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Xing C, Ma N, Xiao H, Wang X, Zheng M, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Critical role for thymic CD19+CD5+CD1dhiIL-10+ regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:547-56. [PMID: 25516754 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0414-213rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that besides the spleen, LNs, peripheral blood, and thymus contain a regulatory IL-10-producing CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(high) B cell subset that may play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Indeed, this population was identified in the murine thymus, and furthermore, when cocultured with CD4(+) T cells, this population of B cells supported the maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in vitro, in part, via the CD5-CD72 interaction. Mice homozygous for Cd19(Cre) (CD19(-/-)) express B cells with impaired signaling and humoral responses. Strikingly, CD19(-/-) mice produce fewer CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and a greater percentage of CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells. Consistent with these results, transfer of thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells into CD19(-/-) mice resulted in significantly up-regulated numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs with a concomitant reduction in CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cell populations in the thymus, spleen, and LNs but not in the BM of recipient mice. In addition, thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells significantly suppressed autoimmune responses in lupus-like mice via up-regulation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and IL-10-producing Bregs. This study suggests that thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi)IL-10(+) Bregs play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Ma
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mingke Zheng
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
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152
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Moreau A, Blair PA, Chai JG, Ratnasothy K, Stolarczyk E, Alhabbab R, Rackham CL, Jones PM, Smyth L, Elgueta R, Howard JK, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Transitional-2 B cells acquire regulatory function during tolerance induction and contribute to allograft survival. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:843-53. [PMID: 25408265 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, tolerance to renal transplants has been associated with alterations in B-cell gene transcription and maintenance of the numbers of circulating transitional B cells. Here, we use a mouse model of transplantation tolerance to investigate the contribution of B cells to allograft survival. We demonstrate that transfer of B cells from mice rendered tolerant to MHC class I mismatched skin grafts can prolong graft survival in a dose-dependent and antigen-specific manner to a degree similar to that afforded by graft-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tolerance in this model was associated with an increase in transitional-2 (T2) B cells. Only T2 B cells from tolerized mice, not naïve T2 nor alloantigen experienced T2, were capable of prolonging skin allograft survival, and suppressing T-cell activation. Tolerized T2 B cells expressed lower levels of CD86, increased TIM-1, and demonstrated a preferential survival in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate a synergistic effect between tolerized B cells and graft-specific Treg cells. IL-10 production by T2 B cells did not contribute to tolerance, as shown by transfer of B cells from IL-10(-/-) mice. These results suggest that T2 B cells in tolerant patients may include a population of regulatory B cells that directly inhibit graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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153
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Interleukin-10-Producing Plasmablasts Exert Regulatory Function in Autoimmune Inflammation. Immunity 2014; 41:1040-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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154
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Gao N, Dresel J, Eckstein V, Gellert R, Störch H, Venigalla RKC, Schwenger V, Max R, Blank N, Lorenz HM, Tretter T. Impaired suppressive capacity of activation-induced regulatory B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2849-61. [PMID: 24942956 DOI: 10.1002/art.38742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE B cells with immunoregulatory properties (Breg cells) have been described in mice, but their role in the control of human immune responses is not well defined. We recently identified a human population of activated FSC(high) B cells that exhibited regulatory activity toward T helper cells. The aim of the present study was to test such induced Breg (iBreg) cells in patients with autoimmune disease. METHODS Purified CD19+FSC(high) B cells derived from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or from healthy donors, which were activated via their B cell receptor, were cocultured with CD3-stimulated CD4+ T helper cells from SLE patients or healthy donors. (3) H-thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyze proliferation, cytokine secretion, and surface marker expression. RESULTS Although under costimulatory conditions, FSC(high) SLE B cells supported the proliferation of healthy donor T cells to a similar extent as donor B cells, their regulatory function was significantly diminished in B cell suppressor assays. Similar effects were seen when SLE T cells were used, confirming that SLE T cells were equally susceptible to iBreg cell signals as healthy donor T cells and that SLE iBreg cell defects were independent of T cell origin. B cell viability and expression of surface markers (CD25, CD80, and B7-H1) or cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-10) were comparable in the two B cell populations. There was no correlation between the extent of iBreg cell-induced inhibition and disease activity. CD19+FSC(high) B cells from patients with another systemic autoimmune disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA), exhibited no regulatory defects, which suggests that the iBreg cell defects were SLE-specific and not a general consequence of autoimmunity or inflammation. CONCLUSION Induced Breg cells from SLE patients, but not GPA patients, are less effective in the control of T helper cell proliferation, which supports the reported skewed B cell repertoire in SLE. The malfunctioning SLE iBreg cells might allow the overstimulation of immune responses and contribute to the initiation and/or perpetuation of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Gao
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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155
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Zhu HQ, Xu RC, Chen YY, Yuan HJ, Cao H, Zhao XQ, Zheng J, Wang Y, Pan M. Impaired function of CD19(+) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) regulatory B cells in patients with pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:101-10. [PMID: 24935080 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is an organ-specific autoimmune bullous disease. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in patients with pemphigus. METHODS The frequency of the occurrence of CD19(+) CD24(hi) CD38(hi) Bregs was detected from 34 patients with pemphigus and 20 healthy controls. Interleukin (IL)-10 secretion was processed after stimulating B cells. Specific antidesmoglein antibody (Ab) titres and their subclasses were also measured. Ab response and cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with or without Bregs were analysed. RESULTS The number of Bregs was significantly increased in patients with pemphigus compared with healthy controls (15 ± 7% vs. 9 ± 3%; P < 0·01) and the proportion of Bregs in the active groups (newly diagnosed and chronic active patients) was significantly higher than in remittent individuals (16 ± 7% vs. 13 ± 8%; P = 0·04). The IL-10-producing B cells were significantly increased upon stimulation both in patients and in healthy controls. However, the increase ratio of IL-10-producing B cells between short- and long-term stimulation was significantly lower in patients with pemphigus (1·0-fold vs. 2·6-fold increase in control group; P < 0·01). Strikingly, Bregs from the controls were able to suppress interferon (IFN)-γ expression and T helper cell 1 (Th1) immune response (26% inhibition rate), while the suppressive function of Bregs from patients with pemphigus was significantly decreased (9% inhibition rate). There was no difference in Ab levels from PBMCs with or without Bregs after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Bregs in patients with pemphigus are elevated but with defective regulatory function on Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Q Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Dermatology, Rui Jin Hospital North, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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156
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Abstract
While B cells are traditionally regarded as promoters of the immune response via antibody secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, recent studies have also confirmed an important role for B-cell-mediated negative regulation of immunity. Tremendous advances in the characterization of the mechanisms by which regulatory B cells function has led to the identification of a novel subset of regulatory B cells known as B10 cells, which regulate immune responses through the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). B10 cells are best defined by their functional ability to produce IL-10, as they are not confined to any particular phenotypic subset. B10 cells function in an antigen-specific manner that requires cognate interactions with T cells in vivo to regulate immune responses and have been demonstrated to be potent regulators of allergic and autoimmune disease, cancer, infection, and transplant rejection. Importantly, the recent discovery of human B10 cells has accelerated this field to the forefront of clinical research where the possibility of harnessing the regulatory potential of B10 cells for treatment of aberrant immune responses and diseases may become feasible.
