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Gutierrez-Franco J, Hernandez-Gutierrez R, Bueno-Topete MR, Haramati J, Navarro-Hernandez RE, Escarra-Senmarti M, Vega-Magaña N, Del Toro-Arreola A, Pereira-Suarez AL, Del Toro-Arreola S. Characterization of B7H6, an endogenous ligand for the NK cell activating receptor NKp30, reveals the identity of two different soluble isoforms during normal human pregnancy. Immunobiology 2017; 223:57-63. [PMID: 29055565 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B7H6, an endogenous ligand expressed on tumor cell surfaces, triggers NKp30-mediated activation of human NK cells. In contrast, the release of soluble B7H6 has been proposed as a novel mechanism by which tumors might evade NK cell-mediated recognition. Since NK cells are critical for the maintenance of early pregnancy, it is not illogical that soluble B7H6 might also be an important factor in directing NK cell activity during normal pregnancy. Thus, this study was focused on the characterization of soluble B7H6 during the development of normal pregnancy. Serum samples were obtained from healthy pregnant women who were experiencing their second pregnancies (n=36). Additionally, 17 of these pregnant participants were longitudinally studied for the presence of B7H6 during their second and third trimesters. Age-matched healthy non-pregnant women served as controls (n=30). The presence of soluble B7H6 was revealed by Western blotting. A further characterization was performed using an immunoproteomic approach based on 2DE-Western blotting combined with MALDI-MS. The results show that sera from all pregnant women were characterized by the presence of two novel isoforms of B7H6, both with lower MW than the reported of 51kDa. These isoforms were either a heavy (∼37kDa) or a light isoform (∼30kDa) and were mutually exclusive. N-glycosylation did not completely explain the different molecular weights exhibited by the two isoforms, as was demonstrated by enzymatic deglycosylation with PNGase F. The confirmation of the identity and molecular mass of each isoform indicates that B7H6, while maintaining the C- and N-termini, is most likely released during pregnancy by a mechanism distinct from proteolytic cleavage. We found that both isoforms, but mainly the heavier B7H6, were released via exosomes; and that the lighter isoform was also released in an exosome-free manner that was not observed in the heavy isoform samples. In conclusion, we find that soluble B7H6 is constitutively expressed during pregnancy and that, moreover, the soluble B7H6 is present in two new isoforms, which are released by exosomal and exosome-free mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gutierrez-Franco
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Hernandez-Gutierrez
- Laboratorio en Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jesse Haramati
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Navarro-Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculo Esquelético, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marta Escarra-Senmarti
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Natali Vega-Magaña
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alicia Del Toro-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suarez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Susana Del Toro-Arreola
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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152
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091852. [PMID: 28841158 PMCID: PMC5618501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier research primarily attributed the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies to their capacity for local engrafting and differentiating into multiple tissue types. However, recent studies have revealed that implanted cells do not survive for long, and that the benefits of MSC therapy could be due to the vast array of bioactive factors they produce, which play an important role in the regulation of key biologic processes. Secretome derivatives, such as conditioned media or exosomes, may present considerable advantages over cells for manufacturing, storage, handling, product shelf life and their potential as a ready-to-go biologic product. Nevertheless, regulatory requirements for manufacturing and quality control will be necessary to establish the safety and efficacy profile of these products. Among MSCs, human uterine cervical stem cells (hUCESCs) may be a good candidate for obtaining secretome-derived products. hUCESCs are obtained by Pap cervical smear, which is a less invasive and painful method than those used for obtaining other MSCs (for example, from bone marrow or adipose tissue). Moreover, due to easy isolation and a high proliferative rate, it is possible to obtain large amounts of hUCESCs or secretome-derived products for research and clinical use.
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153
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Klingeborn M, Dismuke WM, Bowes Rickman C, Stamer WD. Roles of exosomes in the normal and diseased eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:158-177. [PMID: 28465248 PMCID: PMC5537591 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by cells in a controlled fashion and mediate a plethora of extra- and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes include cell-cell communication, immune modulation, extracellular matrix turnover, stem cell division/differentiation, neovascularization and cellular waste removal. While much is known about their role in cancer, exosome function in the many specialized tissues of the eye is just beginning to undergo rigorous study. Here we review current knowledge of exosome function in the visual system in the context of larger bodies of data from other fields, in both health and disease. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the exosome field including use of exosomes as a therapeutic vehicle, exosomes as a source of biomarkers for disease, plus current standards for isolation and validation of exosome populations. Finally, we use this foundational information about exosomes in the eye as a platform to identify areas of opportunity for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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154
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Yan Q, Ahn SH, Medie FM, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Park LP, Scott WK, Deshmukh H, Tsalik EL, Cyr DD, Woods CW, Yu CHA, Adams C, Qi R, Hansen B, Fowler VG. Candidate genes on murine chromosome 8 are associated with susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice and are involved with Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179033. [PMID: 28594911 PMCID: PMC5464679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that chromosome 8 of A/J mice was associated with susceptibility to S. aureus infection. However, the specific genes responsible for this susceptibility are unknown. Chromosome substitution strain 8 (CSS8) mice, which have chromosome 8 from A/J but an otherwise C57BL/6J genome, were used to identify the genetic determinants of susceptibility to S. aureus on chromosome 8. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of S. aureus-infected N2 backcross mice (F1 [C8A] × C57BL/6J) identified a locus 83180780–88103009 (GRCm38/mm10) on A/J chromosome 8 that was linked to S. aureus susceptibility. All genes on the QTL (n~ 102) were further analyzed by three different strategies: 1) different expression in susceptible (A/J) and resistant (C57BL/6J) mice only in response to S. aureus, 2) consistently different expression in both uninfected and infected states between the two strains, and 3) damaging non-synonymous SNPs in either strain. Eleven candidate genes from the QTL region were significantly differently expressed in patients with S. aureus infection vs healthy human subjects. Four of these 11 genes also exhibited significantly different expression in S. aureus-challenged human neutrophils: Ier2, Crif1, Cd97 and Lyl1. CD97 ligand binding was evaluated within peritoneal neutrophils from A/J and C57BL/6J. CD97 from A/J had stronger CD55 but weaker integrin α5β1 ligand binding as compared with C57BL/6J. Because CD55/CD97 binding regulates immune cell activation and cytokine production, and integrin α5β1 is a membrane receptor for fibronectin, which is also bound by S. aureus, strain-specific differences could contribute to susceptibility to S. aureus. Down-regulation of Crif1 with siRNA was associated with increased host cell apoptosis among both naïve and S. aureus-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages. Specific genes in A/J chromosome 8, including Cd97 and Crif1, may play important roles in host defense against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Bukgu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Felix Mba Medie
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Batu K. Sharma-Kuinkel
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lawrence P. Park
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William K. Scott
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ephraim L. Tsalik
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Cyr
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Durham Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chen-Hsin Albert Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carlton Adams
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Qi
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brenda Hansen
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vance G. Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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155
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Göhner C, Plösch T, Faas MM. Immune-modulatory effects of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Placenta 2017. [PMID: 28647398 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unique immunologic adaptations exist to successfully establish and maintain pregnancy and to avoid an immune attack against the semi allogenic fetus. These adaptations occur both locally at the maternofetal interface and in the peripheral circulation and affect the innate as well as the adaptive immune system. Pregnancy is characterized by a general inflammatory state with activation of monocytes and granulocytes, but also with suppressive lymphocytes (regulatory T cells), and skewing towards T helper 2 immunity. The pregnancy complication preeclampsia is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory state and predominance of T helper 1 and 17 immunity. The syncytiotrophoblast has been found to secrete extracellular vesicles as communication factors into the maternal circulation. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from normal pregnancy have been shown to interact with monocytes, granulocytes, T cells and natural killer cells and influence the function of these cells. In doing so, they may support the inflammatory state of normal pregnancy as well as the suppressive lymphocyte phenotype. During preeclampsia, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles are not only increased in numbers but also showed an altered molecular load. Based on data from in vitro studies, it can be suggested that syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from preeclamptic pregnancies may support the exaggerated inflammatory state during preeclampsia. In this review, we discuss the immunological functions of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles and their involvement in adapting the maternal peripheral immunological adaptations to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Göhner
- Placenta-Labor, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Bachstraße 18, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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156
