronal repair capacity. METHODS CNS tissue sections from mice with different clinical EAE phases or following spontaneous recovery and in vitro differentiated adult neural stem cell cultures were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and confocal imaging for detecting and enumerating neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and for expression of CXCL12. RESULTS Our expression dynamics analysis of CXCL12 in the CNS with EAE progression revealed elevated CXCL12 expression in the DG and CC, which persistently increases following spontaneous recovery even though CNS inflammation has subsided. Correspondingly, the numbers of NPCs and OPCs in the DG and CC, respectively, of EAE-recovered mice increased compared to that of naïve mice (NPCs, p < 0.0001; OPCs, p < 0.00001) or mice with active disease (OPCs, p < 0.0005). Notably, about 30 % of the NPCs and unexpectedly also OPCs (~50 %) express CXCL12, and their numbers in DG and CC, respectively, are higher in EAE-recovered mice compared with naïve mice and also compared with mice with ongoing clinical EAE (CXCL12(+) NPCs, p < 0.005; CXCL12(+) OPCs, p < 0.0005). Moreover, a significant proportion (>20 %) of the CXCL12(+) NPCs and OPCs co-express the CXCL12 receptor, CXCR4, and their numbers significantly increase with recovery from EAE not only relative to naïve mice (p < 0.0002) but also to mice with ongoing EAE (p < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS These data link CXCL12 expression in the DG and CC of EAE-recovering mice to the promotion of neuro/oligodendrogenesis generating CXCR4(+) CXCL12(+) neuronal and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells endowed with intrinsic neuro/oligondendroglial differentiation potential. These findings highlight the post-CNS-inflammation role of CXCL12 in augmenting the endogenous myelin/neuronal repair capacity in MS-like disease, likely via CXCL12/CXCR4 autocrine signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Zilkha-Falb
- Present address: Multiple Sclerosis Center, Neurogenomics Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Nathali Kaushansky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:458. [PMID: 26696816 PMCID: PMC4672088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. After stroke, some limited spontaneous recovery occurs, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Multiple, parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. For years, clinical studies have tried to use exogenous cell therapy as a means of brain repair, with varying success. Since the rediscovery of adult neurogenesis and the identification of adult neural stem cells in the late nineties, one promising field of investigation is focused upon triggering and stimulating this self-repair system to replace the neurons lost following brain injury. For instance, it is has been demonstrated that the adult brain has the capacity to produce large numbers of new neurons in response to stroke. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of stroke-induced adult neurogenesis, from a cellular and molecular perspective, to its impact on brain repair and functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Chau MJ, Deveau TC, Song M, Gu X, Chen D, Wei L. iPSC Transplantation increases regeneration and functional recovery after ischemic stroke in neonatal rats. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3075-87. [PMID: 25132189 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Limited treatments are available for perinatal/neonatal stroke. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold therapeutic promise for stroke treatment, but the benefits of iPSC transplantation in neonates are relatively unknown. We hypothesized that transplanted iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) would increase regeneration after stroke. Mouse pluripotent iPSCs were differentiated into neural progenitors using a retinoic acid protocol. Differentiated neural cells were characterized by using multiple criteria and assessments. Ischemic stroke was induced in postnatal day 7 (P7) rats by occluding the right middle cerebral artery and right common carotid artery. iPSC-NPCs (400,000 in 4 µl) were transplanted into the penumbra via intracranial injection 7 days after stroke. Trophic factor expression in the peri-infarct tissue was measured using Western blot analysis. Animals received daily bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections and were sacrificed 21 days after stroke for immunohistochemistry. The vibrissae-elicited forelimb placement test was used to evaluate functional recovery. Differentiated iPSCs expressed mature neuronal markers, functional sodium and potassium channels, and fired action potentials. Several angiogenic and neurogenic trophic factors were identified in iPSC-NPCs. Animals that received iPSC-NPC transplantation had greater expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1-α (SDF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the peri-infarct region. iPSC-NPCs stained positive for neuronal nuclei (NeuN) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 14 days after transplantation. iPSC-NPC-transplanted animals showed greater numbers of BrdU/NeuN and BrdU/Collagen IV colabeled cells in the peri-infarct area compared with stroke controls and performed better in a sensorimotor functional test after stroke. iPSC-NPC therapy may play multiple therapeutic roles after stroke by providing trophic factors, increasing angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and providing new cells for tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica J Chau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Lin R, Iacovitti L. Classic and novel stem cell niches in brain homeostasis and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1628:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
