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Kim SE, An SY, Woo DH, Han J, Kim JH, Jang YJ, Son JS, Yang H, Cheon YP, Kim JH. Engraftment potential of spheroid-forming hepatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1818-29. [PMID: 23373441 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation and drug discovery programs for liver diseases are hampered by the shortage of donor tissue. While recent studies have shown that hepatic cells can be derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), few cases have shown selective enrichment of hESC-derived hepatocytes and their integration into host liver tissues. Here we demonstrate that the dissociation and reaggregation procedure after an endodermal differentiation of hESC produces spheroids mainly consisted of cells showing hepatic phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. A combined treatment with Wnt3a and bone morphogenic protein 4 efficiently differentiated hESCs into definitive endoderm in an adherent culture. Dissociation followed by reaggregation of these cells in a nonadherent condition lead to the isolation of spheroid-forming cells that preferentially expressed early hepatic markers from the adherent cell population. Further differentiation of these spheroid cells in the presence of the hepatocyte growth factor, oncostatin M, and dexamethasone produced a highly enriched population of cells exhibiting characteristics of early hepatocytes, including glycogen storage, indocyanine green uptake, and synthesis of urea and albumin. Furthermore, we show that grafted spheroid cells express hepatic features and attenuate the serum aspartate aminotransferase level in a model of acute liver injury. These data suggest that hepatic progenitor cells can be enriched by the spheroid formation of differentiating hESCs and that these cells have engraftment potential to replace damaged liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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153
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Chen AE, Borowiak M, Sherwood RI, Kweudjeu A, Melton DA. Functional evaluation of ES cell-derived endodermal populations reveals differences between Nodal and Activin A-guided differentiation. Development 2013; 140:675-86. [PMID: 23293299 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells hold great promise with respect to their potential to be differentiated into desired cell types. Of interest are organs derived from the definitive endoderm, such as the pancreas and liver, and animal studies have revealed an essential role for Nodal in development of the definitive endoderm. Activin A is a related TGFβ member that acts through many of the same downstream signaling effectors as Nodal and is thought to mimic Nodal activity. Detailed characterization of ES cell-derived endodermal cell types by gene expression analysis in vitro and functional analysis in vivo reveal that, despite their similarity in gene expression, Nodal and Activin-derived endodermal cells exhibit a distinct difference in functional competence following transplantation into the developing mouse embryo. Pdx1-expressing cells arising from the respective endoderm populations exhibit extended differences in their competence to mature into insulin/c-peptide-expressing cells in vivo. Our findings underscore the importance of functional cell-type evaluation during stepwise differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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154
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155
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Tahamtani Y, Azarnia M, Farrokhi A, Sharifi-Zarchi A, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. Treatment of human embryonic stem cells with different combinations of priming and inducing factors toward definitive endoderm. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1419-32. [PMID: 23249309 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous progress in studying definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), none of the reported protocols have produced a universal, cost-effective, and competent DE with the capability to further differentiate into endodermal derivatives. In this study, by using a 2-step differentiation strategy, we have treated hESCs for 1 day with "priming" small molecules (SM), [stauprimide, NSC-308848, rapamycin (Rapa), and/or CHIR] and for the next 3 days with "inducing" SM (LY294002, cymarin, IDE1, and/or IDE2) in conjunction with activin A. In the positive control group, we treated hESCs with Wnt3a (25 ng/mL) for 1 day and activin A (100 ng/mL; W/A100-A100) for the next 3 days. Gene expression analysis showed that treatment of hESCs with 100 nM Rapa and 50 ng/mL activin A (Rapa-A50) out of 25 combinations of factors gave rise to higher expressions of 2 DE-specific genes, SOX17 and FOXA2. Similar results were obtained after treating 2 other hESC lines with this regimen. To investigate the competency of Rapa-A50-induced DE for further differentiation into endodermal derivatives, these cells and W/A100-A100-induced DE cells (positive control) were further differentiated into pancreatic progenitors (PP), then into pancreatic endocrine (PE) cells using 5 previously described differentiation protocols. Gene analysis of differentiated cells showed that the established protocols were insufficient to enable universal differentiation into PE, whereas Rapa-A50-induced DE cells were more competent for PP differentiation in a protocol-dependent manner. Additionally, Rapa-A50-induced DE had the capability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) as efficiently as W/A100-A100-induced DE. These data have indicated that hESCs primed with Rapa, and induced by a lower concentration of activin A, could lead to DE that had the capability to further differentiate into HLCs and PP cells, but not PE cells. Thus, current protocols for the differentiation of DE into PE still need additional study.
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156
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Gli3-mediated hedgehog inhibition in human pluripotent stem cells initiates and augments developmental programming of adult hematopoiesis. Blood 2013; 121:1543-52. [PMID: 23293081 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-457747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programs that control early lineage fate decisions and transitions from embryonic to adult human cell types during development are poorly understood. Using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), in the present study, we reveal reduction of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling correlates to developmental progression of hematopoiesis throughout human ontogeny. Both chemical- and gene-targeting–mediated inactivation of Hh signaling augmented hematopoietic fate and initiated transitions from embryonic to adult hematopoiesis, as measured by globin regulation in hPSCs. Inhibition of the Hh pathway resulted in truncation of Gli3 to its repressor, Gli3R, and was shown to be necessary and sufficient for initiating this transition. Our results reveal an unprecedented role for Hh signaling in the regulation of adult hematopoietic specification, thereby demonstrating the ability to modulate the default embryonic programs of hPSCs.