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Alam SMK, Jasti S, Kshirsagar SK, Tannetta DS, Dragovic RA, Redman CW, Sargent IL, Hodes HC, Nauser TL, Fortes T, Filler AM, Behan K, Martin DR, Fields TA, Petroff BK, Petroff MG. Trophoblast Glycoprotein (TPGB/5T4) in Human Placenta: Expression, Regulation, and Presence in Extracellular Microvesicles and Exosomes. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:185-197. [PMID: 28481180 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117707053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many parallels exist between growth and development of the placenta and that of cancer. One parallel is shared expression of antigens that may have functional importance and may be recognized by the immune system. Here, we characterize expression and regulation of one such antigen, Trophoblast glycoprotein (TPGB; also called 5T4), in the placenta across gestation, in placentas of preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies, and in purified microvesicles and exosomes. METHODS Trophoblast glycoprotein expression was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Regulation of 5T4 in cytotrophoblast cells was examined under either differentiating conditions of epidermal growth factor or under varying oxygen conditions. Microvesicles and exosomes were purified from supernatant of cultured and perfused placentas. RESULTS Trophoblast glycoprotein expression was prominent at the microvillus surface of syncytiotrophoblast and on the extravillous trophoblast cells, with minimal expression in undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and normal tissues. Trophoblast glycoprotein expression was elevated in malignant tumors. In cytotrophoblasts, 5T4 was induced by in vitro differentiation, and its messenger RNA (mRNA) was increased under conditions of low oxygen. PE placentas expressed higher 5T4 mRNA than matched control placentas. Trophoblast glycoprotein was prominent within shed placental microvesicles and exosomes. CONCLUSION Given the potential functional and known immunological importance of 5T4 in cancer, these studies reveal a class of proteins that may influence placental development and/or sensitize the maternal immune system. In extravillous trophoblasts, 5T4 may function in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during placentation. The role of syncytiotrophoblast 5T4 is unknown, but its abundance in shed syncytial vesicles may signify route of sensitization of the maternal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M K Alam
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Jasti
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S K Kshirsagar
- 3 Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - D S Tannetta
- 4 Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R A Dragovic
- 4 Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C W Redman
- 4 Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - I L Sargent
- 4 Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H C Hodes
- 5 Center for Women's Health, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - T L Nauser
- 5 Center for Women's Health, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - T Fortes
- 6 Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, USA.,7 College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A M Filler
- 6 Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, USA.,7 College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - K Behan
- 7 College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - T A Fields
- 8 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - B K Petroff
- 3 Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,9 Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M G Petroff
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,3 Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,10 Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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157
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Tong M, Chen Q, James JL, Wise MR, Stone PR, Chamley LW. In vivo targets of human placental micro-vesicles vary with exposure time and pregnancy. Reproduction 2017; 153:835-845. [PMID: 28356498 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human gestation, the placenta extrudes vast quantities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different sizes into the maternal circulation. Although multinucleated macro-vesicles are known to become trapped in the maternal lungs and do not enter the peripheral circulation, the maternal organs and cells that smaller placental micro-vesicles interact with in vivo remain unknown. This study aimed to characterise the interaction between placental micro-vesicles and endothelial cells in vitro and to elucidate which organs placental micro-vesicles localise to in vivo Placental macro- and micro-vesicles were isolated from cultured human first trimester placental explants by sequential centrifugation and exposed to human microvascular endothelial cells for up to 72 h. In vivo, placental macro- and micro-vesicles were administered to both non-pregnant and pregnant CD1 mice, and after two or 30 min or 24 h, organs were imaged on an IVIS Kinetic Imager. Placental EVs rapidly interacted with endothelial cells via phagocytic and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes in vitro, with over 60% of maximal interaction being achieved by 30 min of exposure. In vivo, placental macro-vesicles were localised exclusively to the lungs regardless of time of exposure, whereas micro-vesicles were localised to the lungs, liver and kidneys, with different distribution patterns depending on the length of exposure and whether the mouse was pregnant or not. The fact that placental EVs can rapidly interact with endothelial cells and localise to different organs in vivo supports that different size fractions of placental EVs are likely to have different downstream effects on foeto-maternal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle R Wise
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maternal Fetal MedicineAuckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maternal Fetal MedicineAuckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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158
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Abstract
Virtually all cells in the organism secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicles that transport and deliver payloads of proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells, thus playing central roles in cell-cell communications. Exosomes, nanosized EVs of endosomal origin, regulate many pathophysiological processes including immune responses and inflammation, tumour growth, and infection. Healthy subjects and patients with different diseases release exosomes with different RNA and protein contents into the circulation, which can be measured as biomarkers. The discovery of exosomes as natural carriers of functional small RNA and proteins has raised great interest in the drug delivery field, as it may be possible to harness these vesicles for therapeutic delivery of miRNA, siRNA, mRNA, lncRNA, peptides, and synthetic drugs. However, systemically delivered exosomes accumulate in liver, kidney, and spleen. Targeted exosomes can be obtained by displaying targeting molecules, such as peptides or antibody fragments recognizing target antigens, on the outer surface of exosomes. Display of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nanobodies on EVs is a novel technique that enables EV display of a variety of proteins including antibodies, reporter proteins, and signaling molecules. However, naturally secreted exosomes show limited pharmaceutical acceptability. Engineered exosome mimetics that incorporate desirable components of natural exosomes into synthetic liposomes or nanoparticles, and are assembled using controllable procedures may be more acceptable pharmaceutically. In this communication, we review the current understanding of physiological and pathophysiological roles of exosomes, their potential applications as diagnostic markers, and current efforts to develop improved exosome-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Barile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Lugano, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Vassalli
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Lugano, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Taverne, Switzerland; Dept. of Cardiology, University of Lausanne Medical Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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159
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Larssen P, Wik L, Czarnewski P, Eldh M, Löf L, Ronquist KG, Dubois L, Freyhult E, Gallant CJ, Oelrich J, Larsson A, Ronquist G, Villablanca EJ, Landegren U, Gabrielsson S, Kamali-Moghaddam M. Tracing Cellular Origin of Human Exosomes Using Multiplex Proximity Extension Assays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:502-511. [PMID: 28111361 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated objects such as exosomes and microvesicles, released by many cell-types. Their presence in body fluids and the variable surface composition and content render them attractive potential biomarkers. The ability to determine their cellular origin could greatly move the field forward. We used multiplex proximity extension assays (PEA) to identify with high specificity and sensitivity the protein profiles of exosomes of different origins, including seven cell lines and two different body fluids. By comparing cells and exosomes, we successfully identified the cells originating the exosomes. Furthermore, by principal component analysis of protein patterns human milk EVs and prostasomes released from prostate acinar cells clustered with cell lines from breast and prostate tissues, respectively. Milk exosomes uniquely expressed CXCL5, MIA, and KLK6, whereas prostasomes carried NKX31, GSTP1, and SRC, highlighting that EVs originating from different origins express distinct proteins. In conclusion, PEA provides a powerful protein screening tool in exosome research, for purposes of identifying the cell source of exosomes, or new biomarkers in diseases such as cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Larssen
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lotta Wik
- §Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- ¶Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eldh
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liza Löf
- §Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Göran Ronquist
- ‖Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Louise Dubois
- ‖Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- **Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline J Gallant
- §Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Oelrich
- §Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- ‖Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Ronquist
- ‖Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- ¶Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Landegren
- §Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- From the ‡Department of Medicine, Unit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- §Department of Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden;
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160
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Czernek L, Düchler M. Functions of Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Immunosuppression. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:311-323. [PMID: 28101591 PMCID: PMC5511306 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, constitute an important element of intercellular communication by carrying a variety of molecules from producer to target cells. The transport of mRNA and miRNA can directly modulate gene expression in the target cells. The miRNA content in exosomes is characteristic for the cell from which the vesicles were derived enabling the usage of exosomes as biomarkers for the diagnosis various diseases, including cancer. Cancer-derived exosomes support the survival and progression of tumors in many ways and also contribute to the neutralization of the anti-cancer immune response. Exosomes participate in all known mechanisms by which cancer evades the immune system. They influence the differentiation and activation of immune suppressor cells, they modulate antigen presentation, and are able to induce T-cell apoptosis. Although cancer-derived exosomes mainly suppress the immune system and facilitate tumor progression, they are also important sources of tumor antigens with potential clinical application in stimulating immune responses. This review summarizes how exosomes assist cancer to escape immune recognition and to acquire control over the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Czernek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Markus Düchler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland.
