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Pellegrini S, Sordi V, Bolla AM, Saita D, Ferrarese R, Canducci F, Clementi M, Invernizzi F, Mariani A, Bonfanti R, Barera G, Testoni PA, Doglioni C, Bosi E, Piemonti L. Duodenal Mucosa of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Shows Distinctive Inflammatory Profile and Microbiota. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1468-1477. [PMID: 28324102 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing evidences suggest a correlation between gut and type 1 diabetes (T1D). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the gut inflammatory profile and microbiota in patients with T1D compared with healthy control (CTRL) subjects and patients with celiac disease (CD) as gut inflammatory disease controls. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS The inflammatory status and microbiome composition were evaluated in biopsies of the duodenal mucosa of patients with T1D (n = 19), in patients with CD (n = 19), and CTRL subjects (n = 16) recruited at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, in Milan, Italy, between 2009 and 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Inflammation was evaluated by gene expression study and immunohistochemistry. Microbiome composition was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. RESULTS An increased expression of CCL13, CCL19, CCL22, CCR2, COX2, IL4R, CD68, PTX3, TNFα, and VEGFA was observed in patients with T1D compared with CTRL subjects and patients with CD. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed T1D-specific inflammatory status compared with healthy and CD control tissues, mainly characterized by the increase of the monocyte/macrophage lineage infiltration. The T1D duodenal mucosal microbiome results were different from the other groups, with an increase in Firmicutes and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and a reduction in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The expression of genes specific for T1D inflammation was associated with the abundance of specific bacteria in the duodenum. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that duodenal mucosa in T1D presents disease-specific abnormalities in the inflammatory profile and microbiota. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these features is critical to disentangle the complex pathogenesis of T1D and to gain new perspectives for future therapies targeting the intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- C-Reactive Protein/genetics
- C-Reactive Protein/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Celiac Disease/microbiology
- Chemokine CCL19/genetics
- Chemokine CCL19/immunology
- Chemokine CCL22/genetics
- Chemokine CCL22/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
- Duodenum/immunology
- Duodenum/microbiology
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/genetics
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/immunology
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/genetics
- Serum Amyloid P-Component/immunology
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Mario Bolla
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Diego Saita
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Francesca Invernizzi
- Pathology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- Pediatrics and Neonatal Disease Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Graziano Barera
- Pediatrics and Neonatal Disease Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Pier Alberto Testoni
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Pathology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
- University "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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Dolpady J, Sorini C, Di Pietro C, Cosorich I, Ferrarese R, Saita D, Clementi M, Canducci F, Falcone M. Oral Probiotic VSL#3 Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes by Modulating Microbiota and Promoting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Enriched Tolerogenic Intestinal Environment. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:7569431. [PMID: 26779542 PMCID: PMC4686713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7569431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota modulates the autoimmune pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) via mechanisms that remain largely unknown. The inflammasome components are innate immune sensors that are highly influenced by the gut environment and play pivotal roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. In this study we show that modifications of the gut microbiota induced by oral treatment with Lactobacillaceae-enriched probiotic VSL#3, alone or in combination with retinoic acid (RA), protect NOD mice from T1D by affecting inflammasome at the intestinal level. In particular, we show that VSL#3 treatment inhibits IL-1β expression while enhancing release of protolerogenic components of the inflammasome, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and IL-33. Those modifications of the intestinal microenvironment in VSL#3-treated NOD mice modulate gut immunity by promoting differentiation of tolerogenic CD103(+) DCs and reducing differentiation/expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells in the intestinal mucosa and at the sites of autoimmunity, that is, within the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) of VSL#3-treated NOD mice. Our data provide a link between dietary factors, microbiota composition, intestinal inflammation, and immune homeostasis in autoimmune diabetes and could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches aimed at changing the intestinal microenvironment with probiotics to counterregulate autoimmunity and prevent T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Inflammasomes/immunology
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-33/metabolism
- Intestines/enzymology
- Intestines/immunology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Lactobacillaceae/growth & development
- Lactobacillaceae/immunology
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Probiotics/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/microbiology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/microbiology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Dolpady
- Experimental Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Sorini
- Experimental Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Pietro
- Experimental Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosorich
- Experimental Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Saita
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marika Falcone
- Experimental Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
