151
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Luckman C, Gates MC. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus in client-owned cats in New Zealand. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917729311. [PMID: 30202540 PMCID: PMC6125856 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917729311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objectives were to collect baseline data on the occurrence, testing and vaccination practices, and clinical outcomes of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in New Zealand Methods A cross-sectional survey of 423 veterinary practices in New Zealand was performed to collect data on FeLV and FIV testing and vaccination during the 2015 calendar year. Clinical records from 572 cats tested using a point-of-care ELISA at a first-opinion veterinary practice between 7 April 2010 and 23 June 2016 were also obtained and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify risk factors for test positivity. Survival times were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods. Results The survey was completed by 112 clinics (26.4%) of which 72 performed in-house testing. Of the 2125 tests performed, 56 (2.6%) were positive for FeLV and 393 (18.5%) were positive for FIV. Fewer than 1% of cats were vaccinated for FeLV, with veterinarians citing low perceived prevalence as the primary reason for not vaccinating. Being male compared with being female and having clinical evidence of immunosuppression were significant risk factors for both FeLV and FIV test positivity. The median survival times of FeLV and FIV test-positive cats were 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 0–16) and 650 days (95% CI 431–993), respectively. Conclusions and relevance Testing and vaccination for FeLV and FIV in New Zealand appears targeted towards high-risk animals, which may bias prevalence estimates. Baseline data should be monitored for changes in FeLV epidemiology now commercial vaccines are no longer available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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152
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Stavisky J, Dean RS, Molloy MH. Prevalence of and risk factors for FIV and FeLV infection in two shelters in the United Kingdom (2011-2012). Vet Rec 2017; 181:451. [PMID: 28918382 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infections in cats presented to two RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) animal rehoming centres and to identify risk factors for infection. All cats presented at each centre between August 2011 and August 2012 were subjected to a patient-side test for FeLV/FIV on entry. Kittens under three months and cats euthanased within a short time of presentation were excluded from the study. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to separately determine risk factors for FeLV and FIV infections. At shelter A, the prevalence of FIV infection was 11.4 per cent (54/474) and FeLV infection was 3 per cent (14/473), with two FIV/FeLV coinfections identified. At shelter B, the prevalence of FIV infection was 3 per cent (4/135) and FeLV infection was 0 per cent (0/135). Cats at shelter A were significantly more likely than those at shelter B to test positive for FIV (p=0.0024) and FeLV (p=0.048). Male cats were more likely to be infected with FIV (odds ratio 27.1, p=0.001), and thin body condition and musculoskeletal disease were associated with risk of FeLV. Overall, FIV-positive and FeLV-positive cats were significantly older (median ages 5.1 and 4.75 years, respectively) than the uninfected populations (median ages 3.4 and 3.5 years, respectively). This study shows that the prevalence of these diseases varies between shelter populations. Local knowledge combined with the risk factors identified may be useful in focusing resources for population testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Stavisky
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Rachel Sarah Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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153
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Makundi I, Koshida Y, Kuse K, Hiratsuka T, Ito J, Baba T, Watanabe S, Kawamura M, Odahara Y, Miyake A, Yamamoto H, Kuniyoshi S, Onuma M, Nishigaki K. Epidemiologic survey of feline leukemia virus in domestic cats on Tsushima Island, Japan: management strategy for Tsushima leopard cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:889-895. [PMID: 28782421 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717725551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tsushima leopard cat (TLC) Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus, a subspecies of P. bengalensis, is designated a National Natural Monument of Japan, and lives only on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. TLCs are threatened by various infectious diseases. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) causes a serious infectious disease with a poor prognosis in cats. Therefore, the transmission of FeLV from Tsushima domestic cats (TDCs) to TLCs may threaten the TLC population. We investigated the FeLV infection status of both TDCs and TLCs on Tsushima Island by screening blood samples for FeLV p27 antigen and using PCR to amplify the full-length FeLV env gene. The prevalence of FeLV was 6.4% in TDCs and 0% in TLCs. We also demonstrated that the virus can replicate in the cells of TLCs, suggesting its potential cross-species transmission. The viruses in TDCs were classified as genotype I/clade 3, which is prevalent on a nearby island, based on previous studies of FeLV genotypes and FeLV epidemiology. The FeLV viruses identified on Tsushima Island can be further divided into 2 lineages within genotype I/clade 3, which are geographically separated in Kamijima and Shimojima, indicating that FeLV may have been transmitted to Tsushima Island at least twice. Monitoring FeLV infection in the TDC and TLC populations is highly recommended as part of the TLC surveillance and management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Makundi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Yushi Koshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Kyohei Kuse
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Takahiro Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Takuya Baba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Maki Kawamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Yuka Odahara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Hanae Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Sawako Kuniyoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Manabu Onuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan (Makundi, Watanabe, Kawamura, Nishigaki).,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Kuse, Hiratsuka, Ito, Baba, Odahara, Miyake, Nishigaki).,Conservation and Animal Welfare Trust, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Koshida).,Tsushima Rangers Office, Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima, Nagasaki, Japan (Yamamoto, Kuniyoshi).,Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Onuma)
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154
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Eckstrand CD, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Central and peripheral reservoirs of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats: a review. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4003 Animal Disease Biotechnology Facility, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Ellen E. Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 3115 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 4206 Vet Med 3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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155
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Gates MC, Vigeant S, Dale A. Prevalence and risk factors for cats testing positive for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infection in cats entering an animal shelter in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:285-291. [PMID: 28659065 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1348266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the prevalence of cats testing positive for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) antigens in domestic cats entering a New Zealand animal shelter, based on a commercial point-of-care ELISA, to identify risk factors associated with cats testing positive, and to compare the results obtained from the ELISA with those obtained using PCR-based testing. METHOD A cross-sectional study was performed on 388 cats entering the Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals animal shelter in Auckland, New Zealand between 7 February 2014 and 30 May 2014. Whole blood samples were collected from each cat and tested for FIV antibody and FeLV antigen using a commercial point-of-care ELISA. Information on the signalment and health status of the cat at the time of entry was also recorded. Blood and saliva samples from a subset of cats were tested for FIV and FeLV proviral DNA using a real-time PCR assay. RESULTS Of the 388 cats in the study sample, 146 (37.6%) had been relinquished by owners, 237 (62.4%) were strays, and 5 (1.3%) were of unknown origin. Overall, 53/388 (13.7%) cats tested positive for FIV antibodies and 4/388 (1.0%) were positive for FeLV antigen. Stray cats had a higher FIV seroprevalence than relinquished cats (42/237 (17.8%) vs. 11/146 (7.5%); p=0.008). Of 53 cats that were FIV-seropositive, 51 (96%) tested positive for FIV proviral DNA using PCR testing of blood. Of these 51 cats, 28 (55%) were positive by PCR testing of saliva. Of the four cats that were FeLV antigen-positive by ELISA, two (50%) were positive for FeLV proviral DNA by PCR testing of blood. The odds of a cat being seropositive for FIV were greater for intact compared to desexed cats (OR=3.3; 95% CI=1.6-7.4) and for male compared to female cats (OR=6.5; 95% CI=3.2-14.0). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The seroprevalence for FIV was 14% among cats entering an animal shelter in Auckland, whereas the prevalence of FeLV antigen-positive cats was only 1%. These findings suggest differences in the transmission dynamics of each virus in free-roaming cat populations in New Zealand. Our study also highlights the potential role of desexing cats in reducing transmission of FIV. However, further data from first-opinion veterinary practices are required to confirm that these findings may be generalised to the wider domestic cat population in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North , 4442 , New Zealand
