151
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Basto AP, Piedade J, Ramalho R, Alves S, Soares H, Cornelis P, Martins C, Leitão A. A new cloning system based on the OprI lipoprotein for the production of recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived immunogenic formulations. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:50-63. [PMID: 22115954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of antigens with ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) is emerging as a promising strategy for the modulation of specific immunity. Here, we describe a new Escherichia coli system for the cloning and expression of heterologous antigens in fusion with the OprI lipoprotein, a TLR ligand from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane (OM). Analysis of the OprI expressed by this system reveals a triacylated lipid moiety mainly composed by palmitic acid residues. By offering a tight regulation of expression and allowing for antigen purification by metal affinity chromatography, the new system circumvents the major drawbacks of former versions. In addition, the anchoring of OprI to the OM of the host cell is further explored for the production of novel recombinant bacterial cell wall-derived formulations (OM fragments and OM vesicles) with distinct potential for PRR activation. As an example, the African swine fever virus ORF A104R was cloned and the recombinant antigen was obtained in the three formulations. Overall, our results validate a new system suitable for the production of immunogenic formulations that can be used for the development of experimental vaccines and for studies on the modulation of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso P Basto
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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152
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Jaradat SM, Ababneh KT, Jaradat SA, Abbadi MS, Taha AH, Karasneh JA, Haddad HI. Association of interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Oral Dis 2011; 18:271-9. [PMID: 22077544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms have been associated with interleukin-10 decreased production, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate whether interleukin-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions -1087(G/A) and -597(C/A) are associated with generalised chronic periodontitis and localised aggressive periodontitis. METHODS Genomic DNA samples were isolated from 276 unrelated Jordanian participants. Subjects were categorised into 86 periodontally healthy controls, 105 chronic periodontitis patients and 85 localised aggressive periodontitis patients. Genotype frequencies were calculated, and differences were determined using Pearson chi-squared test, and odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were included. RESULTS The frequencies of the -1087A and -597A alleles were significantly more common in chronic periodontitis patients than controls. The A-positive allele genotypes (GA, AA) at position -1087 and A-positive allele genotypes (CA, AA) at position -597 appeared to increase the risk of having chronic periodontitis. No significant differences were observed in the genotype frequencies between localised aggressive periodontitis patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the possible use of interleukin-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms as genetic markers in chronic periodontitis patients and further emphasise the molecular differences between chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jaradat
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
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153
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SHAN JY, JI WZ, LI HT, TUXUN T, LIN RY, WEN H. TLR2 and TLR4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with chronic cystic echinococcosis and its relationship with IL-10. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:692-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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154
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Gao Y, Zhang M, Chen L, Hou M, Ji M, Wu G. Deficiency in TLR2 but not in TLR4 impairs dendritic cells derived IL-10 responses to schistosome antigens. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:242-50. [PMID: 22063738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to observe the diverse functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in responses to specific schistosome antigens. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) or TLR4-deficient (TLR4(-/-)) mice were activated with soluble schistosomule antigen (SSA) or soluble egg antigen (SEA). TLR2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in B6 BMDCs following SEA stimulation. TLR2-deficient BMDCs showed enhanced MHCII expression following SSA and SEA stimulation. TLR2-deficient but not TLR4-deficient BMDC failed to produce IL-12p70 and IL-10 in response to schistosome antigens. TLR2-deficient BMDCs induced a stronger CD4(+) T cell proliferative response. IL-4 and IL-10 expression was inhibited in CD4(+) T cells primed with TLR2-deficient BMDCs, while enhanced in TLR4-deficient BMDCs-primed CD4(+) T cells. These results suggest that TLR2 is essential for the establishment of the DC production of IL-12p70 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China
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155
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Guindi C, Ménard M, Cloutier A, Gaudreau S, Besin G, Larivée P, McDonald PP, Dupuis G, Amrani A. Differential role of NF-κB, ERK1/2 and AP-1 in modulating the immunoregulatory functions of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from NOD mice. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:259-68. [PMID: 22070873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells represent a promising immunotherapy in autoimmunity. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive tolerogenic DCs functions are not well understood. We used GM-CSF or GM-CSF+IL-4 to generate tolerogenic (GM/DCs) and immunogenic (IL-4/DCs) BMDCs from NOD mice, respectively. GM/DCs were resistant to maturation, produced large amounts of IL-10 but not IL-12p70. GM/DCs displayed a reduced capacity to activate diabetogenic CD8(+) T-cells and were efficient to induce Tregs expansion and conversion. LPS stimulation triggered ERK1/2 activation that was sustained in GM/DCs but not in IL-4/DCs. ERK1/2 and AP-1 were involved in IL-10 production in GM/DCs but not in their resistance to maturation. Supershift analysis showed that NF-κB DNA binding complex contains p52 and p65 in GM/DCs, whereas it contains p52, p65 and RelB in IL-4/DCs. ChIP experiments revealed that p65 was recruited to IL-10 promoter following LPS stimulation of GM/DCs whereas its binding to IL-12p35 promoter was abolished. Our results suggest that immunoregulatory functions of GM/DCs are differentially regulated by ERK1/2, AP-1 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Guindi
- Immunology Division, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne LeBel, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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156
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Abstract
IL-36α (IL-1F6), IL-36β (IL-1F8), and IL-36γ (IL-1F9) are members of the IL-1 family of cytokines. These cytokines bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1, whereas IL-36Ra (IL-1F5) acts as an IL-36R antagonist (IL-36Ra). In this study, we show that both murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes constitutively express IL-36R and respond to IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ. IL-36 induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-23 by BMDCs with a more potent stimulatory effect than that of other IL-1 cytokines. In addition, IL-36β enhanced the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II by BMDCs. IL-36 also induced the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by CD4(+) T cells and cultured splenocytes. These stimulatory effects were antagonized by IL-36Ra when used in 100- to 1000-fold molar excess. The immunization of mice with IL-36β significantly and specifically promoted Th1 responses. Our data thus indicate a critical role of IL-36R ligands in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, leading to the stimulation of T helper responses.
