151
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Food contact materials and gut health: Implications for toxicity assessment and relevance of high molecular weight migrants. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:1-18. [PMID: 28830834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut health is determined by an intact epithelial barrier and balanced gut microbiota, both involved in the regulation of immune responses in the gut. Disruption of this system contributes to the etiology of various non-communicable diseases, including intestinal, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders. Studies suggest that some direct food additives, but also some food contaminants, such as pesticide residues and substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), may adversely affect the gut barrier or gut microbiota. Here, we focus on gut-related effects of FCM-relevant substances (e.g. surfactants, N-ring containing substances, nanoparticles, and antimicrobials) and show that gut health is an underappreciated target in the toxicity assessment of FCMs. Understanding FCMs' impact on gut health requires more attention to ensure safety and prevent gut-related chronic diseases. Our review further points to the existence of large population subgroups with an increased intestinal permeability; this may lead to higher uptake of compounds of not only low (<1000 Da) but also high (>1000 Da) molecular weight. We discuss the potential toxicological relevance of high molecular weight compounds in the gut and suggest that the scientific justification for the application of a molecular weight-based cut-off in risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated.
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152
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Tetz GV, Ruggles KV, Zhou H, Heguy A, Tsirigos A, Tetz V. Bacteriophages as potential new mammalian pathogens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7043. [PMID: 28765534 PMCID: PMC5539208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability and translocation of gut bacteria trigger various polyaetiological diseases associated with chronic inflammation and underlie a variety of poorly treatable pathologies. Previous studies have established a primary role of the microbiota composition and intestinal permeability in such pathologies. Using a rat model, we examined the effects of exposure to a bacteriophage cocktail on intestinal permeability and relative abundance of taxonomic units in the gut bacterial community. There was an increase in markers of impaired gut permeability, such as the lactulose/mannitol ratio, plasma endotoxin concentrations, and serum levels of inflammation-related cytokines, following the bacteriophage challenge. We observed significant differences in the alpha diversity of faecal bacterial species and found that richness and diversity index values increased following the bacteriophage challenge. There was a reduction in the abundance of Blautia, Catenibacterium, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium species and an increase in Butyrivibrio, Oscillospira and Ruminococcus after bacteriophage administration. These findings provide novel insights into the role of bacteriophages as potentially pathogenic for mammals and their possible implication in the development of diseases associated with increased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- George V Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Genome Technology Center, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Victor Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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153
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Selber-Hnatiw S, Rukundo B, Ahmadi M, Akoubi H, Al-Bizri H, Aliu AF, Ambeaghen TU, Avetisyan L, Bahar I, Baird A, Begum F, Ben Soussan H, Blondeau-Éthier V, Bordaries R, Bramwell H, Briggs A, Bui R, Carnevale M, Chancharoen M, Chevassus T, Choi JH, Coulombe K, Couvrette F, D'Abreau S, Davies M, Desbiens MP, Di Maulo T, Di Paolo SA, Do Ponte S, Dos Santos Ribeiro P, Dubuc-Kanary LA, Duncan PK, Dupuis F, El-Nounou S, Eyangos CN, Ferguson NK, Flores-Chinchilla NR, Fotakis T, Gado Oumarou H D M, Georgiev M, Ghiassy S, Glibetic N, Grégoire Bouchard J, Hassan T, Huseen I, Ibuna Quilatan MF, Iozzo T, Islam S, Jaunky DB, Jeyasegaram A, Johnston MA, Kahler MR, Kaler K, Kamani C, Karimian Rad H, Konidis E, Konieczny F, Kurianowicz S, Lamothe P, Legros K, Leroux S, Li J, Lozano Rodriguez ME, Luponio-Yoffe S, Maalouf Y, Mantha J, McCormick M, Mondragon P, Narayana T, Neretin E, Nguyen TTT, Niu I, Nkemazem RB, O'Donovan M, Oueis M, Paquette S, Patel N, Pecsi E, Peters J, Pettorelli A, Poirier C, Pompa VR, Rajen H, Ralph RO, Rosales-Vasquez J, Rubinshtein D, Sakr S, Sebai MS, Serravalle L, Sidibe F, Sinnathurai A, Soho D, Sundarakrishnan A, Svistkova V, Ugbeye TE, Vasconcelos MS, Vincelli M, Voitovich O, Vrabel P, Wang L, Wasfi M, Zha CY, Gamberi C. Human Gut Microbiota: Toward an Ecology of Disease. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1265. [PMID: 28769880 PMCID: PMC5511848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composed of trillions of individual microbes, the human gut microbiota has adapted to the uniquely diverse environments found in the human intestine. Quickly responding to the variances in the ingested food, the microbiota interacts with the host via reciprocal biochemical signaling to coordinate the exchange of nutrients and proper immune function. Host and microbiota function as a unit which guards its balance against invasion by potential pathogens and which undergoes natural selection. Disturbance of the microbiota composition, or dysbiosis, is often associated with human disease, indicating that, while there seems to be no unique optimal composition of the gut microbiota, a balanced community is crucial for human health. Emerging knowledge of the ecology of the microbiota-host synergy will have an impact on how we implement antibiotic treatment in therapeutics and prophylaxis and how we will consider alternative strategies of global remodeling of the microbiota such as fecal transplants. Here we examine the microbiota-human host relationship from the perspective of the microbial community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belise Rukundo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Masoumeh Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hayfa Akoubi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hend Al-Bizri
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Adelekan F Aliu
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lilit Avetisyan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Irmak Bahar
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Baird
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fatema Begum
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Helene Bramwell
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alicia Briggs
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Bui
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Talia Chevassus
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin H Choi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Karyne Coulombe
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Meghan Davies
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Di Maulo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola K Duncan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sara El-Nounou
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tanya Fotakis
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Metodi Georgiev
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tazkia Hassan
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Iman Huseen
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tania Iozzo
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Safina Islam
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dilan B Jaunky
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Cedric Kamani
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Filip Konieczny
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Karina Legros
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Yara Maalouf
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessica Mantha
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thi T T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Niu
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Matthew Oueis
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Nehal Patel
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily Pecsi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jackie Peters
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Surya Sakr
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Serravalle
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fily Sidibe
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Dominique Soho
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Voitovich
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pamela Vrabel
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maryse Wasfi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cong Y Zha
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Department of Biology, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
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154
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Abstract
Inflammasomes are protein complexes formed upon encounter of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. The main output of inflammasome assembly is activation of caspase-1, a protease involved in both pro-inflammatory and host-protective responses. Defined bacterial or viral ligands have been identified for the inflammasome-forming receptors AIM2, NLRP1, and NLRC4. The signals activating other inflammasomes, NLRP3, NLRP6, and pyrin, are less well understood. Recent studies implicated several low-molecular-weight compounds traditionally linked to metabolism, not immunity, in modulation of inflammasome signaling. Furthermore, genetic, pharmacological, or pathogen-mediated interference with energy metabolism also affects inflammasome activation. Here we review the findings on how microbial- and host-derived metabolites regulate activation of the NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasomes. We discuss the different models of how glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism control the NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, we summarize the findings on metabolic control of pyrin and point to open questions to be addressed to broaden our understanding of metabolism-inflammasome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Próchnicki
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany; Centre for Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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155
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Zhao M, Liao D, Zhao J. Diabetes-induced mechanophysiological changes in the small intestine and colon. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:249-269. [PMID: 28694926 PMCID: PMC5483424 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i6.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) tract including intestine and colon are common in the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM induced intestinal and colonic structural and biomechanical remodeling in animals and humans. The remodeling is closely related to motor-sensory abnormalities of the intestine and colon which are associated with the symptoms frequently encountered in patients with DM such as diarrhea and constipation. In this review, firstly we review DM-induced histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of intestine and colon. Secondly we review motor-sensory dysfunction and how they relate to intestinal and colonic abnormalities. Finally the clinical consequences of DM-induced changes in the intestine and colon including diarrhea, constipation, gut microbiota change and colon cancer are discussed. The final goal is to increase the understanding of DM-induced changes in the gut and the subsequent clinical consequences in order to provide the clinicians with a better understanding of the GI disorders in diabetic patients and facilitates treatments tailored to these patients.