| | - S Vigeant
- b RNZSPCA , PO Box 15-309, New Lynn, Auckland , 0640 , New Zealand
| | - A Dale
- b RNZSPCA , PO Box 15-309, New Lynn, Auckland , 0640 , New Zealand
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156
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Wilkes RP, Anis E, Dunbar D, Lee PYA, Tsai YL, Lee FC, Chang HFG, Wang HTT, Graham EM. Rapid and sensitive insulated isothermal PCR for point-of-need feline leukaemia virus detection. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 20:362-369. [PMID: 28589743 PMCID: PMC5871024 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17712847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), a gamma retrovirus, causes diseases of the
feline haematopoietic system that are invariably fatal. Rapid and accurate
testing at the point-of-need (PON) supports prevention of virus spread and
management of clinical disease. This study evaluated the performance of an
insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) that detects proviral DNA, and a reverse
transcription (RT)-iiPCR that detects both viral RNA and proviral DNA, for
FeLV detection at the PON. Methods Mycoplasma haemofelis, feline coronavirus, feline
herpesvirus, feline calicivirus and feline immunodeficiency virus were used
to test analytical specificity. In vitro transcribed RNA, artificial
plasmid, FeLV strain American Type Culture Collection VR-719 and a clinical
FeLV isolate were used in the analytical sensitivity assays. A retrospective
study including 116 clinical plasma and serum samples that had been tested
with virus isolation, real-time PCR and ELISA, and a prospective study
including 150 clinical plasma and serum samples were implemented to evaluate
the clinical performances of the iiPCR-based methods for FeLV detection. Results Ninety-five percent assay limit of detection was calculated to be 16 RNA and
five DNA copies for the RT-iiPCR, and six DNA copies for the iiPCR. Both
reactions had analytical sensitivity comparable to a reference real-time PCR
(qPCR) and did not detect five non-target feline pathogens. The clinical
performance of the RT-iiPCR and iiPCR had 98.82% agreement (kappa[κ] = 0.97)
and 100% agreement (κ = 1.0), respectively, with the qPCR (n = 85). The
agreement between an automatic nucleic extraction/RT-iiPCR system and virus
isolation to detect FeLV in plasma or serum was 95.69% (κ = 0.95) and 98.67%
(κ = 0.85) in a retrospective (n = 116) and a prospective (n = 150) study,
respectively. Conclusions and relevance These results suggested that both RT-iiPCR and iiPCR assays can serve as
reliable tools for PON FeLV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Wilkes
- 1 Clinical Virology Laboratory, University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA.,*Current address: Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Eman Anis
- 1 Clinical Virology Laboratory, University of Tennessee Veterinary Medical Center, Knoxville, TN, USA.,2 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Beheira, Egypt.,*Current address: Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Dawn Dunbar
- 3 Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth M Graham
- 3 Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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157
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Martins D, Rossato C, Silva S, Almeida S, Ribeiro L. Fine needle aspiration cytology in feline skeletal muscle as a diagnostic tool for extramedullary plasmacytoma. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extramedullary noncutaneous plasmacytoma (ENP) is a myeloproliferative disorder of plasma cells that rarely affects cats. This paper describes an ENP case revealed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the mass in the skeletal muscle of an 8-month-old, male, mixed breed cat, which had a nodule in the left hind limb. The rapid immunoassay test confirmed the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The animal necropsy macroscopically showed the nodule came from the semimembranosus muscle. Histopathological examination ratified the cytological findings. Thus, this paper alerts to the existence of plasmacytoma located in the skeletal muscle of feline species. FNAC is a quick and efficient method for diagnosis of ENP.
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158
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Buch JS, Clark GH, Cahill R, Thatcher B, Smith P, Chandrashekar R, Leutenegger CM, O’Connor TP, Beall MJ. Analytical validation of a reference laboratory ELISA for the detection of feline leukemia virus p27 antigen. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:654-659. [PMID: 28548572 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717710451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus of cats. Immunoassays for the p27 core protein of FeLV aid in the detection of FeLV infections. Commercial microtiter-plate ELISAs have rapid protocols and visual result interpretation, limiting their usefulness in high-throughput situations. The purpose of our study was to validate the PetChek FeLV 15 ELISA, which is designed for the reference laboratory, and incorporates sequential, orthogonal screening and confirmatory protocols. A cutoff for the screening assay was established with 100% accuracy using 309 feline samples (244 negative, 65 positive) defined by the combined results of FeLV PCR and an independent reference p27 antigen ELISA. Precision of the screening assay was measured using a panel of 3 samples (negative, low-positive, and high-positive). The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 3.9–7.9%; the inter-assay CV was 6.0–8.6%. For the confirmatory assay, the intra-assay CV was 3.0–4.7%, and the inter-assay CV was 7.4–9.7%. The analytical sensitivity for p27 antigen was 3.7 ng/mL for inactivated whole FeLV and 1.2 ng/mL for purified recombinant FeLV p27. Analytical specificity was demonstrated based on the absence of cross-reactivity to related retroviruses. No interference was observed for samples containing added bilirubin, hemoglobin, or lipids. Based on these results, the new high-throughput design of the PetChek FeLV 15 ELISA makes it suitable for use in reference laboratory settings and maintains overall analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S. Buch
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Genevieve H. Clark
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Roberta Cahill
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Brendon Thatcher
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Peter Smith
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Ramaswamy Chandrashekar
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Christian M. Leutenegger
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Thomas P. O’Connor
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
| | - Melissa J. Beall
- Departments of Assay R&D (Buch, Clark, Cahill, Thatcher, Chandrashekar, O’Connor), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Operational Excellence (Smith), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- Medical Affairs (Beall), Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, IDEXX Laboratories Inc., West Sacramento, CA (Leutenegger)
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Poffo D, Almeida AB, Nakazato L, Dutra V, Correa SH, Mendonça AJ, Sousa VR. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and Leishmania sp. in domestic cats in the Midwest of Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This search aimed to investigate FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats, analysing the epidemiological profile of the disease as well as additional infection with Leishmania sp. We evaluated 88 domestic cats for the presence of FIV, FeLV and Leishmania sp. infection. Eleven (12.5%) cats were positive for FIV infection, four (4.5%) were positive for FeLV, and two were co-infected. However, none was infected with Leishmania sp. The prevalence for FIV infection was higher than FeLV, and those observed in other regions, but no factor was associated with the infection by FIV and FeLV in this study.