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157
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Maruyama J, Matsunaga T, Yamaori S, Sakamoto S, Kamada N, Nakamura K, Kikuchi S, Ohmori S. Differentiation of Monkey Embryonic Stem Cells to Hepatocytes by Feeder-Free Dispersion Culture and Expression Analyses of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Responsible for Drug Metabolism. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:292-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, 3–1–1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390–8621, Japan
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158
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Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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159
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Finkbeiner SR, Spence JR. A gutsy task: generating intestinal tissue from human pluripotent stem cells. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1176-84. [PMID: 23532718 PMCID: PMC3661082 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many significant advances in our understanding of intestine development, intestinal stem cell homeostasis and differentiation have been made in recent years. These advances include novel techniques to culture primary human and mouse intestinal epithelium in three-dimensional matrices, and de novo generation of human intestinal tissue from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. This short review will focus on the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue, highlight novel uses of this tissue, and compare and contrast this system to primary intestinal epithelial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R. Finkbeiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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160
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Liver Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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161
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Shared gene regulation during human somatic cell reprogramming. J Genet Genomics 2012; 39:613-23. [PMID: 23273765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the ability to differentiate into all somatic cells and to maintain unlimited self-renewal. Therefore, they have great potential in both basic research and clinical therapy for many diseases. To identify potentially universal mechanisms of human somatic cell reprogramming, we studied gene expression changes in three types of cells undergoing reprogramming. The set of 570 genes commonly regulated during induction of iPS cells includes known embryonic stem (ES) cell markers and pluripotency related genes. We also identified novel genes and biological categories which may be related to somatic cell reprogramming. For example, some of the down-regulated genes are predicted targets of the pluripotency microRNA cluster miR302/367, and the proteins from these putative target genes interact with the stem cell pluripotency factor POU5F1 according to our network analysis. Our results identified candidate gene sets to guide research on the mechanisms operating during somatic cell reprogramming.
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162
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Mandenius CF. Biomechatronics for designing bioprocess monitoring and control systems: Application to stem cell production. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:430-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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163
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Fakunle ES, Loring JF. Ethnically diverse pluripotent stem cells for drug development. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:709-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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164
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Soldatow VY, Lecluyse EL, Griffith LG, Rusyn I. In vitro models for liver toxicity testing. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2012; 2:23-39. [PMID: 23495363 DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, various liver-derived in vitro model systems have been developed to enable investigation of the potential adverse effects of chemicals and drugs. Liver tissue slices, isolated microsomes, perfused liver, immortalized cell lines, and primary hepatocytes have been used extensively. Immortalized cell lines and primary isolated liver cells are currently most widely used in vitro models for liver toxicity testing. Limited throughput, loss of viability, and decreases in liver-specific functionality and gene expression are common shortcomings of these models. Recent developments in the field of in vitro hepatotoxicity include three-dimensional tissue constructs and bioartificial livers, co-cultures of various cell types with hepatocytes, and differentiation of stem cells into hepatic lineage-like cells. In an attempt to provide a more physiological environment for cultured liver cells, some of the novel cell culture systems incorporate fluid flow, micro-circulation, and other forms of organotypic microenvironments. Co-cultures aim to preserve liver-specific morphology and functionality beyond those provided by cultures of pure parenchymal cells. Stem cells, both embryonic- and adult tissue-derived, may provide a limitless supply of hepatocytes from multiple individuals to improve reproducibility and enable testing of the individual-specific toxicity. This review describes various traditional and novel in vitro liver models and provides a perspective on the challenges and opportunities afforded by each individual test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Y Soldatow
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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165
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Sivertsson L, Synnergren J, Jensen J, Björquist P, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Hepatic differentiation and maturation of human embryonic stem cells cultured in a perfused three-dimensional bioreactor. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:581-94. [PMID: 22970843 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a serious and frequently occurring adverse drug reaction in the clinics and is hard to predict during preclinical studies. Today, primary hepatocytes are the most frequently used cell model for drug discovery and prediction of toxicity. However, their use is marred by high donor variability regarding drug metabolism and toxicity, and instable expression levels of liver-specific genes such as cytochromes P450. An in vitro model system based on human embryonic stem cells (hESC), with their unique properties of pluripotency and self-renewal, has potential to provide a stable and unlimited supply of human hepatocytes. Much effort has been made to direct hESC toward the hepatic lineage, mostly using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures. Although the results are encouraging, these cells lack important functionality. Here, we investigate if hepatic differentiation of hESC can be improved by using a 3-dimensional (3D) bioreactor system. Human ESCs were differentiated toward the hepatic lineage using the same cells in either the 3D or 2D system. A global transcriptional analysis identified important differences between the 2 differentiation regimes, and we identified 10 pathways, highly related to liver functions, which were significantly upregulated in cells differentiated in the bioreactor compared to 2D control cultures. The enhanced hepatic differentiation observed in the bioreactor system was also supported by immunocytochemistry. Taken together, our results suggest that hepatic differentiation of hESC is improved when using this 3D bioreactor technology as compared to 2D culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Sivertsson
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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166
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Evaluation of hepatotoxicity of chemicals using hepatic progenitor and hepatocyte-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2012; 29:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-012-9223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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167
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Generation, characterization and potential therapeutic applications of mature and functional hepatocytes from stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 228:298-305. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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168
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Ghaedi M, Duan Y, Zern MA, Revzin A. Hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells on growth factor-containing surfaces. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:886-95. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California at Davis; CA USA
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute; University of California at Sacramento; CA USA
| | - Mark A. Zern
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute; University of California at Sacramento; CA USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California at Davis; CA USA
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169
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Abstract
The boundaries of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research have extended considerably in recent years in several important ways. Alongside a deeper understanding of the pluripotent state, ESCs have been successfully integrated into various fields, such as genomics, epigenetics, and disease modeling. Significant progress in cell fate control has pushed directed differentiation and tissue engineering further than ever before and promoted clinical trials. The geographical distribution of research activity has also expanded, especially for human ESCs. This review outlines these developments and future challenges that remain.