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161
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Yuan Z, Kolluri KK, Gowers KHC, Janes SM. TRAIL delivery by MSC-derived extracellular vesicles is an effective anticancer therapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1265291. [PMID: 28326166 PMCID: PMC5328331 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1265291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed nanoparticles released by cells. They mediate intercellular communication by transferring biological molecules and therefore have potential as innovative drug delivery vehicles. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Unfortunately, the clinical application of recombinant rTRAIL has been hampered by its low bioavailability and resistance of cancer cells. EV-mediated TRAIL delivery may circumvent these problems. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) produce EVs and could be a good source for therapeutic EV production. We investigated if TRAIL could be expressed in MSC-derived EVs and examined their cancer cell-killing efficacy. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and were membranous particles of 50-70 nm in diameter. Both MSC- and TRAIL-expressing MSC (MSCT)-derived EVs express CD63, CD9 and CD81, but only MSCT-EVs express surface TRAIL. MSCT-EVs induced apoptosis in 11 cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner but showed no cytotoxicity in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Caspase activity inhibition or TRAIL neutralisation blocked the cytotoxicity of TRAIL-positive EVs. MSCT-EVs induced pronounced apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells and this effect could be further enhanced using a CDK9 inhibitor. These data indicate that TRAIL delivery by MSC-derived EVs is an effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Krishna K Kolluri
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Kate H C Gowers
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London , London , UK
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162
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ĆUJIĆ D, KOSANOVIĆ M, JOVANOVIĆ KRIVOKUĆA M, VIĆOVAC L, JANKOVIĆ M. Extracellular presence/release of galectins from HTR-8/SVneo extravillous trophoblast cells*. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1704-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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163
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Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, Kim HS, Peinado H, Lyden D. Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:836-848. [PMID: 27960084 PMCID: PMC5157696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1325] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication between tumor cells and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. Accordingly, EVs play an essential role in both primary tumor growth and metastatic evolution. EVs orchestrate multiple systemic pathophysiological processes, such as coagulation, vascular leakiness, and reprogramming of stromal recipient cells to support pre-metastatic niche formation and subsequent metastasis. Clinically, EVs may be biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer progression, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Pediatric Clinic III, University Clinic of Essen, Hufelandstrasse-55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joshua Mitchell Weiss
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hector Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
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164
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Homer H, Rice GE, Salomon C. Review: Embryo- and endometrium-derived exosomes and their potential role in assisted reproductive treatments-liquid biopsies for endometrial receptivity. Placenta 2016; 54:89-94. [PMID: 28043656 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pregnancies resulting from the transfer of more than one embryo pose a significant threat to offspring born through Assisted Reproductive Treatments (ART). Transferring one embryo at a time would eliminate this risk. However, current approaches of identifying the highest quality embryo to transfer are either unreliable (e.g. morphology assessment) or highly invasive and potentially detrimental to embryos (e.g. PGD). Approaches for non-invasive embryo selection would be a major advancement that would increase efficiency and reduce both the costs and the risks associated with ART. Exosomes are a particular subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted from a wide range of cells, including placental and endometrium cells. Exosomes are very stable vesicles that contain a broad spectrum of molecules, including proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs. Very little is known about this form of cell-to-cell communication in the context of ovarian follicular biology and implantation, but emerging data suggest that exosomes secreted by the blastocyst could influence gene expression and receptivity of endometrial cells thereby controlling its own implantation. Here we review emerging findings regarding exosomal signalling in reproductive biology and the prospects for mapping blastocyst-derived exosomal profiles as a means for supporting single embryo transfer policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Homer
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia; Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia; Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, USA.
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165
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Adam S, Elfeky O, Kinhal V, Dutta S, Lai A, Jayabalan N, Nuzhat Z, Palma C, Rice GE, Salomon C. Review: Fetal-maternal communication via extracellular vesicles - Implications for complications of pregnancies. Placenta 2016; 54:83-88. [PMID: 27939894 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The maternal physiology experiences numerous changes during pregnancy which are essential in controlling and maintaining maternal metabolic adaptations and fetal development. The human placenta is an organ that serves as the primary interface between the maternal and fetal circulation, thereby supplying the fetus with nutrients, blood and oxygen through the umbilical cord. During gestation, the placenta continuously releases several molecules into maternal circulation, including hormones, proteins, RNA and DNA. Interestingly, the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of placental origin has been identified in maternal circulation across gestation. EVs can be categorised according to their size and/or origin into microvesicles (∼150-1000 nm) and exosomes (∼40-120 nm). Microvesicles are released by budding from the plasmatic membrane, whereas exosome release is by fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasmatic membrane. Exosomes released from placental cells have been found to be regulated by oxygen tension and glucose concentration. Furthermore, maternal exosomes have the ability to stimulate cytokine release from endothelial cells. In this review, we will discuss the role of EVs during fetal-maternal communication during gestation with a special emphasis on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Adam
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Omar Elfeky
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Vyjayanthi Kinhal
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Suchismita Dutta
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Nanthini Jayabalan
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Zarin Nuzhat
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Carlos Palma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia; Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia; Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, USA.