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157
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental problems in immunology is the seemingly schizophrenic ability of the immune system to launch robust immunity against pathogens, while acquiring and maintaining a state of tolerance to the body's own tissues and the trillions of commensal microorganisms and food antigens that confront it every day. A fundamental role for the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in orchestrating immunological tolerance has been appreciated, but emerging studies have highlighted the nature of the innate receptors and the signaling pathways that program DCs to a tolerogenic state. Furthermore, several studies have emphasized the major role played by cellular interactions and the microenvironment in programming tolerogenic DCs. Here, we review these studies and suggest that the innate control of tolerogenic responses can be viewed as different hierarchies of organization, in which DCs, their innate receptors and signaling networks, and their interactions with other cells and local microenvironments represent different levels of the hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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158
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Kiura K, Hasebe A, Saeki A, Segawa T, Okada F, Shamsul HM, Ohtani M, Into T, Inoue N, Wakita M, Shibata KI. In vivo anti- and pro-tumour activities of the TLR2 ligand FSL-1. Immunobiology 2011; 216:891-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Vaccines represent a potent tool to prevent or contain infectious diseases with high morbidity or mortality. However, despite their widespread use, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effective elicitation of protective immune responses by vaccines. Recent research suggests that this represents the cooperative action of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Immunity is made of a multifaceted set of integrated responses involving a dynamic interaction of thousands of molecules, whose list is constantly updated to fill the several empty spaces of this puzzle. The recent development of new technologies and computational tools permits the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of immunity over time. Here, we review the role of the innate immunity in the host response to vaccine antigens and the potential of systems biology in providing relevant and novel insights in the mechanisms of action of vaccines to improve their design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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160
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Abstract
The role of granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the supportive care of cancer patients has been evaluated with promising results. More recently, GM-CSF has been added to regimens for the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. An expanding role for GM-CSF in regulating immune responses has been recognized based upon its activity on the development and maturation of antigen presenting cells and its capability for skewing the immune system toward Th1-type responses. GM-CSF has been shown to preferentially enhance both the numbers and activity of type 1 dendritic cells (DC1), the subsets of dendritic cells responsible for initiating cytotoxic immune responses. The increase in DC1 content and activity following local and systemic GM-CSF administration support a role for GM-CSF as an immune stimulant and vaccine adjuvant in cancer patients. GM-CSF has shown clinical activity as an immune stimulant in tumor cell and dendritic cell vaccines, and may increase antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The successful use of myeloid acting cytokines to enhance anti-tumor responses will likely require the utilization of GM-CSF in combination with cytotoxic or other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Arellano
- Emory University, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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161
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Myneni SR, Settem RP, Connell TD, Keegan AD, Gaffen SL, Sharma A. TLR2 signaling and Th2 responses drive Tannerella forsythia-induced periodontal bone loss. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:501-9. [PMID: 21632710 PMCID: PMC3119786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammation of the tooth-supporting soft tissue and alveolar bone due to infection by a select group of gram-negative microbes, which leads to tooth loss if untreated. Because mice deficient in CD4(+) cells are resistant to infection-induced alveolar bone loss, Th cells have been implicated in bone-destructive processes during PD. However, the extent to which different Th cell subtypes play roles in pathogenesis or host protection remains to be defined and is likely to vary depending on the dominant microorganism involved. By far, Porphyromonas gingivalis is the best-studied periodontal microbe in PD. Although the gram-negative anaerobe Tannerella forsythia is also a vital contributor to periodontal bone loss, almost nothing is known about immune responses to this organism. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that T. forsythia induces periodontal bone loss in mice and that this bone loss depends on the bacterially expressed BspA protein. In this study, we showed that T. forsythia activates murine APCs primarily through TLR2-dependent signaling via BspA. Furthermore, T. forsythia infection causes a pronounced Th2 bias, evidenced by T cell expression of IL-5, but not IFN-γ or IL-17, in draining lymph nodes. Consistently, deficiencies in TLR2 or STAT6 result in resistance to T. forsythia-induced alveolar bone loss. Thus, TLR2 signaling and Th2 cells play pathogenic roles in T. forsythia-induced alveolar bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas R. Myneni
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Rajendra P. Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Terry D. Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
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NOD dendritic cells stimulated with Lactobacilli preferentially produce IL-10 versus IL-12 and decrease diabetes incidence. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:630187. [PMID: 21716731 PMCID: PMC3119457 DOI: 10.1155/2011/630187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) from NOD mice produced high levels of IL-12 that induce IFNγ-producing T cells involved in diabetes development. We propose to utilize the microorganism ability to induce tolerogenic DCs to abrogate the proinflammatory process and prevent diabetes development. NOD DCs were stimulated with Lactobacilli (nonpathogenic bacteria targeting TLR2) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus (TLR2 agonist). LTA-treated DCs produced much more IL-12 than IL-10 and accelerated diabetes development when transferred into NOD mice. In contrast, stimulation of NOD DCs with L. casei favored the production of IL-10 over IL-12, and their transfer decreased disease incidence which anti-IL-10R antibodies restored. These data indicated that L. casei can induce NOD DCs to develop a more tolerogenic phenotype via production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Evaluation of the relative production of IL-10 and IL-12 by DCs may be a very useful means of identifying agents that have therapeutic potential.
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163
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Ouyang W, Rutz S, Crellin NK, Valdez PA, Hymowitz SG. Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:71-109. [PMID: 21166540 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1290] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The IL-10 family of cytokines consists of nine members: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, and the more distantly related IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Evolutionarily, IL-10 family cytokines emerged before the adaptive immune response. These cytokines elicit diverse host defense mechanisms, especially from epithelial cells, during various infections. IL-10 family cytokines are essential for maintaining the integrity and homeostasis of tissue epithelial layers. Members of this family can promote innate immune responses from tissue epithelia to limit the damage caused by viral and bacterial infections. These cytokines can also facilitate the tissue-healing process in injuries caused by infection or inflammation. Finally, IL-10 itself can repress proinflammatory responses and limit unnecessary tissue disruptions caused by inflammation. Thus, IL-10 family cytokines have indispensable functions in many infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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164
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Wang S, Villablanca EJ, De Calisto J, Gomes DCO, Nguyen DD, Mizoguchi E, Kagan JC, Reinecker HC, Hacohen N, Nagler C, Xavier RJ, Rossi-Bergmann B, Chen YB, Blomhoff R, Snapper SB, Mora JR. MyD88-dependent TLR1/2 signals educate dendritic cells with gut-specific imprinting properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:141-50. [PMID: 21646294 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gut-associated dendritic cells (DC) synthesize all-trans retinoic acid, which is required for inducing gut-tropic lymphocytes. Gut-associated DC from MyD88(-/-) mice, which lack most TLR signals, expressed low levels of retinal dehydrogenases (critical enzymes for all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis) and were significantly impaired in their ability to induce gut-homing T cells. Pretreatment of extraintestinal DC with a TLR1/2 agonist was sufficient to induce retinal dehydrogenases and to confer these DC with the capacity to induce gut-homing lymphocytes via a mechanism dependent on MyD88 and JNK/MAPK. Moreover, gut-associated DC from TLR2(-/-) mice, or from mice in which JNK was pharmacologically blocked, were impaired in their education to imprint gut-homing T cells, which correlated with a decreased induction of gut-tropic T cells in TLR2(-/-) mice upon immunization. Thus, MyD88-dependent TLR2 signals are necessary and sufficient to educate DC with gut-specific imprinting properties and contribute in vivo to the generation of gut-tropic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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165
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Lugade AA, Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Pradhan V, Elkin G, Murphy TF, Thanavala Y. Lipid motif of a bacterial antigen mediates immune responses via TLR2 signaling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19781. [PMID: 21611194 PMCID: PMC3096640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between the innate and the adaptive immune system is facilitated
by the initial interaction of antigen with dendritic cells. As DCs express a
large array of TLRs, evidence has accumulated that engagement of these molecules
contributes to the activation of adaptive immunity. We have evaluated the
immunostimulatory role of the highly-conserved outer membrane lipoprotein P6
from non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) to determine
whether the presence of the lipid motif plays a critical role on its
immunogenicity. We undertook a systematic analysis of the role that the lipid
motif plays in the activation of DCs and the subsequent stimulation of
antigen-specific T and B cells. To facilitate our studies, recombinant P6
protein that lacked the lipid motif was generated. Mice immunized with
non-lipidated rP6 were unable to elicit high titers of anti-P6 Ig. Expression of
the lipid motif on P6 was also required for proliferation and cytokine secretion
by antigen-specific T cells. Upregulation of T cell costimulatory molecules was
abrogated in DCs exposed to non-lipidated rP6 and in
TLR2−/− DCs exposed to native P6, thereby resulting
in diminished adaptive immune responses. Absence of either the lipid motif on
the antigen or TLR2 expression resulted in diminished cytokine production from
stimulated DCs. Collectively; our data suggest that the lipid motif of the
lipoprotein antigen is essential for triggering TLR2 signaling and effective
stimulation of APCs. Our studies establish the pivotal role of a bacterial lipid
motif on activating both innate and adaptive immune responses to an otherwise
poorly immunogenic protein antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A. Lugade
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New
York, United States of America
| | - Anna Bianchi-Smiraglia
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New
York, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo,
New York, United States of America
| | - Vandana Pradhan
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New
York, United States of America
| | - Galina Elkin
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New
York, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New
York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New
York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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166
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Small animals models for drug discovery. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:513-24. [PMID: 21601000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been an explosion of studies of animal models of asthma in the past 20 years. The elucidation of fundamental immunological mechanisms underlying the development of allergy and the complex cytokine and chemokines networks underlying the responses have been substantially unraveled. Translation of findings to human asthma have been slow and hindered by the varied phenotypes that human asthma represents. New areas for expansion of modeling include virally mediated airway inflammation, oxidant stress, and the interactions of stimuli triggering innate immune and adaptive immune responses.