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157
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Zhou J, Min Z, Zhang D, Wang W, Marincola F, Wang X. Enhanced frequency and potential mechanism of B regulatory cells in patients with lung cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:304. [PMID: 25381811 PMCID: PMC4236438 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and B cells (Bregs) play an important role in the development of lung cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the phenotype of circulating Tregs and Bregs in patients with lung cancer and explore potential mechanism by which lung cancer cells act on the development of both. METHODS Patients with lung cancer (n = 268) and healthy donors (n = 65) were enrolled in the study. Frequencies of Tregs and Bregs were measured by flow cytometry with antibodies against CD4, CD25, CD127, CD45RA, CD19, CD24, CD27 and IL-10 before and after co-cultures. qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate the mRNA levels of RANTES, MIP-1α, TGF-β, IFN-γ and IL-4. RESULTS We found a lower frequency of Tregs and a higher frequency of Bregs in patients with lung cancer compared to healthy donors. Co-culture of lung cancer cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells could polarize the lymphocyte phenotype in the similar pattern. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated lung cancer cells significantly modulated regulatory cell number and function in an in vitro model. CONCLUSION We provide initial evidence that frequencies of peripheral Tregs decreased or Bregs increased in patients with lung cancer, which may be modulated directly by lung cancer cells. It seems cancer cells per se plays a crucial role in the development of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebai Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhihui Min
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ding Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - William Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UCL, London, UK.
| | | | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China.
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158
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Mutnal MB, Hu S, Schachtele SJ, Lokensgard JR. Infiltrating regulatory B cells control neuroinflammation following viral brain infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6070-80. [PMID: 25385825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of a subset of B lymphocytes, regulatory B cells (Bregs), which modulate immune function. In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments were undertaken to elucidate the role of these Bregs in controlling neuroinflammation following viral brain infection. We used multicolor flow cytometry to phenotype lymphocyte subpopulations infiltrating the brain, along with in vitro cocultures to assess their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory roles. This distinctive subset of CD19(+)CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells was found to infiltrate the brains of chronically infected animals, reaching highest levels at the latest time point tested (30 d postinfection). B cell-deficient Jh(-/-) mice were found to develop exacerbated neuroimmune responses as measured by enhanced accumulation and/or retention of CD8(+) T cells within the brain, as well as increased levels of microglial activation (MHC class II). Conversely, levels of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells were found to be significantly lower in Jh(-/-) mice when compared with wild-type (Wt) animals. Further experiments showed that in vitro-generated IL-10-secreting Bregs (B10) were able to inhibit cytokine responses from microglia following stimulation with viral Ags. These in vitro-generated B10 cells were also found to promote proliferation of regulatory T cells in coculture studies. Finally, gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that reconstitution of Wt B cells into Jh(-/-) mice restored neuroimmune responses to levels exhibited by infected Wt mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Bregs modulate T lymphocyte as well as microglial cell responses within the infected brain and promote CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar B Mutnal
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Shuxian Hu
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Scott J Schachtele
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - James R Lokensgard
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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159
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Braza F, Chesne J, Castagnet S, Magnan A, Brouard S. Regulatory functions of B cells in allergic diseases. Allergy 2014; 69:1454-63. [PMID: 25060230 DOI: 10.1111/all.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B cells are essentially described for their capacity to produce antibodies ensuring anti-infectious immunity or deleterious responses in the case of autoimmunity or allergy. However, abundant data described their ability to restrain inflammation by diverse mechanisms. In allergy, some regulatory B-cell subsets producing IL-10 have been recently described as potent suppressive cells able to restrain inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo by regulatory T-cell differentiation or directly inhibiting T-cell-mediated inflammation. A specific deficit in regulatory B cells participates to more severe allergic inflammation. Induction of allergen tolerance through specific immunotherapy induces a specific expansion of these cells supporting their role in establishment of allergen tolerance. However, the regulatory functions carried out by B cells are not exclusively IL-10 dependent. Indeed, other regulatory mechanisms mediated by B cells are (i) the production of TGF-β, (ii) the promotion of T-cell apoptosis by Fas-Fas ligand or granzyme-B pathways, and (iii) their capacity to produce inhibitory IgG4 and sialylated IgG able to mediate anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This points to Bregs as interesting targets for the development of new therapies to induce allergen tolerance. In this review, we highlight advances in the study of regulatory mechanisms mediated by B cells and outline what is known about their phenotype as well as their suppressive role in allergy from studies in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Braza
- INSERM; UMR 1087; l'institut du Thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6291; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR U1064; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - J. Chesne
- INSERM; UMR 1087; l'institut du Thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6291; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR U1064; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - S. Castagnet
- Laboratoire HLA; Établissement Français du Sang; Nantes France
| | - A. Magnan
- INSERM; UMR 1087; l'institut du Thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6291; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- CHU Nantes; l'institut du Thorax; Service de Pneumologie; Nantes France
| | - S. Brouard
- INSERM; UMR U1064; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
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160
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Chen D, Blazek M, Ireland S, Ortega S, Kong X, Meeuwissen A, Stowe A, Carter L, Wang Y, Herbst R, Monson NL. Single dose of glycoengineered anti-CD19 antibody (MEDI551) disrupts experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting pathogenic adaptive immune responses in the bone marrow and spinal cord while preserving peripheral regulatory mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4823-32. [PMID: 25281717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells and the autoreactive Abs they produce are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but recent attempts to target these components of humoral immunity have failed. MEDI551, an anti-CD19 Ab that depletes mature B cells including plasma cells may offer a compelling alternative that reduces pathogenic adaptive immune responses while sparing regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, our data demonstrate that a single dose of MEDI551, given before or during ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, disrupts development of the disease. Leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord is significantly reduced, as well as short-lived and long-lived autoreactive CD138(+) plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow, respectively. In addition, potentially protective CD1d(hi)CD5(+) regulatory B cells show resistance to depletion, and myelin-specific Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells are expanded. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MEDI551 disrupts experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting multiple proinflammatory components whereas preserving regulatory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Monica Blazek
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sara Ireland
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sterling Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Anouk Meeuwissen
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ann Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Laura Carter
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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161