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166
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Wang DJ, Wang CM, Wang YT, Qiao H, Fang LQ, Wang ZB. Lactation-Related MicroRNA Expression in Microvesicles of Human Umbilical Cord Blood. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4542-4554. [PMID: 27885249 PMCID: PMC5124433 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex process by which lactation is initiated upon neonate delivery remains incompletely understood. Microvesicles (MVs) can transmit microRNAs (miRNAs) into recipient cells to influence cell function, and recent studies have identified miRNAs essential for mammary gland development and lactation. This study aimed to investigate the expression of lactation-related miRNAs in MVs isolated from human umbilical cord blood immediately after delivery. Material/Methods Umbilical cord blood samples were collected from 70 healthy pregnant women, and MVs were isolated through differential centrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Lactation-related miRNAs were screened using bioinformatics tools for miRNA target prediction, gene ontology, and signaling pathway analyses. miRNA PCR arrays were used for miRNA expression analysis, and the results were validated by real-time PCR. Upon exposure of HBL-100 human mammary epithelial cells to MVs, MV uptake was examined by fluorescence confocal microscopy and β-casein secretion was detected by ELISA. Results Spherical MVs extracted from umbilical cord blood expressed CD63 and had an average diameter of 167.0±77.1 nm. We profiled 337 miRNAs in human umbilical cord blood MVs and found that 85 were related to lactation by bioinformatics analysis. The 25 most differentially expressed lactation-related miRNAs were validated by real-time PCR. MV uptake by HBL-100 cells was after 4 h in culture, and significantly increased secretion of β-casein was observed after 96 h from cells exposed to MVs (P<0.05). Conclusions Umbilical cord blood MVs contain many lactation-related miRNAs and can induce β-casein production by HBL-100 cells in vitro. Thus, umbilical cord blood MVs may mediate secretion of β-casein through miRNAs, thereby playing an important role in fetal-maternal crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Chen-Meiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Hai Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Liao-Qiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Co-Founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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167
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Tannetta D, Collett G, Vatish M, Redman C, Sargent I. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles - Circulating biopsies reflecting placental health. Placenta 2016; 52:134-138. [PMID: 27899180 PMCID: PMC5423500 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to directly monitor the status of the placenta throughout pregnancy would be a major advance in both general and personalized obstetric care, allowing treatments to be tailored to the dynamic changes that can occur in gestation. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles (STBEV) are membrane bound vesicles, released from the surface of the placenta directly into the maternal circulation, in the form of exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. They carry many syncytiotrophoblast derived factors such as proteins, lipids, glycans and nucleic acids, which together could dynamically signal to the mother the status of the placenta. We review STBEV research and discuss the potential for STBEV to be used as circulating syncytiotrophoblast biopsies, accessible via a simple blood sample throughout pregnancy, giving a real-time readout of syncytiotrophoblast health. We also highlight advances in the use of extracellular vesicles as circulating tumour derived biopsies in the field of cancer research, which could prove beneficial to obstetric care. Syncytiotrophoblast release extracellular vesicles (STBEV) directly into the maternal circulation, during normal pregnancy and in increased amounts in preeclampsia, in the form of exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. STBEV carry many syncytiotrophoblast derived factors such as proteins, lipids, glycans and nucleic acids, the composition of which can change with syncytiotrophoblast stress. Circulating STBEV are therefore placental “biopsies” accessible throughout gestation, giving a real-time readout of syncytiotrophoblast health. STBEV have great potential as biomarkers for monitoring heterogeneous syndromes such as PE and other forms of placental compromise/stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Tannetta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Gavin Collett
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Chris Redman
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ian Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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168
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Ouyang Y, Bayer A, Chu T, Tyurin VA, Kagan VE, Morelli AE, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y. Isolation of human trophoblastic extracellular vesicles and characterization of their cargo and antiviral activity. Placenta 2016; 47:86-95. [PMID: 27780544 PMCID: PMC5123854 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary human trophoblasts release a repertoire of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Among them are nano-sized exosomes, which we found to suppress the replication of a wide range of diverse viruses. These exosomes contain trophoblastic microRNAs (miRNAs) that are expressed from the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster and exhibit antiviral properties. Here, we report our investigation of the cargo of placental EVs, focusing on the composition and the antiviral properties of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic blebs. METHODS We isolated EVs using ultracentrifugation and defined their purity using immunoblotting, electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking. We used liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, protein mass spectrometry, and miRNA TaqMan card PCR to examine the phospholipids, proteins, and miRNA cargo of trophoblastic EVs and an in vitro viral infection assay to assess the antiviral properties of EVs. RESULTS We found that all three EV types contain a comparable repertoire of miRNA. Interestingly, trophoblastic exosomes harbor a protein and phospholipid profile that is distinct from that of microvesicles or apoptotic blebs. Functionally, trophoblastic exosomes exhibit the highest antiviral activity among the EVs. Consistently, plasma exosomes derived from pregnant women recapitulate the antiviral effect of trophoblastic exosomes derived from in vitro cultures of primary human trophoblasts. DISCUSSION When compared to other trophoblastic EVs, exosomes exhibit a unique repertoire of proteins and phospholipids, but not miRNAs, and a potent viral activity. Our work suggests that human trophoblastic EVs may play a key role in maternal-placental-fetal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Avraham Bayer
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- T.E. Starzl Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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169
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Tannetta D, Masliukaite I, Vatish M, Redman C, Sargent I. Update of syncytiotrophoblast derived extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 119:98-106. [PMID: 27613663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EV) by the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) may be an important mechanism by which the placenta signals to the mother. STB derived EV (STBEV) are comprised predominantly of exosomes (50-150nm) and microvesicles (100-1000nm) that contain bioactive mediators such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. They, along with larger syncytial nuclear aggregates are released by the STB into the maternal circulation throughout gestation in normal pregnancy where they appear to have an immunoregulatory role, inhibiting T cell and NK cell responses. In pre-eclampsia (PE) STBEV are released in significantly increased numbers and have pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and procoagulant activity, implicating them in the maternal systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and activation of the clotting system which typifies the disorder. Research has focused on understanding the biological significance of STBEV by measuring their size and repertoire of molecules carried and how they differ in normal pregnancy and PE, using techniques such as Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry. We have also found alterations in STBEV surface glycans associated with PE. The goal is to better understand the role STBEV play in normal pregnancy and PE and whether they are potential biomarkers of placental pathology and therapeutic targets in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Tannetta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Ieva Masliukaite
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, TKsO-266, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Christopher Redman
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Ian Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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170
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Mitchell MD, Scholz-Romero K, Reed S, Peiris HN, Koh YQ, Meier S, Walker CG, Burke CR, Roche JR, Rice G, Salomon C. Plasma exosome profiles from dairy cows with divergent fertility phenotypes. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7590-7601. [PMID: 27372594 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions may be influenced by neighboring cells, distant tissues, or local environmental factors. Exosomes are specific subsets of extracellular vesicles that internalize and deliver their content to near and distant sites. Exosomes may play a role in the maternal-embryo crosstalk vital for the recognition and maintenance of a pregnancy; however, their role in dairy cow reproduction has not been established. This study aimed to characterize the exosome profile in the plasma of 2 strains of dairy cow with divergent fertility phenotypes. Plasma was obtained and characterized on the basis of genetic ancestry as fertile (FERT; <23% North American genetics, New Zealand Holstein-Friesian strain, n=8) or subfertile (SUBFERT; >92% North American genetics, North American Holstein-Friesian strain, n=8). Exosomes were isolated by differential and buoyant density centrifugation and characterized by size distribution (nanoparticle tracking analysis, NanoSight NS500, NanoSight Ltd., Amesbury, UK), the presence of CD63 (Western blot), and their morphology (electron microscopy). The total number of exosomes was determined by quantifying the immunoreactive CD63 (ExoELISA kit, System Biosciences), and the protein content established by mass spectrometry. Enriched exosome fractions were identified as cup-shape vesicles with diameters around 100 nm and positive for the CD63 marker. The concentration of exosomes was 50% greater in FERT cows. Mass spectrometry identified 104 and 117 proteins in FERT and SUBFERT cows, of which 23 and 36 were unique, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment for proteins involved in immunomodulatory processes and cell-to-cell communication. Although the role of exosomes in dairy cow reproduction remains to be elucidated, their quantification and content in models with divergent fertility phenotypes could provide novel information to support both physiological and genetic approaches to improving dairy cow fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Mitchell
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
| | - K Scholz-Romero
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Reed
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - H N Peiris
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Q Koh
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Meier
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - C G Walker
- DairyNZ Ltd., 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - C R Burke
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - G Rice
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Salomon
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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Sheller S, Papaconstantinou J, Urrabaz-Garza R, Richardson L, Saade G, Salomon C, Menon R. Amnion-Epithelial-Cell-Derived Exosomes Demonstrate Physiologic State of Cell under Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157614. [PMID: 27333275 PMCID: PMC4917104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At term, the signals of fetal maturity and feto-placental tissue aging prompt uterine readiness for delivery by transitioning quiescent myometrium to an active stage. It is still unclear how the signals reach the distant myometrium. Exosomes are a specific type of extracellular vesicle (EVs) that transport molecular signals between cells, and are released from a wide range of cells, including the maternal and fetal cells. In this study, we hypothesize that i) exosomes act as carriers of signals in utero-placental compartments and ii) exosomes reflect the physiologic status of the origin cells. The primary aims of this study were to determine exosomal contents in exosomes derived from primary amnion epithelial cells (AEC). We also determined the effect of oxidative stress on AEC derived exosomal cargo contents. AEC were isolated from amniotic membrane obtained from normal, term, not in labor placentae at delivery, and culture under standard conditions. Oxidative stress was induced using cigarette smoke extract for 48 hours. AEC-conditioned media were collected and exosomes isolated by differential centrifugations. Both growth conditions (normal and oxidative stress induced) produced cup shaped exosomes of around 50 nm, expressed exosomes enriched markers, such as CD9, CD63, CD81 and HSC70, embryonic stem cell marker Nanog, and contained similar amounts of cell free AEC DNA. Using confocal microscopy, the colocalization of histone (H) 3, heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and activated form of pro-senescence and term parturition associated marker p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) (P-p38 MAPK) co-localized with exosome enrich marker CD9. HSP70 and P-p38 MAPK were significantly higher in exosomes from AEC grown under oxidative stress conditions than standard conditions (p<0.05). Finally, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis identified 221 different proteins involved in immunomodulatory response and cell-to-cell communication. This study determined AEC exosome characteristics and their cargo reflected the physiologic status of the cell of origin and suggests that AEC-derived exosomal p38 MAPK plays a major role in determining the fate of pregnancy. Understanding the propagation of fetal signals and their mechanisms in normal term pregnancies can provide insights into pathologic activation of such signals associated with spontaneous preterm parturitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sheller
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John Papaconstantinou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rheanna Urrabaz-Garza
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lauren Richardson
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - George Saade
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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172
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Hoefer IE. Beware of the content!-exosomes as benefactors and agitators. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:293-4. [PMID: 27102217 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imo E Hoefer
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, UMC Utrecht, G03.550, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
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173
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are harbingers of tumor-induced immune suppression: they carry immunosuppressive molecules and factors known to interfere with immune cell functions. By delivering suppressive cargos consisting of proteins similar to those in parent tumor cells to immune cells, TEX directly or indirectly influence the development, maturation, and antitumor activities of immune cells. TEX also deliver genomic DNA, mRNA, and microRNAs to immune cells, thereby reprogramming functions of responder cells to promote tumor progression. TEX carrying tumor-associated antigens can interfere with antitumor immunotherapies. TEX also have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity.