179
|
An F, Qu Y, Liu X, Zhong R, Luo Y. Organ-on-a-Chip: New Platform for Biological Analysis. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 10:39-45. [PMID: 26640364 PMCID: PMC4664205 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s28905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct detection and analysis of biomolecules and cells in physiological microenvironment is urgently needed for fast evaluation of biology and pharmacy. The past several years have witnessed remarkable development opportunities in vitro organs and tissues models with multiple functions based on microfluidic devices, termed as “organ-on-a-chip”. Briefly speaking, it is a promising technology in rebuilding physiological functions of tissues and organs, featuring mammalian cell co-culture and artificial microenvironment created by microchannel networks. In this review, we summarized the advances in studies of heart-, vessel-, liver-, neuron-, kidney- and Multi-organs-on-a-chip, and discussed some noteworthy potential on-chip detection schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan An
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yueyang Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Runtao Zhong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China. ; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Potential of Neural Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:571475. [PMID: 26664823 PMCID: PMC4664819 DOI: 10.1155/2015/571475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is an emerging strategy for restoring neuronal function in neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by a profound and selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Adult neurogenesis generates newborn neurons that can be observed at specialized niches where endothelial cells (ECs) play a significant role in regulating the behavior of NSCs, including self-renewal and differentiating into all neural lineage cells. In this minireview, we highlight the importance of establishing an appropriate microenvironment at the target site of NSC transplantation, where grafted cells integrate into the surroundings in order to enhance DA neurotransmission. Using a novel model of NSC-EC coculture, it is possible to combine ECs with NSCs, to generate such a neurovascular microenvironment. With appropriate NSCs selected, the composition of the transplant can be investigated through paracrine and juxtacrine signaling within the neurovascular unit (NVU). With target site cellular and acellular compartments of the microenvironment recognized, guided DA differentiation of NSCs can be achieved. As differentiated DA neurons integrate into the existing nigrostriatal DA pathway, the symptoms of PD can potentially be alleviated by reversing characteristic neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
181
|
Hirota Y, Sawada M, Huang SH, Ogino T, Ohata S, Kubo A, Sawamoto K. Roles of Wnt Signaling in the Neurogenic Niche of the Adult Mouse Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:222-30. [PMID: 26572545 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In many animal species, the production of new neurons (neurogenesis) occurs throughout life, in a specialized germinal region called the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). In this region, neural stem cells undergo self-renewal and generate neural progenitor cells and new neurons. In the olfactory system, the new neurons migrate rostrally toward the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into mature interneurons. V-SVZ-derived new neurons can also migrate toward sites of brain injury, where they contribute to neural regeneration. Recent studies indicate that two major branches of the Wnt signaling pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/planar cell polarity pathways, play essential roles in various facets of adult neurogenesis. Here, we review the Wnt signaling-mediated regulation of adult neurogenesis in the V-SVZ under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirota
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shih-Hui Huang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogino
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohata