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Preciado-Llanes L, Wing JB, Foster RA, Carlring J, Lees A, Read RC, Heath AW. Contact dependent suppression of CD4 T cell activation and proliferation by B cells activated through IgD cross-linking. Immunology 2014; 144:444-452. [PMID: 25244010 PMCID: PMC4557681 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the co-stimulatory interaction between B and T cells is well defined, recent evidence suggests that B cells also have a regulatory role. Here, we show that B cells activated using anti-IgD conjugated to dextran (α-δ-dex) directly inhibit TCR-induced CD4 T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine production. This effect was observed in CD4 T cells activated both with and without CD28 co-stimulation. T cell viability was unaffected, and the T cell suppressive effect was mediated by contact with IgD activated purified B cells and not by IL-10 or other soluble factors. This is the first evidence of IgD activated B cells mediating inhibition of activation and proliferation of CD4 T cells in humans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - James B Wing
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Rachel A Foster
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer Carlring
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | | | - Robert C Read
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, and NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of SouthamptonUK
| | - Andrew W Heath
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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162
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Bouaziz JD, de Masson A, Le Buanec H, Bagot M, Bensussan A. Lymphocytes B régulateurs : état des connaissances. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:721-4. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143008002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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163
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Elizer SK, Marshall AF, Moore DJ. Dysregulation of T lymphocyte proliferative responses in autoimmunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106347. [PMID: 25171173 PMCID: PMC4149551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critically dependent on cellular proliferation in order to carry out their effector functions. Autoimmune strains are commonly thought to have uncontrolled T cell proliferation; however, in the murine model of autoimmune diabetes, hypo-proliferation of T cells leading to defective AICD was previously uncovered. We now determine whether lupus prone murine strains are similarly hyporesponsive. Upon extensive characterization of T lymphocyte activation, we have observed a common feature of CD4 T cell activation shared among three autoimmune strains-NOD, MRL, and NZBxNZW F1s. When stimulated with a polyclonal mitogen, CD4 T cells demonstrate arrested cell division and diminished dose responsiveness as compared to the non-autoimmune strain C57BL/6, a phenotype we further traced to a reliance on B cell mediated costimulation, which underscores the success of B cell directed immune therapies in preventing T cell mediated tissue injury. In turn, the diminished proliferative capacity of these CD4 T cells lead to a decreased, but activation appropriate, susceptibility to activation induced cell death. A similar decrement in stimulation response was observed in the CD8 compartment of NOD mice; NOD CD8 T cells were distinguished from lupus prone strains by a diminished dose-responsiveness to anti-CD3 mediated stimulation. This distinction may explain the differential pathogenetic pathways activated in diabetes and lupus prone murine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney K Elizer
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew F Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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164
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Sheng JR, Quan S, Soliven B. CD1d(hi)CD5+ B cells expanded by GM-CSF in vivo suppress experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2669-77. [PMID: 25135828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-competent subset within CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells, also known as B10 cells, has been shown to regulate autoimmune diseases. Whether B10 cells can prevent or suppress the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) has not been studied. In this study, we investigated whether low-dose GM-CSF, which suppresses EAMG, can expand B10 cells in vivo, and whether adoptive transfer of CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells would prevent or suppress EAMG. We found that treatment of EAMG mice with low-dose GM-CSF increased the proportion of CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells and B10 cells. In vitro coculture studies revealed that CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells altered T cell cytokine profile but did not directly inhibit T cell proliferation. In contrast, CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells inhibited B cell proliferation and its autoantibody production in an IL-10-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells to mice could prevent disease, as well as suppress EAMG after disease onset. This was associated with downregulation of mature dendritic cell markers and expansion of regulatory T cells resulting in the suppression of acetylcholine receptor-specific T cell and B cell responses. Thus, our data have provided significant insight into the mechanisms underlying the tolerogenic effects of B10 cells in EAMG. These observations suggest that in vivo or in vitro expansion of CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells or B10 cells may represent an effective strategy in the treatment of human myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Sheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Betty Soliven
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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165
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Zhang Y, Morgan R, Podack ER, Rosenblatt J. B cell regulation of anti-tumor immune response. Immunol Res 2014; 57:115-24. [PMID: 24293009 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has been investigating the role of B cells on tumor immunity. We have studied the immune response in mice that are genetically lacking in B cells (BCDM) using a variety of syngeneic mouse tumors and compared immune responses in BCDM with those seen in wild type (WT) immunocompetent mice (ICM). A variety of murine tumors are rejected or inhibited in their growth in BCDM, compared with ICM, including the EL4 thymoma, and the MC38 colon carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice, as well as the EMT-6 breast carcinoma in BALB/c mice. In all three murine models, tumors show reduced growth in BCDM which is accompanied by increased T cell and NK cell infiltration, and a more vigorous Th1 cytokine response, and increased cytolytic T cell response in the absence of B cells. Reconstitution of the mice with B cells results in augmented tumor growth due to a diminished anti-tumor immune response and in reduction in CD8+ T cell and NK cell infiltration. Studies involving BCR transgenic mice indicated that B cells inhibit anti-tumor T cell responses through antigen non-specific mechanisms. More recent studies using the EMT-6 model demonstrated that both the number and function of Treg cells in ICM was increased relative to that seen in BCDM. Increased expansion of Treg cells was evident following EMT-6 implantation in ICM relative to that seen in non-tumor-bearing mice or BCDM. The percentage and number of Tregs in spleen, tumor draining lymph nodes, and the tumor bed are increased in ICM compared with BCDM. Treg functional capacity as measured by suppression assays appears to be reduced in BCDM compared with ICM. In contrast to other described types of B regulatory activity, adoptive transfer of B cells can rescue tumor growth independently of the ability of B cells to secrete IL-10, and also independently of MHC-II expression. In experiments using the MC38 adenocarcinoma model, BCDM reconstituted with WT B cells support tumor growth while tumor growth continues to be inhibited in BCDM reconstituted with OX40L(-/-) B cells. This suggests that interaction between OX40 on T cells and OX40-ligand on B cells may be important in modulating anti-tumor immune response. Ongoing experiments in the laboratory indicate that B cells migrate to the site of tumor and acquire expression of immunosuppressive ligands and/or cytokines that contribute to the inhibition of anti-tumor immune response. Significant infiltration of human tumors by Treg cells as well as B cells suggests that observations made in murine systems may be applicable to human tumors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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166
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Bouma G, Carter NA, Recher M, Malinova D, Adriani M, Notarangelo LD, Burns SO, Mauri C, Thrasher AJ. Exacerbated experimental arthritis in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein deficiency: modulatory role of regulatory B cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2692-702. [PMID: 24945741 PMCID: PMC4209796 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients deficient in the cytoskeletal regulator Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) are predisposed to varied autoimmunity, suggesting it has an important controlling role in participating cells. IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells are emerging as important mediators of immunosuppressive activity. In experimental, antigen-induced arthritis WASp-deficient (WASp knockout [WAS KO]) mice developed exacerbated disease associated with decreased Breg cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells, but increased Th17 cells in knee-draining LNs. Arthritic WAS KO mice showed increased serum levels of B-cell-activating factor, while their B cells were unresponsive in terms of B-cell-activating factor induced survival and IL-10 production. Adoptive transfer of WT Breg cells ameliorated arthritis in WAS KO recipients and restored a normal balance of Treg and Th17 cells. Mice with B-cell-restricted WASp deficiency, however, did not develop exacerbated arthritis, despite exhibiting reduced Breg- and Treg-cell numbers during active disease, and Th17 cells were not increased over equivalent WT levels. These findings support a contributory role for defective Breg cells in the development of WAS-related autoimmunity, but demonstrate that functional competence in other regulatory populations can be compensatory. A properly regulated cytoskeleton is therefore important for normal Breg-cell activity and complementation of defects in this lineage is likely to have important therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Bouma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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167