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174
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Hall J, Prabhakar S, Balaj L, Lai CP, Cerione RA, Breakefield XO. Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins via Extracellular Vesicles: Review and Potential Treatments for Parkinson's Disease, Glioma, and Schwannoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:417-27. [PMID: 27017608 PMCID: PMC4860146 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles present an attractive delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins. They intrinsically contain many proteins which can provide information to other cells. Advantages include reduced immune reactivity, especially if derived from the same host, stability in biologic fluids, and ability to target uptake. Those from mesenchymal stem cells appear to be intrinsically therapeutic, while those from cancer cells promote tumor progression. Therapeutic proteins can be loaded into vesicles by overexpression in the donor cell, with oligomerization and membrane sequences increasing their loading. Examples of protein delivery for therapeutic benefit in pre-clinical models include delivery of: catalase for Parkinson's disease to reduce oxidative stress and thus help neurons to survive; prodrug activating enzymes which can convert a prodrug which crosses the blood-brain barrier into a toxic chemotherapeutic drug for schwannomas and gliomas; and the apoptosis-inducing enzyme, caspase-1 under a Schwann cell specific promoter for schwannoma. This therapeutic delivery strategy is novel and being explored for a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hall
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shilpa Prabhakar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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175
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Hirsova P, Ibrahim SH, Krishnan A, Verma VK, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Charlton MR, Shah VH, Malhi H, Gores GJ. Lipid-Induced Signaling Causes Release of Inflammatory Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:956-67. [PMID: 26764184 PMCID: PMC4808464 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocyte cellular dysfunction and death induced by lipids and macrophage-associated inflammation are characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The fatty acid palmitate can activate death receptor 5 (DR5) on hepatocytes, leading to their death, but little is known about how this process contributes to macrophage-associated inflammation. We investigated whether lipid-induced DR5 signaling results in the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hepatocytes, and whether these can induce an inflammatory macrophage phenotype. METHODS Primary mouse and human hepatocytes and Huh7 cells were incubated with palmitate, its metabolite lysophosphatidylcholine, or diluent (control). The released EV were isolated, characterized, quantified, and applied to macrophages. C57BL/6 mice were placed on chow or a diet high in fat, fructose, and cholesterol to induce NASH. Some mice also were given the ROCK1 inhibitor fasudil; 2 weeks later, serum EVs were isolated and characterized by immunoblot and nanoparticle-tracking analyses. Livers were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Incubation of primary hepatocytes and Huh7 cells with palmitate or lysophosphatidylcholine increased their release of EVs, compared with control cells. This release was reduced by inactivating mediators of the DR5 signaling pathway or rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) inhibition. Hepatocyte-derived EVs contained tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and induced expression of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 messenger RNAs in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Activation of macrophages required DR5 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1. Administration of the ROCK1 inhibitor fasudil to mice with NASH reduced serum levels of EVs; this reduction was associated with decreased liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Lipids, which stimulate DR5, induce release of hepatocyte EVs, which activate an inflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Strategies to inhibit ROCK1-dependent release of EVs by hepatocytes might be developed for the treatment of patients with NASH.
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176
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Nardi FDS, Michelon TF, Neumann J, Manvailer LFS, Wagner B, Horn PA, Bicalho MDG, Rebmann V. High levels of circulating extracellular vesicles with altered expression and function during pregnancy. Immunobiology 2016; 221:753-60. [PMID: 27005781 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely considered important modulators of cell-cell communication and may interact with target cells locally and on a systemic level. Several studies had shown that circulating EVs' levels are increased during pregnancy. However, EVs characteristics, composition and biological functions in pregnancy still need to be clarified. This study aims to determine if circulating EVs during pregnancy are modified regarding levels, markers and cytokine profile as well as their reactivity towards peripheral blood cells. 26 pregnant women (PW) being in the second gestational trimester and 59 non-pregnant women (NPW) were investigated. EVs enrichment was performed by ExoQuick™ or ultracentrifugation; nanoparticle tracking analysis, SDS-PAGE followed by Western Blotting and densitometry, and IFN-γ, IL-10 and TGF-β1 ELISA for EVs characterization; imaging flow cytometry to analyze EVs' uptake by peripheral blood cells and flow cytometry were performed to analyze EVs function regarding induction of caspase-3 activity. Circulating EVs' levels were increased during pregnancy [26.9×10(6)EVs/ml (range: 6.4-46.3); p=0.003] vs NPW [18.9×10(6)EVs/ml (range: 2.5-61.3)]. Importantly, the immunosuppressive TGF-β1 and IL-10 cytokine cargo were increased in EVs of PW even after normalization to 1 million EVs [TGF-β1: 0.25pg/10(6)EVs (range: 0.0-2.0); p<0.0001] and [IL-10: 0.21pg/10(6)EVs (range: 0.0-16.8); p=0.006] vs NPW. Although EVs derived from non-pregnant and pregnant women were taken up by NK cells, the latter exclusively enhanced the caspase-3 activity in CD56(dim) NK cells (8.2±0.9; p=0.02). The qualitative and quantitative pregnancy-related alterations of circulating EVs provide first hints for an immune modulating role of circulating EVs during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola da Silva Nardi
- Genetics Department, Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Federal University of Paraná, 19031 Curitiba, Brazil; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília-DF 70, 040-020, Brazil.
| | | | - Jorge Neumann
- Reproductive Immunology Centre, 90470-280 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Luis Felipe Santos Manvailer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília-DF 70, 040-020, Brazil.