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167
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Gallo C, Barros F, Sugaya N, Nunes F, Borra R. Differential expression of toll-like receptor mRNAs in recurrent aphthous ulceration. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:80-5. [PMID: 21554403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLR) are membrane proteins that recognize conserved molecules derived from bacterial, viral, fungal or host tissues. They are responsible for promoting the production of cytokines and chemokines, increasing the expression of costimulatory molecules and influencing the T Helper response (Th) toward either a Th1 or Th2 profile, thereby modulating the regulatory T cell response and controlling the integrity of the epithelial barrier. The key factors responsible for increased susceptibility to recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) are unclear, and because TLRs are involved in both immune regulation and control of the epithelial barrier, a deficiency in TLR activity is likely to cause increased susceptibility. METHODS We investigated the gene expression of TLRs one through 10 in tissue samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of RAU patients in comparison to healthy controls using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS The analysis of mRNA expression levels in oral lesion showed significant (P < 0.01) overexpression of the TLR2 (~6-fold) gene and decreased expression of the TLR3 (~5-fold) and TLR5 (~6-fold) genes in comparison with healthy oral mucosa. The analysis of mRNA expression in PBMC indicated a down-regulation of TLR5 gene expression in the cells from RAU patients (P < 0.05; ~2-fold). CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that a subset of RAU patients has fewer TLR expression that have been tentatively implicated in anti-inflammatory effects. This derangement of TLR gene expression may cause an overlay exuberant inflammation reaction in situations where normal individuals are resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gallo
- Discipline of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo, Brazil
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168
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Gaddis DE, Michalek SM, Katz J. TLR4 signaling via MyD88 and TRIF differentially shape the CD4+ T cell response to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5772-83. [PMID: 21498664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant hemagglutinin B (rHagB), a virulence factor of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, has been shown to induce protective immunity against bacterial infection. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that rHagB is a TLR4 agonist for dendritic cells. However, it is not known how rHagB dendritic cell stimulation affects the activation and differentiation of T cells. Therefore, we undertook the present study to examine the role of TLR4 signaling in shaping the CD4(+) T cell response following immunization of mice with rHagB. Immunization with this Ag resulted in the induction of specific CD4(+) T cells and Ab responses. In TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) but not Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β-deficient (TRIF(Lps2)) mice, there was an increase in the Th2 CD4(+) T cell subset, a decrease in the Th1 subset, and higher serum IgG(1)/IgG(2) levels of HagB-specific Abs compared with those in wild-type mice. These finding were accompanied by increased GATA-3 and Foxp3 expression and a decrease in the activation of CD4(+) T cells isolated from TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice. Interestingly, TLR4(-/-) CD4(+) T cells showed an increase in IL-2/STAT5 signaling. Whereas TRIF deficiency had minimal effects on the CD4(+) T cell response, it resulted in increased IFN-γ and IL-17 production by memory CD4(+) T cells. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time that TLR4 signaling, via the downstream MyD88 and TRIF molecules, exerts a differential regulation on the CD4(+) T cell response to HagB Ag. The gained insight from the present work will aid in designing better therapeutic strategies against P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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169
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Brereton CF, Sutton CE, Ross PJ, Iwakura Y, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Lavelle EC, Mills KHG. Escherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin Promotes Protective Th17 Responses against Infection by Driving Innate IL-1 and IL-23 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5896-906. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Increased disease severity of parasite-infected TLR2-/- mice is correlated with decreased central nervous system inflammation and reduced numbers of cells with alternatively activated macrophage phenotypes in a murine model of neurocysticercosis. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2586-96. [PMID: 21482681 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00920-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a murine model for neurocysticercosis (NCC), intracranial inoculation of the helminth parasite Mesocestoides corti induces multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs), among which TLR2 is upregulated first and to a relatively high extent. Here, we report that TLR2(-/-) mice displayed significantly increased susceptibility to parasite infection accompanied by increased numbers of parasites in the brain parenchyma compared to infection in wild-type (WT) mice. This coincided with an increased display of microglial nodule formations and greater neuropathology than in the WT. Parasite-infected TLR2(-/-) brains exhibited a scarcity of lymphocytic cuffing and displayed reduced numbers of infiltrating leukocytes. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses revealed significantly lower numbers of CD11b(+) myeloid cells, γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells in the brains of parasite-infected TLR2(-/-) mice. This correlated with significantly reduced levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), CCL2, CCL3, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the central nervous system (CNS) of TLR2(-/-) mice. As TLR2 has been implicated in immune regulation of helminth infections and as alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are thought to play a profound regulatory role in such infections, induction of AAMs in infected TLR2(-/-) mice was compared with that in WT mice. Parasite-infected WT brains showed larger numbers of macrophages/microglia (CD11b(+) cells) expressing AAM-associated molecules such as YM1, Fizz1 (found in inflammatory zone-1 antigen), and arginase 1 than TLR2(-/-) brains, consistent with a protective role of AAMs during infection. Importantly, these results demonstrate that TLR2-associated responses modulate the disease severity of murine NCC.