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Bergmann M, Englert T, Stuetzer B, Hawley JR, Lappin MR, Hartmann K. Risk factors of different hemoplasma species infections in cats. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:52. [PMID: 28202016 PMCID: PMC5312425 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemoplasma species (spp.) commonly cause infections in cats worldwide. However, data on risk factors for infections are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hemoplasma spp. infections in cats in Southern Germany and to assess risk factors associated with infection. Results DNA was extracted from blood samples of 479 cats presented to different veterinary hospitals for various reasons. DNA of feline hemoplasmas was amplified by use of a previously reported PCR assay. Direct sequencing was used to confirm all purified amplicons and compared to hemoplasma sequences reported in GenBank. Results were evaluated in relation to the age, sex, housing conditions, feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) status of the cats. The overall hemoplasma prevalence rate was 9.4% (45/479; 95% CI: 7.08–12.36). ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma (M.) haemominutum’ (Mhm) DNA was amplified from 42 samples, M. haemofelis from 2, and M. haemocanis from 1 sample. There was a significantly higher risk of hemoplasma infection in cats from multi-cat households, in outdoor cats, as well as in cats with FIVinfection and in cats with abortive FeLV infection, but not in cats with progressive or regressive FeLV infection. Conclusions Mhm infection is common in cats in Southern Germany. Higher prevalence in multi-cat households and associations with FeLV infection likely reflect the potential for direct transmission amongst cats. Outdoor access, male gender, and FIV infection are additional risk factors that might relate to aggressive interactions and exposure to vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Theresa Englert
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer R Hawley
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Westman ME, Malik R, Hall E, Sheehy PA, Norris JM. Comparison of three feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) point-of-care antigen test kits using blood and saliva. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 50:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kaye S, Wang W, Miller C, McLuckie A, Beatty JA, Grant CK, VandeWoude S, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Role of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Lymphomagenesis--Going Alone or Colluding? ILAR J 2017; 57:24-33. [PMID: 27034392 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic and nondomestic feline species. Infection in domestic cats leads to immune dysfunction via mechanisms similar to those caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and, as such, is a valuable natural animal model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. An association between FIV and an increased incidence of neoplasia has long been recognized, with frequencies of up to 20% in FIV-positive cats recorded in some studies. This is similar to the rate of neoplasia seen in HIV-positive individuals, and in both species neoplasia typically requires several years to arise. The most frequently reported type of neoplasia associated with FIV infection is lymphoma. Here we review the possible mechanisms involved in FIV lymphomagenesis, including the possible involvement of coinfections, notably those with gamma-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kaye
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Craig Miller
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alicia McLuckie
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Chris K Grant
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Sarah Kaye, BVSc, is a small animal clinician with the Animal Welfare League Qld Inc. in The Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Wenqi Wang, BVSc, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow affiliated with the School of Veterinary Science at University of Queensland at Gatton in Australia. Craig Miller, DVM, is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University in FortCollins, Colorado. Alicia McLuckie, BVSc, is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia, Julia A. Beatty, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, FANZCVs (feline med), is a professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney in NSW, Australia. Chris K. Grant, PhD, DSc, is founder and CEO of Custom Monoclonals International Corp. in West Sacramento, California. Sue VandeWoude, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology at Colorado State University and Associate Dean for Research in the College of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, DVM, PhD, is a senior lecturer in the School of Veterinary Science at the University of Queensland at Gatton, an affiliate senior lecturer in the School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland at St. Lucia, and an investigator at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia, Australia
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Thengchaisri N, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Sattasathuchana P. Association of gingivitis with dental calculus thickness or dental calculus coverage and subgingival bacteria in feline leukemia virus- and feline immunodeficiency virus-negative cats. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2017; 81:46-52. [PMID: 28154463 PMCID: PMC5220597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease in cats. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships between gingivitis and dental calculus thickness (DCT), or dental calculus coverage (DCC); determine the association of gingivitis scores and types of oral bacteria; and to evaluate bacterial co-infection in cats with periodontal disease. Twelve cats that were not infected with feline leukemia or feline immunodeficiency viruses were enrolled in the study. Gingivitis, DCT, and DCC were scored and recorded. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare scores among canine, 2nd premolar, 3rd premolar, 4th premolar, and 1st molar teeth. The relationship between gingivitis and DCT or DCC scores was determined using the Spearman rank sum test (ρ). Subgingival bacteria were cultured and the association between bacterial species and gingivitis score was evaluated using a Fisher's exact test. The average gingivitis, DCT, and DCC scores for the caudal maxillary teeth were higher for the caudal mandibular teeth and more severe for the 3rd premolar, 4th premolar, and 1st molar teeth than for the canine teeth. A strong relationship between average DCT or DCC score and average gingivitis score was found (ρ = 0.96 and 1, respectively). Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections were identified in a large number of cats with periodontal disease (71.1% and 28.9%, respectively). In conclusion, severe gingivitis scores were associated with anaerobic bacterial infection. The caudal teeth are affected with more severe gingivitis, DCT, and DCC than the other teeth. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be prescribed in cats with periodontal disease.
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164
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Kawamura M, Umehara D, Odahara Y, Miyake A, Ngo MH, Ohsato Y, Hisasue M, Nakaya MA, Watanabe S, Nishigaki K. AKT capture by feline leukemia virus. Arch Virol 2016; 162:1031-1036. [PMID: 28005210 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-containing retroviruses are generated by recombination events between viral and cellular sequences, a phenomenon called "oncogene capture". The captured cellular genes, referred to as "v-onc" genes, then acquire new oncogenic properties. We report a novel feline leukemia virus (FeLV), designated "FeLV-AKT", that has captured feline c-AKT1 in feline lymphoma. FeLV-AKT contains a gag-AKT fusion gene that encodes the myristoylated Gag matrix protein and the kinase domain of feline c-AKT1, but not its pleckstrin homology domain. Therefore, it differs structurally from the v-Akt gene of murine retrovirus AKT8. AKT may be involved in the mechanisms underlying malignant diseases in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kawamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Daigo Umehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yuka Odahara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ariko Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Minh Ha Ngo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | | | - Masaharu Hisasue
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine 2, Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Nakaya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishigaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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The Use of Recombinant Feline Interferon Omega Therapy as an Immune-Modulator in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus: New Perspectives. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3040032. [PMID: 29056740 PMCID: PMC5606590 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are well-known cytokines that, among their main functions, are key components of the host immune response against viral infections. Due to its immune modulation properties, they are commonly used in the therapeutic approach of various retroviral infections, namely human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). In HIV infection, it has been shown that IFN therapy limits early viral replication, particularly useful on post-exposure prophylaxis. In veterinary medicine, recombinant feline interferon omega (rFeIFN-ω) was the first interferon licensed for use in cats. Several studies have recently shown that this compound seems to stimulate the innate immunity, decreasing clinical signs and co-infections in naturally FIV-infected cats. More than summarizing the main conclusions about rFeIFN-ω in cats, this review emphasizes the immune-modulation properties of IFN therapy, opening new perspectives for its use in retroviral infections. Either in FIV-infected cats or in HIV individuals, type I IFNs seem to induce an innate immune-modulation and should not be overlooked as a therapeutic option in retroviral infections.