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Maria da Graça Bicalho
- Genetics Department, Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility (LIGH), Federal University of Paraná, 19031 Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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177
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Giaglis S, Stoikou M, Grimolizzi F, Subramanian BY, van Breda SV, Hoesli I, Lapaire O, Hasler P, Than NG, Hahn S. Neutrophil migration into the placenta: Good, bad or deadly? Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:208-25. [PMID: 26933824 PMCID: PMC4853040 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1148866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades have passed since the discovery that pregnancy is associated with a basal inflammatory state involving neutrophil activation, and that this is more overt in cases with preeclampsia, than in instances with sepsis. This pivotal observation paved the way for our report, made almost a decade ago, describing the first involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a non-infectious human pathology, namely preeclampsia, where an abundance of these structures were detected directly in the placental intervillous space. Despite these remarkable findings, there remains a paucity of interest among reproductive biologists in further exploring the role or involvement of neutrophils in pregnancy and related pathologies. In this review we attempt to redress this deficit by highlighting novel recent findings including the discovery of a novel neutrophil subset in the decidua, the interaction of placental protein 13 (PP13) and neutrophils in modulating spiral artery modification, as well as the use of animal model systems to elucidate neutrophil function in implantation, gestation and parturition. These model systems have been particularly useful in identifying key components implicated in recurrent fetal loss, preeclampsia or new signaling molecules such as sphingolipids. Finally, the recent discovery that anti-phospolipid antibodies can trigger NETosis, supports our hypothesis that these structures may contribute to placental dysfunction in pertinent cases with recurrent fetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Giaglis
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,b Department Rheumatology , Cantonal Hospital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland
| | - Maria Stoikou
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Franco Grimolizzi
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,c Polytechnic University Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Bibin Y Subramanian
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Shane V van Breda
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Irene Hoesli
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Olav Lapaire
- d Department of Obstetrics , University Women's Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Paul Hasler
- b Department Rheumatology , Cantonal Hospital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- e Lendulet Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology , Research Center for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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178
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Decreased placental and maternal serum TRAIL-R2 levels are associated with placenta accreta. Placenta 2016; 39:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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179
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are harbingers of tumor-induced immune suppression: they carry immunosuppressive molecules and factors known to interfere with immune cell functions. By delivering suppressive cargos consisting of proteins similar to those in parent tumor cells to immune cells, TEX directly or indirectly influence the development, maturation, and antitumor activities of immune cells. TEX also deliver genomic DNA, mRNA, and microRNAs to immune cells, thereby reprogramming functions of responder cells to promote tumor progression. TEX carrying tumor-associated antigens can interfere with antitumor immunotherapies. TEX also have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity.
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180
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Zhang M, Viennois E, Xu C, Merlin D. Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against diseases. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1134415. [PMID: 27358751 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, nanoparticles containing miRNA, bioactive lipids and proteins serve as extracellular messengers to mediate cell-cell communication in a manner similar to the exosomes secreted by mammalian cells. Notably, such nanoparticles are edible. Moreover, given the proper origin and cargo, plant derived edible nanoparticles could function in interspecies communication and may serve as natural therapeutics against a variety of diseases. In addition, nanoparticles made of plant-derived lipids may be used to efficiently deliver specific drugs. Plant derived edible nanoparticles could be more easily scaled up for mass production, compared to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss recent significant developments pertaining to plant derived edible nanoparticles and provide insight into the use of plants as a bio-renewable, sustainable, diversified platform for the production of therapeutic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changlong Xu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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181
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Induction of apoptosis, stimulation of cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of angiogenesis make human amnion-derived cells promising sources for cell therapy of cancer. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 363:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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182
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Application of regenerative medicine strategies for repair of organs/tissue impacted by chronic disease is an active subject for product development. Such methodologies emphasize the role of stem cells as the active biological ingredient. However, recent developments in elucidating mechanisms of action of these therapies have focused on the role of paracrine, 'action-at-a-distance' modus operandi in mediating the ability to catalyze regenerative outcomes without significant site-specific engraftment. A salient component of this secreted regenerative milieu are exosomes: 40-100 nm intraluminal vesicles that mediate transfer of proteins and nucleic acids across cellular boundaries. AREAS COVERED Here, we synthesize recent studies from PubMed and Google Scholar highlighting how cell-based therapeutics and cosmeceutics are transitioning towards the secretome generally and exosomes specifically as a principal modulator of regenerative outcomes. EXPERT OPINION Exosomes contribute to organ development and mediate regenerative outcomes in injury and disease that recapitulate observed bioactivity of stem cell populations. Encapsulation of the active biological ingredients of regeneration within non-living exosome carriers may offer process, manufacturing and regulatory advantages over stem cell-based therapies.
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183
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Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles: The New Communicators in Parasite Infections. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:477-489. [PMID: 26433251 PMCID: PMC4685040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism for transferring information between cells and organisms across all three kingdoms of life. In addition to their roles in normal physiology, vesicles also transport molecules from pathogens to hosts and can spread antigens as well as infectious agents. Although initially described in the host-pathogen context for their functions in immune surveillance, vesicles enable multiple modes of communication by, and between, parasites. Here we review the literature demonstrating that EVs are secreted by intracellular and extracellular eukaryotic parasites, as well as their hosts, and detail the functional properties of these vesicles in maturation, pathogenicity and survival. We further describe the prospects for targeting or exploiting these complexes in therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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184
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Suchorska WM, Lach MS. The role of exosomes in tumor progression and metastasis (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1237-44. [PMID: 26707854 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have developed various mechanisms in defense against applied treatment, which prevent their total elimination from an organism. One of the underestimated mechanisms of defense is secretion of highly specialized double-membrane structures called exosomes. They play a crucial role in the control of the local microenvironment and intracellular communication. It has been shown that the exosomes can be carriers of various proteins, lipids, miRNAs and mRNAs. There are extensive data concerning the influence and participation by exosomes in metastasis and cancer progression. It has been demonstrated that exosomes are involved in multidrug resistance mechanisms, radiation-induced bystander effect and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, exosomes are able to form a premetastatic niche and enable the escape of cancer cells from recognition by host immune cells. Moreover, exosomes are responsible for the formation of vessels. This indicates the significance of secreted extracellular vesicles in the development and prognosis of cancer. The aim of the present review is to briefly describe the role of exosomes in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal S Lach
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
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185
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Partial Protection of PC12 Cells from Cellular Stress by Low-Dose Sodium Nitroprusside Pre-treatment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:1161-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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186
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Wu F, Tian FJ, Lin Y, Xu WM. Oxidative Stress: Placenta Function and Dysfunction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 76:258-71. [PMID: 26589876 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the placenta is a site of active oxygen metabolism that continuously generates oxidative stress (OS). Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species can destroy normal placental functions. Therefore, the feto-placental unit generates abundant antioxidants to keep OS under control. Properly controlled oxidative species have been proven to serve as indispensable cellular signal messengers by regulating gene expression and downstream cellular activities. OS also plays an important immunoregulatory role during pregnancy. Oxidative disorder and immune disturbances are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. In this review, we introduce recent studies revealing basal functions and regulatory roles of placental OS in metabolism and immunity. The relationships between OS- and pregnancy-related disorders are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ju Tian
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang-Ming Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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187
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Zhang J, Dunk C, Croy AB, Lye SJ. To serve and to protect: the role of decidual innate immune cells on human pregnancy. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:249-265. [PMID: 26572540 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The maternal-fetal interface undergoes dynamic changes that promote successful development of the embryo/fetal allograft during pregnancy. This immune privilege of the conceptus is mediated through local and systemic cellular responses. In species in which endometrial decidualization accompanies pregnancy, unique immune cell niches are found. Many studies have addressed the enigmatic roles of uterine (u)NK cells as killers and helpers because they are frequently found in the uterine lining and decidua of normal and pathological pregnancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that uNK cells are induced and transformed by sensing signals within their microenvironment to both protect the mother from the fetal allograft and support the fetus during its development. Here, we review the mechanisms that modulate these functions of uNK cells during pregnancy. We suggest that uNK cells must be tightly regulated in order to serve these two roles and support a healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Zhang
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.
| | - Caroline Dunk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne B Croy
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde St., Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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188
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Differential expression of ligands for NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptors by epithelial ovarian cancer-derived exosomes and its influence on NK cell cytotoxicity. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5455-66. [PMID: 26563374 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers constitutively produce and secrete into the blood and other biofluids 30-150 nm-sized endosomal vehicles called exosomes. Cancer-derived exosomes exhibit powerful influence on a variety of biological mechanisms to the benefit of the tumors that produce them. We studied the immunosuppressive ability of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) exosomes on two cytotoxic pathways of importance for anticancer immunity-the NKG2D receptor-ligand pathway and the DNAM-1-PVR/nectin-2 pathway. Using exosomes, isolated from EOC tumor explant and EOC cell-line culture supernatants, and ascitic fluid from EOC patients, we studied the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on EOC exosomes and their ability to downregulate the cognate receptors. Our results show that EOC exosomes differentially and constitutively express NKG2D ligands from both MICA/B and ULBP families on their surface, while DNAM-1 ligands are more seldom expressed and not associated with the exosomal membrane surface. Consequently, the NKG2D ligand-bearing EOC exosomes significantly downregulated the NKG2D receptor expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) while the DNAM-1 receptor was unaffected. The downregulation of NKG2D receptor expression was coupled to inhibition of NKG2D receptor-ligand-mediated degranulation and cytotoxicity measured in vitro with OVCAR-3 and K562 cells as targets. The EOC exosomes acted as a decoy impairing the NKG2D mediated cytotoxicity while the DNAM-1 receptor-ligand system remained unchanged. Taken together, our results support and explain the mechanism behind the recently reported finding that in EOC, NK-cell recognition and killing of tumor cells was mainly dependent on DNAM-1 signaling while the contribution of the NKG2D receptor-ligand pathway was complementary and uncertain.