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Vay SU, Blaschke S, Klein R, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. Minocycline mitigates the gliogenic effects of proinflammatory cytokines on neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:149-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Cologne; Cologne Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich; Juelich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Neurogenesis following Stroke Affecting the Adult Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/11/a019034. [PMID: 26525150 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A bulk of experimental evidence supports the idea that the stroke-damaged adult brain makes an attempt to repair itself by producing new neurons also in areas where neurogenesis does not normally occur (e.g., the striatum and cerebral cortex). Knowledge about mechanisms regulating the different steps of neurogenesis after stroke is rapidly increasing but still incomplete. The functional consequences of stroke-induced neurogenesis and the level of integration of the new neurons into existing neural circuitries are poorly understood. To have a substantial impact on the recovery after stroke, this potential mechanism for self-repair needs to be enhanced, primarily by increasing the survival and differentiation of the generated neuroblasts. Moreover, for efficient repair, optimization of neurogenesis most likely needs to be combined with promotion of other endogenous neuroregenerative responses (e.g., protection and sprouting of remaining mature neurons, transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells [NSPC]-derived neurons and glia cells, and modulation of inflammation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Chapman KZ, Ge R, Monni E, Tatarishvili J, Ahlenius H, Arvidsson A, Ekdahl CT, Lindvall O, Kokaia Z. Inflammation without neuronal death triggers striatal neurogenesis comparable to stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 83:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
185
|
Sun X, Zhou Z, Liu T, Zhao M, Zhao S, Xiao T, Jolkkonen J, Zhao C. Fluoxetine Enhances Neurogenesis in Aged Rats with Cortical Infarcts, but This is not Reflected in a Behavioral Recovery. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:233-42. [PMID: 26474565 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Age is associated with poor outcome and impaired functional recovery after stroke. Fluoxetine, which is widely used in clinical practice, can regulate hippocampal neurogenesis in young rodents. As the rate of neurogenesis is dramatically reduced during aging, we studied the effect of post-stroke fluoxetine treatment on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyrus (DG) and whether this would be associated with any behavioral recovery after the cortical infarct in aged rats. Aged rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham-operated rats, sham-operated rats treated with fluoxetine, rats subjected to cerebral ischemia, and rats with ischemia treated with fluoxetine. Focal cortical ischemia was induced by intracranial injection of vasoconstrictive peptide, endothelin-1 (ET-1). Fluoxetine was administered in the drinking water for 3 weeks starting 1 week after ischemia at a dose of 18 mg/kg/day. Behavioral recovery was evaluated on post-stroke days 29 to 31 after which the survival rate and fate of proliferating cells in the SVZ and DG were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was measured with the TUNEL assay. The results indicated that chronic fluoxetine treatment after stroke enhanced the proliferation of newborn neurons in the SVZ, but not in SGZ, and it suppressed perilesional apoptosis. Fluoxetine treatment did not affect the survival or differentiation of newly generated cells in the SVZ i.e., the enhanced neurogenesis was not translated into a behavioral outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zhike Zhou
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Ruan L, Wang B, ZhuGe Q, Jin K. Coupling of neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:166-73. [PMID: 25736182 PMCID: PMC4552615 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and severe long-term disability worldwide. Development of effective treatment or new therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke patients is therefore crucial. Ischemic stroke promotes neurogenesis by several growth factors including FGF-2, IGF-1, BDNF, VEGF and chemokines including SDF-1, MCP-1. Stroke-induced angiogenesis is similarly regulated by many factors most notably, eNOS and CSE, VEGF/VEGFR2, and Ang-1/Tie2. Important findings in the last decade have revealed that neurogenesis is not the stand-alone consideration in the fight for full functional recovery from stroke. Angiogenesis has been also shown to be critical in improving post-stroke neurological functional recovery. More than that, recent evidence has shown a highly possible interplay or dependence between stroke-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Moving forward, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of this coupling between stroke-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis will be of great importance, which will provide the basis for neurorestorative therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Institute of Aging and Alzheimer׳s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan ZhuGe
