151
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Chen Y, Wang S, Liu T, Wu Y, Li JL, Li M. WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 gene(WFDC2) is a target of estrogen in ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:10. [PMID: 26928556 PMCID: PMC4770698 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-015-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 (WFDC2) shows a tumor-restricted upregulated pattern of expression in ovarian cancer. METHODS We investigated the role of estradiol (E2) on cell growth in estrogen-sensitive or estrogen-insensitive ovarian cancer cell lines. Real-time (RT)-PCR and western blotting were used to examine the expression of WFDC2 at RNA and protein levels. Growth traits of cells transfected with WFDC2-shRNA or blank control were assessed using MMT arrays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using annexin V-FITC/PI and flow cytometry. Estrogen receptor expression was evaluated using RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related proteins induced by E2 directly and indirectly were determined using an antibody array comparing cells transfected with WFDC2- shRNA or a blank control. RESULTS High-dose (625 ng/ml) E2 increased the expression of WFDC2 in HO8910 cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, E2 had no effect on WFDC2 expression in estrogen-insensitive SKOV3 cells. Of interest, knockdown of WFDC2 enabled a considerable estrogen response in SKOV3 cells in terms of proliferation, similar to estrogen-responsive HO8910 cells. This transformation of SKOV3 cells into an estrogen-responsive phenotype was accompanied by upregulation of estrogen receptor beta (ERß) and an effect on cell apoptosis under E2 treatment by regulating genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that increased WFDC2 expression plays an important role in altering the estrogen pathway in ovarian cancer, and the identification of WFDC2 as a new player in endocrine-related cancer encourages further studies on the significance of this gene in cancer development and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Suihai Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Tiancai Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yingsong Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Ji-Liang Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatainan Road, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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152
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Riechers SP, Butland S, Deng Y, Skotte N, Ehrnhoefer DE, Russ J, Laine J, Laroche M, Pouladi MA, Wanker EE, Hayden MR, Graham RK. Interactome network analysis identifies multiple caspase-6 interactors involved in the pathogenesis of HD. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1600-18. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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153
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Werner TA, Tamkan-Ölcek Y, Dizdar L, Riemer JC, Wolf A, Cupisti K, Verde PE, Knoefel WT, Krieg A. Survivin and XIAP: two valuable biomarkers in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:427-34. [PMID: 26882066 PMCID: PMC4815780 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for ∼5% of all thyroid malignancies. To date, surgery is the first-line therapy with curative intention. However, for advanced MTC, conventional chemotherapeutic agents do not provide convincing results. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers that can be antagonised by small-molecule therapeutics may lead to novel encouraging treatment options. Methods: Seventy-nine patients with surgically resected and histologically confirmed MTC were included in this study. Tissue microarrays were constructed to assess the relationship between inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) survivin or XIAP expression levels and clinicopathological variables as well as overall survival. Results: High survivin or XIAP expression was associated with an advanced T-stage and metastatic disease. Whereas tissue expression levels of survivin correlated with serum calcitonin levels, XIAP was overexpressed in the subgroup of patients with sporadic MTC. Both IAPs were negatively associated with patient survival in the multivariate Cox regressions analysis (survivin: hazard ratio (HR) 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–2.16; P=0.001; XIAP: HR 1.78; 95% CI: 1.16–2.72; P=0.008). Conclusions: Survivin and XIAP demonstrate distinct expression patterns in MTCs, which are associated with advanced disease and poor prognosis. We thus provide first evidence that both IAPs might serve as viable targets in patients with MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Werner
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Yasemin Tamkan-Ölcek
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Levent Dizdar
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jasmin C Riemer
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Achim Wolf
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Surgery I, Ingolstadt Medical Center, Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Kenko Cupisti
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Marien-Hospital Euskirchen, Euskirchen, Germany
| | - Pablo E Verde
- Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfram T Knoefel
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Building 12.46, Moorenstrasse 5, Duesseldorf, Germany
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154