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170
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171
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Yamamura N, Kishimoto T. Epigenetic regulation of GATA4 expression by histone modification in AFP-producing gastric adenocarcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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172
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Donor-dependent variations in hepatic differentiation from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12538-43. [PMID: 22802639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209979109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are unprecedented resources for pharmaceuticals and cell therapy. However, the in vitro directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature hepatocytes remains challenging. Little attention has so far been paid to variations among hiPSC lines in terms of their hepatic differentiation. In the current study, we developed an improved hepatic differentiation protocol and compared 28 hiPSC lines originated from various somatic cells and derived using retroviruses, Sendai viruses, or episomal plasmids. This comparison indicated that the origins, but not the derivation methods, may be a major determinant of variation in hepatic differentiation. The hiPSC clones derived from peripheral blood cells consistently showed good differentiation efficiency, whereas many hiPSC clones from adult dermal fibroblasts showed poor differentiation. However, when we compared hiPSCs from peripheral blood and dermal fibroblasts from the same individuals, we found that variations in hepatic differentiation were largely attributable to donor differences, rather than to the types of the original cells. These data underscore the importance of donor differences when comparing the differentiation propensities of hiPSC clones.
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173
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LeCluyse EL, Witek RP, Andersen ME, Powers MJ. Organotypic liver culture models: meeting current challenges in toxicity testing. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:501-48. [PMID: 22582993 PMCID: PMC3423873 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.682115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity in humans from in vitro data continues to be a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Generally, conventional in vitro hepatic model systems (i.e. 2-D static monocultures of primary or immortalized hepatocytes) are limited by their inability to maintain histotypic and phenotypic characteristics over time in culture, including stable expression of clearance and bioactivation pathways, as well as complex adaptive responses to chemical exposure. These systems are less than ideal for longer-term toxicity evaluations and elucidation of key cellular and molecular events involved in primary and secondary adaptation to chemical exposure, or for identification of important mediators of inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. Progress in implementing a more effective strategy for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation and human risk assessment depends on significant advances in tissue culture technology and increasing their level of biological complexity. This article describes the current and ongoing need for more relevant, organotypic in vitro surrogate systems of human liver and recent efforts to recreate the multicellular architecture and hemodynamic properties of the liver using novel culture platforms. As these systems become more widely used for chemical and drug toxicity testing, there will be a corresponding need to establish standardized testing conditions, endpoint analyses and acceptance criteria. In the future, a balanced approach between sample throughput and biological relevance should provide better in vitro tools that are complementary with animal testing and assist in conducting more predictive human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LeCluyse
- The Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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174
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Tsuchiya H, Matsunaga T, Aikawa K, Kamada N, Nakamura K, Ichikawa H, Sasaki K, Ohmori S. Evaluation of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells for detection of CYP1A inducers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:598-604. [PMID: 22673034 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a great deal of interest in differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into hepatocyte-like cells for application in pharmaceutical screening. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A is involved in the metabolic activation of procarcinogenic compounds as well as in detoxification of drugs. We differentiated hESCs into hepatocyte-like cells (hESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells) and examined whether CYP1A was induced in these cells by typical inducers of CYP1A. hESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells expressed albumin, α-fetoprotein, CYP3A4, CYP3A7, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT) 1A1 mRNA. The levels of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and UGT1A1 mRNA expression were increased by omeprazole and 3-methylcholanthrene. Furthermore, the enzyme activity of CYP1A was also increased by these compounds. In conclusion, hESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells are available for the detection of CYP1A inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
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175
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Jung CJ, Iyengar S, Blahnik KR, Jiang JX, Tahimic C, Torok NJ, de vere White RW, Farnham PJ, Zern M. Human ESC self-renewal promoting microRNAs induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes by controlling the PTEN and TGFβ tumor suppressor signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:979-91. [PMID: 22622027 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The self-renewal capacity ascribed to embryonic stem cells (ESC) is reminiscent of cancer cell proliferation, raising speculation that a common network of genes may regulate these traits. A search for general regulators of these traits yielded a set of microRNAs for which expression is highly enriched in human ESCs and liver cancer cells (HCC) but attenuated in differentiated quiescent hepatocytes. Here, we show that these microRNAs promote hESC self-renewal, as well as HCC proliferation, and when overexpressed in normally quiescent hepatocytes, induce proliferation and activate cancer signaling pathways. Proliferation in hepatocytes is mediated through translational repression of Pten, Tgfbr2, Klf11, and Cdkn1a, which collectively dysregulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and TGFβ tumor suppressor signaling pathways. Furthermore, aberrant expression of these miRNAs is observed in human liver tumor tissues and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes. These findings suggest that microRNAs that are essential in normal development as promoters of ESC self-renewal are frequently upregulated in human liver tumors and harbor neoplastic transformation potential when they escape silencing in quiescent human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Jung
- Transplant Research Program & UC Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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176
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Bernstein HS, Hyun WC. Strategies for enrichment and selection of stem cell-derived tissue precursors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:17. [PMID: 22575029 PMCID: PMC3392764 DOI: 10.1186/scrt108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have the capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency and thus are a primary candidate for tissue engineering and regenerative therapies. These cells also provide an opportunity to study the development of human tissues ex vivo. To date, numerous human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived and characterized. In this review, we will detail the strategies used to direct tissue-specific differentiation of embryonic stem cells. We also will discuss how these strategies have produced new sources of tissue-specific progenitor cells. Finally, we will describe the next generation of methods being developed to identify and select stem cell-derived tissue precursors for experimental study and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA.