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; Institute of Aging and Alzheimer׳s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Liu Z, Chopp M. Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 144:103-20. [PMID: 26455456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type within the central nervous system. They play essential roles in maintaining normal brain function, as they are a critical structural and functional part of the tripartite synapses and the neurovascular unit, and communicate with neurons, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. After an ischemic stroke, astrocytes perform multiple functions both detrimental and beneficial, for neuronal survival during the acute phase. Aspects of the astrocytic inflammatory response to stroke may aggravate the ischemic lesion, but astrocytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection, by limiting lesion extension via anti-excitotoxicity effects and releasing neurotrophins. Similarly, during the late recovery phase after stroke, the glial scar may obstruct axonal regeneration and subsequently reduce the functional outcome; however, astrocytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and axonal remodeling, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Thus, the pivotal involvement of astrocytes in normal brain function and responses to an ischemic lesion designates them as excellent therapeutic targets to improve functional outcome following stroke. In this review, we will focus on functions of astrocytes and astrocyte-mediated events during stroke and recovery. We will provide an overview of approaches on how to reduce the detrimental effects and amplify the beneficial effects of astrocytes on neuroprotection and on neurorestoration post stroke, which may lead to novel and clinically relevant therapies for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Bohrer C, Pfurr S, Mammadzada K, Schildge S, Plappert L, Hils M, Pous L, Rauch KS, Dumit VI, Pfeifer D, Dengjel J, Kirsch M, Schachtrup K, Schachtrup C. The balance of Id3 and E47 determines neural stem/precursor cell differentiation into astrocytes. EMBO J 2015; 34:2804-19. [PMID: 26438726 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) of the subventricular zone (SVZ) are an endogenous source for neuronal replacement in CNS disease. However, adult neurogenesis is compromised after brain injury in favor of a glial cell fate, which is mainly attributed to changes in the NSPC environment. Yet, it is unknown how this unfavorable extracellular environment translates into a transcriptional program altering NSPC differentiation. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the transcriptional regulator Id3 decreased the number of astrocytes generated from SVZ-derived adult NSPCs in the cortical lesion area after traumatic brain injury. Cortical brain injury resulted in rapid BMP-2 and Id3 up-regulation in the SVZ stem cell niche. Id3(-/-) adult NSPCs failed to differentiate into BMP-2-induced astrocytes, while NSPCs deficient for the Id3-controlled transcription factor E47 readily differentiated into astrocytes in the absence of BMP-2. Mechanistically, E47 repressed the expression of several astrocyte-specific genes in adult NSPCs. These results identify Id3 as the BMP-2-induced transcriptional regulator, promoting adult NSPC differentiation into astrocytes upon CNS injury and reveal a molecular link between environmental changes and NSPC differentiation in the CNS after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bohrer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pfurr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Könül Mammadzada
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schildge
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leandra Plappert
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lauriane Pous
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina S Rauch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verónica I Dumit
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Sato H, Ishii Y, Yamamoto S, Azuma E, Takahashi Y, Hamashima T, Umezawa A, Mori H, Kuroda S, Endo S, Sasahara M. PDGFR-β Plays a Key Role in the Ectopic Migration of Neuroblasts in Cerebral Stroke. Stem Cells 2015; 34:685-98. [PMID: 26435273 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective agents and induction of endogenous neurogenesis remain to be the urgent issues to be established for the care of cerebral stroke. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) is mainly expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), neurons and vascular pericytes of the brain; however, the role in pathological neurogenesis remains elusive. To this end, we examined the role of PDGFR-β in the migration and proliferation of NSPCs after stroke. A transient middle cerebral-arterial occlusion (MCAO) was introduced into the mice with conditional Pdgfrb-gene inactivation, including N-PRβ-KO mice where the Pdgfrb-gene was mostly inactivated in the brain except that in vascular pericytes, and E-PRβ-KO mice with tamoxifen-induced systemic Pdgfrb-gene inactivation. The migration of the DCX(+) neuroblasts from the subventricular zone toward the ischemic core was highly increased in N-PRβ-KO, but not in E-PRβ-KO as compared to Pdgfrb-gene preserving control mice. We showed that CXCL12, a potent chemoattractant for CXCR4-expressing NSPCs, was upregulated in the ischemic lesion of N-PRβ-KO mice. Furthermore, integrin α3 intrinsically expressed in NSPCs that critically mediates extracellular matrix-dependent migration, was upregulated in N-PRβ-KO after MCAO. NSPCs isolated from N-PRβ-KO rapidly migrated on the surface coated with collagen type IV or fibronectin that are abundant in vascular niche and ischemic core. PDGFR-β was suggested to be critically involved in pathological neurogenesis through the regulation of lesion-derived chemoattractant as well as intrinsic signal of NSPCs, and we believe that a coordinated regulation of these molecular events may be able to improve neurogenesis in injured brain for further functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Sato