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156
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Chia JSJ, McRae JL, Kukuljan S, Woodford K, Elliott RB, Swinburn B, Dwyer KM. A1 beta-casein milk protein and other environmental pre-disposing factors for type 1 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2017; 7:e274. [PMID: 28504710 PMCID: PMC5518798 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally type 1 diabetes incidence is increasing. It is widely accepted that the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes is influenced by environmental factors in people with specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes. We propose that a complex interplay between dietary triggers, permissive gut factors and potentially other influencing factors underpins disease progression. We present evidence that A1 β-casein cows’ milk protein is a primary causal trigger of type 1 diabetes in individuals with genetic risk factors. Permissive gut factors (for example, aberrant mucosal immunity), intervene by impacting the gut’s environment and the mucosal barrier. Various influencing factors (for example, breastfeeding duration, exposure to other dietary triggers and vitamin D) modify the impact of triggers and permissive gut factors on disease. The power of the dominant trigger and permissive gut factors on disease is influenced by timing, magnitude and/or duration of exposure. Within this framework, removal of a dominant dietary trigger may profoundly affect type 1 diabetes incidence. We present epidemiological, animal-based, in vitro and theoretical evidence for A1 β-casein and its β-casomorphin-7 derivative as dominant causal triggers of type 1 diabetes. The effects of ordinary milk containing A1 and A2 β-casein and milk containing only the A2 β-casein warrant comparison in prospective trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S J Chia
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - J L McRae
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Kukuljan
- Freedom Foods Group Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Woodford
- Agricultural Management Group, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - R B Elliott
- Living Cell Technologies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B Swinburn
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K M Dwyer
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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157
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Pellegrini S, Sordi V, Bolla AM, Saita D, Ferrarese R, Canducci F, Clementi M, Invernizzi F, Mariani A, Bonfanti R, Barera G, Testoni PA, Doglioni C, Bosi E, Piemonti L. Duodenal Mucosa of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Shows Distinctive Inflammatory Profile and Microbiota. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1468-1477. [PMID: 28324102 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing evidences suggest a correlation between gut and type 1 diabetes (T1D). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the gut inflammatory profile and microbiota in patients with T1D compared with healthy control (CTRL) subjects and patients with celiac disease (CD) as gut inflammatory disease controls. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS The inflammatory status and microbiome composition were evaluated in biopsies of the duodenal mucosa of patients with T1D (n = 19), in patients with CD (n = 19), and CTRL subjects (n = 16) recruited at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, in Milan, Italy, between 2009 and 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Inflammation was evaluated by gene expression study and immunohistochemistry. Microbiome composition was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS An increased expression of CCL13, CCL19, CCL22, CCR2, COX2, IL4R, CD68, PTX3, TNFα, and VEGFA was observed in patients with T1D compared with CTRL subjects and patients with CD. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed T1D-specific inflammatory status compared with healthy and CD control tissues, mainly characterized by the increase of the monocyte/macrophage lineage infiltration. The T1D duodenal mucosal microbiome results were different from the other groups, with an increase in Firmicutes and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and a reduction in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The expression of genes specific for T1D inflammation was associated with the abundance of specific bacteria in the duodenum. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that duodenal mucosa in T1D presents disease-specific abnormalities in the inflammatory profile and microbiota. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these features is critical to disentangle the complex pathogenesis of T1D and to gain new perspectives for future therapies targeting the intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- C-Reactive Protein/genetics
- C-Reactive Protein/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Celiac Disease/microbiology
- Chemokine CCL19/genetics
- Chemokine CCL19/immunology
- Chemokine CCL22/genetics
- Chemokine CCL22/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
- Duodenum/immunology
- Duodenum/microbiology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/genetics
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/immunology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/genetics
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/immunology
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Mario Bolla
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Diego Saita
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Francesca Invernizzi
- Pathology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- Pediatrics and Neonatal Disease Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Graziano Barera
- Pediatrics and Neonatal Disease Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Pier Alberto Testoni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Pathology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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158
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Mariño E, Richards JL, McLeod KH, Stanley D, Yap YA, Knight J, McKenzie C, Kranich J, Oliveira AC, Rossello FJ, Krishnamurthy B, Nefzger CM, Macia L, Thorburn A, Baxter AG, Morahan G, Wong LH, Polo JM, Moore RJ, Lockett TJ, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Harrison LC, Mackay CR. Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:552-562. [PMID: 28346408 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis might underlie the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In mice of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) strain, we found that key features of disease correlated inversely with blood and fecal concentrations of the microbial metabolites acetate and butyrate. We therefore fed NOD mice specialized diets designed to release large amounts of acetate or butyrate after bacterial fermentation in the colon. Each diet provided a high degree of protection from diabetes, even when administered after breakdown of immunotolerance. Feeding mice a combined acetate- and butyrate-yielding diet provided complete protection, which suggested that acetate and butyrate might operate through distinct mechanisms. Acetate markedly decreased the frequency of autoreactive T cells in lymphoid tissues, through effects on B cells and their ability to expand populations of autoreactive T cells. A diet containing butyrate boosted the number and function of regulatory T cells, whereas acetate- and butyrate-yielding diets enhanced gut integrity and decreased serum concentration of diabetogenic cytokines such as IL-21. Medicinal foods or metabolites might represent an effective and natural approach for countering the numerous immunological defects that contribute to T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Mariño
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - James L Richards
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Keiran H McLeod
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Dragana Stanley
- Central Queensland University, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Yu Anne Yap
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jacinta Knight
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando J Rossello
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Christian M Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Nutritional Immunometabolism Node Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison Thorburn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alan G Baxter
- Comparative Genomics Centre, Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Lee H Wong
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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159