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Zeng J, Chen QW, Yu ZY, Zhang JR, Chen DL, Song C, Luo J, Zhang C, Wang SL, Chen JP. Regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in cycloheximide-treated macrophages by the Sichuan human strain of Chinese Leishmania isolates. Acta Trop 2016; 153:101-10. [PMID: 26482137 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are able to survive and proliferate inside mammals' mononuclear phagocytes, causing Leishmaniasis. Previous studies have noted that the regulation of apoptosis in host cells by these parasites may contribute to their ability to evade the immune system. However, current results remain unclear about whether the parasites can promote or delay the apoptotic process in host cells, because the regulatory effect of Leishmania was assumed to be strain-, species- and even infection time-dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Sichuan isolates of Chinese Leishmania (SC10H2) can alter the process of intrinsic apoptosis induced by cycloheximide in different types of macrophage cell lines and to determine in which steps of the signaling pathway the parasites were involved. Human THP-1 and mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were infected by SC10H2 promastigotes followed by cycloheximide stimulation to assess the alteration of intrinsic apoptosis in these cells. The results indicated that SC10H2 infection of human THP-1 macrophages could promote the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, but completely opposite results were found in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Nevertheless, the expression of Bcl-2 and the DNA fragmentation rates were not altered by SC10H2 infection in the cell lines used in the experiments. This study suggests that SC10H2 promastigote infection is able to promote and delay the transduction of early apoptotic signals induced by cycloheximide in THP-1 and RAW264.7 macrophages, revealing that the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in host cells by SC10H2 in vitro occurs in a host cell-dependent manner. The data from this study might play a significant role in further understanding the relationship between Leishmania and different host cells.
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155
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YEN MENGCHI, SHIH YINGCHU, HSU YALING, LIN ENSHYH, LIN YISHIUAN, TSAI EINGMEI, HO YAWEN, HOU MINGFENG, KUO POLIN. Isolinderalactone enhances the inhibition of SOCS3 on STAT3 activity by decreasing miR-30c in breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1356-64. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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156
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Wang L, Li H, Li M, Wang S, Jiang X, Li Y, Ping G, Cao Q, Liu X, Fang W, Chen G, Yang J, Wu C. SL4, a chalcone-based compound, induces apoptosis in human cancer cells by activation of the ROS/MAPK signalling pathway. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:718-28. [PMID: 26500049 PMCID: PMC6496741 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SL4, a chalcone-based compound, exhibits clearly inhibitory effects on HIF-1 and has been shown to effectively suppress tumour invasion and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Here, studies were conducted to determine SL4's anti-apoptotic effects and its underlying mechanisms, in human cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity, apoptotic induction and its involved mechanisms of SL4 were investigated using normal cells, cancer cells and mouse xenograft models. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in SL4-induced apoptosis was explored by manipulating specific scavenger or signalling inhibitors, in cultured cells. RESULTS SL4 significantly inhibited cell population growth of human cancer cell lines but exhibited lower cytotoxicity against normal cells. In addition, SL4 effectively induced apoptosis of Hep3B and MDA-MB-435 cells by activating procaspase-8, -9 and -3, and down-regulating expression levels of XIAP, but did not affect HIF-1 apoptosis-related targets, Survivin and Bcl-XL. Further study showed that SL4 also reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted generation of ROS. ROS generation and apoptotic induction by SL4 were blocked by NAC, a scavenger of ROS, suggesting SL4-induced apoptosis via ROS accumulation. We also found that MAPKs, JNK and p38, but not ERK1/2, to be critical mediators in SL4-induced apoptosis. SP600125 and SB203580, specific inhibitors of JNK kinase and p38 kinase, significantly retarded apoptosis induced by SL4. Moreover, anti-oxidant NAC blocked activation of JNK and p38 induced by SL4, indicating that ROS may act as upstream signalling of JNK and p38 activation. It is noteworthy that animal studies revealed dramatic reduction (49%) in tumour volume after 11 days SL4 treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that SL4 induced apoptosis in human cancer cells through activation of the ROS/MAPK signalling pathway, suggesting that it may be a novel lead compound, as a cancer drug candidate, with polypharmacological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.‐H. Wang
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - H.‐H. Li
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - M. Li
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - X.‐R. Jiang
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - Y. Li
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - G.‐F. Ping
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - Q. Cao
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - X. Liu
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - W.‐H. Fang
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - G.‐L. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - J.‐Y. Yang
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
| | - C.‐F. Wu
- Department of PharmacologyShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang110016China
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157