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Erika Azuma
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Manufacturing & Engineering Lab., Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeru Hamashima
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shunro Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Inhibition of interleukin-6 abolishes the promoting effects of pair housing on post-stroke neurogenesis. Neuroscience 2015; 307:160-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
191
|
Feliciano DM, Bordey A, Bonfanti L. Noncanonical Sites of Adult Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Brain. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a018846. [PMID: 26384869 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two decades after the discovery that neural stem cells (NSCs) populate some regions of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), deep knowledge has been accumulated on their capacity to generate new neurons in the adult brain. This constitutive adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life primarily within remnants of the embryonic germinal layers known as "neurogenic sites." Nevertheless, some processes of neurogliogenesis also occur in the CNS parenchyma commonly considered as "nonneurogenic." This "noncanonical" cell genesis has been the object of many claims, some of which turned out to be not true. Indeed, it is often an "incomplete" process as to its final outcome, heterogeneous by several measures, including regional location, progenitor identity, and fate of the progeny. These aspects also strictly depend on the animal species, suggesting that persistent neurogenic processes have uniquely adapted to the brain anatomy of different mammals. Whereas some examples of noncanonical neurogenesis are strictly parenchymal, others also show stem cell niche-like features and a strong link with the ventricular cavities. This work will review results obtained in a research field that expanded from classic neurogenesis studies involving a variety of areas of the CNS outside of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). It will be highlighted how knowledge concerning noncanonical neurogenic areas is still incomplete owing to its regional and species-specific heterogeneity, and to objective difficulties still hampering its full identification and characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Feliciano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Angélique Bordey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin 10095, Italy Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin 10043, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Vasoactive intestinal peptide administration after stroke in rats enhances neurogenesis and improves neurological function. Brain Res 2015; 1625:189-97. [PMID: 26363093 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on neurogenesis and neurological function after cerebral ischemia. Rats were intracerebroventricular administered with VIP after a 2h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and sacrificed at 7, 14 and 28 days after MCAO. Functional outcome was studied with the modified neurological severity score. The infarct volume was evaluated via histology. Neurogenesis, angiogenesis and the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis, respectively. The treatment with VIP significantly reduced the neurological severity score and the infarc volume, and increased the numbers of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunoreactive cells and doublecortin immunoreactive area in the subventricular zone (SVZ) at 7, 14 and 28 days after ischemia. The cerebral protein levels of VEGF and VEGF expression in the SVZ were also enhanced in VIP-treated rats at 7 days after stroke. VIP treatment obviously increased the number of BrdU positive endothelial cells in the SVZ and density of cerebral microvessels in the ischemic boundary at 28 days after ischemia. Our study suggests that in the ischemic rat brain VIP reduces brain damage and promotes neurogenesis by increasing VEGF. VIP-enhanced neurogenesis is associated with angiogenesis. These changes may contribute to improvement in functional outcome.
Collapse
|
193
|
Verma V, Samanthapudi K, Raviprakash R. Classic Studies on the Potential of Stem Cell Neuroregeneration. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2015; 25:123-141. [PMID: 26308908 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2015.1039904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 1990s and 2000s were the beginning of an exciting time period for developmental neuroscience and neural stem cell research. By better understanding brain plasticity and the birth of new neurons in the adult brain, contrary to established dogma, hope for therapy from devastating neurological diseases was generated. The potential for stem cells to provide functional recovery in humans remains to be further tested and to further move into the clinical trial realm. The future certainly has great promise on stem cells to assist in alleviation of difficult-to-treat neurologic disorders. This article reviews classic studies of the 1990s and 2000s that paved the way for the advances of today, which can in turn lead to tomorrow's therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | | | - Ratujit Raviprakash