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Chen K, Chen H, Faas MM, de Haan BJ, Li J, Xiao P, Zhang H, Diana J, de Vos P, Sun J. Specific inulin-type fructan fibers protect against autoimmune diabetes by modulating gut immunity, barrier function, and microbiota homeostasis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28218451 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary fibers capable of modifying gut barrier and microbiota homeostasis affect the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we aim to compare modulatory effects of inulin-type fructans (ITFs), natural soluble dietary fibers with different degrees of fermentability from chicory root, on T1D development in nonobese diabetic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Female nonobese diabetic mice were weaned to long- and short-chain ITFs [ITF(l) and ITF(s), 5%] supplemented diet up to 24 weeks. T1D incidence, pancreatic-gut immune responses, gut barrier function, and microbiota composition were analyzed. ITF(l) but not ITF(s) supplementation dampened the incidence of T1D. ITF(l) promoted modulatory T-cell responses, as evidenced by increased CD25+ Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells, decreased IL17A+ CD4+ Th17 cells, and modulated cytokine production profile in the pancreas, spleen, and colon. Furthermore, ITF(l) suppressed NOD like receptor protein 3 caspase-1-p20-IL-1β inflammasome in the colon. Expression of barrier reinforcing tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-2, antimicrobial peptides β-defensin-1, and cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide as well as short-chain fatty acid production were enhanced by ITF(l). Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed that ITF(l) enhanced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio to an antidiabetogenic balance and enriched modulatory Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacilli. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that ITF(l) but not ITF(s) delays the development of T1D via modulation of gut-pancreatic immunity, barrier function, and microbiota homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medical Research, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Julien Diana
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Centre National de la Recherche ITF(l)enctifique, Paris, France
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
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160
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Needell JC, Dinarello CA, Ir D, Robertson CE, Ryan SM, Kroehl ME, Frank DN, Zipris D. Implication of the intestinal microbiome as a potential surrogate marker of immune responsiveness to experimental therapies in autoimmune diabetes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173968. [PMID: 28301545 PMCID: PMC5354421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune proinflammatory disease with no effective intervention. A major obstacle in developing new immunotherapies for T1D is the lack of means for monitoring immune responsiveness to experimental therapies. The LEW1.WR1 rat develops autoimmunity following infection with the parvovirus Kilham rat virus (KRV) via mechanisms linked with activation of proinflammatory pathways and alterations in the gut bacterial composition. We used this animal to test the hypothesis that intervention with agents that block innate immunity and diabetes is associated with a shift in the gut microbiota. We observed that infection with KRV results in the induction of proinflammatory gene activation in both the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes. Furthermore, administering animals the histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF-2357 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) induced differential STAT-1 and the p40 unit of IL-12/IL-23 gene expression. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that both ITF-2357 and Anakinra alter microbial diversity. ITF-2357 and Anakinra modulated the abundance of 23 and 8 bacterial taxa in KRV-infected animals, respectively, of which 5 overlapped between the two agents. Lastly, principal component analysis implied that ITF-2357 and Anakinra induce distinct gut microbiomes compared with those from untreated animals or rats provided KRV only. Together, the data suggest that ITF-2357 and Anakinra differentially influence the innate immune system and the intestinal microbiota and highlight the potential use of the gut microbiome as a surrogate means of assessing anti-inflammatory immune effects in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Needell
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Diana Ir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Robertson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium (MiRC), Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Ryan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Miranda E. Kroehl
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health and University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium (MiRC), Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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161
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana P. Cook
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULEUVEN), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULEUVEN), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULEUVEN), Leuven, Belgium
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162
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Bougnères P, Le Fur S, Valtat S, Kamatani Y, Lathrop M, Valleron AJ. Using spatio-temporal surveillance data to test the infectious environment of children before type 1 diabetes diagnosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170658. [PMID: 28152013 PMCID: PMC5289461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The "hygiene hypothesis" postulates that reduced exposure to infections favours the development of autoimmunity and childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D). But on the other side, viruses, notably enteroviruses, are suspected to trigger T1D. The assessment of the possible relationships between infections and T1D still defies the classical tools of epidemiology. We report the methods and results of a geographical approach that maps the addresses of patients to a communicable diseases surveillance database. We mapped the addresses of patients at birth, infancy and T1D diagnosis to the weekly estimates of the regional incidences of 5 frequent communicable diseases routinely collected since 1984 by the French Sentinel network. The pre-diagnostic infectious environment of 3548 patients with T1D diagnosed between 0.5 and 15 years was compared to those of 100 series of age-matched "virtual controls" drawn randomly on the map. Associations were classified as "suggestive" (summer diarrhea, SD, and varicella, V) when p< 0.05, or "significant" (influenza-like infections, ILI) when they passed the Bonferroni correction for FDR. Exposure to ILI and SD were associated with T1D risk, while V seemed protective. In the subset of 2521 patients for which we had genome wide data, we used a case-only approach to search for interactions between SNPs and the infectious environment as defined by the Sentinel database. Two SNPs, rs116624278 and rs77232854, showed significant interaction with exposure to V between 1 and 3 years of life. The infectious associations found should be taken as possible markers of patients' environment, not as direct causative factors of T1D. They require replication in other populations. The increasing public availability of geographical environmental databases will expand the present approach to map thousands of environmental factors to the lifeline of patients affected by various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bougnères
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Inserm U1169, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Le Fur
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Inserm U1169, Paris Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Sophie Valtat
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris Sud University, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France, and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal (Québec), Canada
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163
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Circulating Zonulin Correlates with Density of Enteroviruses and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in the Small Bowel Mucosa of Celiac Disease Patients. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:358-371. [PMID: 27995404 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired intestinal integrity, including increased permeability of the small bowel mucosa, has been shown in patients with celiac disease (CD) as well as with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Zonulin (ZO, pre-haptoglobin), a tight junction regulator, plays a particular role in the regulation of intestinal barrier function and in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned diseases. AIM To investigate whether enteroviruses (EVs) and immunoregulatory cells are associated with intestinal permeability in patients with CD alone and with coexistent T1D. MATERIALS AND METHODS Altogether 80 patients (mean age 10.68 ± 6.69 years) who had undergone small bowel biopsy were studied. Forty patients with functional dyspepsia and normal small bowel mucosa formed the control group. The circulating ZO level in sera was evaluated using ELISA. The densities of EV, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO+) dendritic cells (DCs) and glutamic acid dexarboxylase (GAD)65+ cells in small bowel mucosa were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The expression analysis of FOXP3, tight junction protein 1 (TJP1), gap junction (GJA1), IDO and CD103 genes was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS The ZO level was higher in CD patients compared to subjects with a normal small bowel mucosa, particularly in those with Marsh IIIc atrophy (p = 0.01), and correlated with the density of EV (r = 0.63; p = 0.0003) and IDO+ DCs (r = 0.58; p = 0.01) in the small bowel mucosa. The density of GAD65+ epithelial cells was correlated with the density of EV (r = 0.59; p = 0.03) and IDO+ DCs (r = 0.78; p = 0.004) in CD patients. The relative expression of FOXP3 mRNA in the small bowel mucosa tissue was significantly higher in patients with CD, compared to subjects with a normal mucosa, and correlated with the density of EV (r = 0.62; p = 0.017) as well as with the relative expression of IDO mRNA (r = 0.54; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The CD is associated with elevation of the circulating ZO level, the value of which correlates with the density of EV in CD patients with severe atrophic changes in the small bowel mucosa, particularly in cases of concomitant T1D. The CD is also characterized by the close relationship of the density of GAD65+ epithelial cells with the EV, ZO level and IDO+ DCs.