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166
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Maher IE, Higgins DP. Altered Immune Cytokine Expression Associated with KoRV B Infection and Season in Captive Koalas. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163780. [PMID: 27706211 PMCID: PMC5051944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations are increasingly vulnerable and one of the main threats is chlamydial infection. Koala retrovirus (KoRV) has been proposed as an underlying cause of the koala’s susceptibility to infection with Chlamydia and high rates of lymphoid neoplasia; however, the regionally ubiquitous, endogenous nature of this virus suggests that KoRV A infection is not sufficient for immune suppression to occur. A recently discovered exogenous variant of KoRV, KoRV B, has several structural elements that cause increased pathogenicity in related retroviruses and was associated with lymphoid neoplasia in one study. The present study assesses whether KoRV B infection is associated with alterations in immune function. Cytokine gene expression by mitogen stimulated lymphocytes of KoRV B positive (n = 5–6) and negative (n = 6–7) captive koalas was evaluated by qPCR four times (April 2014-February 2015) to control for seasonal variation. Key immune genes in the Th1 pathway (IFNγ, TNFα), Th2 pathway (IL 10, IL4, IL6) and Th17 pathway (IL17A), along with CD4:CD8 ratio, were assessed. KoRV B positive koalas showed significantly increased up-regulation of IL17A and IL10 in three out of four sampling periods and IFNγ, IL6, IL4 and TNFα in two out of four. IL17A is an immune marker for chlamydial pathogenesis in the koala; increased expression of IL17A in KoRV B positive koalas, and concurrent immune dysregulation, may explain the differences in susceptibility to chlamydial infection and severity of disease seen between individuals and populations. There was also marked seasonal variation in up-regulation for most of the cytokines and the CD4:CD8 ratio. The up-regulation in both Th1 and Th2 cytokines mirrors changes associated with immune dysregulation in humans and felids as a result of retroviral infections. This is the first report of altered immune expression in koalas infected by an exogenous variant of KoRV and also the first report of seasonal variation in cytokine up-regulation and CD4:CD8 ratio in marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona E. Maher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Damien P. Higgins
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. Infection and cancer in multicellular organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0224. [PMID: 26056368 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary considerations suggest that oncogenic infections should be pervasive among animal species. Infection-associated cancers are well documented in humans and domestic animals, less commonly reported in undomesticated captive animals, and rarely documented in nature. In this paper, we review the literature associating infectious agents with cancer to evaluate the reasons for this pattern. Non-malignant infectious neoplasms occur pervasively in multicellular life, but oncogenic progression to malignancy is often uncertain. Evidence from humans and domestic animals shows that non-malignant infectious neoplasms can develop into cancer, although generally with low frequency. Malignant neoplasms could be difficult to find in nature because of a low frequency of oncogenic transformation, short survival after malignancy and reduced survival prior to malignancy. Moreover, the evaluation of malignancy can be ambiguous in nature, because criteria for malignancy may be difficult to apply consistently across species. The information available in the literature therefore does not allow for a definitive assessment of the pervasiveness of infectious cancers in nature, but the presence of infectious neoplasias and knowledge about the progression of benign neoplasias to cancer is consistent with a widespread but largely undetected occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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168
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Roccabianca P, Avallone G, Rodriguez A, Crippa L, Lepri E, Giudice C, Caniatti M, Moore PF, Affolter VK. Cutaneous Lymphoma at Injection Sites. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:823-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815623620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Feline primary cutaneous lymphomas (FPCLs) account for 0.2% to 3% of all lymphomas in cats and are more frequently dermal nonepitheliotropic small T-cell tumors. Emergence of FPCL seems unrelated to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) serological positivity or to skin inflammation. A total of 17 cutaneous lymphomas with a history of vaccine injection at the site of tumor development were selected from 47 FPCLs. Clinical presentation, histology, immunophenotype, FeLV p27 and gp70 expression, and clonality were assessed. A majority of male (12/17), domestic short-haired (13/17) cats with a mean age of 11.3 years was reported. Postinjection time of development ranged from 15 days to approximately 9 years in 5 cats. At diagnosis, 11 of 17 cats had no evidence of internal disease. Lymphomas developed in interscapular (8/17), thoracic (8/17), and flank (1/17) cutaneous regions; lacked epitheliotropism; and were characterized by necrosis (16/17), angiocentricity (13/17), angioinvasion (9/17), angiodestruction (8/17), and peripheral inflammation composed of lymphoid aggregates (14/17). FeLV gp70 and/or p27 proteins were expressed in 10 of 17 tumors. By means of World Health Organization classification, immunophenotype, and clonality, the lesions were categorized as large B-cell lymphoma (11/17), anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (3/17), natural killer cell–like (1/17) lymphoma, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (1/17). Lineage remained uncertain in 1 case. Cutaneous lymphomas at injection sites (CLIS) shared some clinical and pathological features with feline injection site sarcomas and with lymphomas developing in the setting of subacute to chronic inflammation reported in human beings. Persistent inflammation induced by the injection and by reactivation of FeLV expression may have contributed to emergence of CLIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Roccabianca
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - G. Avallone
- DIMEVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - L. Crippa
- ISTOVET, via W. Tobagi, 15-20842 Besana in Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - E. Lepri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - C. Giudice
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - M. Caniatti
- DIVET: Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milano, Italy
| | - P. F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - V. K. Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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169
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Garigliany M, Jolly S, Dive M, Bayrou C, Berthemin S, Robin P, Godenir R, Petry J, Dahout S, Cassart D, Thiry E, Desmecht D, Saegerman C. Risk factors and effect of selective removal on retroviral infections prevalence in Belgian stray cats. Vet Rec 2016; 178:45. [PMID: 26744011 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of several risk/protective factors and predictors on the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infections in 302 stray cats captured during a trap-neuter-release programme in a mixed urban-rural area from Belgium, from 2010 to 2012. The impact of selective removal of FIV-positive cats on the apparent prevalence in the remaining population over this three-year period was also assessed. The seroprevalences over three years were 18.8 per cent for FIV and 0.7 per cent for FeLV. For FIV, the seroprevalence decreased significantly from the first year of the programme (2010; 30.5 per cent) to the last (2012; 13.1 per cent). Sex (male) and age (adult and old cats) were risk factors, while the year of sampling (years 2011 and 2012) was a protective factor. Age, sex and location were the most relevant predictors of FIV status. The data presented in this study revealed a very high FIV seroprevalence in Belgian stray cats, while FeLV was almost absent. The selective removal of positive cats had a drastic effect on the FIV seroprevalence in the remaining cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garigliany
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - S Jolly
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - M Dive
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - C Bayrou
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - S Berthemin
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - P Robin
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - R Godenir
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - J Petry
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - S Dahout
- Collective of Ciney Veterinarians for the spaying of stray cats
| | - D Cassart
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - E Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - D Desmecht