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Koh SH, Lo EH. The Role of the PI3K Pathway in the Regeneration of the Damaged Brain by Neural Stem Cells after Cerebral Infarction. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11:297-304. [PMID: 26320845 PMCID: PMC4596106 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic deficits resulting from stroke remain largely intractable, which has prompted thousands of studies aimed at developing methods for treating these neurologic sequelae. Endogenous neurogenesis is also known to occur after brain damage, including that due to cerebral infarction. Focusing on this process may provide a solution for treating neurologic deficits caused by cerebral infarction. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is known to play important roles in cell survival, and many studies have focused on use of the PI3K pathway to treat brain injury after stroke. Furthermore, since the PI3K pathway may also play key roles in the physiology of neural stem cells (NSCs), eliciting the appropriate activation of the PI3K pathway in NSCs may help to improve the sequelae of cerebral infarction. This review describes the PI3K pathway, its roles in the brain and NSCs after cerebral infarction, and the therapeutic possibility of activating the pathway to improve neurologic deficits after cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Koh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Li Y, Tang G, Liu Y, He X, Huang J, Lin X, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Wang Y. CXCL12 Gene Therapy Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced White Matter Injury in Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1122-30. [PMID: 26253714 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Remyelination is an important repair process after ischemic stroke-induced white matter injury. It often fails because of the insufficient recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the demyelinated site or the inefficient differentiation of OPCs to oligodendrocytes. We investigated whether CXCL12 gene therapy promoted remyelination after middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice. The results showed that CXCL12 gene therapy at 1 week after ischemia could protect myelin sheath integrity in the perifocal region, increase the number of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα)-positive and PDGFRα/bromodeoxyuridine-double positive OPCs in the subventricular zone, and further enhance their migration to the ischemic lesion area. Coadministration of AMD3100, the antagonist for CXCL12 receptor CXCR4, eliminated the beneficial effect of CXCL12 on myelin sheath integrity and negatively influenced OPC proliferation and migration. At 5 weeks after ischemia, CXCR4 was found on the PDGFRα- and/or neuron/glia type 2 (NG2)-positive OPCs but not on the myelin basic protein-positive mature myelin sheaths, and CXCR7 was only expressed on the mature myelin sheath in the ischemic mouse brain. Our data indicated that CXCL12 gene therapy effectively protected white matter and promoted its repair after ischemic injury. The treatment at 1 week after ischemia is effective, suggesting that this strategy has a longer therapeutic time window than the treatments currently available. SIGNIFICANCE This study has demonstrated for the first time that CXCL12 gene therapy significantly ameliorates brain ischemia-induced white matter injury and promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation in the subventricular zone and migration to the perifocal area in the ischemic mouse brain. Additional data showed that CXCR4 receptor plays an important role during the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and CXCR7 might play a role during maturation. In contrast to many experimental studies that provide treatment before ischemic insult, CXCL12 gene therapy was performed 1 week after brain ischemia, which significantly prolonged the therapeutic time window of brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Redox-based regulation of neural stem cell function and Nrf2. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:627-31. [PMID: 26551703 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in the development and maintenance of brain tissues throughout life. They can also potentially act as powerful sources of regeneration and repair during pathology to replace degenerating cells and counteract deleterious changes in the tissue microenvironment. However, both aging and neurodegeneration involve an up-regulation of processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, somatic mutations, and reduction in growth factors in neural tissues, which threaten the robust functioning of NSCs. Nevertheless, recent evidence also indicates that NSCs may possess the intrinsic capability to cope with such stressors in their microenvironment. Whereas the mechanisms governing the responses of NSCs to stress are diverse, a common theme that is emerging suggests that underlying changes in intracellular redox status are crucial. Here we discuss such redox-based regulation of NSCs, particularly in relation to nuclear erythroid factor 2-like 2 (Nrf2), which is a key cellular stress resistance factor, and its implications for successfully harnessing NSC therapeutic potential towards developing cell-based therapeutics for nervous system disorders.