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Ferro A, Zebedeo CN, Davis C, Ng KW, Pfau JC. Amphibole, but not chrysotile, asbestos induces anti-nuclear autoantibodies and IL-17 in C57BL/6 mice. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 11:283-90. [PMID: 24164284 PMCID: PMC4996640 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.847510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Exposure to amphibole asbestos has been associated with production of autoantibodies in mice and humans, and increases the risk of systemic autoimmune disease. However, epidemiological studies of chrysotile exposure have not indicated a similar induction of autoimmune responses. To demonstrate this difference in controlled exposures in mice, and to explore possible mechanistic explanations for the difference, C57BL/6 mice were exposed intratracheally to amphibole or chrysotile asbestos, or to saline only. Serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA), serum cytokines, and immunoglobulin isotypes were evaluated 8 months after the final treatment. The percentages of lymphocyte sub-sets were determined in the spleen and lungs. The results show that amphibole, but not chrysotile, asbestos increases the frequency of ANA/ENA in mice. Amphibole and chrysotile both increased multiple serum cytokines, but only amphibole increased IL-17. Both fibers decreased IgG1, without significant changes in other immunoglobulin isotypes. Although there were no gross changes in overall percentages of T- and B-cells in the spleen or lung, there was a significant increase in the normally rare populations of suppressor B-cells (CD19(+), CD5(+), CD1d(+)) in both the spleen and lungs of chrysotile-exposed mice. Overall, the results suggest that, while there may be an inflammatory response to both forms of asbestos, there is an autoimmune response in only the amphibole-exposed, but not the chrysotile-exposed mice. These data have critical implications in terms of screening and health outcomes of asbestos-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ferro
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Yakima, WA, USA
| | | | - Chad Davis
- Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Kok Whei Ng
- Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Jean C. Pfau
- Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pocatello, ID, USA
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168
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Hua F, Ji L, Zhan Y, Li F, Zou S, Chen L, Gao S, Li Y, Chen H, Cheng Y. Aberrant frequency of IL-10-producing B cells and its association with Treg/Th17 in adult primary immune thrombocytopenia patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:571302. [PMID: 25057496 PMCID: PMC4098883 DOI: 10.1155/2014/571302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells (Breg) are a distinct B cell subset with immunoregulatory properties. Pivotal to Breg function is interleukin-10. This study was to investigate the role of IL-10-producing B cell (B10) and its association with Treg and Th17 subsets in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ITP patients and controls were stimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and Brefeldin A. The frequencies of CD19(+)IL-10(+) B cells, CD3(+)CD4(+)IL-17(+) Th17 cells, and CD4(+)CD25(hi)Foxp3(+) Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Foxp3 and RORγt was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The number of B10 cells was elevated in ITP patients. After first-line therapies, it remained at high level in patients who achieved complete or partial response but decreased in those who acquired no response. There was a positive correlation between B10 cells and Tregs in ITP both before and after therapies. The ratio of Treg/Th17 decreased in ITP, and it strongly correlated with B10 cells. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of B10 cells is elevated in ITP and it correlates with both the Tregs counts and the Treg/Th17 ratio. B10 cells to regulate functional T cell subsets might be impaired in patients with ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Hua
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Haematology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lili Ji
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanxia Zhan
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shanhua Zou
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lihang Chen
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, HI 96813, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Haematology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Haematology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Department of Haematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Research Centre, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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169
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SHI JIAZHEN, LI SHIBAO, ZHOU YAN, WANG LIXIN, WEN JIANGTAO, WANG YONGHONG, KANG ZHIHUA. Perioperative changes in peripheral regulatory B cells of patients with esophageal cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1525-30. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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170
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The roles of regulatory B cells in cancer. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:215471. [PMID: 24991577 PMCID: PMC4060293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/215471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs), a newly described subset of B cells, have been proved to play a suppressive role in immune system. Bregs can inhibit other immune cells through cytokines secretion and antigen presentation, which give them the role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and cancers. There are no clear criteria to identify Bregs; different markers were used in the different experimental conditions. Massive researches had described the functions of immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), dendritic cells (DCs), and B cells in the autoimmune disorder diseases and cancers. More and more researches focused on the roles of Bregs and the cytokines such as Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) secreted by Bregs. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics of Bregs and the roles of Bregs in cancer.
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171
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Lin W, Jin L, Chen H, Wu Q, Fei Y, Zheng W, Wang Q, Li P, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zeng X, Zhang F. B cell subsets and dysfunction of regulatory B cells in IgG4-related diseases and primary Sjögren's syndrome: the similarities and differences. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R118. [PMID: 24887143 PMCID: PMC4075418 DOI: 10.1186/ar4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multisystem-involved autoimmune disease. Abnormally activated and differentiated B cells may play important roles. Regulatory B cells (Breg) are newly defined B cell subgroups with immunosuppressive functions. In this study, we investigated the differences of B cell subsets, the expressions of co-stimulatory molecules on B cells, and the function of Breg cells in patients with IgG4-RD, primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) as well as in healthy controls (HC). Methods Newly diagnosed IgG4-RD patients (n = 48) were enrolled, 38 untreated pSS patients and 30 healthy volunteers were recruited as disease and healthy controls. To analyze B cell subsets and B cell activity, PBMCs were surface stained and detected by flow cytometry. The function of Breg cells was tested by coculturing isolated CD19 + CD24hiCD38hi Breg cells with purified CD4 + CD25- T cells. Serum cytokines were measured by ELISA and cytometric bead array. Relationship between clinical data and laboratory findings were analyzed as well. Results Compared with pSS patients and HC, IgG4-RD patients had a lower frequency of peripheral Breg cells. Interestingly, CD19 + CD24-CD38hi B cell subsets were significantly higher in peripheral B cells from IgG4-RD patients than in pSS patients and HC, which correlated with serum IgG4 levels. The expression of BAFF-R and CD40 on B cells was significantly lower in IgG4-RD patients compared with those in pSS patients and HC. Unlike HC, Breg cells from pSS patients lacked suppressive functions. Conclusions B cells in patients with IgG4-RD and pSS display a variety of abnormalities, including disturbed B cell subpopulations, abnormal expression of key signaling molecules, co-stimulatory molecules, and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, a significantly increased B cell subset, CD19 + CD24-CD38hi B cells, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD.