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 6 (B43), Liège 4000, Belgium
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170
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Westman ME, Paul A, Malik R, McDonagh P, Ward MP, Hall E, Norris JM. Seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus in Australia: risk factors for infection and geographical influences (2011-2013). JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116916646388. [PMID: 28491420 PMCID: PMC5362860 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916646388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to: (i) determine the current seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in three large cohorts of cats from Australia; and (ii) investigate potential risk factors for retroviral infection. METHODS Cohort 1 (n = 2151 for FIV, n = 2241 for FeLV) consisted of cats surrendered to a shelter on the west coast of Australia (Perth, Western Australia [WA]). Cohort 2 (n = 2083 for FIV, n = 2032 for FeLV) consisted of client-owned cats with outdoor access recruited from around Australia through participating veterinary clinics. Cohort 3 (n = 169 for FIV, n = 166 for FeLV) consisted of cats presenting to Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital for a variety of reasons. Fresh whole blood was collected and tested using a commercially available point-of-care lateral flow ELISA kit that detects p27 FeLV antigen and antibodies to FIV antigens (p15 and p24) (cohorts 1 and 2), or one of two lateral flow immunochromatography kits that detect p27 antigen and antibodies to FIV antigen (p24 and/or gp40) (cohort 3). Data recorded for cats in cohort 2 included signalment, presenting complaint and postcode, allowing investigation of risk factors for FIV or FeLV infection, as well as potential geographical 'hot spots' for infection. RESULTS The seroprevalence of FIV was 6% (cohort 1), 15% (cohort 2) and 14% (cohort 3), while the seroprevalence of FeLV was 1%, 2% and 4% in the same respective cohorts. Risk factors for FIV infection among cats in cohort 2 included age (>3 years), sex (male), neutering status (entire males) and location (WA had a significantly higher FIV seroprevalence compared with the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria). Risk factors for FeLV infection among cats in cohort 2 included health status ('sick') and location (WA cats were approximately three times more likely to be FeLV-infected compared with the rest of Australia). No geographical hot spots of FIV infection were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both FIV and FeLV remain important infections among Australian cats. WA has a higher seroprevalence of both feline retroviruses compared with the rest of Australia, which has been noted in previous studies. A lower neutering rate for client-owned male cats is likely responsible for the higher seroprevalence of FIV infection in WA cats, while the reason for the higher seroprevalence of FeLV in WA cats is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Westman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Amanda Paul
- Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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171
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Efficacy of Antiviral Drugs against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. Vet Sci 2015; 2:456-476. [PMID: 29061953 PMCID: PMC5644647 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is one of the most common infectious agents affecting cats worldwide .FIV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share many properties: both are lifelong persistent lentiviruses that are similar genetically and morphologically and both viruses propagate in T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and neural cells. Experimentally infected cats have measurable immune suppression, which sometimes progresses to an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A transient initial state of infection is followed by a long latent stage with low virus replication and absence of clinical signs. In the terminal stage, both viruses can cause severe immunosuppression. Thus, FIV infection in cats has become an important natural model for studying HIV infection in humans, especially for evaluation of antiviral compounds. Of particular importance for chemotherapeutic studies is the close similarity between the reverse transcriptase (RT) of FIV and HIV, which results in high in vitro susceptibility of FIV to many RT-targeted antiviral compounds used in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide an up-to-date review of studies on antiviral treatment of FIV, focusing on commercially available compounds for human or animal use.
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172
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Hartmann K. Efficacy of antiviral chemotherapy for retrovirus-infected cats: What does the current literature tell us? J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:925-39. [PMID: 26486979 PMCID: PMC10816252 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15610676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GLOBAL IMPORTANCE The two feline retroviruses, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), are global and widespread, but differ in their potential to cause disease. VIRAL INFECTION - FIV FIV, a lentivirus that shares many properties with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can cause an acquired immune deficiency syndrome, which predisposes cats to other infections, stomatitis, neurological disorders and tumours. Although secondary infections are common, specific opportunistic infections or acquired immunodeficiency virus-defining infections, such as those that occur with HIV, are not commonly reported in FIV-infected cats. In most naturally infected cats, FIV does not cause a severe clinical syndrome; with appropriate care, FIV-infected cats can live many years before succumbing to conditions unrelated to their FIV infection. Thus, overall survival time is not necessarily shorter than in uninfected cats, and quality of life is usually high over many years or lifelong. VIRAL INFECTION - FELV FeLV, an oncornavirus, is more pathogenic than FIV. Historically, it was considered to account for more disease-related deaths and clinical syndromes in cats than any other infectious agent. Recently, the prevalence and importance of FeLV have been decreasing, mainly because of testing and eradication programmes and the use of FeLV vaccines. Progressive FeLV infection can cause tumours, bone marrow suppression and immunosuppression, as well as neurological and other disorders, and leads to a decrease in life expectancy. However, with appropriate care, many FeLV-infected cats can also live several years with a good quality of life. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE A decision regarding treatment or euthanasia should never be based solely on the presence or absence of a retrovirus infection. Antiviral chemotherapy is of increasing interest in veterinary medicine, but is still not used commonly. EVIDENCE BASE This article reviews the current literature on antiviral chemotherapy in retrovirus-infected cats, focusing on drugs that are currently available on the market and, thus, could potentially be used in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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173
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Trzil JE, Masseau I, Webb TL, Chang CH, Dodam JR, Cohn LA, Liu H, Quimby JM, Dow SW, Reinero CR. Long-term evaluation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in a feline model of chronic allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1546-57. [PMID: 25220646 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decrease airway eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and remodelling in murine models of acutely induced asthma. We hypothesized that MSCs would diminish these hallmark features in a chronic feline asthma model. OBJECTIVE To document effects of allogeneic, adipose-derived MSCs on airway inflammation, AHR, and remodelling over time and investigate mechanisms by which MSCs alter local and systemic immunologic responses in chronic experimental feline allergic asthma. METHODS Cats with chronic, experimentally induced asthma received six intravenous infusions of MSCs (0.36-2.5 × 10E7 MSCs/infusion) or placebo bimonthly at the time of study enrollment. Cats were evaluated at baseline and longitudinally for 1 year. Outcome measures included: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology to assess airway eosinophilia, pulmonary mechanics and clinical scoring to assess AHR, and thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scans to assess structural changes (airway remodelling). CT scans were evaluated using a scoring system for lung attenuation (LA) and bronchial wall thickening (BWT). To assess mechanisms of MSC action, immunologic assays including allergen-specific IgE, cellular IL-10 production, and allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation were performed. RESULTS There were no differences between treatment groups or over time with respect to airway eosinophilia or AHR. However, significantly lower LA and BWT scores were noted in CT images of MSC-treated animals compared to placebo-treated cats at month 8 of the study (LA P = 0.0311; BWT P = 0.0489). No differences were noted between groups in the immunologic assays. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE When administered after development of chronic allergic feline asthma, MSCs failed to reduce airway inflammation and AHR. However, repeated administration of MSCs at the start of study did reduce computed tomographic measures of airway remodelling by month 8, although the effect was not sustained at month 12. Further study of MSC therapy including repeated MSC administration is warranted to assess impact on remodelling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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174