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164
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Graves CL, Li J, LaPato M, Shapiro MR, Glover SC, Wallet MA, Wallet SM. Intestinal Epithelial Cell Regulation of Adaptive Immune Dysfunction in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2017; 7:679. [PMID: 28119693 PMCID: PMC5222791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors contribute to the initiation, progression, and maintenance of type 1 diabetes (T1D), although a single environmental trigger for disease has not been identified. Studies have documented the contribution of immunity within the gastrointestinal tract (GI) to the expression of autoimmunity at distal sites. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) regulate local and systemic immunologic homeostasis through physical and biochemical interactions with innate and adaptive immune populations. We hypothesize that a loss in the tolerance-inducing nature of the GI tract occurs within T1D and is due to altered IECs' innate immune function. As a first step in addressing this hypothesis, we contrasted the global immune microenvironment within the GI tract of individuals with T1D as well as evaluated the IEC-specific effects on adaptive immune cell phenotypes. The soluble and cellular immune microenvironment within the duodenum, the soluble mediator profile of primary IECs derived from the same duodenal tissues, and the effect of the primary IECs' soluble mediator profile on T-cell expansion and polarization were evaluated. Higher levels of IL-17C and beta-defensin 2 (BD-2) mRNA in the T1D-duodenum were observed. Higher frequencies of type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) and CD8+CXCR3+ T-cells (Tc1) were also observed in T1D-duodenal tissues, concomitant with lower frequencies of type 3 ILC (ILC3) and CD8+CCR6+ T-cells (Tc17). Higher levels of proinflammatory mediators (IL-17C and BD-2) in the absence of similar changes in mediators associated with homeostasis (interleukin 10 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin) were also observed in T1D-derived primary IEC cultures. T1D-derived IEC culture supernatants induced more robust CD8+ T-cell proliferation along with enhanced polarization of Tc1 populations, at the expense of Tc17 polarization, as well as the expansion of CXCR3+CCR6+/- Tregs, indicative of a Th1-like and less regulatory phenotype. These data demonstrate a proinflammatory microenvironment of the T1D-duodenum, whereby IECs have the potential to contribute to the expansion and polarization of innate and adaptive immune cells. Although these data do not discern whether these observations are not simply a consequence of T1D, the data indicate that the T1D-GI tract has the capacity to foster a permissive environment under which autoreactive T-cells could be expanded and polarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Graves
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melissa LaPato
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melanie R. Shapiro
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah C. Glover
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark A. Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shannon M. Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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165
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Anderson RC, Bassett SA, Haggarty NW, Gopal PK, Armstrong KM, Roy NC. Short communication: Early-lactation, but not mid-lactation, bovine lactoferrin preparation increases epithelial barrier integrity of Caco-2 cell layers. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:886-891. [PMID: 27939537 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin is an important milk protein with many health-promoting properties, including improving intestinal barrier integrity. Dysfunction of this barrier, commonly referred to as "leaky gut," has been linked to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. With some processing techniques, lactoferrin isolated from milk collected at the start of the milking season (early lactation) may have lower purity than that isolated from milk collected during the rest of the milking season (mid-lactation) and could result in differences in bioactivity based on the stage of lactation. We compared reversed-phase HPLC chromatographs of early-lactation and mid-lactation preparations and found that both had large chromatograph peaks at the time predicted for lactoferrin. The notable difference between the 2 chromatographs was a much larger peak in the early-lactation lactoferrin sample that was determined to be angiogenin. Angiogenin was first identified due to its ability to induce new blood vessel formation, but is now known to be involved in numerous physiological processes. Then, we compared the effects of early-lactation and mid-lactation lactoferrin preparations in 2 bioassays: trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), a measure of intestinal barrier integrity, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine secretion, a measure of immune-stimulatory properties. We found that early-lactation lactoferrin increased TEER across Caco-2 cell layers compared with control from 10 to 48 h, mid-lactation lactoferrin did not alter TEER. We also found that early-lactation lactoferrin reduced the amount of IL-8 produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (compared with those treated with control medium) to a greater extent than mid-lactation lactoferrin. A pro-inflammatory chemokine, IL-8 is also known to decrease barrier function. These results suggest that the decrease in IL-8 production in the presence of early-lactation lactoferrin may be the mechanism by which it increases TEER. The anti-inflammatory effect of early-lactation lactoferrin may be related to the presence of angiogenin, which is known to suppress inflammatory responses. This work indicates that products rich in angiogenin may have intestinal health benefits, and further work to investigate this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Anderson
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; Riddet Centre of Research Excellence, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Shalome A Bassett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Neill W Haggarty
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pramod K Gopal
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kelly M Armstrong
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; Riddet Centre of Research Excellence, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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166
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Czaja AJ. Factoring the intestinal microbiome into the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9257-9278. [PMID: 27895415 PMCID: PMC5107691 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i42.9257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is a reservoir of microbial antigens and activated immune cells. The aims of this review were to describe the role of the intestinal microbiome in generating innate and adaptive immune responses, indicate how these responses contribute to the development of systemic immune-mediated diseases, and encourage investigations that improve the understanding and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microflora (dysbiosis) can disrupt intestinal and systemic immune tolerances for commensal bacteria. Toll-like receptors within the intestine can recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns and shape subsets of T helper lymphocytes that may cross-react with host antigens (molecular mimicry). Activated gut-derived lymphocytes can migrate to lymph nodes, and gut-derived microbial antigens can translocate to extra-intestinal sites. Inflammasomes can form within hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells, and they can drive the pro-inflammatory, immune-mediated, and fibrotic responses. Diet, designer probiotics, vitamin supplements, re-colonization methods, antibiotics, drugs that decrease intestinal permeability, and molecular interventions that block signaling pathways may emerge as adjunctive regimens that complement conventional immunosuppressive management. In conclusion, investigations of the intestinal microbiome are warranted in autoimmune hepatitis and promise to clarify pathogenic mechanisms and suggest alternative management strategies.
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167
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Tian Z, Liu X, Dai R, Xiao Y, Wang X, Bi D, Shi D. Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 Protects the Intestinal Epithelium and Attenuates ETEC-Induced IL-8 Secretion in Enterocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7474306. [PMID: 27890970 PMCID: PMC5116501 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7474306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 (Ef1) has been shown to have positive effects on piglet diarrhoea, but the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, using the IPEC-J2 cell line to mimic intestinal epithelial cells and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88ac as a representative intestinal pathogen, the mechanism underlying Ef1 protection against an enteropathogen was investigated. The results demonstrated that Ef1 was effective in displacing K88ac from the IPEC-J2 cell layer. Moreover, Ef1 and its cell-free supernatant (S-Ef1) modulate IL-8 released by IPEC-J2 cells. Ef1 and its cell-free supernatant showed the potential to protect enterocytes from an acute inflammatory response. In addition, Ef1 and its cell-free supernatant increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the enterocyte monolayer, thus strengthening the intestinal barrier against ETEC. These results may contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions using Ef1 in intestinal disorders of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ran Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dingren Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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168
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Postprandial serum endotoxin in healthy humans is modulated by dietary fat in a randomized, controlled, cross-over study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:186. [PMID: 27816052 PMCID: PMC5097840 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-fat diets may contribute to metabolic disease via postprandial changes in serum endotoxin and inflammation. It is unclear how dietary fat composition may alter these parameters. We hypothesized that a meal rich in n-3 (ω3) fatty acids would reduce endotoxemia and associated inflammation but a saturated or n-6 (ω6) fatty acid-rich meal would increase postprandial serum endotoxin concentrations and systemic inflammation in healthy adults. Methods Healthy adults (n = 20; mean age 25 ± 3.2 S.D. years) were enrolled in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Participants were randomized to treatment and reported to the laboratory, after an overnight fast, on four occasions separated by at least one week. Participants were blinded to treatment meal and consumed one of four isoenergetic meals that provided: 1) 20 % fat (control; olive oil) or 35 % fat provided from 2) n-3 (ω3) (DHA = 500 mg; fish oil); 3) n-6 (ω6) (7.4 g; grapeseed oil) or 4) saturated fat (16 g; coconut oil). Baseline and postprandial blood samples were collected. Primary outcome was defined as the effect of treatment meal on postprandial endotoxemia. Serum was analyzed for metabolites, inflammatory markers, and endotoxin. Data from all 20 participants were analyzed using repeated-measures ANCOVA. Results Participant serum endotoxin concentration was increased during the postprandial period after the consumption of the saturated fat meal but decreased after the n-3 meal (p < 0.05). The n-6 meal did not effect a different outcome in participant postprandial serum endotoxin concentration from that of the control meal (p > 0.05). There was no treatment meal effect on participant postprandial serum biomarkers of inflammation. Postprandial serum triacylglycerols were significantly elevated following the n-6 meal compared to the n-3 meal. Non-esterified fatty acids were significantly increased after consumption of the saturated fat meal compared to other treatment meals. Conclusions Meal fatty acid composition modulates postprandial serum endotoxin concentration in healthy adults. However, postprandial endotoxin was not associated with systemic inflammation in vivo. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02521779 on July 28, 2015.