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172
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Bao Y, Cao X. The immune potential and immunopathology of cytokine-producing B cell subsets: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:10-23. [PMID: 24794622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are generally recognized for their potential to mediate humoral immunity by producing different antibody isotypes and being involved in opsonization and complement fixation. Nevertheless, the non-classical, antibody-independent immune potential of B cell subsets has attracted much attention especially in the past decade. These B cells can release a broad variety of cytokines (such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, LT), and can be classified into distinct subsets depending on the particular cytokine profile, thus emerging the concept of cytokine-producing B cell subsets. Although there is still controversy surrounding the key cell surface markers, intracellular factors and cellular origins of cytokine-producing B cell subsets, accumulating evidence indicates that these B cells are endowed with great potential to regulate both innate and adaptive arms of immune system though releasing cytokines. On the one hand, they promote immune responses through mounting Th1/Th2/Th17 and neutrophil response, inducing DC maturation and formation of lymphoid structures, increasing NK cell and macrophage activation, enhancing development of themselves and sustaining antibody production. On the other hand, they can negatively regulate immune responses by suppressing Th cell responses, inhibiting Tr1 cell and Foxp3(+) Treg differentiation, impairing APC function and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by monocytes, and inducing CD8(+) T cell anergy and CD4(+) T cell apoptosis. Therefore, cytokine-producing B cell subsets have multifunctional functions in health and diseases, playing pathologic as well as protective roles in autoimmunity, infection, allergy, and even malignancy. In this review, we revisit the history of discovering cytokine-producing B cells, describe the identification of cytokine-producing B cell subsets, introduce the origins of cytokine-producing B cell subsets as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms for their differentiation, and summarize the recent progress made toward understanding the unexpectedly complex and potentially opposing roles of cytokine-producing B cells in immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Translational Medicine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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173
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McCarthy EM, Smith S, Lee RZ, Cunnane G, Doran MF, Donnelly S, Howard D, O'Connell P, Kearns G, Ní Gabhann J, Jefferies CA. The association of cytokines with disease activity and damage scores in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:1586-94. [PMID: 24706988 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of SLE in a genetically homogeneous Caucasian SLE patient population. METHODS Serum levels of the following cytokines were determined by ELISA in SLE patients (diagnosed as per ACR diagnostic criteria): IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-α. Demographic data, disease activity as per the SLEDAI and damage scores (SLICC) at the 5-year follow-up were calculated. RESULTS Enhanced production of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-10 were observed in SLE patients compared with controls. A strong positive correlation was seen between levels of IL-12p70 and IL-10. In addition, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-1 demonstrated a significant relationship with disease activity. Interestingly, elevated levels of IL-10 were observed in SLE patients with CNS involvement while patients with elevated levels of TNF-α were more likely to have renal involvement and sustain damage over the follow-up period. Additionally, the ratio of all cytokines assayed to IL-12p70 levels were significantly higher in SLE patients when compared with controls, with an association seen between damage accrual and the IL-1β/IL-12p70 ratio (r = 0.431, P = 0.003), IL-10/IL-12p70 ratio (r = 0.351, P = 0.018) and TNF-α/IL-12p70 ratio (r = 0.33, P = 0.028). When the respective ratios were analysed for organ-specific disease, significant differences were observed for the IL-1β/IL-12p70 ratio (0.79 vs 0.47, P = 0.036), IL-10/IL-12p70 ratio (4.29 vs 1.87, P = 0.018) and TNF-α/IL-12p70 ratio (7.49 vs 5.21, P = 0.018) with respect to renal involvement. CONCLUSION Increased levels of a number of immunomodulatory cytokines relative to IL-12p70 in this Caucasian SLE patient population are seen in patients with renal involvement and are associated with increased accrual of damage at the 5-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan M McCarthy
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Smith
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruth Z Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gaye Cunnane
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michele F Doran
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Donnelly
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donough Howard
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul O'Connell
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne Kearns
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline A Jefferies
- Department of Rheumatology, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Rheumatology, St James Hospital and Department of Rheumatology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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174
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Ziętara N, Łyszkiewicz M, Krueger A, Weiss S. B-cell modulation of dendritic-cell function: signals from the far side. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:23-32. [PMID: 24307285 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate immune response against a specific pathogen requires finely orchestrated interactions between the various cell populations within the immune system. At the same time, immunological tolerance to self must be maintained. DCs play an essential role in achieving these dual requisites. They coordinate adaptive immunity by integrating signals directly emanating from both infectious agents and cells of the immune system. Many such signals, especially those from innate cells and T cells, have been extensively characterized. In contrast, little is known about how B cells modulate function of DCs. B cells produce a variety of cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-6, which are known to influence DC function. In addition, Igs constitute the major secretory products of terminally differentiated B cells (plasma cells). DCs express various types of receptors for binding Ig, such as Fc receptors and C-type lectin receptors. In accordance, Igs can regulate DC function depending on the receptors engaged. Here, we review the emerging immunomodulatory role of cytokines and Ig secreted by B cells. We discuss the evidence for how these B-cell-derived factors may shape the adaptive immune response by directly acting on DCs.
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175
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Yang X, Yang J, Chu Y, Xue Y, Xuan D, Zheng S, Zou H. T follicular helper cells and regulatory B cells dynamics in systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88441. [PMID: 24551101 PMCID: PMC3925141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells aid effector B cells, and augment autoimmunity, whereas the role of Tfh cells on regulatory B (Breg) cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not known. The aim of this study is to investigate the percentage of Breg cells in SLE, and the role of Tfh cells on Breg cells. First, we demonstrated the presence of Breg cells in SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in involved skins. Both the percentage of circulating Breg cells and the ability to produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated in SLE patients. The percentage of Breg cells increased during SLE flares and decreased following disease remission. Second, Tfh cell expansion was not only related to autoantibody production but also correlated with the increased percentage of Breg cells. Third, in vitro studies revealed that Tfh cell-derived IL-21 could promote IL-10 production and Breg cell differentiation. In conclusions, these data imply that SLE flares may be linked to the expansion of Tfh cells and that Breg cells are increased in a regulatory feedback manner. Thus, SLE development may be associated with the complex regulation of Tfh cells and diverse B cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Dandan Xuan
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Shucong Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Hejian Zou
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology,Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
- * E-mail:
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Stohl W. Therapeutic targeting of the BAFF/APRIL axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:473-89. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.888415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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177
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Matsushita T, Fujimoto M. Scleroderma: recent lessons from murine models and implications for future therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2013.835924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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178