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189
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Ahmed W, Philip PS, Attoub S, Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells release Fas ligand in exosomal fractions and induce apoptosis in recipient cells via the extrinsic pathway. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3646-3659. [PMID: 26467838 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; human herpesvirus 4) is an oncogenic herpesvirus implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. A number of recent studies indicate that EBV can manipulate the local microenvironment by excreting viral and cellular components in nanovesicles called exosomes. In this study, we investigated the impact of EBV-derived exosomes on apoptosis of recipient cells and the molecular pathway involved in this process. Exosomes from EBV-infected but not from non-infected cells induced apoptosis in a number of different cell types, including B-cells, T-cells and epithelial cells. However, this phenomenon was not universal and the Burkitt's lymphoma-derived B-cell line BJAB was found to be resistant to apoptosis. Exosomes from both type I and type III EBV latently infected cells induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, cells exposed to EBV exosomes did not form colonies in soft agar assays. We further show that fluorescently labelled exosomes derived from EBV-infected cells are taken up by non-infected cells and induce apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway. Inhibition of caspase-3/7/8 blocks EBV exosome-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, our data indicate that EBV exosomes trigger apoptosis through the Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated extrinsic pathway, as FasL was present in EBV exosomal fractions and anti-FasL antibodies could block EBV exosome-mediated apoptosis. Together, these data support the notion that EBV hijacks the exosome pathway to excrete viral and cellular components that can modulate its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pretty S Philip
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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190
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Chronic inflammation of the placenta: definition, classification, pathogenesis, and clinical significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S53-69. [PMID: 26428503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory lesions of the placenta are characterized by the infiltration of the organ by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and/or macrophages and may result from infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic) or be of immune origin (maternal anti-fetal rejection). The 3 major lesions are villitis (when the inflammatory process affects the villous tree), chronic chorioamnionitis (which affects the chorioamniotic membranes), and chronic deciduitis (which involves the decidua basalis). Maternal cellular infiltration is a common feature of the lesions. Villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is a destructive villous inflammatory lesion that is characterized by the infiltration of maternal T cells (CD8+ cytotoxic T cells) into chorionic villi. Migration of maternal T cells into the villi is driven by the production of T-cell chemokines in the affected villi. Activation of macrophages in the villi has been implicated in the destruction of the villous architecture. VUE has been reported in association with preterm and term fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, fetal death, and preterm labor. Infants whose placentas have VUE are at risk for death and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome at the age of 2 years. Chronic chorioamnionitis is the most common lesion in late spontaneous preterm birth and is characterized by the infiltration of maternal CD8+ T cells into the chorioamniotic membranes. These cytotoxic T cells can induce trophoblast apoptosis and damage the fetal membranes. The lesion frequently is accompanied by VUE. Chronic deciduitis consists of the presence of lymphocytes or plasma cells in the basal plate of the placenta. This lesion is more common in pregnancies that result from egg donation and has been reported in a subset of patients with premature labor. Chronic placental inflammatory lesions can be due to maternal anti-fetal rejection, a process associated with the development of a novel form of fetal systemic inflammatory response. The syndrome is characterized by an elevation of the fetal plasma T-cell chemokine. The evidence that maternal anti-fetal rejection underlies the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory lesions of the placenta is reviewed. This article includes figures and histologic examples of all chronic inflammatory lesions of the placenta.
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191
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Mitchell MD, Peiris HN, Kobayashi M, Koh YQ, Duncombe G, Illanes SE, Rice GE, Salomon C. Placental exosomes in normal and complicated pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S173-81. [PMID: 26428497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While there is considerable contemporary interest in elucidating the role of placenta-derived extracellular vesicles in normal and complicated pregnancies and their utility as biomarkers and therapeutic interventions, progress in the field is hindered by a lack of standardized extracellular vesicle taxonomy and isolation protocols. The term "extracellular vesicle" is nonspecific and refers to all membrane-bound vesicles from nanometer to micrometer diameters and of different biogenic origins. To meaningfully ascribe biological function and/or diagnostic and therapeutic utility to extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, greater specificity and vesicle characterization is required. The current literature relating to exosome biology must be interpreted in this context. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicle that are specifically defined by an endosomal biogenesis and particle size (40-120 nm) and density (1.13-1.19 g/mL(-1)). Exosomes are specifically package with signaling molecules (including protein, messenger RNA, microRNA, and noncoding RNA) and are released by exocytosis into biofluid compartments. Exosomes regulate the activity of both proximal and distal target cells, including translational activity, angiogenesis, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. As such, exosomal signaling represents an integral pathway mediating intercellular communication. During pregnancy, the placenta releases exosomes into the maternal circulation from as early as 6 weeks of gestation. Release is regulated by factors that include both oxygen tension and glucose concentration and correlates with placental mass and perfusion. The concentration of placenta-derived exosomes in maternal plasma increases progressively during gestation. Exosomes isolated from maternal plasma are bioactive in vitro and are incorporated into target cells by endocytosis. While the functional significance of placental exosomes in pregnancy remains to be fully elucidated, available data support a role in normal placental development and maternal immunotolerance. Similarly, the role of exosomes in the etiology and progression of complications of pregnancy remains in a formative stage. Changes in the release of placenta- and nonplacenta-derived exosomes, their concentration in maternal plasma, composition, and bioactivity have been reported in association with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. The data, however, are confounded by the use of different isolation methodologies and vesicle subpopulations. The application of specific and well-characterized isolation methodologies is requisite to resolving the precise role of exosomes in complications of pregnancies and their ultimate clinical utility.