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169
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Roep BO, Kracht MJ, van Lummel M, Zaldumbide A. A roadmap of the generation of neoantigens as targets of the immune system in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:67-73. [PMID: 27723537 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the selective destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Beta cell dysfunction caused by an inflammatory microenvironment is believed to trigger the peripheral activation of CD4 and CD8 autoreactive T cells. This review will compile post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications (PTM) involved in the generation of beta cell neoantigens and proposes a reconstruction of the sequence of events connecting environmental changes and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute at the Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Jl Kracht
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno van Lummel
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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170
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Maffeis C, Martina A, Corradi M, Quarella S, Nori N, Torriani S, Plebani M, Contreas G, Felis GE. Association between intestinal permeability and faecal microbiota composition in Italian children with beta cell autoimmunity at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:700-709. [PMID: 26891226 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic organ-specific autoimmunity in subjects at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with increased intestinal permeability and an aberrant gut microbiota, but these factors have not yet been simultaneously investigated in the same subjects. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess both intestinal permeability and gut microbiota composition in an Italian sample of children at risk for T1D. METHODS Ten Italian children with beta cell autoimmunity at risk for T1D and 10 healthy children were involved in a case-control study. The lactulose/mannitol test was used to assess intestinal permeability. Analysis of microbiota composition was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, based on the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS Intestinal permeability was significantly higher in children at risk for T1D than in healthy controls. Moreover, the gut microbiota of the former differed from that of the latter group: Three microorganisms were detected - Dialister invisus, Gemella sanguinis and Bifidobacterium longum - in association with the pre-pathologic state. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study validated the hypothesis that increased intestinal permeability together with differences in microbiota composition are contemporaneously associated with the pre-pathological condition of T1D in a sample of Italian children. Further studies are necessary to confirm the microbial markers identified in this sample of children as well as to clarify the involvement of microbiota modifications in the mechanisms leading to increased permeability and the autoimmune mechanisms that promote diabetes onset. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Maffeis
- Unit of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alessia Martina
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Corradi
- Unit of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Quarella
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicole Nori
- Unit of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanna Contreas
- Unit of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna E Felis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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171
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Gough EK, Prendergast AJ, Mutasa KE, Stoltzfus RJ, Manges AR. Assessing the Intestinal Microbiota in the SHINE Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 7:S738-44. [PMID: 26602302 PMCID: PMC4657595 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing technology now allow us to explore the dynamics and functions of the microbes that inhabit the human body, the microbiota. Recent studies involving experimental animal models suggest a role of the gut microbiota in growth. However, the specific changes in the human gut microbiota that contribute to growth remain unclear, and studies investigating the gut microbiota as a determinant of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and child stunting are lacking. In this article, we review the evidence for a link between the developing infant gut microbiota, infant feeding, EED, and stunting, and discuss the potential causal pathways relating these variables. We outline the analytic approaches we will use to investigate these relationships, by capitalizing on the longitudinal design and randomized interventions of the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy trial in Zimbabwe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan K Gough
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Kuda E Mutasa
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Amee R Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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172
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Harmsen HJM, de Goffau MC. The Human Gut Microbiota. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 902:95-108. [PMID: 27161353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota in our gut performs many different essential functions that help us to stay healthy. These functions include vitamin production, regulation of lipid metabolism and short chain fatty acid production as fuel for epithelial cells and regulation of gene expression. There is a very numerous and diverse microbial community present in the gut, especially in the colon, with reported numbers of species that vary between 400 and 1500, for some those we even do not yet have culture representatives.A healthy gut microbiota is important for maintaining a healthy host. An aberrant microbiota can cause diseases of different nature and at different ages ranging from allergies at early age to IBD in young adults. This shows that our gut microbiota needs to be treated well to stay healthy. In this chapter we describe what we consider a healthy microbiota and discuss what the role of the microbiota is in various diseases. Research into these described dysbiosis conditions could lead to new strategies for treatment and/or management of our microbiota to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 30001, 9700, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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173
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Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM. Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:586-593. [PMID: 27545597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that results from the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The excess morbidity and mortality resulting from its complications, coupled with its increasing incidence, emphasize the importance of better understanding the causes of this condition. Over the past several decades, a substantive amount of work has been done and, although many advances have occurred in identifying disease-susceptibility genes, there has been a lag in understanding the environmental triggers. Several putative environmental risk factors have been proposed, including infections, dietary factors, air pollution, vaccines, location of residence, family environment and stress. However, most of these factors have been inconclusive, thus supporting the need for further study into the causes of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Gilaad G Kaplan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bushra Khokhar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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174
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Endesfelder D, Engel M, Zu Castell W. Gut Immunity and Type 1 Diabetes: a Mélange of Microbes, Diet, and Host Interactions? Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:60. [PMID: 27155610 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disease, and first stages of the disease typically develop early in life. Genetic as well as environmental factors are thought to contribute to the risk of developing autoimmunity against pancreatic beta cells. Several environmental factors, such as breastfeeding or early introduction of solid food, have been associated with increased risk for developing T1D. During the first years of life, the gut microbial community is shaped by the environment, in particular by dietary factors. Moreover, the gut microbiome has been described for its role in shaping the immune system early in life and early data suggest associations between T1D risk and alterations in gut microbial communities. In this article, we discuss environmental factors influencing the colonization process of the gut microbial community. Furthermore, we review possible interactions between the microbiome and the host that might contribute to the risk of developing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Endesfelder
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Marion Engel
- Scientific Computing Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zu Castell
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 3, 85747, Garching, Germany
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175
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D'Addio F, Fiorina P. Type 1 Diabetes and Dysfunctional Intestinal Homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:493-503. [PMID: 27185326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the relatively high frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), termed diabetic enteropathy (DE), the pathogenic mechanisms of these disorders remain to be elucidated. While previous studies have assumed that DE is a manifestation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, other contributing factors such as enteric hormones, inflammation, and microbiota were later recognized. More recently, the emerging role of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in several GI diseases has led to a new understanding of DE. Given the absence of diagnostic methods and the lack of broadly efficacious therapeutic remedies in DE, targeting factors and pathways that control ISC homeostasis and are dysfunctional in DE may represent a new path for the detection and cure of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Addio
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Transplant Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Transplant Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy.
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176
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Immune recognition and response to the intestinal microbiome in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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177
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Maternal dietary folate, folic acid and vitamin D intakes during pregnancy and lactation and the risk of cows’ milk allergy in the offspring. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:710-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation potentially influences the development of allergic diseases. Cows’ milk allergy (CMA) is often the first manifestation of atopic diseases, but the impact of early nutritional influences on CMA has not been explored. The associations between maternal intakes of folate, folic acid and vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation were addressed in a prospective, population-based birth cohort within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Mothers of 4921 children during pregnancy and 2940 children during lactation provided information on maternal dietary intake during the 8th month of pregnancy and the 3rd month of lactation using a detailed, validated FFQ. Information on diagnosed CMA in the offspring was obtained from a medical registry as well as queried from the parents. The Finnish food composition database was used to calculate nutrient intake. Logistic regression was applied for statistical analyses. Folate intake and folic acid and vitamin D supplement use were associated with an increased risk of CMA in the offspring, whereas vitamin D intake from foods during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of CMA. Thus, maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation may affect the development of CMA in offspring. Supplementation with folic acid may not be beneficial in terms of CMA development, especially in children of allergic mothers. The association between dietary supplement use and CMA risk can at least partly be explained by increased health-seeking behaviour among more educated mothers who also use more dietary supplements.