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Palendira U, Rickinson AB. Primary immunodeficiencies and the control of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:22-44. [PMID: 26415106 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiency (PID) states, where mutations in single immune system genes predispose individuals to certain infectious agents and not others, are experiments of nature that hold important lessons for the immunologist. The number of genetically defined PIDs is rising rapidly, as is the opportunity to learn from them. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, has long been of interest because of its complex interaction with the immune system. Thus, it causes both infectious mononucleosis (IM), an immunopathologic disease associated with exaggerated host responses, and at least one malignancy, EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease, when those responses are impaired. Here, we describe the full range of PIDs currently linked with an increased risk of EBV-associated disease. These provide examples where IM-like immunopathology is fatally exaggerated, and others where responses impaired at the stage of induction, expansion, or effector function predispose to malignancy. Current evidence from this rapidly moving field supports the view that lesions in both natural killer cell and T cell function can lead to EBV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan B Rickinson
- Cancer Sciences and Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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158
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Lucchesi C, Sheikh MS, Huang Y. Negative regulation of RNA-binding protein HuR by tumor-suppressor ECRG2. Oncogene 2015; 35:2565-73. [PMID: 26434587 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer-related gene 2 (ECRG2) is a newer tumor suppressor whose function in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. Here we show that ECRG2 expression was upregulated in response to DNA damage, and increased ECRG2 expression induced growth suppression in cancer cells but not in non-cancerous epithelial cells. ECRG2-mediated growth suppression was associated with activation of caspases and marked reduction in the levels of apoptosis inhibitor, X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). ECRG2, via RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR), regulated XIAP mRNA stability and expression. Furthermore, ECRG2 increased HuR ubiquitination and degradation but was unable to modulate the non-ubiquitinable mutant form of HuR. We also identified missense and frame-shift ECRG2 mutations in various human malignancies and noted that, unlike wild-type ECRG2, one cancer-derived ECRG2 mutant harboring glutamic acid instead of valine at position 30 (V30E) failed to induce cell death and activation of caspases. This naturally occurring V30E mutant also did not suppress XIAP and HuR. Importantly, the V30E mutant overexpressing cancer cells acquired resistance against multiple anticancer drugs, thus suggesting that ECRG2 mutations appear to have an important role in the acquisition of anticancer drug resistance in a subset of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lucchesi
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M S Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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159
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Hehlgans S, Oppermann J, Reichert S, Fulda S, Rödel C, Rödel F. The SMAC mimetic BV6 sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to ionizing radiation by interfering with DNA repair processes and enhancing apoptosis. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:198. [PMID: 26383618 PMCID: PMC4573682 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of counteracting inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins using the small molecule Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspase (SMAC) mimetic BV6 in combination with ionizing radiation on apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, three-dimensional (3D) clonogenic survival and expression of IAPs in colorectal carcinoma cells. Material and methods Colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-15, HT-29, SW480) were subjected to BV6 treatment (0–4 μM) with or without irradiation (2–8 Gy, single dose) followed by MTT, Caspase 3/7 activity, γH2AX/53BP1 foci assays, AnnexinV staining, cell cycle analysis, 3D colony forming assays and Western blotting (cellular IAP1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2, Survivin, X-linked IAP (XIAP)). Results BV6 treatment decreased cell viability and significantly increased irradiation-induced apoptosis as analyzed by Caspase 3/7 activity, AnnexinV-positive and subG1 phase cells. While basal 3D clonogenic survival was decreased in a cell line-dependent manner, BV6 significantly enhanced cellular radiosensitivity of all cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the number of radiation-induced γH2AX/53BP1-positive foci. Western blot analysis revealed a markedly reduced cIAP1 expression at 4 h after BV6 treatment in all cell lines, a substantial reduction of XIAP expression in SW480 and HT-29 cells at 24 h and a slightly decreased cIAP2 expression in HCT-15 cells at 48 h after treatment. Moreover, single or double knockdown of cIAP1 and XIAP resulted in significantly increased residual γH2AX/53BP1-positive foci 24 h after 2 Gy and radiosensitization relative to control small interfering RNA (siRNA)-treated cells. Conclusion The SMAC mimetic BV6 induced apoptosis and hampered DNA damage repair to radiosensitize 3D grown colorectal cancer cells. Our results demonstrate IAP targeting as a promising strategy to counteract radiation resistance of colorectal cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-015-0507-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Julius Oppermann