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Wilkes RP, Kania SA, Tsai YL, Lee PYA, Chang HH, Ma LJ, Chang HFG, Wang HTT. Rapid and sensitive detection of Feline immunodeficiency virus using an insulated isothermal PCR-based assay with a point-of-need PCR detection platform. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:510-5. [PMID: 26185125 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715593597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important infectious agent of cats. Clinical syndromes resulting from FIV infection include immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections, and neoplasia. In our study, a 5' long terminal repeat/gag region-based reverse transcription insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) was developed to amplify all known FIV strains to facilitate point-of-need FIV diagnosis. The RT-iiPCR method was applied in a point-of-need PCR detection platform--a field-deployable device capable of generating automatically interpreted RT-iiPCR results from nucleic acids within 1 hr. Limit of detection 95% of FIV RT-iiPCR was calculated to be 95 copies standard in vitro transcription RNA per reaction. Endpoint dilution studies with serial dilutions of an ATCC FIV type strain showed that the sensitivity of lyophilized FIV RT-iiPCR reagent was comparable to that of a reference nested PCR. The established reaction did not amplify any nontargeted feline pathogens, including Felid herpesvirus 1, feline coronavirus, Feline calicivirus, Feline leukemia virus, Mycoplasma haemofelis, and Chlamydophila felis. Based on analysis of 76 clinical samples (including blood and bone marrow) with the FIV RT-iiPCR, test sensitivity was 97.78% (44/45), specificity was 100.00% (31/31), and agreement was 98.65% (75/76), determined against a reference nested-PCR assay. A kappa value of 0.97 indicated excellent correlation between these 2 methods. The lyophilized FIV RT-iiPCR reagent, deployed on a user-friendly portable device, has potential utility for rapid and easy point-of-need detection of FIV in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Penrose Wilkes
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Yun-Long Tsai
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Pei-Yu Alison Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Hsiu-Hui Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Hsiao-Fen Grace Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Hwa-Tang Thomas Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
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175
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Kubinak JL, Cornwall DH, Hasenkrug KJ, Adler FR, Potts WK. Serial infection of diverse host (Mus) genotypes rapidly impedes pathogen fitness and virulence. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20141568. [PMID: 25392466 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced genetic variation among hosts may favour the emergence of virulent infectious diseases by enhancing pathogen replication and its associated virulence due to adaptation to a limited set of host genotypes. Here, we test this hypothesis using experimental evolution of a mouse-specific retroviral pathogen, Friend virus (FV) complex. We demonstrate rapid fitness (i.e. viral titre) and virulence increases when FV complex serially infects a series of inbred mice representing the same genotype, but not when infecting a diverse array of inbred mouse strains modelling the diversity in natural host populations. Additionally, a single infection of a different host genotype was sufficient to constrain the emergence of a high fitness/high virulence FV complex phenotype in these experiments. The potent inhibition of viral fitness and virulence was associated with an observed loss of the defective retroviral genome (spleen focus-forming virus), whose presence exacerbates infection and drives disease in susceptible mice. Results from our experiments provide an important first step in understanding how genetic variation among vertebrate hosts influences pathogen evolution and suggests that serial exposure to different genotypes within a single host species may act as a constraint on pathogen adaptation that prohibits the emergence of more virulent infections. From a practical perspective, these results have implications for low-diversity host populations such as endangered species and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas H Cornwall
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Frederick R Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, 155 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wayne K Potts
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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176
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Kornya MR, Kornya MR, Little SE, Scherk MA, Sears WC, Bienzle D. Association between oral health status and retrovirus test results in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 245:916-22. [PMID: 25285933 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.8.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine associations between oral health status and seropositivity for FIV or FeLV in cats. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. ANIMALS 5,179 cats. PROCEDURES Veterinarians at veterinary clinics and animal shelters completed online training on oral conditions in cats and then scored oral health status of cats with no known history of vaccination against FIV. Age, sex, and results of an ELISA for retroviruses were recorded. Results were analyzed by means of standard logistic regression with binary outcome. RESULTS Of 5,179 cats, 237 (4.6%) and 186 (3.6%) were seropositive for FIV and FeLV, respectively, and of these, 12 (0.2%) were seropositive for FIV and FeLV. Of all 5,179 cats, 1,073 (20.7%) had gingivitis, 576 (11.1%) had periodontitis, 203 (3.9%) had stomatitis, and 252 (4.9%) had other oral conditions (overall oral disease prevalence, 2,104/5,179 [40.6%]). Across all age categories, inflammatory oral disease was associated with a significantly higher risk of a positive test result for FIV, compared with the seropositivity risk associated with other oral diseases or no oral disease. Stomatitis was most highly associated with risk of FIV seropositivity. Cats with any oral inflammatory disease were more likely than orally healthy cats to have a positive test result for FeLV. Increasing age was associated with a higher prevalence of oral disease in retrovirus-seronegative cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inflammatory oral disease was associated with an increased risk of seropositivity for retroviruses in naturally infected cats. Therefore, retroviral status of cats with oral inflammatory disease should be determined and appropriate management initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kornya
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mathew R Kornya
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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177
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Koba R, Oguma K, Sentsui H. Overexpression of feline tripartite motif-containing 25 interferes with the late stage of feline leukemia virus replication. Virus Res 2015; 204:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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178
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Beznosková P, Wagner S, Jansen ME, von der Haar T, Valášek LS. Translation initiation factor eIF3 promotes programmed stop codon readthrough. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5099-111. [PMID: 25925566 PMCID: PMC4446449 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed stop codon readthrough is a post-transcription regulatory mechanism specifically increasing proteome diversity by creating a pool of C-terminally extended proteins. During this process, the stop codon is decoded as a sense codon by a near-cognate tRNA, which programs the ribosome to continue elongation. The efficiency of competition for the stop codon between release factors (eRFs) and near-cognate tRNAs is largely dependent on its nucleotide context; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this process is unknown. Here, we show that it is the translation initiation (not termination) factor, namely eIF3, which critically promotes programmed readthrough on all three stop codons. In order to do so, eIF3 must associate with pre-termination complexes where it interferes with the eRF1 decoding of the third/wobble position of the stop codon set in the unfavorable termination context, thus allowing incorporation of near-cognate tRNAs with a mismatch at the same position. We clearly demonstrate that efficient readthrough is enabled by near-cognate tRNAs with a mismatch only at the third/wobble position. Importantly, the eIF3 role in programmed readthrough is conserved between yeast and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Beznosková