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178
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Costa FRC, Françozo MCS, de Oliveira GG, Ignacio A, Castoldi A, Zamboni DS, Ramos SG, Câmara NO, de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Flavell RA, Silva JS, Carlos D. Gut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1223-39. [PMID: 27325889 PMCID: PMC4925011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin causes T1D by inducing the translocation of intestinal bacteria into pancreatic lymph nodes and driving the development of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells through NOD2 receptor. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, resulting in the destruction of pancreatic β cells. The disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and consequent escape of microbial products may be one of these environmental triggers. However, the immune receptors that are activated in this context remain elusive. We show here that during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), but not NOD1, participates in the pathogenesis of the disease by inducing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells in the pancreatic LNs (PLNs) and pancreas. Additionally, STZ-injected wild-type (WT) diabetic mice displayed an altered gut microbiota compared with vehicle-injected WT mice, together with the translocation of bacteria to the PLNs. Interestingly, WT mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) were fully protected from STZ-induced T1D, which correlated with the abrogation of bacterial translocation to the PLNs. Notably, when Abx-treated STZ-injected WT mice received the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide, both hyperglycemia and the proinflammatory immune response were restored. Our results demonstrate that the recognition of bacterial products by NOD2 inside the PLNs contributes to T1D development, establishing a new putative target for intervention during the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico R C Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela C S Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Ignacio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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179
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Lactobacillus salivarius reverse diabetes-induced intestinal defense impairment in mice through non-defensin protein. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 35:48-57. [PMID: 27376728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered intestinal microbiota and subsequent endotoxemia play pathogenic roles in diabetes. We aimed to study the mechanisms of intestinal defense impairment in type 1 diabetes and the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius as well as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) supplementation on diabetes-induced bacterial translocation. Alterations in the enteric microbiome, expression of mucosal antibacterial proteins and bacteria-killing activity of the intestinal mucosa in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and Ins2(Akita) mice were investigated. The effects of dead L. salivarius (2×10(8)CFU/ml) and FOS (250 mg per day) supplementation for 1 week on endotoxin levels and Klebsiella pneumoniae translocation were also examined. Finally, germ-free mice were cohoused with wild-type or Ins2(Akita) mice for 2 weeks to examine the contribution of microbiota on the antibacterial protein expression. STZ-induced diabetic mice developed intestinal defense impairment as demonstrated by decreased mucosal bacteria-killing activity; reduction of non-defensin family proteins, such as Reg3β, Reg3γ, CRP-ductin and RELMβ, but not the defensin family proteins; and increased bacterial translocation. Intestinal bacteria overgrowth, enteric dysbiosis and increased intestinal bacterial translocation, particularly pathogenic K. pneumoniae in STZ-induced diabetic mice and Ins2(Akita) mice, were noted. Treating diabetic mice with dead L. salivarius or FOS reversed enteric dysbiosis, restored mucosal antibacterial protein and lessened endotoxin levels as well as K. pneumoniae translocation. Moreover, germ-free mice cohoused with wild-type mice demonstrated more intestinal Reg3β and RELMβ expression than those cohoused with Ins2(Akita) mice. These results indicate that hyperglycemia induces enteric dysbiosis, reduction of non-defensin proteins as well as bacteria-killing activity of the intestinal mucosa and intestinal defense impairment. Reversal of enteric dysbiosis with dead L. salivarius or FOS supplementation decreases diabetes-induced K. pneumoniae translocation and endotoxin levels through the induction of non-defensin proteins.
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180
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Baothman OA, Zamzami MA, Taher I, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M. The role of Gut Microbiota in the development of obesity and Diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:108. [PMID: 27317359 PMCID: PMC4912704 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications like type 2 diabetes (T2D) are reaching epidemic stages. Increased food intake and lack of exercise are two main contributing factors. Recent work has been highlighting an increasingly more important role of gut microbiota in metabolic disorders. It’s well known that gut microbiota plays a major role in the development of food absorption and low grade inflammation, two key processes in obesity and diabetes. This review summarizes key discoveries during the past decade that established the role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and diabetes. It will look at the role of key metabolites mainly the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) that are produced by gut microbiota and how they impact key metabolic pathways such as insulin signalling, incretin production as well as inflammation. It will further look at the possible ways to harness the beneficial aspects of the gut microbiota to combat these metabolic disorders and reduce their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman A Baothman
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Department of Biochemistry, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Taher
- Faculty of Medicine, Aljouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, P.O. Box 1180, 15462, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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181
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Meah FA, DiMeglio LA, Greenbaum CJ, Blum JS, Sosenko JM, Pugliese A, Geyer S, Xu P, Evans-Molina C. The relationship between BMI and insulin resistance and progression from single to multiple autoantibody positivity and type 1 diabetes among TrialNet Pathway to Prevention participants. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1186-95. [PMID: 26995649 PMCID: PMC5081287 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing at a rate of 3-5% per year. Genetics cannot fully account for this trend, suggesting an influence of environmental factors. The accelerator hypothesis proposes an effect of metabolic factors on type 1 diabetes risk. To test this in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) cohort, we analysed the influence of BMI, weight status and insulin resistance on progression from single to multiple islet autoantibodies (Aab) and progression from normoglycaemia to diabetes. METHODS HOMA1-IR was used to estimate insulin resistance in Aab-positive PTP participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effects of BMI, BMI percentile (BMI%), weight status and HOMA1-IR on the progression of autoimmunity or the development of diabetes. RESULTS Data from 1,310 single and 1,897 multiple Aab-positive PTP participants were included. We found no significant relationships between BMI, BMI%, weight status or HOMA1-IR and the progression from one to multiple Aabs. Similarly, among all Aab-positive participants, no significant relationships were found between BMI, weight status or HOMA1-IR and progression to diabetes. Diabetes risk was modestly increased with increasing BMI% among the entire cohort, in obese participants 13-20 years of age and with increasing HOMA1-IR in adult Aab-positive participants. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Analysis of the accelerator hypothesis in the TrialNet PTP cohort does not suggest a broad influence of metabolic variables on diabetes risk. Efforts to identify other potentially modifiable environmental factors should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah A Meah
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Edward Hines Junior VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jay M Sosenko
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susan Geyer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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182
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Richards JL, Yap YA, McLeod KH, Mackay CR, Mariño E. Dietary metabolites and the gut microbiota: an alternative approach to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e82. [PMID: 27350881 PMCID: PMC4910123 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now convincingly clear that diet is one of the most influential lifestyle factors contributing to the rise of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity in both developed and developing countries. In addition, the modern 'Western diet' has changed in recent years with increased caloric intake, and changes in the relative amounts of dietary components, including lower fibre and higher levels of fat and poor quality of carbohydrates. Diet shapes large-bowel microbial ecology, and this may be highly relevant to human diseases, as changes in the gut microbiota composition are associated with many inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated a remarkable role for diet, the gut microbiota and their metabolites-the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and wound-healing. This review summarizes how diet, microbiota and gut microbial metabolites (particularly SCFAs) can modulate the progression of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity, and reveal the molecular mechanisms (metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs)). Therefore, considerable benefit could be achieved simply through the use of diet, probiotics and metabolites for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Richards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu Anne Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keiran H McLeod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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183
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Yamada T, Takahashi D, Hase K. The diet-microbiota-metabolite axis regulates the host physiology. J Biochem 2016; 160:1-10. [PMID: 26970281 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and cancer. Food ingredients are considered a major determinant of gut microbial composition, as exemplified by high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis that can affect host physiology. Accumulating studies show that microbial metabolites are key regulators of the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut immunity. In particular, short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of indigestible polysaccharides have profound impacts on host physiology beyond the gut. In this review, we describe the influences of the diet-microbiota-metabolite axis on host physiology, and especially on the immune and metabolic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan Division of Mucosal Barriology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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184