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Matsushita T. Regulatory B cells in mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1190:195-205. [PMID: 25015282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells are now recognized as an essential component of the immune system. The function of regulatory B cells is dependent on IL-10. The cell-surface phenotype of murine IL-10-producing regulatory B cells is reported to be CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cell or CD21(hi)CD23(hi) T2 marginal zone precursor B cells. B cells play several critical roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is now apparent that regulatory B cells are important for disease suppression in SLE. Regulatory B cells inhibit disease onset of NZB/W F1 mice, a spontaneous SLE mouse model. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic effect of regulatory B cells in NZB/W F1 mice is highlighted by the adoptive transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells. Regulatory B cells also suppress the disease manifestation in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, a SLE mouse model. Thus, regulatory B cells have protective role and therapeutic effects in mouse modes of SLE. Herein, the methods for evaluating SLE mouse model, B-cell depletion, and regulatory B-cell analysis are provided. These methods should facilitate the study of regulatory B cells in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan,
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Kluger MA, Ostmann A, Luig M, Meyer MC, Goerke B, Paust HJ, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Stahl RAK, Panzer U, Tiegs G, Steinmetz OM. B-cell-derived IL-10 does not vitally contribute to the clinical course of glomerulonephritis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:683-93. [PMID: 24227595 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
IL-10-secreting regulatory B cells have been postulated as negative mediators of inflammation. However, their impact on immune-mediated diseases requires further investigation. We recently found that IL-10-secreting B cells infiltrate the kidney during crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN). We therefore studied the function of B-cell-derived IL-10 in light of the potential risks associated with increasingly used B-cell depleting therapies. Lack of IL-10 production by B cells, however, did not influence acute or adaptively mediated progressive renal injury in terms of renal function and histological damage in the nephrotoxic nephritis model of GN. Renal leukocyte infiltration and cytokine expression were similar apart from increased macrophages in mice lacking B-cell-derived IL-10. Systemic immune responses as assessed by cytokine production, leukocyte composition, proliferation, and activation were indistinguishable, while production and renal deposition of Ag-specific IgG were mildly impaired in the absence of B-cell-produced IL-10. Importantly, detailed analysis of systemic and renal regulatory T cells did not show any differences between nephritic mice bearing IL-10-deficient B cells and WT controls. Finally, studies in reporter mice revealed that B cells are only a minor source of systemic IL-10. In summary, our data reveal that endogenous B-cell-derived IL-10 does not play a major role in the nephrotoxic nephritis model of crescentic GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte A Kluger
- III. Medizinische Klinik (Nephrology), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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180
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Sang A, Zheng YY, Morel L. Contributions of B cells to lupus pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2013; 62:329-38. [PMID: 24332482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies. This review summarizes first the results obtained in the mouse that have revealed how B cell tolerance is breached in SLE. We then review the B cell subsets, in addition to the autoAb producing cells, which contribute to SLE pathogenesis, focusing on marginal zone B cells, B-1 cells and regulatory B cells. Finally, we review the interactions between B cells and other immune cells that have been implicated in SLE, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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181
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Jin L, Weiqian C, Lihuan Y. Peripheral CD24hi CD27+ CD19+ B cells subset as a potential biomarker in naïve systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:698-708. [PMID: 24286662 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM B cells are likely to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our aim was to investigate the role of peripheral CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells in Chinese patients with new-onset SLE. METHOD Peripheral CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells were analyzed in 55 new-onset lupus and 36 healthy controls by flow cytometry. All SLE cases were treated with prednisolone and hydroxychloroquine during a 1-year follow-up. Thirteen cases were added with cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil. The CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells were analyzed at days 0, 7, 14 and months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing B cell was detected in eight naïve lupus and 10 healthy controls. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, the frequency and number of primary circulating CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells was significantly reduced in SLE cases (8.22 ± 3.48% vs. 31.67 ± 5.53%, P < 0.0001; 4.04 ± 2.85 vs. 38.66 ± 10.22 10(3) cells/mL, P = 0.0001) before treatment; IL-10(+) CD19(+) B cells and IL-10(+) CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells also decreased in SLE. Interestingly, primary CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells inversely correlated with SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score. Patients with arthritis and hematologic disorders had a lower primary CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells. In 48 SLE cases who finished the 1-year follow-up, the frequency and number of CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells increased from 8.26 ± 3.61% to 25.51 ± 4.56%; 3.99 ± 2.86 to 28.64 ± 11.81 10(3) cells/mm(3) (P < 0.0001), accompanied by a significantly decreased SLEDAI score. Of note, CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells decreased in some flare cases with an elevated SLEDAI score. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that a lower primary CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells may be an immunologic aspect of new-onset SLE. CD24(hi) CD27(+) CD19(+) B cells may be a useful tool to evaluate lupus activity and monitor the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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183
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Preferential binding to Elk-1 by SLE-associated IL10 risk allele upregulates IL10 expression. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003870. [PMID: 24130510 PMCID: PMC3794920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is elevated in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) correlating with disease activity. The established association of IL10 with SLE and other autoimmune diseases led us to fine map causal variant(s) and to explore underlying mechanisms. We assessed 19 tag SNPs, covering the IL10 gene cluster including IL19, IL20 and IL24, for association with SLE in 15,533 case and control subjects from four ancestries. The previously reported IL10 variant, rs3024505 located at 1 kb downstream of IL10, exhibited the strongest association signal and was confirmed for association with SLE in European American (EA) (P = 2.7×10⁻⁸, OR = 1.30), but not in non-EA ancestries. SNP imputation conducted in EA dataset identified three additional SLE-associated SNPs tagged by rs3024505 (rs3122605, rs3024493 and rs3024495 located at 9.2 kb upstream, intron 3 and 4 of IL10, respectively), and SLE-risk alleles of these SNPs were dose-dependently associated with elevated levels of IL10 mRNA in PBMCs and circulating IL-10 protein in SLE patients and controls. Using nuclear extracts of peripheral blood cells from SLE patients for electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we identified specific binding of transcription factor Elk-1 to oligodeoxynucleotides containing the risk (G) allele of rs3122605, suggesting rs3122605 as the most likely causal variant regulating IL10 expression. Elk-1 is known to be activated by phosphorylation and nuclear localization to induce transcription. Of interest, phosphorylated Elk-1 (p-Elk-1) detected only in nuclear extracts of SLE PBMCs appeared to increase with disease activity. Co-expression levels of p-Elk-1 and IL-10 were elevated in SLE T, B cells and monocytes, associated with increased disease activity in SLE B cells, and were best downregulated by ERK inhibitor. Taken together, our data suggest that preferential binding of activated Elk-1 to the IL10 rs3122605-G allele upregulates IL10 expression and confers increased risk for SLE in European Americans.
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184
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Hong C, Zhang T, Gao XM. Recombinant murine calreticulin fragment 39-272 expands CD1dhiCD5+ IL-10-secreting B cells that modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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185
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Barnes BJ. Editorial: Are regulatory B10 cells a viable target for autoimmune diseases? J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:548-50. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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186
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Abstract
With the approval by the FDA in 2011 of a biologic agent (namely belimumab) for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), optimism abounds that additional biologic (and nonbiologic) agents will be similarly endorsed. Given the numerous immune-based abnormalities associated with SLE, the potential therapeutic targets for biologic agents and the candidate biologic approaches are also numerous. These approaches include: biologic agents that promote B-cell depletion, B-cell inactivation, or the generation of regulatory B cells; biologic agents that induce T-cell tolerance, block T-cell activation and differentiation, or alter T-cell trafficking; biologic agents that target the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) axis, type I interferons, IL-6 and its receptor, or TNF; and the adoptive transfer of ex vivo-generated regulatory T cells. Owing to the great heterogeneity inherent to SLE, no single approach should be expected to be effective in all patients. As our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SLE continues to expand, additional therapeutic targets and approaches will undoubtedly be identified and should be fully exploited.