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Reichert
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Claus Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site: Frankfurt, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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160
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Geserick P, Wang J, Schilling R, Horn S, Harris PA, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M. Absence of RIPK3 predicts necroptosis resistance in malignant melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1884. [PMID: 26355347 PMCID: PMC4650439 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquired or intrinsic resistance to apoptotic and necroptotic stimuli is considered a major hindrance of therapeutic success in malignant melanoma. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are important regulators of apoptotic and necroptotic cell death mediated by numerous cell death signalling platforms. In this report we investigated the impact of IAPs for cell death regulation in malignant melanoma. Suppression of IAPs strongly sensitized a panel of melanoma cells to death ligand-induced cell death, which, surprisingly, was largely mediated by apoptosis, as it was completely rescued by addition of caspase inhibitors. Interestingly, the absence of necroptosis signalling correlated with a lack of receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) mRNA and protein expression in all cell lines, whereas primary melanocytes and cultured nevus cells strongly expressed RIPK3. Reconstitution of RIPK3, but not a RIPK3-kinase dead mutant in a set of melanoma cell lines overcame CD95L/IAP antagonist-induced necroptosis resistance independent of autocrine tumour necrosis factor secretion. Using specific inhibitors, functional studies revealed that RIPK3-mediated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) phosphorylation and necroptosis induction critically required receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 signalling. Furthermore, the inhibitor of mutant BRAF Dabrafenib, but not Vemurafenib, inhibited necroptosis in melanoma cells whenever RIPK3 is present. Our data suggest that loss of RIPK3 in melanoma and selective inhibition of the RIPK3/MLKL axis by BRAF inhibitor Dabrafenib, but not Vemurafenib, is critical to protect from necroptosis. Strategies that allow RIPK3 expression may allow unmasking the necroptotic signalling machinery in melanoma and points to reactivation of this pathway as a treatment option for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geserick
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Schilling
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Horn
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P A Harris
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - J Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - P J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - M Feoktistova
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Leverkus
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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161
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Troadec S, Blairvacq M, Oumata N, Galons H, Meijer L, Berthou C. Antitumoral effects of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors CR8 and MR4 on chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:57. [PMID: 26184865 PMCID: PMC4504225 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Imatinib mesylate has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, some patients develop resistance with progression of leukemia. Alternative or additional targeting of signalling pathways deregulated in Bcr-Abl-driven chronic myeloid leukemia may provide a feasible option for improving clinical response and overcoming resistance. Results In this study, we investigate ability of CR8 isomers (R-CR8 and S-CR8) and MR4, three derivatives of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitor Roscovitine, to exert anti-leukemic activities against chronic myeloid leukemia in vitro and then, we decipher their mechanisms of action. We show that these CDKs inhibitors are potent inducers of growth arrest and apoptosis of both Imatinib-sensitive and –resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines. CR8 and MR4 induce dose-dependent apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and further caspases 8/10 and 9 activation via down-regulation of short-lived survival and anti-apoptotic factors Mcl-1, XIAP and survivin which are strongly implicated in survival of Bcr-Abl transformed cells. Conclusions These results suggest that CDK inhibitors may constitute a complementary approach to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0163-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Troadec
- Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Immunobiologie du Cancer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CHRU Morvan, 5 avenue Foch, 29609, Brest Cedex, France. .,Current address: Institut Universitaire Technologique, Département de Génie Biologique, Brest, France.
| | - Mélina Blairvacq
- "Protein Phosphorylation and Human Diseases" Group, CNRS, USR3151, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France.
| | - Nassima Oumata
- ManRos Therapeutics, Hôtel de Recherche, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France.
| | - Hervé Galons
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1022 Inserm, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Meijer
- ManRos Therapeutics, Hôtel de Recherche, Centre de Perharidy, Roscoff, France.
| | - Christian Berthou
- Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Immunobiologie du Cancer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CHRU Morvan, 5 avenue Foch, 29609, Brest Cedex, France.