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Cabrera SM, Chen YG, Hagopian WA, Hessner MJ. Blood-based signatures in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:414-25. [PMID: 26699650 PMCID: PMC4744128 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. It develops through autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and results in lifelong dependence on exogenous insulin. The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors and has historically been attributed to aberrant adaptive immunity; however, there is increasing evidence for a role of innate inflammation. Over the past decade new methodologies for the analysis of nucleic acid and protein signals have been applied to type 1 diabetes. These studies are providing a new understanding of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and have the potential to inform the development of new biomarkers for predicting diabetes onset and monitoring therapeutic interventions. In this review we will focus on blood-based signatures in type 1 diabetes, with special attention to both direct transcriptomic analyses of whole blood and immunocyte subsets, as well as plasma/serum-induced transcriptional signatures. Attention will also be given to proteomics, microRNA assays and markers of beta cell death. We will also discuss the results of blood-based profiling in type 1 diabetes within the context of the genetic and environmental factors implicated in the natural history of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Cabrera
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | | | - Martin J Hessner
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children's Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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185
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with a subclinical prodromal period, characterized by selective loss of insulin-producing-β cells in the pancreatic islets of genetically susceptible individuals. The incidence of T1DM has increased several fold in most developed countries since World War II, in conjunction with other immune-mediated diseases. Rapid environmental changes and modern lifestyles are probably the driving factors that underlie this increase. These effects might be mediated by changes in the human microbiota, particularly the intestinal microbiota. Research on the gut microbiome of individuals at risk of developing T1DM and in patients with established disease is still in its infancy, but initial findings indicate that the intestinal microbiome of individuals with prediabetes or diabetes mellitus is different to that of healthy individuals. The gut microbiota in individuals with preclinical T1DM is characterized by Bacteroidetes dominating at the phylum level, a dearth of butyrate-producing bacteria, reduced bacterial and functional diversity and low community stability. However, these changes seem to emerge after the appearance of autoantibodies that are predictive of T1DM, which suggests that the intestinal microbiota might be involved in the progression from β-cell autoimmunity to clinical disease rather than in the initiation of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 22, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 22, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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186
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Bakker SF, Tushuizen ME, von Blomberg BME, Bontkes HJ, Mulder CJ, Simsek S. Screening for coeliac disease in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: myths, facts and controversy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:51. [PMID: 27478507 PMCID: PMC4966870 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims at summarizing the present knowledge on the clinical consequences of concomitant coeliac disease (CD) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The cause of the increased prevalence of CD in T1DM patients is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Current screening guidelines for CD in adult T1DM patients are not uniform. Based on the current evidence of effects of CD on bone mineral density, diabetic complications, quality of life, morbidity and mortality in patients with T1DM, we advise periodic screening for CD in adult T1DM patients to prevent delay in CD diagnosis and subsequent CD and/or T1DM related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd F. Bakker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E. Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hetty J. Bontkes
- Department of Pathology, Unit Medical Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J. Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suat Simsek
- Department of Internal Medicine, North West Clinics, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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187
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Uusitalo U, Liu X, Yang J, Aronsson CA, Hummel S, Butterworth M, Lernmark Å, Rewers M, Hagopian W, She JX, Simell O, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Akolkar B, Krischer J, Norris JM, Virtanen SM. Association of Early Exposure of Probiotics and Islet Autoimmunity in the TEDDY Study. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170:20-8. [PMID: 26552054 PMCID: PMC4803028 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Probiotics have been hypothesized to affect immunologic responses to environmental exposures by supporting healthy gut microbiota and could therefore theoretically be used to prevent the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-associated islet autoimmunity. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between supplemental probiotic use during the first year of life and islet autoimmunity among children at increased genetic risk of T1DM. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this ongoing prospective cohort study that started September 1, 2004, children from 6 clinical centers, 3 in the United States (Colorado, Georgia/Florida, and Washington) and 3 in Europe (Finland, Germany, and Sweden), were followed up for T1DM-related autoantibodies. Blood samples were collected every 3 months between 3 and 48 months of age and every 6 months thereafter to determine persistent islet autoimmunity. Details of infant feeding, including probiotic supplementation and infant formula use, were monitored from birth using questionnaires and diaries. We applied time-to-event analysis to study the association between probiotic use and islet autoimmunity, stratifying by country and adjusting for family history of type 1 diabetes, HLA-DR-DQ genotypes, sex, birth order, mode of delivery, exclusive breastfeeding, birth year, child's antibiotic use, and diarrheal history, as well as maternal age, probiotic use, and smoking. Altogether 8676 infants with an eligible genotype were enrolled in the follow-up study before the age of 4 months. The final sample consisted of 7473 children with the age range of 4 to 10 years (as of October 31, 2014). EXPOSURES Early intake of probiotics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Islet autoimmunity revealed by specific islet autoantibodies. RESULTS Early probiotic supplementation (at the age of 0-27 days) was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity when compared with probiotic supplementation after 27 days or no probiotic supplementation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.94). The association was accounted for by children with the DR3/4 genotype (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21-0.74) and was absent among other genotypes (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.62-1.54). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Early probiotic supplementation may reduce the risk of islet autoimmunity in children at the highest genetic risk of T1DM. The result needs to be confirmed in further studies before any recommendation of probiotics use is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Xiang Liu
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Jimin Yang
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | - Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Martha Butterworth
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland8Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich, Germany
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Nutrition Unit, Helsinki, Finland12School of Health Sciences and Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland 13The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospita
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188
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Daguet D, Pinheiro I, Verhelst A, Possemiers S, Marzorati M. Arabinogalactan and fructooligosaccharides improve the gut barrier function in distinct areas of the colon in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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189
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Cabrera SM, Henschel AM, Hessner MJ. Innate inflammation in type 1 diabetes. Transl Res 2016; 167:214-27. [PMID: 25980926 PMCID: PMC4626442 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease often diagnosed in childhood that results in pancreatic β-cell destruction and life-long insulin dependence. T1D susceptibility involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors and has historically been attributed to adaptive immunity, although there is now increasing evidence for a role of innate inflammation. Here, we review studies that define a heightened age-dependent innate inflammatory state in T1D families that is paralleled with high fidelity by the T1D-susceptible biobreeding rat. Innate inflammation may be driven by changes in interactions between the host and environment, such as through an altered microbiome, intestinal hyperpermeability, or viral exposures. Special focus is put on the temporal measurement of plasma-induced transcriptional signatures of recent-onset T1D patients and their siblings as well as in the biobreeding rat as it defines the natural history of innate inflammation. These sensitive and comprehensive analyses have also revealed that those who successfully managed T1D risk develop an age-dependent immunoregulatory state, providing a possible mechanism for the juvenile nature of T1D. Therapeutic targeting of innate inflammation has been proven effective in preventing and delaying T1D in rat models. Clinical trials of agents that suppress innate inflammation have had more modest success, but efficacy may be improved by the addition of combinatorial approaches that target other aspects of T1D pathogenesis. An understanding of innate inflammation and mechanisms by which this susceptibility is both potentiated and mitigated offers important insight into T1D progression and avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Cabrera
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Angela M. Henschel
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Martin J. Hessner
- The Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, and Department of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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190
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Nagpal R, Kumar M, Yadav AK, Hemalatha R, Yadav H, Marotta F, Yamashiro Y. Gut microbiota in health and disease: an overview focused on metabolic inflammation. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:181-94. [PMID: 26645350 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In concern to the continuously rising global prevalence of obesity, diabetes and associated diseases, novel preventive and therapeutic approaches are urgently required. However, to explore and develop such innovative strategies, a meticulous comprehension of the biological basis of these diseases is extremely important. Past decade has witnessed an enormous amount of research investigation and advancement in the field of obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, with the gut microbiota receiving a special focus in the triangle of nutrition, health and diseases. In particular, the role of gut microbiota in health and diseases has been one of the most vigorous and intriguing field of recent research; however, much still remains to be elucidated about its precise role in host metabolism and immune functions and its implication in the onset, progression as well as in the amelioration of metabolic ailments. Recent investigations have suggested a significant contribution of the gut microbiota in the regulation and impairment of energy homeostasis, thereby causing metabolic disorders, such as metabolic endotoxemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Numerous inflammatory biomarkers have been found to be associated with obesity, diabetes and risk of other associated adverse outcomes, thereby suggesting that a persistent low-grade inflammatory response is a potential risk factor. In this milieu, this review intends to discuss potential evidences supporting the disturbance of the gut microbiota balance and the intestinal barrier permeability as a potential triggering factor for systemic inflammation in the onset and progression of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagpal