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177
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Zhou WL, Medine CN, Zhu L, Hay DC. Stem cell differentiation and human liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2018-25. [PMID: 22563188 PMCID: PMC3342599 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human stem cells are scalable cell populations capable of cellular differentiation. This makes them a very attractive in vitro cellular resource and in theory provides unlimited amounts of primary cells. Such an approach has the potential to improve our understanding of human biology and treating disease. In the future it may be possible to deploy novel stem cell-based approaches to treat human liver diseases. In recent years, efficient hepatic differentiation from human stem cells has been achieved by several research groups including our own. In this review we provide an overview of the field and discuss the future potential and limitations of stem cell technology.
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178
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Wu X, Robotham JM, Lee E, Dalton S, Kneteman NM, Gilbert DM, Tang H. Productive hepatitis C virus infection of stem cell-derived hepatocytes reveals a critical transition to viral permissiveness during differentiation. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002617. [PMID: 22496645 PMCID: PMC3320597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes isolated from patient biopsies represent the most physiologically relevant cell culture model for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but these primary cells are not readily accessible, display individual variability, and are largely refractory to genetic manipulation. Hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells provide an attractive alternative as they not only overcome these shortcomings but can also provide an unlimited source of noncancer cells for both research and cell therapy. Despite its promise, the permissiveness to HCV infection of differentiated human hepatocyte-like cells (DHHs) has not been explored. Here we report a novel infection model based on DHHs derived from human embryonic (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). DHHs generated in chemically defined media under feeder-free conditions were subjected to infection by both HCV derived in cell culture (HCVcc) and patient-derived virus (HCVser). Pluripotent stem cells and definitive endoderm were not permissive for HCV infection whereas hepatic progenitor cells were persistently infected and secreted infectious particles into culture medium. Permissiveness to infection was correlated with induction of the liver-specific microRNA-122 and modulation of cellular factors that affect HCV replication. RNA interference directed toward essential cellular cofactors in stem cells resulted in HCV-resistant hepatocyte-like cells after differentiation. The ability to infect cultured cells directly with HCV patient serum, to study defined stages of viral permissiveness, and to produce genetically modified cells with desired phenotypes all have broad significance for host-pathogen interactions and cell therapy. Physiologically relevant cell-culture models for infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are scarce, and infection by viruses derived from patient serum has been inefficient. Differentiated human hepatocyte-like cells derived from pluripotent stem cells demonstrate hepatic functions but have not been explored for HCV infection studies. Here we report a novel infection model based on these hepatocyte-like cells. Stem cells and definitive endoderm successfully resisted HCV infection, whereas hepatic progenitor cells derived from the stem cells were productively infected by both human- and cell-culture-derived HCV. We determined the point of transition from resistance to susceptibility and, by comparative gene profiling, identified the host factors that were correlated with susceptibility. Genetic modification of human embryonic stem cells, coupled with hepatic differentiation, generated hepatocyte-like cells that were resistant to HCV infection. Our study establishes a new noncancerous and renewable cell-culture system for HCV infection, permits direct infection of cells by patient sera in vitro, identifies a defined transition to HCV susceptibility during hepatocyte differentiation, and demonstrates the feasibility of generating virus-resistant human hepatocyte-like cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Robotham
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Norman M. Kneteman
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David M. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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179
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Nakamura N, Saeki K, Mitsumoto M, Matsuyama S, Nishio M, Saeki K, Hasegawa M, Miyagawa Y, Ohkita H, Kiyokawa N, Toyoda M, Akutsu H, Umezawa A, Yuo A. Feeder-free and serum-free production of hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and their proliferating progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells: application to liver-specific functional and cytotoxic assays. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:171-85. [PMID: 22384928 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established a serum- and feeder-free culture system for the efficient differentiation of multifunctional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem (ES) cells and three entirely different induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (including vector/transgene-free iPS cells generated using Sendai virus vector) without cell sorting and gene manipulation. The differentiation-inducing protocol consisted of a first stage; endoderm induction, second stage; hepatic initiation, and third stage; hepatic maturation. At the end of differentiation culture, hepatocytes induced from human pluripotent stem cells expressed hepatocyte-specific proteins, such as α-fetoprotein, albumin, α1 antitrypsin and cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4), at similar or higher levels compared with three control human hepatocyte or hepatic cell lines. These human iPS/ES cell-derived hepatocytes also showed mature hepatocyte functions: indocyanine green dye uptake (≈ 30%), storage of glycogen (>80%) and metabolic activity of CYP3A4. Furthermore, they produced a highly sensitive hepatotoxicity assay system for D-galactosamine as determined by the extracellular release of hepatocyte-specific enzymes. Hepatoprotective prostaglandin E1 attenuated this toxicity. Interestingly, bile duct-specific enzymes were also detected after drug treatment, suggesting the presence of bile-duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) in our culture system. Electron microscopic studies confirmed the existence of cholangiocytes, and an immunostaining study proved the presence of bipotential hepatoblasts with high potential for proliferation. Differentiated cells were transferrable onto new dishes, on which small-sized proliferating cells with hepatocyte markers emerged and expanded. Thus, our differentiation culture system provides mature functional hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and their progenitors with proliferative potential from a wide variety of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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180