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162
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Ling X, Westover D, Cao F, Cao S, He X, Kim HR, Zhang Y, Chan DCF, Li F. Synergistic effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on cisplatin efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2516-2530. [PMID: 26396928 PMCID: PMC4568788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although in vitro studies have shown that isothiocyanates (ITCs) can synergistically sensitize cancer cells to cisplatin treatment, the underlying mechanisms have not been well defined, and there are no in vivo demonstrations of this synergy. Here, we report the in vitro and in vivo data for the combination of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), one of the most common naturally occurring ITCs, with cisplatin. Our study revealed that cisplatin and AITC combination synergistically inhibits cancer cell growth and colony formation, and enhances apoptosis in association with the downregulation of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and survivin. Importantly, the in vivo combination treatment suppresses human tumor growth in animal models without observable increases in toxicity (body weight loss) in comparison with single agent treatment. Furthermore, our data revealed that addition of AITC to cisplatin treatment changes the profile of G2/M arrest (e.g. increase in M phase cell number) and significantly extends the duration of G2/M arrest in comparison with cisplatin treatment alone. To explore the underlying mechanism, we found that AITC treatment rapidly depletes b-tubulin. Combination of AITC and cisplatin inhibits the expression of G2/M checkpoint-relevant proteins including CDC2, cyclin B1 and CDC25. Together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for AITC enhancing cisplatin efficacy and provides the first in vivo evidence to support ITCs as potential candidates for developing new regimens to overcome platinum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ling
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Canget BioTekpharma LLCBuffalo, New York 14203, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - David Westover
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Felicia Cao
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- FC was a Roswell Summer student then and XH was a PhD student from Sichuan University trained in the FL lab then.
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- FC was a Roswell Summer student then and XH was a PhD student from Sichuan University trained in the FL lab then.
| | - Hak-Ryul Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Yuesheng Zhang
- Department of Chemoprevention, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Daniel CF Chan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado DenverDenver, Colorado 80045 USA
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
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163
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Abstract
Objective The objective of the present investigation was to investigate the role of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in the gemcitabine-resistant lung cancer cell line A549 and explore the underlying mechanism. Materials and methods Gemcitabine-resistant A549 (A549/GemR) cell line was established by pulse-exposed to moderate concentration of gemcitabine (Gem), and the drug resistant index was measured by MTT assay. Expression of ILK in A549/GemR cell line was detected by Western blot and real-time PCR. An ILK gene-silencing cell line was constructed using lentivirus-coated ILK shRNA. MTT assay was used to detect the drug sensitivity of the A549/GemR cell line to Gem after the ILK gene silencing. Western blot was used to measure the expression of E-cadherin, fibronectin, and MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1) after silencing the ILK gene. Result The drug resistance index of A549/GemR was 13.5, and the messenger RNA and protein level of ILK was increased in A549/GemR. IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) decreased from 14.69 to 4.13 mg/L when ILK was knocked down in A549/GemR. The expression of fibronectin and MRP1 was upregulated and E-cadherin expression was downregulated in A549/GemR, and these changes were reversed after ILK was knocked down. Conclusion ILK was involved in drug resistance to Gem in lung cancer, and this function may be mediated by epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the MRP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Jia
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, People's Republic of China
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164
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Hird AW, Aquila BM, Hennessy EJ, Vasbinder MM, Yang B. Small molecule inhibitor of apoptosis proteins antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:755-74. [PMID: 25980951 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1041922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) plays a key role in the suppression of proapoptotic signaling; hence, a small molecule that disrupts the binding of IAPs with their functional partner should restore apoptotic response to proapoptotic stimuli in cells. The continued publication of new patent applications of IAP antagonists over the past 4 years is a testament to the continued interest surrounding the IAP family of proteins. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the IAP antagonist patent literature from 2010 to 2014. Monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics will be covered as well as two new developments in the field: IAP antagonists coupled to or merged with other targeted agents and new BIR2 selective IAP antagonists. EXPERT OPINION In addition to the well-explored scaffolds for monovalent and bivalent Smac-mimetics, some companies have taken more drastic approaches to explore new chemical space - for example, fragment-based approaches and macrocyclic inhibitors. Furthermore, other companies have designed compounds with alternative biological profiles - tethering to known kinase binding structures, trying to target to the mitochondria or introducing selective binding to the BIR2 domain. An overview of the status for the four small molecule IAP antagonists being evaluated in active human clinical trials is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Hird