- 1 Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Kumar
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, 500 007 Hyderabad, India
| | - A K Yadav
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, 500 007 Hyderabad, India
| | - R Hemalatha
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Nutrition, 500 007 Hyderabad, India
| | - H Yadav
- 3 Clinical Research Centre, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-2560, USA
| | - F Marotta
- 4 ReGenera Research Group for Aging Intervention, Via Moisé Loira 75, 20144 Milan, Italy
| | - Y Yamashiro
- 1 Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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191
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Kowalewska B, Zorena K, Szmigiero-Kawko M, Wąż P, Myśliwiec M. Higher diversity in fungal species discriminates children with type 1 diabetes mellitus from healthy control. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016; 10:591-9. [PMID: 27143864 PMCID: PMC4844445 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s97852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct qualitative and quantitative assessment of yeast-like fungi in the feces of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with respect to their metabolic control and duration of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studied materials included samples of fresh feces collected from 53 children and adolescents with T1DM. Control group included 30 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Medical history was taken and physical examination was conducted in the two study arms. Prevalence of the yeast-like fungi in the feces was determined as well as their amounts, species diversity, drug susceptibility, and enzymatic activity. RESULTS The yeast-like fungi were found in the samples of feces from 75.4% of T1DM patients and 70% controls. In the group of T1DM patients, no correlation was found between age (Rs=0.253, P=0.068), duration of diabetes (Rs=-0.038, P=0.787), or body mass index (Rs=0.150, P=0.432) and the amount of the yeast-like fungi isolated in the feces. Moreover, no correlation was seen between the amount of the yeast-like fungi and glycated hemoglobin (Rs=0.0324, P=0.823), systolic blood pressure (Rs=0.102, P=0.483), or diastolic blood pressure (Rs=0.271, P=0.345). CONCLUSION Our research has shown that children and adolescents with T1DM show higher species diversity of the yeast-like fungi, with Candida albicans being significantly less prevalent versus control subjects. Moreover, fungal species in patients with T1DM turn out to be more resistant to antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kowalewska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: Katarzyna Zorena, Department of Immunology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland, Tel +48 58 349 1766, Fax +48 58 349 1766, Email
| | | | - Piotr Wąż
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Myśliwiec
- Clinic of Paediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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192
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Th17 Cells in Type 1 Diabetes: Role in the Pathogenesis and Regulation by Gut Microbiome. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:638470. [PMID: 26843788 PMCID: PMC4710950 DOI: 10.1155/2015/638470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease which is characterized by progressive destruction of insulin producing pancreatic islet β cells. The risk of developing T1D is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. A growing body of evidence supports an important role of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells along with impaired T regulatory (Treg) cells in the development of T1D in animal models and humans. Alteration of gut microbiota has been implicated to be responsible for the imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells. However, there is controversy concerning a pathogenic versus protective role of Th17 cells in murine models of diabetes in the context of influence of gut microbiota. In this review we will summarize current knowledge about Th17 cells and gut microbiota involved in T1D and propose Th17 targeted therapy in children with islet autoimmunity to prevent progression to overt diabetes.
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193
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Abstract
Microbially derived metabolites in the intestine regulate host immunity and impact disease pathophysiology in various organs. Sun et al. (2015) suggest a direct effect of microbial metabolites on pancreatic endocrine cells in regulating type 1 diabetes pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy H Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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194
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Mejía-León ME, Barca AMCDL. Diet, Microbiota and Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes Development and Evolution. Nutrients 2015; 7:9171-84. [PMID: 26561831 PMCID: PMC4663589 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the second most frequent autoimmune disease in childhood. The long-term micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes are associated with the leading causes of disability and even mortality in young adults. Understanding the T1D etiology will allow the design of preventive strategies to avoid or delay the T1D onset and to help to maintain control after developing. T1D development involves genetic and environmental factors, such as birth delivery mode, use of antibiotics, and diet. Gut microbiota could be the link between environmental factors, the development of autoimmunity, and T1D. In this review, we will focus on the dietary factor and its relationship with the gut microbiota in the complex process involved in autoimmunity and T1D. The molecular mechanisms involved will also be addressed, and finally, evidence-based strategies for potential primary and secondary prevention of T1D will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Mejía-León
- Department Nutrición y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carr. La Victoria, Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Ana M Calderón de la Barca
- Department Nutrición y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carr. La Victoria, Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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195
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Li X, Atkinson MA. The role for gut permeability in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes--a solid or leaky concept? Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16:485-92. [PMID: 26269193 PMCID: PMC4638168 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence, both functional and morphological, supports the concept of increased intestinal permeability as an intrinsic characteristic of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and animal models of the disease. Often referred to as a 'leaky gut', its mechanistic impact on the pathogenesis of T1D remains unclear. Hypotheses that this defect influences immune responses against antigens (both self and non-self) predominate, yet others argue hyperglycemia and insulitis may contribute to increased gut permeability in T1D. To address these complicated issues, we herein review the many conceptual role(s) for a leaky gut in the pathogenesis of T1D and suggest ways that if true, therapeutic interventions aimed at the gut-pancreas axis may prove promising for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital and the Diabetes Center, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States 32610,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States 32610
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196
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Horváth VJ, Putz Z, Izbéki F, Körei AE, Gerő L, Lengyel C, Kempler P, Várkonyi T. Diabetes-related dysfunction of the small intestine and the colon: focus on motility. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:94. [PMID: 26374571 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to gastric dysfunction, diabetes-related functional impairments of the small and large intestine have been studied less intensively. The gastrointestinal tract accomplishes several functions, such as mixing and propulsion of luminal content, absorption and secretion of ions, water, and nutrients, defense against pathogens, and elimination of waste products. Diverse functions of the gut are regulated by complex interactions among its functional elements, including gut microbiota. The network-forming tissues, the enteric nervous system) and the interstitial cells of Cajal, are definitely impaired in diabetic patients, and their loss of function is closely related to the symptoms in diabetes, but changes of other elements could also play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus-related motility disorders. The development of our understanding over the recent years of the diabetes-induced dysfunctions in the small and large intestine are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor József Horváth
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Putz
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Izbéki
- Fejér Megyei Szent György Egyetemi Oktató Kórház, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Anna Erzsébet Körei
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Gerő
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Lengyel
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Kempler
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2/a, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Várkonyi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Diamanti A, Capriati T, Bizzarri C, Ferretti F, Ancinelli M, Romano F, Perilli A, Laureti F, Locatelli M. Autoimmune diseases and celiac disease which came first: genotype or gluten? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:67-77. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1095091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:392. [PMID: 26528128 PMCID: PMC4604320 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging links between our gut microbiome and the central nervous system (CNS) are regarded as a paradigm shift in neuroscience with possible implications for not only understanding the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders, but also their treatment. Thus the gut microbiome and its influence on host barrier function is positioned to be a critical node within the brain-gut axis. Mounting preclinical evidence broadly suggests that the gut microbiota can modulate brain development, function and behavior by immune, endocrine and neural pathways of the brain-gut-microbiota axis. Detailed mechanistic insights explaining these specific interactions are currently underdeveloped. However, the concept that a "leaky gut" may facilitate communication between the microbiota and these key signaling pathways has gained traction. Deficits in intestinal permeability may underpin the chronic low-grade inflammation observed in disorders such as depression and the gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating intestinal permeability. In this review we will discuss the possible role played by the gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal barrier function and the CNS consequences when it becomes disrupted. We will draw on both clinical and preclinical evidence to support this concept as well as the key features of the gut microbiota which are necessary for normal intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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