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171
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Wu TT, Chen TL, Loon WS, Tai YT, Cherng YG, Chen RM. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates syntheses of toll-like receptor 2 and surfactant protein-A in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells through upregulating phosphorylation of MEK1 and ERK1/2 and sequential activation of NF-κB. Cytokine 2011; 55:40-7. [PMID: 21474333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SPs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) contribute to regulation of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the major causes of septic shock. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of LPS on the regulation of tlr-2 and sp-a gene expression in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells and the possible mechanisms. Exposure of A549 cells to LPS increased the expressions of TLR2 and SP-A mRNA and protein in time-dependent manners. A search using a bioinformatic approach found that there are several nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-DNA-binding motifs in the promoter region of the tlr2 and sp-a genes. Immunoblotting analyses revealed that exposure to LPS time-dependently enhanced the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Analyses of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay further showed that LPS augmented the transactivation activity of NF-κB to its consensus oligonucleotides in A549cells. Sequentially, treatment of A549 cells with LPS increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and MAPK kinase-1 (MEK1). Pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, significantly decreased LPS-induced TLR2 and SP-A mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Tuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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172
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Le Bert N, Chain BM, Rook G, Noursadeghi M. DC priming by M. vaccae inhibits Th2 responses in contrast to specific TLR2 priming and is associated with selective activation of the CREB pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18346. [PMID: 21483768 PMCID: PMC3069967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental mycobacterium, M. vaccae has been used in mouse models to support the contemporary hygiene hypothesis that non-pathogenic microorganisms reduce allergy associated T helper (Th)2 responses and inflammatory diseases by augmenting regulatory T cells. However, data for human models and possible mechanisms are limited. We tested the effect of innate immune interactions between human DC and M. vaccae on DC-dependent T cell responses. M. vaccae activation of DC via Toll like receptor (TLR)2 was compared to a specific TLR2 ligand (Pam(3)CSK4) and alternative stimulation with a TLR4 ligand (LPS). M. vaccae induced DC dependent inhibition of Th2 responses, in contrast to Pam(3)CSK4, which had the opposite effect and LPS, which had no polarizing effect. DC maturation, gene expression and cytokine production, in response to each stimulus did not correlate with the specific functional effects. Comparable DC transcriptional responses to M. vaccae and Pam(3)CSK4 suggested that TLR2 mediated transcriptional regulation was not sufficient for inhibition of Th2 responses. Transcription factor enrichment analysis and assessment of signaling events, implicated a role for selective early activation of the CREB pathway by M. vaccae. Further study of the CREB pathway may provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of DC-dependent T cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. Chain
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Rook
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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173
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Silencing of c-Fos expression by microRNA-155 is critical for dendritic cell maturation and function. Blood 2011; 117:4490-500. [PMID: 21385848 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-09-308064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate target mRNAs by binding to their 3' untranslated regions. There is growing evidence that microRNA-155 (miR155) modulates gene expression in various cell types of the immune system and is a prominent player in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. To define the role of miR155 in dendritic cells (DCs) we performed a detailed analysis of its expression and function in human and mouse DCs. A strong increase in miR155 expression was found to be a general and evolutionarily conserved feature associated with the activation of DCs by diverse maturation stimuli in all DC subtypes tested. Analysis of miR155-deficient DCs demonstrated that miR155 induction is required for efficient DC maturation and is critical for the ability of DCs to promote antigen-specific T-cell activation. Expression-profiling studies performed with miR155(-/-) DCs and DCs overexpressing miR155, combined with functional assays, revealed that the mRNA encoding the transcription factor c-Fos is a direct target of miR155. Finally, all of the phenotypic and functional defects exhibited by miR155(-/-) DCs could be reproduced by deregulated c-Fos expression. These results indicate that silencing of c-Fos expression by miR155 is a conserved process that is required for DC maturation and function.
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174
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Differential Toll-like receptor recognition and induction of cytokine profile by Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus strains of probiotics. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:621-8. [PMID: 21288993 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00498-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of probiotics as a food supplement has gained tremendous interest in the last few years as beneficial effects were reported in gut homeostasis and nutrient absorption but also in immunocompromised patients, supporting protection from colonization or infection with pathogenic bacteria or fungi. As a treatment approach for inflammatory bowel diseases, a suitable probiotic strain would ideally be one with a low immunogenic potential. Insight into the immunogenicities and types of T-cell responses induced by potentially probiotic strains allows a more rational selection of a particular strain. In the present study, the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve (NumRes 204), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NumRes1), and Lactobacillus casei (DN-114 001) were compared concerning their capacity to induce inflammatory responses in terms of cytokine production by human and mouse primary immune cells. It was demonstrated that the B. breve strain induced lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) than the tested L. rhamnosus and L. casei strains. Both B. breve and lactobacilli induced cytokines in a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-dependent manner, while the lower inflammatory profile of B. breve was due to inhibitory effects of TLR2. No role for TLR4, NOD2, and C-type lectin receptors was apparent. In conclusion, TLR signaling is involved in the differentiation of inflammatory responses between probiotic strains used as food supplements.
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175
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Tanaka S, Koizumi SI, Masuko K, Makiuchi N, Aoyagi Y, Quivy E, Mitamura R, Kano T, Ohkuri T, Wakita D, Chamoto K, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Toll-like receptor-dependent IL-12 production by dendritic cells is required for activation of natural killer cell-mediated Type-1 immunity induced by Chrysanthemum Coronarium L. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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176
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Fukahori S, Matsuse H, Tsuchida T, Kawano T, Tomari S, Fukushima C, Kohno S. Aspergillus fumigatus regulates mite allergen-pulsed dendritic cells in the development of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 40:1507-15. [PMID: 20412133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role in allergic asthma development of the immune response against fungi with concomitant exposure to other common aeroallergens has yet to be determined. In particular, there is little understanding of how inhaled fungi affect the host response to mite allergens. OBJECTIVE To characterize the in vitro and in vivo effects of concurrent exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Derf) on dendritic cells (DCs) in the development of allergic asthma. METHODS Murine bone marrow-derived DCs were pulsed with Derf and/or live or heat-inactivated Af. Cytokine production and the expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) were determined in vitro. Subsequently, these DCs were inoculated into the airway of naïve mice to assess the development of allergic airway inflammation in vivo. The effect of antibodies against PRRs was also evaluated. RESULTS Live Af significantly enhanced IL-10 production and the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and Dectin-1 in Derf-pulsed DCs. Live Af infection significantly attenuated Derf-pulsed DC-induced allergic airway inflammation in vivo. Antibodies against either TLR2 or Dectin-1 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of live Af in the development of Derf-pulsed DC-induced allergic airway inflammation. CONCLUSION Concurrent exposure of DCs to fungal antigens has profound influences on the subsequent mite allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation. Live Af could regulate the functions of airway DCs in the development of mite allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation via regulation of their PRRs. Our results suggest that concurrent exposure to pathogens such as fungi and mite allergens has profound influences on the subsequent allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation. Furthermore, modulating PRR signalling could provide a therapeutic regimen for the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukahori
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
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177