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 5, Prague 128 44, the Czech Republic
| | - Susan Wagner
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | - Myrte Esmeralda Jansen
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
| | | | - Leoš Shivaya Valášek
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, the Czech Republic
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179
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Taffin E, Paepe D, Goris N, Auwerx J, Debille M, Neyts J, Van de Maele I, Daminet S. Antiviral treatment of feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats with (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:79-86. [PMID: 24782459 PMCID: PMC10816418 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14532089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the causative agent of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats (feline AIDS), is a ubiquitous health threat to the domestic and feral cat population, also triggering disease in wild animals. No registered antiviral compounds are currently available to treat FIV-infected cats. Several human antiviral drugs have been used experimentally in cats, but not without the development of serious adverse effects. Here we report on the treatment of six naturally FIV-infected cats, suffering from moderate to severe disease, with the antiretroviral compound (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine ([R]-PMPDAP), a close analogue of tenofovir, a widely prescribed anti-HIV drug in human medicine. An improvement in the average Karnofsky score (pretreatment 33.2 ± 9.4%, post-treatment 65±12.3%), some laboratory parameters (ie, serum amyloid A and gammaglobulins) and a decrease of FIV viral load in plasma were noted in most cats. The role of concurrent medication in ameliorating the Karnofsky score, as well as the possible development of haematological side effects, are discussed. Side effects, when noted, appeared mild and reversible upon cessation of treatment. Although strong conclusions cannot be drawn owing to the small number of patients and lack of a placebo-treated control group, the activity of (R)-PMPDAP, as observed here, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Taffin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Mariella Debille
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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180
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Bęczkowski PM, Litster A, Lin TL, Mellor DJ, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Contrasting clinical outcomes in two cohorts of cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:50-60. [PMID: 25595267 PMCID: PMC4332694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multi-cat household animals displayed 63% mortality rate. Lymphoma was the most common cause of death. The CD4:CD8 ratio failed to distinguish cats classified as healthy and not healthy. FIV load failed to distinguish cats classified as healthy and not healthy. Management and housing conditions impact on the progression of FIV infection.
Despite over 25 years of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) research, relatively little is known about the longitudinal course of FIV infection following natural infection. In contrast to published reports of experimental infections using lethal strains of the virus, clinical signs of naturally acquired FIV infection can be mild or inapparent, rather than life-threatening. In this prospective, longitudinal controlled study, based in Chicago, IL (n = 17) and Memphis, TN (n = 27), we investigated two cohorts of privately owned, naturally infected cats kept under different housing conditions. Cats in the Chicago cohort (Group 1) were kept in households of ≤2 cats, while the Memphis cohort (Group 2) comprised part of a large multi-cat household of over 60 cats kept indoors only, with unrestricted access to one another. The majority of cats from Group 1 did not display clinical signs consistent with immunodeficiency during the 22-month observation period. In contrast, the outcome of infection in Group 2 was dramatically different; 17/27 (63%) of cats lost a median of 51.3% of their bodyweight (P < 0.0005) and died during the study period, with lymphoma being the most common cause of mortality. Although the decrease in CD4+ T cell count between enrolment and terminal disease was significant (P = 0.0017), the CD4:CD8 ratio at the time of enrolment did not reliably distinguish FIV-positive cats classified as ‘healthy’ and ‘not healthy’ at either cohort. FIV load at enrolment was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences at enrolment between healthy and not healthy cats at either group. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that management and housing conditions impact on disease progression and survival times of FIV-positive cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł M Bęczkowski
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Annette Litster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dominic J Mellor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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181
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Biology and Diseases of Cats. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149628 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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182
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de Castro FL, Junqueira DM, de Medeiros RM, da Silva TR, Costenaro JG, Knak MB, de Matos Almeida SE, Campos FS, Roehe PM, Franco AC. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the APOBEC3H gene of domestic cats (Felis catus) and their association with the susceptibility to feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:389-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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183
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Modulation of stop codon read-through efficiency and its effect on the replication of murine leukemia virus. J Virol 2014; 88:10364-76. [PMID: 24991001 PMCID: PMC4178896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00898-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational readthrough—suppression of termination at a stop codon—is exploited in the replication cycles of several viruses and represents a potential target for antiviral intervention. In the gammaretroviruses, typified by Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gag and pol are in the same reading frame, separated by a UAG stop codon, and termination codon readthrough is required for expression of the viral Gag-Pol fusion protein. Here, we investigated the effect on MuLV replication of modulating readthrough efficiency. We began by manipulating the readthrough signal in the context of an infectious viral clone to generate a series of MuLV variants in which readthrough was stimulated or reduced. In carefully controlled infectivity assays, it was found that reducing the MuLV readthrough efficiency only 4-fold led to a marked defect and that a 10-fold reduction essentially abolished replication. However, up to an ∼8.5-fold stimulation of readthrough (up to 60% readthrough) was well tolerated by the virus. These high levels of readthrough were achieved using a two-plasmid system, with Gag and Gag-Pol expressed from separate infectious clones. We also modulated readthrough by silencing expression of eukaryotic release factors 1 and 3 (eRF1 and eRF3) or by introducing aminoglycosides into the cells. The data obtained indicate that gammaretroviruses tolerate a substantial excess of viral Gag-Pol synthesis but are very sensitive to a reduction in levels of this polyprotein. Thus, as is also the case for ribosomal frameshifting, antiviral therapies targeting readthrough with inhibitory agents are likely to be the most beneficial. IMPORTANCE Many pathogenic RNA viruses and retroviruses use ribosomal frameshifting or stop codon readthrough to regulate expression of their replicase enzymes. These translational “recoding” processes are potential targets for antiviral intervention, but we have only a limited understanding of the consequences to virus replication of modulating the efficiency of recoding, particularly for those viruses employing readthrough. In this paper, we describe the first systematic analysis of the effect of increasing or decreasing readthrough efficiency on virus replication using the gammaretrovirus MuLV as a model system. We find unexpectedly that MuLV replication is only slightly inhibited by substantial increases in readthrough frequency, but as with other viruses that use recoding strategies, replication is quite sensitive to even modest reductions. These studies provide insights into both the readthrough process and MuLV replication and have implications for the selection of antivirals against gammaretroviruses.