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Zhou XL, Sullivan GJ, Sun P, Park IH. Humanized murine model for HBV and HCV using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:261-9. [PMID: 22370780 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in heterogeneous outcomes from acute asymptomatic infection to chronic infection leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In vitro models using animal hepatocytes, human HCC cell lines, or in vivo transgenic mouse models have contributed invaluably to understanding the pathogenesis of HBV and HCV. A humanized mouse model made by reconstitution of human primary hepatocytes in the liver of the immunodeficient mouse provides a novel experimental opportunity which mimics the in vivo growth of the human hepatocytes. The limited access to primary human hepatocytes necessitated the search for other cellular sources, such as pluripotent stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the features of self-renewal and pluripotency and differentiate into cells of all three germ layers, including hepatocytes. Humaninduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from the patient's or individual's own cells provide a novel opportunity to generate hepatocyte-like cells with the defined genetic composition. Here, we will review the current perspective of the models used for HBV and HCV study, and introduce the personalized mouse model using human iPSCs. This novel mouse model will facilitate the direct investigation of HBV and HCV in human hepatocytes as well as probing the genetic influence on the susceptibility of hepatocytes to HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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181
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Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov PA. Strategies to produce hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:111-9. [PMID: 21988469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a potent source for unlimited production of hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells that may replace primary human hepatocytes in a variety of fields including liver cell therapy, liver tissue engineering, manufacturing bioartificial liver, modeling inherited and chronic liver diseases, drug screening and toxicity testing. Human ESCs are able to spontaneously form embryoid bodies, which then spontaneously differentiate to various tissue-specific cell lineages containing a total of 10-30% albumin-producing hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells. Enrichment of embryoid bodies with the definitive endoderm, from which hepatocytes arise, yields increasing the final ratio of hepatocyte population up by 50-65%. Current strategies of the directed differentiation of human ESCs (and iPSCs) to hepatocytes that reproduce liver embryogenesis by sequential stimulation of culturing ESCs with tissue-specific growth factors result in achieving the differentiation rate up to 60-80%. In the future, directed differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs to hepatocytes should be further optimized towards generating homogeneous cultures of hepatocytes in order to avoid expensive procedures of separation and isolation of hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Bionanotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow, Russia
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182
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High-purity hepatic lineage differentiated from dental pulp stem cells in serum-free medium. J Endod 2012; 38:475-80. [PMID: 22414832 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have previously differentiated hepatocyte like cells from deciduous tooth pulp stem and extracted third molar pulp stem cells with a protocol that used fetal bovine serum, but it showed high contaminations of nondifferentiated cells. Both the lower purity of hepatically differentiated cells and usage of serum are obstacles for application of cell therapy or regenerative medicine. Objective of this study was to investigate the capacity for and purity of hepatocyte-like differentiation of CD117-positive dental pulp stem cells without serum. METHODS Mesenchymal cells from human deciduous and extracted third molar pulp were isolated and expanded in vitro. We separated CD117-positive cells by using a magnetic-activated cell sorter. The cells were characterized immunofluorescently by using known stem cell markers. For hepatic differentiation, the media were supplemented with hepatic growth factor, insulin-transferrin-selenium-x, dexamethasone, and oncostatin M. Expression of hepatic markers alpha fetoprotein, albumin, hepatic nuclear factor-4 alpha, insulin-like growth factor-1, and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase was examined immunofluorescently after differentiation. The amount of differentiated cells was assessed by using flow cytometry. Glycogen storage and urea concentration in the medium were defined. RESULTS Both cell cultures demonstrated a number of cells positive for all tested hepatic markers after differentiation, ie, albumin-positive cells were almost 90% of differentiated deciduous pulp cells. The concentration of urea in the media increased significantly after differentiation. Significant amount of cytoplasmic glycogen storage was found in the cells. CONCLUSIONS Without serum both cell types differentiated into high-purity hepatocyte-like cells. These cells offer a source for hepatocyte lineage differentiation for transplantation in the future.