- *Marika Falcone:
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3
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Ceresola ER, Nozza S, Sampaolo M, Pignataro AR, Saita D, Ferrarese R, Ripa M, Deng W, Mullins JI, Boeri E, Tambussi G, Toniolo A, Lazzarin A, Clementi M, Canducci F. Performance of commonly used genotypic assays and comparison with phenotypic assays of HIV-1 coreceptor tropism in acutely HIV-1-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1391-5. [PMID: 25608585 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although founder viruses in primary HIV-1 infections (PHIs) typically use the CCR5 coreceptor (R5-tropic), 3%-19% of subjects also harbour CXCR4-using viruses (X4-tropic), making tropism determination before CCR5 antagonist usage mandatory. Genotypic methods can be used to accurately determine HIV-1 tropism in chronically infected patients. METHODS We compared the results of genotypic methods [geno2pheno, PSSMx4r5 including a novel nucleotide-input version (ntPSSM) and distant segments (ds)Kernel] to predict coreceptor usage in a cohort of 67 PHIs. Specimens with discrepant results were phenotypically tested after cloning the V3 gene region into proviral backbones. Recombinant viruses were used to infect U87 indicator cell lines bearing CD4 and either CCR5 or CXCR4. RESULTS Geno2pheno10%, PSSMx4r5 and (ds)Kernel gave identical predictions in 85% of cases. Geno2pheno10% predicted the presence of CXCR4 viruses in 18% of patients. Two patients were predicted to carry X4-tropic viruses by all algorithms and X4-tropic viruses were detected in at least one of the recombinant AD8 or NL4-3 backbone-based assays. Ten samples resulted in discordant predictions with at least one algorithm. Full concordance between tropism prediction by using population sequencing and phenotypic assays was observed only with ntPSSM. Geno2pheno prediction and the phenotypic assay gave the same results in a minority of 'discordant' patients. CONCLUSIONS Compared with both PSSMx4r5 versions, (ds)Kernel and our phenotypic assay, geno2pheno10% overestimated the frequency of X4-tropic viruses (18% versus 3%). ntPSSM was able to detect one additional X4 virus compared with (ds)Kernel that was confirmed with the phenotypic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rita Ceresola
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Sampaolo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Diego Saita
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Ripa
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Enzo Boeri
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- University of Insubria Medical School, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Varese, Italy
| | - Adriano Lazzarin
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ospedale San Raffaele, IRCCS, Milan, Italy University of Insubria Medical School, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Varese, Italy
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4
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Canducci F, Ceresola ER, Saita D, Castagna A, Gianotti N, Underwood M, Burioni R, Lazzarin A, Clementi M. In vitro phenotypes to elvitegravir and dolutegravir in primary macrophages and lymphocytes of clonal recombinant viral variants selected in patients failing raltegravir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2525-32. [PMID: 23798668 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cross-resistance profiles of elvitegravir and dolutegravir on raltegravir-resistant variants is still controversial or not available in macrophages and lack extensive evaluations on wide panels of clonal variants. Thus, a complete evaluation in parallel with all currently available integrase inhibitors (INIs) was performed. METHODS The integrase coding region was RT-PCR-amplified from patient-derived plasma samples and cloned into an HIV-1 molecular clone lacking the integrase region. Twenty recombinant viruses bearing mutations to all primary pathways of resistance to raltegravir were phenotypically evaluated with each integrase inhibitor in freshly purified CD4+ T cells or monocyte-derived macrophages. RESULTS Y143R single mutants conferred a higher level of raltegravir resistance in macrophages [fold change (FC) 47.7-60.24] compared with CD4+ T cells (FC 9.55-11.56). All other combinations had similar effects on viral susceptibility to raltegravir in both cell types. Elvitegravir displayed a similar behaviour both in lymphocytes and macrophages with all the tested patterns. When compared with raltegravir, none to modest increases in resistance were observed for the Y143R/C pathways. Dolutegravir maintained its activity and cross-resistance profile in macrophages. Only Q148H/R variants had a reduced level of susceptibility (FC 5.48-18.64). No variations were observed for the Y143R/C (+/-T97A) or N155H variants. CONCLUSIONS All INIs showed comparable antiretroviral activity in both cell types even if single mutations were associated with a different level of susceptibility in vitro to raltegravir and elvitegravir in macrophages. In particular, dolutegravir was capable of inhibiting with similar potency infection of raltegravir-resistant variants with Y143 or N155 pathways in both HIV-1 major cell reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Canducci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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5
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Canducci F, Saita D, Foglieni C, Piscopiello MR, Chiesa R, Colombo A, Cianflone D, Maseri A, Clementi M, Burioni R. Cross-reacting antibacterial auto-antibodies are produced within coronary atherosclerotic plaques of acute coronary syndrome patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42283. [PMID: 22879930 PMCID: PMC3412836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis, the main condition predisposing to acute myocardial infarction, has an inflammatory component caused by stimuli that are yet unknown. We molecularly investigated the nature of the immune response within human coronary lesion in four coronary plaques obtained by endoluminal atherectomy from four patients. We constructed phage-display libraries containing the IgG1/kappa antibody fragments produced by B-lymphocytes present in each plaque. By immunoaffinity, we selected from these libraries a monoclonal antibody, arbitrarily named Fab7816, able to react both with coronary and carotid atherosclerotic tissue samples. We also demonstrated by confocal microscopy that this monoclonal antibody recognized human transgelin type 1, a cytoskeleton protein involved in atherogenesis, and that it co-localized with fibrocyte-like cells transgelin+, CD68+, CD45+ in human sections of coronary and carotid plaques. In vitro fibrocytes obtained by differentiating CD14+ cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells also interacted with Fab7816, thus supporting the hypothesis of a specific recognition of fibrocytes into the atherosclerotic lesions. Interestingly, the same antibody, cross-reacted with the outer membrane proteins of Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae (and possibly with homologous proteins of other enterobacteriaceae present in the microbiota). From all the other three libraries, we were able to clone, by immunoaffinity selection, human monoclonal antibodies cross-reacting with bacterial outer membrane proteins and with transgelin. These findings demonstrated that in human atherosclerotic plaques a local cross-reactive immune response takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Canducci