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187
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Katz BZ, Herishanu Y. Therapeutic targeting of CD19 in hematological malignancies: past, present, future and beyond. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:999-1006. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.828354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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188
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Chang CJ, Kuo HC, Chang JS, Lee JK, Tsai FJ, Khor CC, Chang LC, Chen SP, Ko TM, Liu YM, Chen YJ, Hong YM, Jang GY, Hibberd ML, Kuijpers T, Burgner D, Levin M, Burns JC, Davila S, Chen YT, Chen CH, Wu JY, Lee YC. Replication and meta-analysis of GWAS identified susceptibility loci in Kawasaki disease confirm the importance of B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) in disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72037. [PMID: 24023612 PMCID: PMC3758326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The BLK and CD40 loci have been associated with Kawasaki disease (KD) in two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in a Taiwanese population of Han Chinese ancestry (Taiwanese) and in Japanese cohorts. Here we build on these findings with replication studies of the BLK and CD40 loci in populations of Korean and European descent. The BLK region was significantly associated with KD susceptibility in both populations. Within the BLK gene the rs2736340-located linkage disequilibrium (LD ) comprising the promoter and first intron was strongly associated with KD, with the combined results of Asian studies including Taiwanese, Japanese, and Korean populations (2,539 KD patients and 7,021 controls) providing very compelling evidence of association (rs2736340, OR = 1.498, 1.354–1.657; P = 4.74×10−31). We determined the percentage of B cells present in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population and the expression of BLK in the peripheral blood leukocytes (leukocytes) of KD patients during the acute and convalescent stages. The percentage of B cells in the PBMC population and the expression of BLK in leukocytes were induced in patients in the acute stage of KD. In B cell lines derived from KD patients, and in purified B cells from KD patients obtained during the acute stage, those with the risk allele of rs2736340 expressed significantly lower levels of BLK. These results suggest that peripheral B cells play a pathogenic role during the acute stage of KD. Decreased BLK expression in peripheral blood B cells may alter B cell function and predispose individuals to KD. These associative data suggest a role for B cells during acute KD. Understanding the functional implications may facilitate the development of B cell-mediated therapy for KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Sheng Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Keuk Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ming Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Young Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | | | - Taco Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sonia Davila
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore ,¶ A complete list of members and affiliations appears in File S1
| | | | | | | | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YTC) (YC); (CHC); (JYW); (YCL)
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YTC) (YC); (CHC); (JYW); (YCL)
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (YTC) (YC); (CHC); (JYW); (YCL)
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YTC) (YC); (CHC); (JYW); (YCL)
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189
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Reduced numbers of regulatory B cells are negatively correlated with disease activity in patients with new-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 33:187-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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190
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Klinker MW, Reed TJ, Fox DA, Lundy SK. Interleukin-5 supports the expansion of fas ligand-expressing killer B cells that induce antigen-specific apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells and secrete interleukin-10. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70131. [PMID: 23940537 PMCID: PMC3734024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their critical role in humoral immunity, B lymphocytes can employ a variety of immunomodulatory mechanisms including expression of the apoptosis-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL; CD178). Here, we extensively characterized the surface phenotype of FasL+ killer B cells, showing they are enriched in the IgMhighCD5+CD1dhigh B cell subset previously reported to contain a higher frequency of B cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10). A rare population of B cells expressing IL-10 was present among FasL+ B cells, but most FasL+ B cells did not produce IL-10. We also identify interleukin-5 (IL-5) as a novel inducer of killer B cell function. Constitutively FasL+ B cells expressed higher levels of the IL-5 receptor, and treating B cells with IL-5 and CD40L resulted in the expansion of a B cell population enriched for FasL+ cells. B cells stimulated with IL-5 and CD40L were potent inducers of apoptosis in activated primary CD4+ T cells, and this killing function was antigen-specific and dependent upon FasL. IL-5 also enhanced IL-10 secretion in B cells stimulated with CD40L. Taken together these findings elucidate the relationship of FasL+ B cells and IL-10-producing B cells and demonstrate that IL-5 can induce or enhance both killer B cell activity and IL-10 secretion in B cells. Finally, we found that the killer B cell activity induced by IL-5 was completely blocked by IL-4, suggesting the existence of a previously unknown antagonistic relationship between these type-2 cytokines in modulating the activity of killer B cells. Targeting this IL-5/IL-4 signaling axis may therefore represent a novel area of drug discovery in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Klinker
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tamra J. Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Fox
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Lundy
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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191
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Wilde B, Thewissen M, Damoiseaux J, Knippenberg S, Hilhorst M, van Paassen P, Witzke O, Cohen Tervaert JW. Regulatory B cells in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72:1416-9. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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192
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Adaptive transfer of B10 cells: a novel therapy for chronic rejection after solid organ transplantation. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:101-3. [PMID: 23631852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rejection occurs between almost all MHC-mismatched donors and recipients after transplantation. Immunosuppressive agents have been administrated indiscriminately to manage potential rejection, but complications from lifelong immunosuppressive therapy threaten transplant recipients. Recent studies demonstrated that a number of regulatory B cells (B10 cells) negatively regulate T cell mediated immune responses without inducing systemic immune suppression. Therefore, we propose that adaptive transfer of B10 cells suppresses alloreactive CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell activation induced by allogeneic solid organ transplantation, reduces T cell mediated rejection and prolongs allograft survival.
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193
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Yang X, Yang J, Chu Y, Wang J, Guan M, Zhu X, Xue Y, Zou H. T follicular helper cells mediate expansion of regulatory B cells via IL-21 in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62855. [PMID: 23638156 PMCID: PMC3634758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells can mediate humoral immune responses and augment autoimmunity, whereas the role of Tfh cells on regulatory B (B10) cells in autoimmunity diseases is not clear. Here, we investigated the percentages of Tfh cells and B10 cells in lupus-prone MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice and examined the effects and mechanism of Tfh cell-derived interleukin-21 (IL-21) on IL-10 production during the differentiation of B10 cells. Both Tfh cells and B10 cells were expanded in spleens of MRL/lpr mice. In addition, a positive correlation between the proportions of Tfh cells and B10 cells was observed. Tfh cell-derived IL-21 from MRL/lpr mice could promote IL-10 production during the differentiation of B10 cells. Importantly, neutralization of IL-21 inhibited IL-10 production and expansion of B10 cells both in vitro and in vivo. IL-21 induced IL-10 production via activation of phosphorylated signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3). Inhibition of p-STAT3 effectively blocked IL-10 production during the differentiation of B10 cells. Moreover, IL-21-induced IL-10 exerted a regulatory function by inhibiting the proliferation of T cells. These data suggest that Tfh cells not only mediate humoral immune responses and augment autoimmunity but also play a broader role in immune regulatory actions via the induction of IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Central Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: .
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194
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Abstract
B cells are critical players in the orchestration of properly regulated immune responses, normally providing protective immunity without autoimmunity. Balance in the B cell compartment is achieved through the finely regulated participation of multiple B cell populations with different antibody-dependent and independent functions. Both types of functions allow B cells to modulate other components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Autoantibody-independent B cell functions include antigen presentation, T cell activation and polarization, and dendritic cell modulation. Several of these functions are mediated by the ability of B cells to produce immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines and by their critical contribution to lymphoid tissue development and organization including the development of ectopic tertiary lymphoid tissue. Additionally, the functional versatility of B cells enables them to play either protective or pathogenic roles in autoimmunity. In turn, B cell dysfunction has been critically implicated in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and heterogeneous clinical involvement. Thus, the breakdown of B cell tolerance is a defining and early event in the disease process and may occur by multiple pathways, including alterations in factors that affect B cell activation thresholds, B cell longevity, and apoptotic cell processing. Once tolerance is broken, autoantibodies contribute to autoimmunity by multiple mechanisms including immune-complex mediated Type III hypersensitivity reactions, type II antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, and by instructing innate immune cells to produce pathogenic cytokines including IFNα, TNF and IL-1. The complexity of B cell functions has been highlighted by the variable success of B cell-targeted therapies in multiple autoimmune diseases, including those conventionally viewed as T cell-mediated conditions. Given the widespread utilization of B cell depletion therapy in autoimmune diseases and the need for new therapeutic approaches in SLE, a better understanding of human B cell subsets and the balance of pathogenic and regulatory functions is of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- JH Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
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195
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B-cell linker protein expression contributes to controlling allergic and autoimmune diseases by mediating IL-10 production in regulatory B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1674-82. [PMID: 23534976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory B cells that exhibit the cell-surface CD1d(hi)CD5(+) phenotype and produce IL-10 are termed B10 cells. Although B10 cells exert potent suppressive functions in patients with various allergic and autoimmunity disorders, the precise signaling mechanisms required for B10 cell functions remain unknown. B-cell linker protein (BLNK) is an essential component of the B-cell antigen receptor signaling pathway and is required for optimal B-cell development. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the signaling pathways that are responsible for IL-10 production in B10 cells and in vivo mechanisms of how impaired B10 cell functions influence allergic and autoimmune responses. METHOD For in vitro assays, splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from BLNK-deficient (BLNK(-/-)) mice were analyzed for intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production. Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis were examined by using BLNK(-/-) mice. RESULTS Although the CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B-cell population was present in BLNK(-/-) mice, IL-10 production was impaired both in vitro and in vivo. BLNK(-/-) mice had exaggerated CHS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis responses, which were normalized by adoptive transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from wild-type mice. In mice with CHS, BLNK(-/-) mice exhibited decreased B-cell and regulatory T-cell percentages and increased CD8(+) T-cell percentages in the skin and lymph nodes. In vitro BLNK was required for LPS-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells. Finally, secreted IL-10 leads to autocrine expansion of IL-10-producing B cells. CONCLUSION BLNK serves as a critical signaling component for B10 cell function by mediating IL-10 production.