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192
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Shin JY, Yoon IH, Lim JH, Shin JS, Nam HY, Kim YH, Cho HS, Hong SH, Kim JS, Lee WW, Park CG. CD4+VEGFR1(HIGH) T cell as a novel Treg subset regulates inflammatory bowel disease in lymphopenic mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:592-603. [PMID: 26211666 PMCID: PMC4579660 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that control the immune response and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens. Many subsets of CD4(+) Tregs have been identified, including Foxp3(+), Tr1, Th3, and Foxp3neg iT(R)35 cells. In this study, we identified a new subset of CD4(+)VEGFR1(high) Tregs that have immunosuppressive capacity. CD4(+)VEGFR1high T cells, which constitute approximately 1.0% of CD4(+) T cells, are hyporesponsive to T-cell antigen receptor stimulation. Surface marker and FoxP3 expression analysis revealed that CD4(+)VEGFR1(high) T cells are distinct from known Tregs. CD4(+)VEGFR1(high) T cells suppressed the proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell as efficiently as CD4(+)CD25(high) natural Tregs in a contact-independent manner. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of CD4(+)VEGFR1(+) T cells from wild type to RAG-2-deficient C57BL/6 mice inhibited effector T-cell-mediated inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, we report CD4(+) VEGFR1(high) T cells as a novel subset of Tregs that regulate the inflammatory response in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyung Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Young Nam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Soo Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Hee Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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193
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McKelvey KJ, Powell KL, Ashton AW, Morris JM, McCracken SA. Exosomes: Mechanisms of Uptake. J Circ Biomark 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 28936243 PMCID: PMC5572985 DOI: 10.5772/61186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 30–100 nm microvesicles which contain complex cellular signals of RNA, protein and lipids. Because of this, exosomes are implicated as having limitless therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer, pregnancy complications, infections, and autoimmune diseases. To date we know a considerable amount about exosome biogenesis and secretion, but there is a paucity of data regarding the uptake of exosomes by immune and non-immune cell types (e.g., cancer cells) and the internal signalling pathways by which these exosomes elicit a cellular response. Answering these questions is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J McKelvey
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie L Powell
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon A McCracken
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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194
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Saadeldin IM, Oh HJ, Lee BC. Embryonic-maternal cross-talk via exosomes: potential implications. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:103-7. [PMID: 26185458 PMCID: PMC4500606 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s84991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of locally produced factors into the microenvironment of the reproductive tract is regulated, not one-way but rather, through embryonic-maternal cross-talk. In this mini-review, we focused on the exosomes, which are cell-derived vesicles of 30-100 nm in diameter, as a communicating language facilitating this dialog. These nanovesicles are secreted from pre-implantation embryos, oviduct epithelium, and endometrium as well as from the placenta, and contain proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA, and DNA cargoes, and have pleiotropic effects on both embryonic and maternal environments. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating this cross-talk will lead to the development of new regulating agents, with novel diagnostic, biological, and therapeutic potential for either supporting or hindering the normal reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeong Chang, Kangwon do, Republic of Korea
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195
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Barkalina N, Jones C, Wood MJA, Coward K. Extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of molecular compounds into gametes and embryos: learning from nature. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:627-39. [PMID: 26071427 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, even the most sophisticated methods of assisted reproductive technology (ART) allow us to achieve live births in only approximately 30% of patients, indicating that our understanding of the fine mechanisms underlying reproduction is far from ideal. One of the main challenges associated with studies of gamete structure and function is that these cells are remarkably resistant towards the uptake of exogenous substances, including 'molecular research tools' such as drugs, biomolecules and intracellular markers. This phenomenon can affect not only the performance of reproductive biology research techniques, but also the outcomes of the in vitro handling of gametes, which forms the cornerstone of ART. Improvement of intra-gamete delivery in a non-aggressive fashion is vital for the investigation of gamete physiology, and the advancement of infertility treatment. In this review, we outline the current state of nanomaterial-mediated delivery into gametes and embryos in vitro, and discuss the potential of a novel exciting drug delivery technology, based upon the use of targeted 'natural' nanoparticles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), for reproductive science and ART, given the promising emerging data from other fields. METHODS A comprehensive electronic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed using the following keywords: 'nanoparticles', 'nanomaterials', 'cell-penetrating peptides', 'sperm', 'oocyte', 'egg', 'embryo', 'exosomes', 'microvesicles', 'extracellular vesicles', 'delivery', 'reproduction', to identify the relevant research and review articles, published in English up to January 2015. The reference lists of identified publication were then scanned to extract additional relevant publications. RESULTS Biocompatible engineered nanomaterials with high loading capacity, stability and selective affinity represent a potential versatile tool for the minimally invasive internalization of molecular cargo into gametes and embryos. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the translation of these experimental tools into clinical applications is likely to be limited by their non-biodegradable nature. To allow the subsequent use of these methodologies for clinical ART, studies should utilize biodegradable delivery platforms, which mimic natural mechanisms of molecular cargo trafficking as closely as possible. Currently, EVs represent the most physiological intracellular delivery tools for reproductive science and medicine. These natural mediators of cell communication combine the benefits of engineered nanomaterials, such as the potential for in vitro production, targeting and loading, with the essential feature of biodegradability. CONCLUSION We anticipate that future investigations into the possibility of applying EVs for the intentional intracellular delivery of molecular compounds into gametes and embryos will open new horizons for reproductive science and clinical ART, ultimately leading to improvements in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Barkalina
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Celine Jones
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Kevin Coward
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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196
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Yuan Z, Kolluri KK, Sage EK, Gowers KHC, Janes SM. Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery of full-length tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is superior to soluble type for cancer therapy. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:885-96. [PMID: 25888191 PMCID: PMC4503823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background aims Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) delivery of pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an attractive strategy for anticancer therapy. MSCs expressing full-length human TRAIL (flT) or its soluble form (sT) have previously been shown to be effective for cancer killing. However, a comparison between the two forms has never been performed, leaving it unclear which approach is most effective. This study addresses the issue for the possible clinical application of TRAIL-expressing MSCs in the future. Methods MSCs were transduced with lentiviruses expressing flT or an isoleucine zipper-fused sT. TRAIL expression was examined and cancer cell apoptosis was measured after treatment with transduced MSCs or with MSC-derived soluble TRAIL. Results The transduction does not adversely affect cell phenotype. The sT-transduced MSCs (MSC-sT) secrete abundant levels of soluble TRAIL but do not present the protein on the cell surface. Interestingly, the flT-transduced MSCs (MSC-flT) not only express cell-surface TRAIL but also release flT into medium. These cells were examined for inducing apoptosis in 20 cancer cell lines. MSC-sT cells showed very limited effects. By contrast, MSC-flT cells demonstrated high cancer cell-killing efficiency. More importantly, MSC-flT cells can overcome some cancer cell resistance to recombinant TRAIL. In addition, both cell surface flT and secreted flT are functional for inducing apoptosis. The secreted flT was found to have higher cancer cell-killing capacity than either recombinant TRAIL or MSC-secreted sT. Conclusions These observations demonstrate that MSC delivery of flT is superior to MSC delivery of sT for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna K Kolluri
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K Sage
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate H C Gowers
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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197
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Lundy SK, Klinker MW, Fox DA. Killer B lymphocytes and their fas ligand positive exosomes as inducers of immune tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:122. [PMID: 25852690 PMCID: PMC4367442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of immune tolerance is a key process by which the immune system is educated to modulate reactions against benign stimuli such as self-antigens and commensal microbes. Understanding and harnessing the natural mechanisms of immune tolerance may become an increasingly useful strategy for treating many types of allergic and autoimmune diseases, as well as for improving the acceptance of solid organ transplants. Our laboratory and others have been interested in the natural ability of some B lymphocytes to express the death-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL), and their ability to kill T helper (TH) lymphocytes. We have recently shown that experimental transformation of human B cells by a non-replicative variant of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) consistently resulted in high expression of functional FasL protein. The production and release of FasL+ exosomes that co-expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and had the capacity to kill antigen-specific TH cells was also observed. Several lines of evidence indicate that FasL+ B cells and FasL+MHCII+ exosomes have important roles in natural immune tolerance and have a great deal of therapeutic potential. Taken together, these findings suggest that EBV-immortalized human B lymphoblastoid cell lines could be used as cellular factories for FasL+ exosomes, which would be employed to therapeutically establish and/or regain immune tolerance toward specific antigens. The goals of this review are to summarize current knowledge of the roles of FasL+ B cells and exosomes in immune regulation, and to suggest methods of manipulating killer B cells and FasL+ exosomes for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Lundy
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Matthew W Klinker
- Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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198
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Aharon A. The role of extracellular vesicles in placental vascular complications. Thromb Res 2015; 135 Suppl 1:S23-5. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(15)50435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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199
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Tong M, Chamley LW. Placental extracellular vesicles and feto-maternal communication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a023028. [PMID: 25635060 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human placenta is an anatomically unique structure that extrudes a variety of extracellular vesicles into the maternal blood (including syncytial nuclear aggregates, microvesicles, and nanovesicles). Large quantities of extracellular vesicles are produced by the placenta in both healthy and diseased pregnancies. Since their first description more than 120 years ago, placental extracellular vesicles are only now being recognized as important carriers for proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which may play a crucial role in feto-maternal communication. Here, we summarize the current literature on the cargos of placental extracellular vesicles and the known effects of such vesicles on maternal cells/systems, especially those of the maternal immune and vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - L W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Svensson-Arvelund J, Mehta RB, Lindau R, Mirrasekhian E, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Berg G, Lash GE, Jenmalm MC, Ernerudh J. The Human Fetal Placenta Promotes Tolerance against the Semiallogeneic Fetus by Inducing Regulatory T Cells and Homeostatic M2 Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1534-44. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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