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183
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Sison-Young RLC, Kia R, Heslop J, Kelly L, Rowe C, Cross MJ, Kitteringham NR, Hanley N, Park BK, Goldring CEP. Human pluripotent stem cells for modeling toxicity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 63:207-256. [PMID: 22776643 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of xenobiotics, driven by the demand for therapeutic, domestic and industrial uses continues to grow. However, along with this increasing demand is the risk of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. Currently, safety screening of xenobiotics uses a plethora of animal and in vitro model systems which have over the decades proven useful during compound development and for application in mechanistic studies of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. However, these assessments have proven to be animal-intensive and costly. More importantly, the prevalence of xenobiotic-induced toxicity is still significantly high, causing patient morbidity and mortality, and a costly impediment during drug development. This suggests that the current models for drug safety screening are not reliable in toxicity prediction, and the results not easily translatable to the clinic due to insensitive assays that do not recapitulate fully the complex phenotype of a functional cell type in vivo. Recent advances in the field of stem cell research have potentially allowed for a readily available source of metabolically competent cells for toxicity studies, derived using human pluripotent stem cells harnessed from embryos or reprogrammed from mature somatic cells. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types also allow for potential disease modeling in vitro for the purposes of drug toxicology and safety pharmacology, making this model possibly more predictive of drug toxicity compared with existing models. This article will review the advances and challenges of using human pluripotent stem cells for modeling metabolism and toxicity, and offer some perspectives as to where its future may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L C Sison-Young
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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184
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine using stem cells has attracted much attention, since stem cells are responsible for highly proliferative activity and multipotential ability of differentiation. Induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells or the adult stem cells such as bone marrow-derived stem cells and adipose tissue-derived stem cells have been expected as a cell source of regenerative medicine. Since differentiating methods of human stem cells into the defined lineage of cells remains to be developed, we focus on the differentiating strategies of pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells into liver lineage, especially on cytokine function and gene expression during hepatic differentiation. The survey of previously published papers discloses that the protocols that mimic the liver developmental process seem to be effective in obtaining functional hepatocytes. However, in order to develop hepatic regenerative medicine that is useful in a clinical setting, more effective and potent strategies that obtain mature hepatocytes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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185
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Yoshie S, Ito J, Shirasawa S, Yokoyama T, Fujimura Y, Takeda K, Mizuguchi M, Matsumoto K, Tomotsune D, Sasaki K. Establishment of Novel Detection System for Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells Based on Nongenetic Manipulation with Indocyanine Green. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:12-20. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yoshie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuu Fujimura
- On-chip Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Koganei, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takeda
- On-chip Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Koganei, Japan
| | | | | | - Daihachiro Tomotsune
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Katsunori Sasaki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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186
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Han S, Bourdon A, Hamou W, Dziedzic N, Goldman O, Gouon-Evans V. Generation of functional hepatic cells from pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 10:1-7. [PMID: 25364624 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.s10-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases affect millions of people worldwide, especially in developing country. According to the American Liver Foundation, nearly 1 in every 10 Americans suffers from some form of liver disease. Even though, the liver has great ability to self-repair, in end-stage liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer induced by viral hepatitis and drugs, the liver regenerative capacity is exhausted. The only successful treatment for chronic liver failure is the whole liver transplantation. More recently, some clinical trials using hepatocyte transplantation have shown some clinical improvement for metabolic liver diseases and acute liver failure. However, the shortage of donor livers remains a life-threatening challenge in liver disease patients. To overcome the scarcity of donor livers, hepatocytes generated from embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation cultures could provide an unlimited supply of such cells for transplantation. This review provides an updated summary of hepatic differentiation protocols published so far, with a characterization of the hepatic cells generated in vitro and their ability to regenerate damaged livers in vivo following transplantation in pre-clinical liver deficient mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Han
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alice Bourdon
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wissam Hamou
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noelle Dziedzic
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Orit Goldman
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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187
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Use of indocyanine green for functional assessment of human hepatocytes for transplantation. Asian J Surg 2012; 35:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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188
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Chun YS, Byun K, Lee B. Induced pluripotent stem cells and personalized medicine: current progress and future perspectives. Anat Cell Biol 2011; 44:245-55. [PMID: 22254153 PMCID: PMC3254878 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2011.44.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the field of regenerative medicine by providing researchers with a unique tool to derive disease-specific stem cells for study. iPSCs can self-renew and can differentiate into many cell types, offering a potentially unlimited source of cells for targeted differentiation into somatic effector cells. Hence, iPSCs are likely to be invaluable for therapeutic applications and disease-related research. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of iPSC generation that has been made with an emphasis on both basic and clinical applications including disease modeling, drug toxicity screening/drug discovery and cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Soon Chun
- Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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189
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Han S, Dziedzic N, Gadue P, Keller GM, Gouon-Evans V. An endothelial cell niche induces hepatic specification through dual repression of Wnt and Notch signaling. Stem Cells 2011; 29:217-28. [PMID: 21732480 DOI: 10.1002/stem.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Complex cross-talk between endoderm and the microenvironment is an absolute requirement to orchestrate hepatic specification and expansion. In the mouse, the septum transversum and cardiac mesoderm, through secreted bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and fibroblast growth factors (FGF), respectively, instruct the adjacent ventral endoderm to become hepatic endoderm. Consecutively, endothelial cells promote expansion of the specified hepatic endoderm. By using a mouse reporter embryonic stem cell line, in which hCD4 and hCD25 were targeted to the Foxa2 and Foxa3 loci, we reconstituted an in vitro culture system in which committed endoderm cells coexpressing hCD4-Foxa2 and hCD25-Foxa3 were isolated and cocultured with endothelial cells in the presence of BMP4 and bFGF. In this culture setting, we provide mechanistic evidence that endothelial cells function not only to promote hepatic endoderm expansion but are also required at an earlier step for hepatic specification, at least in part through regulation of the Wnt and Notch pathways. Activation of Wnt and Notch by chemical or genetic approaches increases endoderm cell numbers but inhibits hepatic specification, and conversely, chemical inhibition of both pathways enhances hepatic specification and reduces proliferation. By using identical coculture conditions, we defined a similar dependence of endoderm harvested from embryos on endothelial cells to support their growth and hepatic specification. Our findings (1) confirm a conserved role of Wnt repression for mouse hepatic specification, (2) uncover a novel role for Notch repression in the hepatic fate decision, and (3) demonstrate that repression of Wnt and Notch signaling in hepatic endoderm is controlled by the endothelial cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Han
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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190
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Zhang M, Zhong Y, Chen J. Model systems and clinical applications of hepatic stem cells for liver regeneration. Hepatol Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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191
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Epigenetic modulation of miR-122 facilitates human embryonic stem cell self-renewal and hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27740. [PMID: 22140464 PMCID: PMC3225380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-renewal capacity ascribed to hESCs is paralleled in cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that a common network of genes may facilitate the promotion of these traits. However, the molecular mechanisms that are involved in regulating the silencing of these genes as stem cells differentiate into quiescent cellular lineages remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a differentiated cell specific miR-122 exemplifies this regulatory attribute by suppressing the translation of a gene, Pkm2, which is commonly enriched in hESCs and liver cancer cells (HCCs), and facilitates self-renewal and proliferation. Through a series of gene expression analysis, we show that miR-122 expression is highly elevated in quiescent human primary hepatocytes (hPHs) but lost or attenuated in hESCs and HCCs, while an opposing expression pattern is observed for Pkm2. Depleting hESCs and HCCs of Pkm2, or overexpressing miR-122, leads to a common deficiency in self-renewal and proliferation. Likewise, during the differentiation process of hESCs into hepatocytes, a reciprocal expression pattern is observed between miR-122 and Pkm2. An examination of the genomic region upstream of miR-122 uncovered hyper-methylation in hESCs and HCCs, while the same region is de-methylated and occupied by a transcription initiating protein, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), in hPHs. These findings indicate that one possible mechanism by which hESC self-renewal is modulated in quiescent hepatic derivatives of hESCs is through the regulatory activity of a differentiated cell-specific miR-122, and that a failure to properly turn "on" this miRNA is observed in uncontrollably proliferating HCCs.
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192
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Liu H, Kim Y, Sharkis S, Marchionni L, Jang YY. In vivo liver regeneration potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells from diverse origins. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:82ra39. [PMID: 21562231 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a potential source of hepatocytes for liver transplantation to treat end-stage liver disease. In vitro differentiation of human iPSCs into hepatic cells has been achieved using a multistage differentiation protocol, but whether these cells are functional and capable of engrafting and regenerating diseased liver tissue is not clear. We show that human iPSC-derived hepatic cells at various differentiation stages can engraft the liver in a mouse transplantation model. Using the same differentiation and transplantation protocols, we also assessed the ability of human iPSCs derived from each of the three developmental germ layer tissues (that is, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) to regenerate mouse liver. These iPSC lines, with similar but distinct global DNA methylation patterns, differentiated into multistage hepatic cells with an efficiency similar to that of human embryonic stem cells. Human hepatic cells at various differentiation stages derived from iPSC lines of different origins successfully repopulated the liver tissue of mice with liver cirrhosis. They also secreted human-specific liver proteins into mouse blood at concentrations comparable to that of proteins secreted by human primary hepatocytes. Our results demonstrate the engraftment and liver regenerative capabilities of human iPSC-derived multistage hepatic cells in vivo and suggest that human iPSCs of distinct origins and regardless of their parental epigenetic memory can efficiently differentiate along the hepatic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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193
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New approaches in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells toward hepatocytes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:748-59. [PMID: 21336836 PMCID: PMC3137783 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthotropic liver transplantation is the only established treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Utilization of hepatocyte transplantation and bio-artificial liver devices as alternative therapeutic approaches requires an unlimited source of hepatocytes. Stem cells, especially embryonic stem cells, possessing the ability to produce functional hepatocytes for clinical applications and drug development, may provide the answer to this problem. New discoveries in the mechanisms of liver development and the emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006 have provided novel insights into hepatocyte differentiation and the use of stem cells for therapeutic applications. This review is aimed towards providing scientists and physicians with the latest advancements in this rapidly progressing field.