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Fransen F, Stenger RM, Poelen MCM, van Dijken HH, Kuipers B, Boog CJP, van Putten JPM, van Els CACM, van der Ley P. Differential effect of TLR2 and TLR4 on the immune response after immunization with a vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis or Bordetella pertussis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15692. [PMID: 21203418 PMCID: PMC3009743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis and Bordetella pertussis are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that can cause serious diseases in humans. N. meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines and whole cell pertussis vaccines have been successfully used in humans to control infections with these pathogens. The mechanisms behind their effectiveness are poorly defined. Here we investigated the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the induction of immune responses in mice after immunization with these vaccines. Innate and adaptive immune responses were compared between wild type mice and mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4, or TRIF. TRIF-deficient and TLR4-deficient mice showed impaired immunity after immunization. In contrast, immune responses were not lower in TLR2−/− mice but tended even to be higher after immunization. Together our data demonstrate that TLR4 activation contributes to the immunogenicity of the N. meningitidis OMV vaccine and the whole cell pertussis vaccine, but that TLR2 activation is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Fransen
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel M. Stenger
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martien C. M. Poelen
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry H. van Dijken
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Betsy Kuipers
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Claire J. P. Boog
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van der Ley
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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178
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Moyes DL, Runglall M, Murciano C, Shen C, Nayar D, Thavaraj S, Kohli A, Islam A, Mora-Montes H, Challacombe SJ, Naglik JR. A biphasic innate immune MAPK response discriminates between the yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans in epithelial cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 8:225-35. [PMID: 20833374 PMCID: PMC2991069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Discriminating between commensal and pathogenic states of opportunistic pathogens is critical for host mucosal defense and homeostasis. The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is also a constituent of the normal oral flora and grows either as yeasts or hyphae. We demonstrate that oral epithelial cells orchestrate an innate response to C. albicans via NF-κB and a biphasic MAPK response. Activation of NF-κB and the first MAPK phase, constituting c-Jun activation, is independent of morphology and due to fungal cell wall recognition. Activation of the second MAPK phase, constituting MKP1 and c-Fos activation, is dependent upon hypha formation and fungal burdens and correlates with proinflammatory responses. Such biphasic response may allow epithelial tissues to remain quiescent under low fungal burdens while responding specifically and strongly to damage-inducing hyphae when burdens increase. MAPK/MKP1/c-Fos activation may represent a “danger response” pathway that is critical for identifying and responding to the pathogenic switch of commensal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Moyes
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Manohursingh Runglall
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Celia Murciano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Chengguo Shen
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Deepa Nayar
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Arinder Kohli
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ayesha Islam
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hector Mora-Montes
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Stephen J. Challacombe
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Immunology, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Corresponding author
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179
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Kramer CD, Poole NM, Coons LB, Cole JA. Tick saliva regulates migration, phagocytosis, and gene expression in the macrophage-like cell line, IC-21. Exp Parasitol 2010; 127:665-71. [PMID: 21145320 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of tick saliva on cell migration, cell signaling, phagocytosis, and gene expression in the murine macrophage cell line, IC-21. Saliva increased both basal- and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated migration in IC-21 cells. However, saliva did not affect PDGF-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Zymosan-mediated interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) activity increased when cells were pretreated with saliva. Saliva suppressed phagocytosis of zymosan particles by IC-21 cells. An RT(2) Profiler™ PCR Array revealed that saliva regulates gene expression in a manner consistent with an immune response skewed toward a Th2 reaction, which is characterized by production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Our results using IC-21 cells suggest that Dermacentor variabilis has evolved a mechanism for regulating macrophage function, which may contribute to the tick's ability to modulate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D Kramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States.
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180
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Alam R, Gorska MM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling and ERK1/2 bistability in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 41:149-59. [PMID: 21121982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate signals from numerous receptors and translate these signals into cell functions. MAPKs are critical for immune cell metabolism, migration, production of pro-inflammatory mediators, survival and differentiation. We provide a concise review of the involvement of MAPK in important cells of the immune system. Certain cell functions, e.g. production of pro-inflammatory mediators resolve quickly and may require a transient MAPK activation, other processes such as cell differentiation and long-term survival may require persistent MAPK signal. The persistent MAPK signal is frequently a consequence of positive feedback loops or double negative feedback loops which perpetuate the signal after removal of an external cell stimulus. This self-perpetuated activation of a signalling circuit is a manifestation of its bistability. Bistable systems can exist in 'on' and 'off' states and both states are stable. We have demonstrated the existence of self-perpetuated activation mechanism for ERK1/2 in bronchial epithelial cells. This sustained activation of ERK1/2 supports long-term survival of these cells and primes them for cytokine transcription. ERK1/2 bistability arises from repetitive stimulation of the cell. The repeated stimulation (e.g. repeated viral infection or repeated allergen exposure) seems to be a common theme in asthma and other chronic illnesses. We thus hypothesize that the self-perpetuated ERK1/2 signal plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy & Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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181
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Toll-like receptor 2-mediated sequential activation of MyD88 and MAPKs contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced sp-a gene expression in human alveolar epithelial cells. Immunobiology 2010; 216:707-14. [PMID: 21112663 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins (SPs) produced by pulmonary epithelial cells participate in the regulation of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Our previous study has shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane component, can regulate sp-a gene expression in human lung carcinoma type II epithelial A549 cells. This study was further designed to evaluate the signal-transducing mechanisms of LPS-induced sp-a gene expression. Exposure of A549 cells to LPS induced SP-A mRNA and protein production in time-dependent manners. Application of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) siRNA into A549 cells decreased the levels of this receptor and simultaneously inhibited LPS-induced SP-A mRNA expression. Sequentially, LPS enhanced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) 4 and c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in time-dependent manners. Application of TLR2 siRNA decreased LPS-enhanced phosphorylation of MEK4 and JNK1. After knocking-down the translation of MyD88 by RNA interference, the LPS-triggered MEK4 phosphorylation was attenuated. Consequently, LPS augmented the translocation of c-Jun from the cytoplasm to nuclei without affecting c-Fos. Pretreatment of A549 cells with SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK1, significantly lowered LPS-induced SP-A mRNA production. Analyses of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and a reporter gene further showed that LPS increased the transactivation activity of AP-1 in A549 cells. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that LPS can induce sp-a gene expression in human type II epithelial A549 cells through TLR2-mediated sequential activation of MyD88-MEK4-JNK1-AP-1.
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182
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IL-37 is a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1014-22. [PMID: 20935647 PMCID: PMC3537119 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The function of interleukin 37 (formerly IL-1 family member 7) remains elusive. Expression of IL-37 in macrophages or epithelial cells imparted near complete suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas the abundance of these cytokines increased with silencing of endogenous IL-37 in human blood cells. Anti-inflammatory cytokines remained unchanged under similar conditions. IL-37-transgenic mice were protected from lipopolysaccharide-induced shock, exhibiting markedly improved lung and kidney function and reduced liver damage. IL-37-transgenic mice had less circulating and tissue cytokines (72-95% lower) than wild-type mice and exhibited less dendritic cell activation. IL-37 interacted intracellularly with Smad3 and IL-37-expressing cells and transgenic mice exhibited less cytokine suppression when endogenous Smad3 was depleted. IL-37 thus emerges as a natural suppressor of innate inflammatory and immune responses.