- AstraZeneca, Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology iMed , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451 , USA +1 781 839 4145 ;
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165
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Wong ACY, Ryan AF. Mechanisms of sensorineural cell damage, death and survival in the cochlea. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:58. [PMID: 25954196 PMCID: PMC4404918 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of acquired hearing loss, including presbycusis, is caused by irreversible damage to the sensorineural tissues of the cochlea. This article reviews the intracellular mechanisms that contribute to sensorineural damage in the cochlea, as well as the survival signaling pathways that can provide endogenous protection and tissue rescue. These data have primarily been generated in hearing loss not directly related to age. However, there is evidence that similar mechanisms operate in presbycusis. Moreover, accumulation of damage from other causes can contribute to age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Potential therapeutic interventions to balance opposing but interconnected cell damage and survival pathways, such as antioxidants, anti-apoptotics, and pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Y Wong
- Department of Surgery/Division of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Physiology and Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Department of Surgery/Division of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA ; Veterans Administration Medical Center La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
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166
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Aguilar C, Latour S. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein deficiency: more than an X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2015; 35:331-8. [PMID: 25737324 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-015-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency (also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2, XLP-2) is a rare primary immunodeficiency. Since the disease was first described in 2006, more than 70 patients suffering from XIAP-deficiency have been reported, thus extending the clinical presentations of the disease. The main clinical features of XLP-2 are (i) elevated susceptibility to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH, frequently in response to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)), (ii) recurrent splenomegaly and (iii) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with the characteristics of Crohn's disease. XIAP deficiency is now considered to be one of the genetic causes of IBD in infancy. Although XIAP is an anti-apoptotic molecule, it is also involved in many other pathways, including the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. XIAP is required for signaling through the Nod-like receptors NOD1 and 2, which are intracellular sensors of bacterial infection. XIAP-deficient T cells (including innate natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells) are overly sensitive to apoptosis. NOD2 function is impaired in XIAP-deficient monocytes. However, the physiopathological mechanisms underlying the clinical phenotypes in XIAP deficiency, notably the HLH and the EBV susceptibility, are not well understood. Here, we review the clinical aspects, molecular etiology and physiopathology of XIAP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Aguilar
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University of Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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167
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Lee WS, Park YL, Kim N, Oh HH, Son DJ, Kim MY, Oak CY, Chung CY, Park HC, Kim JS, Myung DS, Cho SB, Joo YE. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 regulates the cell growth and predicts prognosis in gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:2154-62. [PMID: 25672320 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl‑1), a member of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein family, has been associated with tumor progression and adverse patient outcome. The aims of current study were to evaluate whether Mcl-1 affects the survival or death of gastric cancer cells, and to investigate the prognostic value of its expression in gastric cancer. PcDNA3.1-Mcl-1 expression and Mcl-1 siRNA vectors were used to overexpress and silence Mcl-1 expression in gastric cancer cell lines including SNU638 and TMK1, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of Mcl-1 in gastric cancer tissues. Apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL assay, and cell proliferation was determined by immunostaining with a Ki-67 antibody. Mcl-1 knockdown induced apoptosis through the upregulation of caspase-3, and -7, and PARP activity, and the release of Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2 into the cytoplasm. Additionally, cell cycle arrest occurred due to decrease of cyclin D1, cell division cycle gene 2 (cdc2), and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6. In contrast, overexpression of Mcl-1 inhibited apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Mcl-1 knockdown did not suppress tumor cell proliferation in gastric cancer cells, whereas overexpression of Mcl-1 enhanced tumor cell proliferation. The JAK2 and STAT3 signaling cascades were significantly blocked by Mcl-1 knockdown. The mean Ki-67 labeling index (KI) value of Mcl-1 positive tumors was significantly lower than that of Mcl-1 negative tumors. However, there was no significant difference between Mcl-1 expression and the apoptotic index (AI). Mcl-1 expression was significantly increased in gastric cancer tissues compared to normal gastric mucosa tissues, and was associated with age, tumor size, stage, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Our study showed that Mcl-1 regulates the cell growth and might be a potential prognostic marker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Hoon Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Oak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Yun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Myung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Dong-ku, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
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