Collapse
|
197
|
Sun X, Sun X, Liu T, Zhao M, Zhao S, Xiao T, Jolkkonen J, Zhao C. Fluoxetine enhanced neurogenesis is not translated to functional outcome in stroke rats. Neurosci Lett 2015. [PMID: 26197054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is widely used in clinical practice. It regulates hippocampal neurogenesis, however, the effect of fluoxetine on neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) remains controversial. We aimed to study the effect of fluoxetine on neurogenesis in the SVZ and subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyrus (DG) in relation to behavioral recovery after stroke in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham-operated rats, sham-operated rats treated with fluoxetine, rats subjected to cerebral ischemia, and rats with ischemia treated with fluoxetine. Fluoxetine was orally administrated starting 1 week after ischemia, with a dose of 16mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by intracranial injection of vasoconstrictive peptide endothelin-1(ET-1). Behavioral recovery was evaluated on post-stroke days 29-31 after which the survival rate and fate of proliferating cells in the SVZ and DG were measured by immunohistochemistry. The production of neuroblasts in both the SVZ and DG was significantly increased after stroke. Chronic post-stroke fluoxetine treatment increased the dendritic complexity of newborn dentate granule cells. However, fluoxetine treatment did not influence the survival or differentiation of newly generated cells. Neither fluoxetine treatment improved sensorimotor recovery following focal cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Neurology, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Neurology, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Cardiology, Shengjing hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Neurology, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Dermatology, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Neurology, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Segarra M, Kirchmaier BC, Acker-Palmer A. A vascular perspective on neuronal migration. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 1:17-25. [PMID: 26192337 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During CNS development and adult neurogenesis, immature neurons travel from the germinal zones towards their final destination using cellular substrates for their migration. Classically, radial glia and neuronal axons have been shown to act as physical scaffolds to support neuroblast locomotion in processes known as gliophilic and neurophilic migration, respectively (Hatten, 1999; Marin and Rubenstein, 2003; Rakic, 2003). In adulthood, long distance neuronal migration occurs in a glial-independent manner since radial glia cells differentiate into astrocytes after birth. A series of studies highlight a novel mode of neuronal migration that uses blood vessels as scaffolds, the so-called vasophilic migration. This migration mode allows neuroblast navigation in physiological and also pathological conditions, such as neuronal precursor migration after ischemic stroke or cerebral invasion of glioma tumor cells. Here we review the current knowledge about how vessels pave the path for migrating neurons and how trophic factors derived by glio-vascular structures guide neuronal migration both during physiological as well as pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Segarra
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University of Mainz, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Bettina C Kirchmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University of Mainz, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University of Mainz, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Addington CP, Roussas A, Dutta D, Stabenfeldt SE. Endogenous repair signaling after brain injury and complementary bioengineering approaches to enhance neural regeneration. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:43-60. [PMID: 25983552 PMCID: PMC4429653 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 5.3 million Americans annually. Despite the many long-term deficits associated with TBI, there currently are no clinically available therapies that directly address the underlying pathologies contributing to these deficits. Preclinical studies have investigated various therapeutic approaches for TBI: two such approaches are stem cell transplantation and delivery of bioactive factors to mitigate the biochemical insult affiliated with TBI. However, success with either of these approaches has been limited largely due to the complexity of the injury microenvironment. As such, this review outlines the many factors of the injury microenvironment that mediate endogenous neural regeneration after TBI and the corresponding bioengineering approaches that harness these inherent signaling mechanisms to further amplify regenerative efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Addington
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Adam Roussas
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dipankar Dutta
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Azim K, Hurtado-Chong A, Fischer B, Kumar N, Zweifel S, Taylor V, Raineteau O. Transcriptional Hallmarks of Heterogeneous Neural Stem Cell Niches of the Subventricular Zone. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2232-42. [PMID: 25827345 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout postnatal life in mammals, neural stem cells (NSCs) are located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. The greatest diversity of neuronal and glial lineages they generate occurs during early postnatal life in a region-specific manner. In order to probe heterogeneity of the postnatal SVZ, we microdissected its dorsal and lateral walls at different postnatal ages and isolated NSCs and their immediate progeny based on their expression of Hes5-EGFP/Prominin1 and Ascl1-EGFP, respectively. Whole genome comparative transcriptome analysis revealed transcriptional regulators as major hallmarks that sustain postnatal SVZ regionalization. Manipulation of single genes encoding for locally enriched transcription factors (loss-of-function or ectopic gain-of-function in vivo) influenced NSC specification indicating that the fate of regionalized postnatal SVZ-NSCs can be readily modified. These findings reveal the pronounced transcriptional heterogeneity of the postnatal SVZ and provide targets to recruit region-specific lineages in regenerative contexts. Stem Cells 2015;33:2232-2242.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anahí Hurtado-Chong
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fischer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zweifel
- Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|