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183
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Lowe EL, Crother TR, Rabizadeh S, Hu B, Wang H, Chen S, Shimada K, Wong MH, Michelsen KS, Arditi M. Toll-like receptor 2 signaling protects mice from tumor development in a mouse model of colitis-induced cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13027. [PMID: 20885960 PMCID: PMC2946405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder of chronic inflammation with increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. The etiology of IBD is unclear but thought to result from a dysregulated adaptive and innate immune response to microbial products in a genetically susceptible host. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling induced by intestinal commensal bacteria plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, innate immunity and the enhancement of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) integrity. However, the role of TLR2 in the development of colorectal cancer has not been studied. We utilized the AOM-DSS model for colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in wild type (WT) and TLR2(-/-) mice. Colons harvested from WT and TLR2(-/-) mice were used for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and cytokine analysis. Mice deficient in TLR2 developed significantly more and larger colorectal tumors than their WT controls. We provide evidence that colonic epithelium of TLR2(-/-) mice have altered immune responses and dysregulated proliferation under steady-state conditions and during colitis, which lead to inflammatory growth signals and predisposition to accelerated neoplastic growth. At the earliest time-points assessed, TLR2(-/-) colons exhibited a significant increase in aberrant crypt foci (ACF), resulting in tumors that developed earlier and grew larger. In addition, the intestinal microenvironment revealed significantly higher levels of IL-6 and IL-17A concomitant with increased phospho-STAT3 within ACF. These observations indicate that in colitis, TLR2 plays a protective role against the development of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Lowe
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Crother
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shervin Rabizadeh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle H. Wong
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center & Immunobiology Research Institute, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kathrin S. Michelsen
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center & Immunobiology Research Institute, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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184
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Cros J, Cagnard N, Woollard K, Patey N, Zhang SY, Senechal B, Puel A, Biswas SK, Moshous D, Picard C, Jais JP, D'Cruz D, Casanova JL, Trouillet C, Geissmann F. Human CD14dim monocytes patrol and sense nucleic acids and viruses via TLR7 and TLR8 receptors. Immunity 2010; 33:375-86. [PMID: 20832340 PMCID: PMC3063338 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 901] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are effectors of the inflammatory response to microbes. Human CD14(+) monocytes specialize in phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species and secrete inflammatory cytokines in response to a broad range of microbial cues. Here, we have characterized the functions of human monocytes that lack CD14 (CD14(dim)) and express CD16. CD14(dim) monocytes were genetically distinct from natural killer cells. Gene expression analyses indicated similarities with murine patrolling Gr1(dim) monocytes, and they patrolled the endothelium of blood vessels after adoptive transfer, in a lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1-dependent manner. CD14(dim) monocytes were weak phagocytes and did not produce ROS or cytokines in response to cell-surface Toll-like receptors. Instead, they selectively produced TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL3 in response to viruses and immune complexes containing nucleic acids, via a proinflammatory TLR7-TLR 8-MyD88-MEK pathway. Thus, CD14(dim) cells are bona fide monocytes involved in the innate local surveillance of tissues and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Cros
- U838 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Plateforme Bio-informatique & Département de biostatistiques AP-HP, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Woollard
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of inflammation, Division of Immunology Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK
| | - Natacha Patey
- U838 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Subhra K. Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, SIgN (BMSI, ASTAR), Immunos, 138648 Singapore
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Jais
- Plateforme Bio-informatique & Département de biostatistiques AP-HP, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David D'Cruz
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, SE1 7EH London, UK
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U550 and University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Trouillet
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of inflammation, Division of Immunology Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK
| | - Fréderic Geissmann
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of inflammation, Division of Immunology Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK
- U838 INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
- Corresponding author
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185
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Da Silva CA, Pochard P, Lee CG, Elias JA. Chitin particles are multifaceted immune adjuvants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1482-91. [PMID: 20656945 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200912-1877oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chitin is a ubiquitous polysaccharide in fungi, insects, allergens, and parasites that is released at sites of infection. Its role in the generation of tissue inflammation, however, is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that chitin is an important adjuvant for adaptive immunity. METHODS Mice were injected with a solution of ovalbumin and chitin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We used in vivo and ex vivo/in vitro approaches to characterize the ability of chitin fragments to foster adaptive immune responses against ovalbumin and compared these responses to those induced by aluminum hydroxide (alum). In vivo, ovalbumin challenge caused an eosinophil-rich pulmonary inflammatory response, Th2 cytokine elaboration, IgE induction, and mucus metaplasia in mice that had been sensitized with ovalbumin plus chitin or ovalbumin plus alum. Toll-like receptor-2, MyD88, and IL-17A played critical roles in the chitin-induced responses, and MyD88 and IL-17A played critical roles in the alum-induced responses. In vitro, CD4(+) T cells from mice sensitized with ovalbumin plus chitin were incubated with ovalbumin-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. In these experiments, CD4(+) T-cell proliferation, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-17A production were appreciated. Toll-like receptor-2, MyD88, and IL-17A played critical roles in these in vitro adjuvant properties of chitin. TLR-2 was required for cell proliferation, whereas IL-17 and TLR-2 were required for cytokine elaboration. IL-17A also inhibited the generation of adaptive Th1 responses. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that chitin is a potent multifaceted adjuvant that induces adaptive Th2, Th1, and Th17 immune responses. They also demonstrate that the adjuvant properties of chitin are mediated by a pathway(s) that involves and is regulated by TLR-2, MyD88, and IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Da Silva
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1612, USA
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186
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Programming dendritic cells to induce T(H)2 and tolerogenic responses. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:647-55. [PMID: 20644570 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental puzzle in immunology is how the immune system decides what types of immune responses to launch against different stimuli. Although much is known about control of T helper type 1 (T(H)1) and T(H)17 responses, the mechanisms that initiate T(H)2 and T regulatory (T(reg)) responses remain obscure. Emerging studies suggest a fundamental role for the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in this process. We review these studies, and suggest that the innate control of T(H)2 and T(reg) responses can be viewed as different hierarchies of organization, in which DCs, their innate receptors and signaling networks, and their interactions with other cells and local microenvironments represent different levels of the hierarchy.