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184
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Best MP, Fry DR. Primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and immune-mediated neutropenia suspected in a 21-week-old Maine Coon cat. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:250-3. [PMID: 24964834 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A 21-week-old Maine Coon cat presented with an acute-onset coagulopathy. Severe concurrent thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were identified on peripheral blood smears and bone marrow cytology supported a peripheral consumptive process. Other than mild superficial haemorrhage, the cat was clinically well and screening for retroviral diseases, abdominal ultrasound examination, thoracic radiography, haematology and biochemistry panels did not identify an underlying disease. There was no historical pharmaceutical or toxicological trigger noted and the cat was from an area without endemic Ehrlichia spp. There was a rapid resolution of both cytopenias following treatment with immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone, though a mild relapse occurred during gradual prednisolone withdrawal and was responsive to a dose increase. CONCLUSIONS This report describes this combination of diseases for the first time in a cat and presents a younger patient than previously described with feline primary immune-mediated haematological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Best
- Brisbane Veterinary Specialist Centre, Cnr Old Northern and Keong Rds, Albany Creek, Queensland, 4035, Australia.
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185
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Armua-Fernandez MT, Castro OF, Crampet A, Bartzabal Á, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Grimm F, Deplazes P. First case of peritoneal cystic echinococcosis in a domestic cat caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (genotype 1) associated to feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:300-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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186
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Muchaamba F, Mutiringindi TH, Tivapasi MT, Dhliwayo S, Matope G. A survey of feline leukaemia virus infection of domestic cats from selected areas in Harare, Zimbabwe. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:1126. [DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to detect the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) p27 antigen and to determine risk factors and the haematological changes associated with infection in domestic cats in Zimbabwe. Sera were collected for detection of the p27 antigen, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels, whilst whole blood was collected for haematology. FeLV p27 antigen was detected using a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit. Data on risk factors were analysed using a logistic regression model. Of the 100 cats tested, 41% (95% CI: 31.19% – 50.81%) (41/100) were positive for the FeLV p27 antigen. Sex and health status of cats were not significantly (p > 0.05) associated with infection. Intact cats (OR = 9.73), those living in multicat housing (OR = 5.23) and cats that had access to outdoor life (OR = 35.5) were found to have higher odds of infection compared with neutered cats, those living in single-cat housing, and without access to outdoor life, respectively. Biochemistry and haematology revealed no specific changes. The results showed that FeLV infection was high in sampled cats, providing evidence of active infection. Thus, it would be prudent to introduce specific control measures for FeLV infection in Zimbabwe.
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187
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Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) shares genomic organization, receptor usage, lymphocyte tropism, and induction of immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to cancer with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Global distribution, marked heterogeneity and variable host adaptation are also properties of both viruses. These features render the FIV-cat model suitable to explore many aspects of lentivirus-host interaction and adaptation, and to explore treatment and prevention of infection. Examples of fundamental discoveries that have emerged from study in the FIV-cat model concern two-receptor entrance strategies that target memory T-lymphocytes, host factors that restrict retroviral infection, viral strategies for replication in non-dividing cells, and identification of correlates of immunity to the virus. This article provides a brief overview of strengths and limitations of the FIV-cat model for comparative biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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188
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Stercz B, Perlstadt H, Nagy K, Ongrádi J. Immunochemistry of adenoviruses: limitations and new horizons of gene therapy. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2013; 60:447-59. [PMID: 24292088 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.60.2013.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses have increasingly been recognized as significant viral pathogens causing high morbidity and mortality especially among immunocompromised individuals such as transplant recipients and AIDS patients. Through the infection process, after the adenovirus fiber and penton are bonded to cell surface receptors through special amino acid moieties, secondary messengers activate protein kinases, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Serotype and species specific antibodies also are induced. Recombinant human adenoviruses have been pivotal in the development of gene therapy strategies and have shown a great promise for the treatment of genetic disorders and malignancies. Recent studies have enlightened their harmful immunological effects dependent on fiber and hexon polypeptide structure and receptor binding. Pre-existing antibodies or those elicited by vectors neutralize input recombinant adenovirus particles rendering them ineffective. Mediators induce serious even lethal side effects and cytotoxic reactions which extinguish transgene expression. To overcome these difficulties new strategies are required in the application of recombinant adenoviruses to redirect vector entry from the natural receptors to alternative binding sites or using rare human or animal adenovirus fiber molecules to modify the native fiber structure by altering amino acid structure and creating chimeric fibers. This requires searching for, isolating and characterizing new serotypes, mutants or variants for new generation vectors. Human adenovirus 1 feline isolate (feline adenovirus) might fulfil these criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Stercz
- Semmelweis University Department of Medical Microbiology Budapest Hungary
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189
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Stickney AL, Dunowska M, Cave NJ. Sequence variation of the feline immunodeficiency virus genome and its clinical relevance. Vet Rec 2013; 172:607-14. [PMID: 23749359 DOI: 10.1136/vr.f101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has resulted in the existence of a diverse continuum of viruses. FIV isolates differ with regards to their mutation and replication rates, plasma viral loads, cell tropism and the ability to induce apoptosis. Clinical disease in FIV-infected cats is also inconsistent. Genomic sequence variation of FIV is likely to be responsible for some of the variation in viral behaviour. The specific genetic sequences that influence these key viral properties remain to be determined. With knowledge of the specific key determinants of pathogenicity, there is the potential for veterinarians in the future to apply this information for prognostic purposes. Genomic sequence variation of FIV also presents an obstacle to effective vaccine development. Most challenge studies demonstrate acceptable efficacy of a dual-subtype FIV vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) against FIV infection under experimental settings; however, vaccine efficacy in the field still remains to be proven. It is important that we discover the key determinants of immunity induced by this vaccine; such data would compliment vaccine field efficacy studies and provide the basis to make informed recommendations on its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Stickney
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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190
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McDonnel SJ, Sparger EE, Murphy BG. Feline immunodeficiency virus latency. Retrovirology 2013; 10:69. [PMID: 23829177 PMCID: PMC3707804 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite highly effective anti-retroviral therapy, HIV is thought to persist in patients within long-lived cellular reservoirs in the form of a transcriptionally inactive (latent) integrated provirus. Lentiviral latency has therefore come to the forefront of the discussion on the possibility of a cure for HIV infection in humans. Animal models of lentiviral latency provide an essential tool to study mechanisms of latency and therapeutic manipulation. Of the three animal models that have been described, the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cat is the most recent and least characterized. However, several aspects of this model make it attractive for latency research, and it may be complementary to other model systems. This article reviews what is known about FIV latency and chronic FIV infection and how it compares with that of other lentiviruses. It thereby offers a framework for the usefulness of this model in future research aimed at lentiviral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J McDonnel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4206 Vet Med 3A, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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