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Saita
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Foglieni
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Cardiovascular Biology Centre, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Piscopiello
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Neurologia Sperimentale, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Colombo
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan Italy
| | - Domenico Cianflone
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Cardiovascular Biology Centre, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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6
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Canducci F, Ceresola ER, Saita D, Al-Abed Y, Garotta G, Clementi M, Nicoletti F. The new and less toxic protease inhibitor saquinavir-NO maintains anti-HIV-1 properties in vitro indistinguishable from those of the parental compound saquinavir. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:292-5. [PMID: 21763726 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although, the antiviral activity, tolerability and convenience of protease inhibitors have improved significantly in recent years, toxicity-associated adverse events including diarrhea, lipid alterations, disturbance of glucose homeostasis and liver enzyme elevations still remain a major concern during treatment of HIV-1 patients. We have recently shown that the covalent attachment of the NO moiety to the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir (Saq-NO) reduces its toxicity. In this study, we evaluated in vitro the anti-HIV activity of Saq-NO vs. its parental compound Saq. Site directed mutants with the most frequently identified Saq associated resistance mutations and their combinations were generated on proviral AD8-based backbones. Phenotypic assays were conducted using wild type clinical isolates and fully replicating recombinant viruses with Saq and Saq-NO in parallel on purified CD4+ T cells. The following recombinant viruses were generated and tested: L33F, M46I, G48V, I54V, I84V + L90M, M46I + L90M, G48V + L90M, M46I + I54V + L90M, L33F + M46I + L90M. The fold change resistance compared to the wild type viruses was between 1.3 and 7 for all single mutants, between 3.4 and 20 for double mutants and between 16.7 and 28.5 for viruses carrying three mutations for both compounds. The results clearly demonstrate that Saq-NO maintains an anti-HIV-1 profile very similar to that of Saq. The possibility to reduce Saq associated side effects and to increase the concentration of the drug in vivo may allow a higher and possibly more effective dosage of Saq-NO in HIV-1-infected patients and to increase the genetic barrier of this PI thus impairing the selection of resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Canducci
- Laboratory of Virology and Microbiology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Burioni R, Canducci F, Mancini N, Clementi N, Sassi M, De Marco D, Saita D, Diotti RA, Sautto G, Sampaolo M, Clementi M. Molecular cloning of the first human monoclonal antibodies neutralizing with high potency swine-origin influenza A pandemic virus (S-OIV). New Microbiol 2009; 32:319-324. [PMID: 20128437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the new H1N1 swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) strain is a worldwide health emergency and alternative therapeutic and prophylactic options are greatly needed. Two human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments (HMab) neutralizing the novel H1N1 influenza strain at very low concentrations were cloned from a patient who had a broad-range anti-H1N1 serum neutralizing activity. The two HMabs neutralized S-OIV with an IC50 of 2.8 and 4 microg/mL. The genes coding for the neutralizing HMabs could be used for generating full human monoclonal IgGs that can be safely administered with the potentially of representing a novel drug to be used in the prophylaxis and the treatment of this human infection. This is the first report of molecular cloning of human monoclonal antibodies against the new pandemic swine-origin influenza virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Disease Outbreaks
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Swine Diseases/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Burioni
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
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8
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Burioni R, Canducci F, Saita D, Perotti M, Mancini N, De Marco D, Clementi N, Chieffo A, Denaro M, Cianflone D, Manfredi AA, Colombo A, Maseri A, Clementi M. Antigen-driven evolution of B lymphocytes in coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Immunol 2009; 183:2537-44. [PMID: 19635916 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicated that adaptive immunity is involved in the process of atherogenesis. Oligoclonal recruitment of T lymphocytes has been described in coronary plaques of patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, the nature of immune response remains to be determined. In the present study, we examined the Ab response in six coronary plaques obtained by endoluminal directional atherectomy. The IgG1/kappa-coding gene repertoires of B lymphocytes present in circulating blood and in coronary plaques were cloned and analyzed. In all of the six plaques, we observed 1) a skewed usage of heavy and light IgG1/kappa Ab-coding genes, 2) an oligoclonal distribution of V(K), J(K), and V(H), D(H), and J(H) genes with overrepresentation of some rarely used IgG genes, and 3) the unequivocal signs of Ag-driven clonal expansion and evolution of B cells. The data document for the first time the presence of a local Ag-driven clonal evolution of B cells in human atherosclerotic plaques.
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