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187
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Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Enemy of the (immunosuppressed) state: an update on the pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Br J Haematol 2010; 150:406-17. [PMID: 20618330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic filamentous fungus that is currently the most frequent cause of invasive fungal disease in immunosuppressed individuals. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis have highlighted the multifactorial nature of A. fumigatus virulence and the complex interplay between host and microbial factors. In this review, we outline current concepts of immune recognition and evasion, angioinvasion and angiogenesis, secondary metabolism and the fungal stress response, and their respective roles in this often lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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188
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Mitchell D, Olive C. Regulation of Toll-like receptor-induced chemokine production in murine dendritic cells by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2065-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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189
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Wang YH, Gorvel JP, Chu YT, Wu JJ, Lei HY. Helicobacter pylori impairs murine dendritic cell responses to infection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10844. [PMID: 20523725 PMCID: PMC2877707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric malignancies, is generally viewed as an extracellular microorganism. Here, we show that H. pylori replicates in murine bone marrow derived-dendritic cells (BMDCs) within autophagosomes. Methodology/Principal Findings A 10-fold increase of CFU is found between 2 h and 6 h p.i. in H. pylori-infected BMDCs. Autophagy is induced around the bacterium and participates at late time points of infection for the clearance of intracellular H. pylori. As a consequence of infection, LC3, LAMP1 and MHC class II molecules are retained within the H. pylori-containing vacuoles and export of MHC class II molecules to cell surface is blocked. However, formalin-fixed H. pylori still maintain this inhibitory activity in BMDC derived from wild type mice, but not in from either TLR4 or TLR2-deficient mice, suggesting the involvement of H. pylori-LPS in this process. TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 expression was also modulated upon infection showing a TLR2-specific dependent IL-10 secretion. No IL-12 was detected favoring the hypothesis of a down modulation of DC functions during H. pylori infection. Furthermore, antigen-specific T cells proliferation was also impaired upon infection. Conclusions/Significance H. pylori can infect and replicate in BMDCs and thereby affects DC-mediated immune responses. The implication of this new finding is discussed for the biological life cycle of H. pylori in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Aix Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), UMR6546, Marseille, France
- Inserm, U631, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR6102, Marseille, France
| | - Yen-Ting Chu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huan-Yao Lei
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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190
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Tang H, Cao W, Kasturi SP, Ravindran R, Nakaya HI, Kundu K, Murthy N, Kepler TB, Malissen B, Pulendran B. The T helper type 2 response to cysteine proteases requires dendritic cell-basophil cooperation via ROS-mediated signaling. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:608-17. [PMID: 20495560 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that initiate T helper type 2 (T(H)2) responses are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that cysteine protease-induced T(H)2 responses occur via 'cooperation' between migratory dermal dendritic cells (DCs) and basophils positive for interleukin 4 (IL-4). Subcutaneous immunization with papain plus antigen induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lymph node DCs and in dermal DCs and epithelial cells of the skin. ROS orchestrated T(H)2 responses by inducing oxidized lipids that triggered the induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by epithelial cells mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the adaptor protein TRIF; by suppressing production of the T(H)1-inducing molecules IL-12 and CD70 in lymph node DCs; and by inducing the DC-derived chemokine CCL7, which mediated recruitment of IL-4(+) basophils to the lymph node. Thus, the T(H)2 response to cysteine proteases requires DC-basophil cooperation via ROS-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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191
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Possible Association between Th1 Immune Polarization and Epithelial Permeability with Toll-Like Receptors 2 Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of the Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration (RAU) is a chronic oral inflammatory disease that affects approximately 25% of the general population. The etiology of the disease is unknown; however, factors that favor the onset of RAU have been correlated with a Th1 immune polarization, while factors that reduce RAU episodes have been associated with down regulation of immune reaction or stimulation of the peripheral tolerance. In this context, the integrity of the epithelial barrier is also fundamental for the prevention of the disease and conditions that augment its permeability or produce disruption are considered potential triggers. The key factor responsible for increased susceptibility is unclear, though a deficiency of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activity seems to be a good candidate. TLRs are a group of membrane proteins that recognize conserved molecules derived from bacterial, virus, fungal, or host tissues. Particularly, the TLR2 is involved in both immune regulation and control of epithelial barrier integrity. Thus, based on literature review, we showed evidences that correlate the TLR2 dysfunction and the diverse predisposing factors with the elements considered critical for disease pathogenesis: the Th1 immune reaction and the increased epithelial permeability.
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192
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Harnett W, Harnett MM. Helminth-derived immunomodulators: can understanding the worm produce the pill? Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:278-84. [PMID: 20224568 DOI: 10.1038/nri2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helminths may protect humans against allergic and autoimmune diseases and, indeed, defined helminth-derived products have recently been shown to prevent the development of such inflammatory diseases in mouse models. Here, we propose that helminth-derived products not only have therapeutic potential but can also be used as unique tools for defining key molecular events in the induction of an anti-inflammatory response and, therefore, for defining new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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193
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Gomard T, Michaud HA, Tempé D, Thiolon K, Pelegrin M, Piechaczyk M. An NF-kappaB-dependent role for JunB in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9585. [PMID: 20221401 PMCID: PMC2833204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the induction of adaptive and memory immune responses. Upon encounter with pathogens, they undergo a complex maturation process and migrate toward lymphoid organs where they stimulate immune effector cells. This process is associated with dramatic transcriptome changes, pointing to a paramount role for transcription factors in DC activation and function. The regulation and the role of these transcription factors are however ill-defined and require characterization. Among those, AP-1 is a family of dimeric transcription complexes with an acknowledged role in the control of immunity. However, it has not been studied in detail in DCs yet. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we have investigated the regulation and function of one of its essential components, JunB, in primary bone marrow–derived DCs induced to maturate upon stimulation by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our data show fast and transient NF-κB–dependent transcriptional induction of the junb gene correlating with the induction of the TNFα, IL-6, and IL-12 proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of JunB protein induction by RNA interference hampered the transcriptional activation of the TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p40 genes. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed LPS-inducible binding of JunB at AP-1–responsive sites found in promoter regions of these genes. Concomitant LPS-inducible NF-κB/p65 binding to these promoters was also observed. Conclusions/Significance We identified a novel role for JunB—that is, induction of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated primary DCs with NF-κB acting not only as an inducer of JunB, but also as its transcriptional partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphanie Gomard
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Tempé
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Thiolon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Mireia Pelegrin
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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194
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, has a central role in infection by limiting the immune response to pathogens and thereby preventing damage to the host. Recently, an increasing interest in how IL10 expression is regulated in different immune cells has revealed some of the molecular mechanisms involved at the levels of signal transduction, epigenetics, transcription factor binding and gene activation. Understanding the specific molecular events that regulate the production of IL-10 will help to answer the remaining questions that are important for the design of new strategies of immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Saraiva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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195