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196
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Yang M, Rui K, Wang S, Lu L. Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:122-32. [PMID: 23292280 PMCID: PMC4003045 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are generally considered to be positive regulators of the immune response because of their capability to produce antibodies, including autoantibodies. The production of antibodies facilitates optimal CD4(+) T-cell activation because B cells serve as antigen-presenting cells and exert other modulatory functions in immune responses. However, certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by producing regulatory cytokines and directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell-to-cell contact. These types of B cells are defined as regulatory B (Breg) cells. The regulatory function of Breg cells has been demonstrated in mouse models of inflammation, cancer, transplantation, and particularly in autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on the recent advances that lead to the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and the implications of B cells in human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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197
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Chan VSF, Tsang HHL, Tam RCY, Lu L, Lau CS. B-cell-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:133-42. [PMID: 23455017 PMCID: PMC4003049 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are one of the key immune cells that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition to the production of harmful auto-antibodies (auto-Abs), B cells prime autoreactive T cells as antigen-presenting cells and secrete a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have both autocrine and paracrine effects. Agents that modulate B cells may therefore be of potential therapeutic value. Current strategies include targeting B-cell surface antigens, cytokines that promote B-cell growth and functions, and B- and T-cell interactions. In this article, we review the role of B cells in SLE in animal and human studies, and we examine previous reports that support B-cell modulation as a promising strategy for the treatment of this condition. In addition, we present an update on the clinical trials that have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of agents that antagonize CD20, CD22 and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) in human SLE. While the results of many of these studies remain inconclusive, belimumab, a human monoclonal antibody against BLyS, has shown promise and has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an indicated therapy for patients with mild to moderate SLE. Undoubtedly, advances in B-cell immunology will continue to lead us to a better understanding of SLE pathogenesis and the development of novel specific therapies that target B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Sau-Fong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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198
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Donor-derived regulatory B cells are important for suppression of murine sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2013; 121:3274-83. [PMID: 23422748 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-465658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an increasingly frequent cause of morbidity and mortality of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Sclerodermatous cGVHD (Scl-cGVHD) is characterized by fibrosis and autoimmune features resembling those of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Transplantation of B10.D2 bone marrow and splenocytes into irradiated BALB/c mice is an established model of human Scl-cGVHD. To examine the role of B cells in Scl-cGVHD, CD19-deficient (CD19(-/-)) mice were used as donors or recipients. CD19(-/-) donors induced more severe Scl-cGVHD than wild-type donors, but use of CD19(-/-) recipients resulted in no significant differences compared with wild-type recipients. Moreover, CD19 deficiency on donor B cells resulted in the expansion of splenic interleukin (IL) -6-producing monocytes/macrophages, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, and Th1 cells during the early stage of disease and increased the infiltration of T cells, TGF-β-producing monocytes/macrophages, and Th2 cells into the skin in the later stage of Scl-cGVHD. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) were not reconstituted by CD19(-/-) donor cells, and early adoptive transfer of B10 cells attenuated the augmented manifestations of CD19(-/-) donor-induced Scl-cGVHD. Therefore, donor-derived B10 cells have a suppressive role in Scl-cGVHD development, warranting future investigation of regulatory B-cell-based therapy for treatment of Scl-cGVHD and SSc.
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199
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Kalampokis I, Yoshizaki A, Tedder TF. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) in autoimmune disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 23566714 PMCID: PMC3624502 DOI: 10.1186/ar3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell abnormalities contribute to the development and progress of autoimmune disease.
Traditionally, the role of B cells in autoimmune disease was thought to be predominantly limited to
the production of autoantibodies. Nevertheless, in addition to autoantibody production, B cells have
other functions potentially relevant to autoimmunity. Such functions include antigen presentation to
and activation of T cells, expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Recently,
the ability of B cells to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation has been
described and the concept of regulatory B cells has emerged. A variety of cytokines produced by
regulatory B cell subsets have been reported, with IL-10 being the most studied. In this review,
this specific IL-10-producing subset of regulatory B cells has been labeled B10 cells to highlight
that the regulatory function of these rare B cells is mediated by IL-10, and to distinguish them
from other B cell subsets that regulate immune responses through different mechanisms. B10 cells are
a functionally defined subset currently identified only by their competency to produce and secrete
IL-10 following appropriate stimulation. Although B10 cells share surface markers with other
previously defined B cell subsets, currently there is no cell surface or intracellular phenotypic
marker or set of markers unique to B10 cells. The recent discovery of an effective way to expand B10
cells ex vivo opens new horizons in the potential therapeutic applications of this rare B
cell subset. This review highlights the current knowledge on B10 cells and discusses their potential
as novel therapeutic agents in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kalampokis
- Box 3010, Department of Immunology, Room 353 Jones Building, Research Drive, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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200
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Horikawa M, Weimer ET, DiLillo DJ, Venturi GM, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Heise MT, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cell (B10 Cell) expansion during Listeria infection governs innate and cellular immune responses in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1158-68. [PMID: 23275601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens use numerous methods to subvert host immune responses, including the modulation of host IL-10 production by diverse cell types. However, the B cell sources of IL-10 and their overall influence on innate and cellular immune responses have not been well characterized during infections. Using Listeria as a model pathogen, infection drove the acute expansion of a small subset of regulatory B cells (B10 cells) that potently suppress inflammation and autoimmunity through the production of IL-10. Unexpectedly, spleen bacteria loads were 92-97% lower in B10 cell-deficient CD19(-/-) mice, in mice depleted of mature B cells, and in mice treated with CD22 mAb to preferentially deplete B10 cells before infection. By contrast, the adoptive transfer of wild-type B10 cells reduced bacterial clearance by 38-fold in CD19(-/-) mice through IL-10-dependent pathways. B10 cell depletion using CD22 mAb significantly enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of Listeria and their production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and NO ex vivo. Accelerated bacteria clearance following B10 cell depletion significantly reduced Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation and cytokine production, but did not alter CD8(+) T cell responses. B10 cell regulatory function during innate immune responses was nonetheless dependent on cognate interactions with CD4(+) T cells because B10 cells deficient in IL-10, MHC-II, or IL-21R expression did not influence Listeria clearance. Thus, Listeria manipulates immune responses through a strategy of immune evasion that involves the preferential expansion of endogenous B10 cells that regulate the magnitude and duration of both innate and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Horikawa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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