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194
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Yabut O, Bernstein HS. The promise of human embryonic stem cells in aging-associated diseases. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:494-508. [PMID: 21566262 PMCID: PMC3156600 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging-associated diseases are often caused by progressive loss or dysfunction of cells that ultimately affect the overall function of tissues and organs. Successful treatment of these diseases could benefit from cell-based therapy that would regenerate lost cells or otherwise restore tissue function. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) promise to be an important therapeutic candidate in treating aging-associated diseases due to their unique capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency. To date, there are numerous hESC lines that have been developed and characterized. We will discuss how hESC lines are derived, their molecular and cellular properties, and how their ability to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers is determined. We will also outline the methods currently employed to direct their differentiation into populations of tissue-specific, functional cells. Finally, we will highlight the general challenges that must be overcome and the strategies being developed to generate highly-purified hESC-derived cell populations that can safely be used for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odessa Yabut
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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195
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DeLaForest A, Nagaoka M, Si-Tayeb K, Noto FK, Konopka G, Battle MA, Duncan SA. HNF4A is essential for specification of hepatic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2011; 138:4143-53. [PMID: 21852396 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The availability of pluripotent stem cells offers the possibility of using such cells to model hepatic disease and development. With this in mind, we previously established a protocol that facilitates the differentiation of both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells into cells that share many characteristics with hepatocytes. The use of highly defined culture conditions and the avoidance of feeder cells or embryoid bodies allowed synchronous and reproducible differentiation to occur. The differentiation towards a hepatocyte-like fate appeared to recapitulate many of the developmental stages normally associated with the formation of hepatocytes in vivo. In the current study, we addressed the feasibility of using human pluripotent stem cells to probe the molecular mechanisms underlying human hepatocyte differentiation. We demonstrate (1) that human embryonic stem cells express a number of mRNAs that characterize each stage in the differentiation process, (2) that gene expression can be efficiently depleted throughout the differentiation time course using shRNAs expressed from lentiviruses and (3) that the nuclear hormone receptor HNF4A is essential for specification of human hepatic progenitor cells by establishing the expression of the network of transcription factors that controls the onset of hepatocyte cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann DeLaForest
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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196
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Choi SM, Kim Y, Liu H, Chaudhari P, Ye Z, Jang YY. Liver engraftment potential of hepatic cells derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:2423-7. [PMID: 21750407 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.15.16869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are potential renewable sources of hepatocytes for drug development and cell therapy. Differentiation of human iPSCs into different developmental stages of hepatic cells has been achieved and improved during the last several years. We have recently demonstrated the liver engraftment and regenerative capabilities of human iPSC-derived multistage hepatic cells in vivo. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo activities of hepatic cells derived from patient specific iPSCs, including multiple lines established from either inherited or acquired liver diseases, and discuss basic and clinical applications of these cells for disease modeling, drug screening and discovery, gene therapy and cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mi Choi
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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197
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Busletta C, Novo E, Parola M. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells as a source of hepatocyte-like cells: new kids on the block. Hepatol Int 2011; 7:299-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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198
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Jozefczuk J, Prigione A, Chavez L, Adjaye J. Comparative Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells Reveals Current Drawbacks and Possible Strategies for Improved Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1259-75. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jozefczuk
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- The Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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199
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Kumar A, Pati NT, Sarin SK. Use of stem cells for liver diseases-current scenario. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:17-26. [PMID: 25755306 PMCID: PMC3940313 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(11)60114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage liver disease and liver failure are major health problems worldwide leading to high mortality and morbidity and high healthcare costs. Currently, orthotropic liver transplantation is the only effective treatment available to the patients of end-stage liver disease. However, a serious shortage of liver donors, high cost, and risk of organ rejection are the major obstacles to liver transplantation. Because of the ability of stem cells for differentiation into any tissue type, they have huge potential in therapy of various end-stage or degenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. Stem cell therapy has the potential to provide a valuable adjunct and alternative to liver transplantation and has immense potential in the management of end stage liver disease and liver failure. Stem cell therapy can be mediated by either a direct contribution to the functional hepatocyte population with embryonic, induced pluripotent, or adult stem cells or by promotion of endogenous regenerative processes with bone marrow-derived stem cells. Initial translational studies have been encouraging and have suggested improved liver function in advanced chronic liver disease and enhanced liver regeneration after portal vein embolization and partial hepatic resection. Stem cells infusion in cirrhotic patients has improved liver parameters and could form a viable bridge to transplantation. The present review summarizes basic of stem cell biology relevant to clinicians and an update on recent advances on the management of liver diseases using stem cells.
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Key Words
- AFP, alpha (α)-fetoprotein
- BM, bone marrow
- EPCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- ES, embryonic stem
- FSCs, fetal stem cells
- HPC, hepatic progenitor cells
- HSC, hematopoietic stem cells
- Hepatocyte transplantation
- ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule
- UCB, umbilical cord blood
- hAECs, human amniotic epithelial cells
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- liver transplantation
- stem cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi, India
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Address for correspondence: Dr Ashish Kumar MD DM, Associate Professor, Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070, India
| | - Nirupama Trehan Pati
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences (ILBS), New Delhi, India
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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200
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Bone HK, Nelson AS, Goldring CE, Tosh D, Welham MJ. A novel chemically directed route for the generation of definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells based on inhibition of GSK-3. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1992-2000. [PMID: 21610099 PMCID: PMC3104033 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of small molecules to ‘chemically direct’ differentiation represents a powerful approach to promote specification of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) towards particular functional cell types for use in regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we demonstrate a novel route for chemically directed differentiation of human ESCs (hESCs) into definitive endoderm (DE) exploiting a selective small-molecule inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). This GSK-3 inhibitor, termed 1m, when used as the only supplement to a chemically defined feeder-free culture system, effectively promoted differentiation of ESC lines towards primitive streak (PS), mesoderm and DE. This contrasts with the role of GSK-3 in murine ESCs, where GSK-3 inhibition promotes pluripotency. Interestingly, 1m-mediated induction of differentiation involved transient NODAL expression and Nodal signalling. Prolonged treatment of hESCs with 1m resulted in the generation of a population of cells displaying hepatoblast characteristics, that is expressing α-fetoprotein and HNF4α. Furthermore, 1m-induced DE had the capacity to mature and generate hepatocyte-like cells capable of producing albumin. These findings describe, for the first time, the utility of GSK-3 inhibition, in a chemically directed approach, to a method of DE generation that is robust, potentially scalable and applicable to different hESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Bone
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, UK
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