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Kaji R, Kiyoshima-Shibata J, Nagaoka M, Nanno M, Shida K. Bacterial teichoic acids reverse predominant IL-12 production induced by certain lactobacillus strains into predominant IL-10 production via TLR2-dependent ERK activation in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3505-13. [PMID: 20190136 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine response of macrophages to probiotic lactobacilli varies between strains, and the balance of IL-10/IL-12 production is crucial for determination of the direction of the immune response. To clarify the mechanism whereby Lactobacillus strains differentially induce production of IL-10 and IL-12, we examined the potential relationship between cytokine production and MAPK activation. In mouse peritoneal macrophages, Lactobacillus plantarum potently induced IL-10 but weakly induced IL-12 production, whereas L. casei potently induced IL-12 but weakly induced IL-10 production. Kinetic analysis of the activation of ERK, p38, and JNK showed that L. plantarum induced a more rapid and intense activation of MAPKs, especially of ERK, than L. casei. A selective blockade of ERK activation induced by L. plantarum resulted in a decrease in IL-10 production and a simultaneous increase in IL-12 production. Interestingly, when macrophages were stimulated with a combination of L. plantarum and L. casei, IL-10 production was induced synergistically. We identified cell wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid as key factors for triggering the synergistic induction of IL-10 production, although these teichoic acids alone only weakly induced IL-10 production. The effect of these teichoic acids on IL-10 production was mediated by TLR2-dependent ERK activation. Our data demonstrate that activation of the ERK pathway is critical for determination of the balance of the IL-10/IL-12 response of macrophages to lactobacilli and that predominant IL-12 production induced by certain lactobacilli such as L. casei can be converted into predominant IL-10 production when stimulated in the presence of teichoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Kaji
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan
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196
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Chandran SS, Verhoeven D, Teijaro JR, Fenton MJ, Farber DL. TLR2 engagement on dendritic cells promotes high frequency effector and memory CD4 T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7832-41. [PMID: 19933854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of TLR by distinct pathogen components provides essential signals for T cell priming, although how individual TLR engagement affects primary and memory T cell responses is not well defined. In this study, we demonstrate distinct effects of TLR2 vs TLR4 engagement on primary and memory CD4 T cell responses due to differential effects on APC. Priming of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific naive CD4 T cells with HA peptide and the TLR2 agonist Pam3CysK in vivo resulted in a high frequency of activated HA-specific CD4 T cells that predominantly produced IL-2 and IL-17, whereas priming with HA peptide and the TLR4 agonist LPS yielded a lower frequency of HA-specific CD4 T cells and predominant IFN-gamma producers. TLR2 agonist priming depended on TLR2 expression by APC, as wild-type CD4 T cells did not expand in response to peptide and Pam3CysK in TLR2-deficient hosts. TLR2-mediated priming also led to an increased frequency of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells compared with TLR4 priming and mediated enhanced secondary responses to influenza challenge. Our results show that TLR engagement on APC influences both primary and secondary CD4 T cell responses, and suggest that long-term functional capacities of T cells are set by innate signals during early phases of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Chandran
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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197
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium. NCC has a long asymptomatic period with little or no inflammation, and the sequential progression to symptomatic NCC depends upon the intense inflammation associated with degeneration of larvae. The mechanisms involved in these progressive events are difficult to study in human patients. Thus it was necessary to develop an experimental model that replicated NCC. In this review, we describe studies of a murine model of NCC in terms of the release/secretion of parasite antigens, immune responses elicited within the CNS environment and subsequent pathogenesis. In particular, the kinetics of leukocyte subsets infiltrating into the brain are discussed in the context of disruption of the CNS barriers at distinct anatomical sites and the mechanisms contributing to these processes. In addition, production of various inflammatory mediators and the mechanisms involved in their induction by the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway are described. Overall, the knowledge gained from the mouse model of NCC has provided new insights for understanding the kinetics of events contributing to different stages of NCC and should aid in the formulation of more effective therapeutic approaches.
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198
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Tan AHM, Lam KP. Pharmacologic inhibition of MEK-ERK signaling enhances Th17 differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1849-57. [PMID: 20061405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines and transcription factors that promote Th17 cell development have been extensively studied. However, the signaling pathways that antagonize Th17 differentiation remain poorly characterized. In this study, we report that pharmacologic inhibition of MEK-ERK signaling enhances the in vitro differentiation of Th17 cells and increases their gene expression of il-17a, il-17f, il-21, il-22, and il-23r. IL-2, which suppresses Th17 differentiation via STAT5 activation, also acts through ERK signaling to inhibit Th17 generation. In turn, ERK signaling is found to potentiate the production of IL-2 and activate STAT5, suggesting the existence of an autoregulatory loop to constrain Th17 development. Finally, compared with the transfer of untreated Th17 cells, the transfer of ERK-inhibited Th17 cells leads to accelerated onset and exacerbated colitis in immunodeficient mice. Our data indicate that MEK-ERK signaling negatively regulates Th17 differentiation in a Th cell-intrinsic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Centros, Singapore
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199
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Takada Y, Ray N, Ikeda E, Kawaguchi T, Kuwahara M, Wagner EF, Matsuo K. Fos proteins suppress dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis through inhibition of NF-kappaB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1014-21. [PMID: 20018614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Fos family proteins, c-Fos and Fra-1, are components of the dimeric transcription factor AP-1, which is typically composed of Fos and Jun family proteins. We have previously shown that mice lacking c-Fos (Fos(-/-) mice) respond more strongly to LPS injection than do wild-type (wt) controls. We then examined the sensitivity of Fos(-/-) mice to acute inflammatory stress in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. We found that Fos(-/-) mice exhibited more severe weight loss, bleeding, diarrhea, and colon shortening than did wt mice, in association with higher TNF-alpha production and NF-kappaB activity in colon segments of DSS-treated Fos(-/-) mice. Furthermore, NF-kappaB inhibition suppressed severe DSS-induced colitis in Fos(-/-) mice. In contrast, Fra-1 transgenic (Tg) mice responded poorly to LPS injection, and Fra-1-overexpressing macrophages and fibroblasts showed reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO, and NF-kappaB activity. Remarkably, in the DSS-induced colitis model, Fra-1 Tg mice showed less severe clinical scores of colitis than did wt mice. Consistently, proinflammatory cytokine production and NF-kappaB activity in colon segments of DSS-treated Fra-1 Tg mice were lower than in wt controls. These findings reveal that the absence of c-Fos and overexpression of Fra-1 respectively enhance and suppress the activation of NF-kappaB in DSS-induced inflammatory stress. In this paper, we propose that AP-1 transcription factors containing c-Fos or Fra-1 are negative regulators of NF-kappaB-mediated stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Takada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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200
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Kim GT, Cho ML, Park YE, Yoo WH, Kim JH, Oh HJ, Kim DS, Baek SH, Lee SH, Lee JH, Kim HY, Kim SI. Expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 in dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Clin Rheumatol 2009; 29:273-9. [PMID: 19953283 PMCID: PMC2812423 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-009-1316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, TLR9, and their correlations with the expression of cytokines that are associated with activation of CD4(+) T cells and inflammation including interferon gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin 4 (IL4), interleukin 17 (IL17), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in muscle tissues of patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). The expressions of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IFNgamma, IL4, IL17, and TNFalpha were measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in muscle tissues from 14 patients with DM and PM (nine patients with DM, five patients with PM) and three controls. The expressions of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 were also localized with immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IFNgamma, IL4, IL17, and TNFalpha were significantly high in patients with DM and PM compared with those in the controls, and the expression levels of TLR4 and TLR9 had significant positive correlations with the expressions of IFNgamma, IL4, IL17, and TNFalpha. Immunohistochemistry showed that TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 were expressed by infiltrating cells of perimysium in DM, whereas they were expressed by infiltrating cells of endomysium in PM. These results suggest that the involvement of TLR4 and TLR9 in immunopathogenesis of DM and PM might be connected with activation of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Tae Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1-10, Ami-Dong, Seo-Gu, Busan, South Korea
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