151
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Rao L, Eissa NT. Autophagy in Pulmonary Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:21-30. [PMID: 31018206 DOI: 10.1159/000497414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major intracellular digestion system that delivers cytoplasmic components for degradation and recycling. In this capacity, autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by mediating the degradation of cellular macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles and regeneration of nutrients for cell growth. Autophagy is important in innate immunity, as it is responsible for the clearance of various pathogens. Deficiency of intracellular autophagy can result in exaggerated activation of the inflammasome. The latter is an innate immune complex that senses diverse pathogen-associated or danger-associated molecular patterns and activates the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In autophagy-deficient cells, accumulation of damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and reactive oxygen species contribute to inflammasome activation. The lung is continuously exposed to pathogens from the environment, rendering it vulnerable to infection. The lung innate immune cells act as a crucial initial barrier against the continuous threat from pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the regulation of autophagy and its inter-action with innate immunity, focusing on the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Rao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA,
| | - N Tony Eissa
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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152
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Nurminen V, Seuter S, Carlberg C. Primary Vitamin D Target Genes of Human Monocytes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:194. [PMID: 30890957 PMCID: PMC6411690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of vitamin D signaling implies that the metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) of the secosteroid vitamin D3 activates the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR), which in turn modulates the expression of hundreds of primary vitamin D target genes. Since the evolutionary role of nuclear receptors, such as VDR, was the regulation of cellular metabolism, the control of calcium metabolism became the primary function of vitamin D and its receptor. Moreover, the nearly ubiquitous expression of VDR enabled vitamin D to acquire additional physiological functions, such as the support of the innate immune system in its defense against microbes. Monocytes and their differentiated phenotypes, macrophages and dendritic cells, are key cell types of the innate immune system. Vitamin D signaling was most comprehensively investigated in THP-1 cells, which are an established model of human monocytes. This includes the 1,25(OH)2D3-modulated cistromes of VDR, the pioneer transcription factors PU.1 and CEBPA and the chromatin modifier CTCF as well as of the histone markers of promoter and enhancer regions, H3K4me3 and H3K27ac, respectively. These epigenome-wide datasets led to the development of our chromatin model of vitamin D signaling. This review discusses the mechanistic basis of 189 primary vitamin D target genes identified by transcriptome-wide analysis of 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated THP-1 cells and relates the epigenomic basis of four different regulatory scenarios to the physiological functions of the respective genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veijo Nurminen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sabine Seuter
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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153
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Teymoori-Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM. The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2032. [PMID: 30614127 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic role of vitamin D has been explored over the past decades and there is compelling evidence for an epidemiological association between poor vitamin D status and a variety of diseases. While the potential anti-viral effect of vitamin D has recently been described, the underlying mechanisms by which vitamin D deficiency could contribute to viral disease development remain poorly understood. The possible interactions between viral infections and vitamin D appear to be more complex than previously thought. Recent findings indicate a complex interplay between viral infections and vitamin D, including the induction of anti-viral state, functional immunoregulatory features, interaction with cellular and viral factors, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, and genetic and epigenetic alterations. While crosstalk between vitamin D and intracellular signalling pathways may provide an essential modulatory effect on viral gene transcription, the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on viral infections appears to be transient. The interplay between viral infections and vitamin D remains an intriguing concept, and the global imprint that vitamin D can have on the immune signature in the context of viral infections is an area of growing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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154
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Hasanain AFA, Zayed AAAH, Abd-Ellatief RB, Nafee AMA. Efficacy and safety of cholecalciferol-augmented anti-tuberculosis therapy for treatment of naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A randomized, controlled, clinical study. Indian J Tuberc 2019; 66:111-117. [PMID: 30797266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the therapeutic failure of antituberculosis therapy (ATT). The aim of this study is to explore the role of adding cholecalciferol to the standard ATT in improving the therapeutic outcome among the naïve patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS A randomized, controlled, clinical study, which included 496 naïve patients with pulmonary TB, was carried out. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups. Group-A included 247 patients who received ATT, while group-B included 249 patients who received ATT with cholecalciferol. RESULTS The rate of therapeutic failure among the study population was 29.4%; it was significantly lower among patients of group-B compared to those of group-A (22.1% (95% CI 14.7-26.2) vs 38.1% (95% CI 31.5-46.1), p 0.036). In addition, the rate of early therapeutic response was significantly higher among patients of group-B compared to those of group-A (35.3% (95% CI 29.6-42.3) vs 19.4% (95% CI 15.1-24.6), p 0.041). Incidence rate of adverse effects was 19.3%; it was higher (although not statistically significant) among patients of group-A compared to those of group-B (21.9% vs 16.9%). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, cholecalciferol-augmented ATT can be more efficacious in treating naïve patients with pulmonary TB compared to the standard ATT. In addition, adding vitamin D3 to ATT provides extra protection against the hepatic and muscular adverse effects of ATT.
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155
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Stabel JR, Reinhardt TA, Hempel RJ. Short communication: Vitamin D status and responses in dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1594-1600. [PMID: 30594355 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Serum samples were obtained from Holstein dairy control cows and cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) to evaluate the effects of disease status on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) levels. Disease status was stratified for infected cows into asymptomatic, subclinical infection (n = 25), and cows demonstrating clinical signs (n = 20), along with noninfected control (n = 12) cows for comparison. In addition, portions of the ileocecal valve were taken from a subsample of cows (n = 5 per treatment group) at necropsy and processed for RNA sequencing gene transcription studies. Genes associated with vitamin D metabolism were queried to determine any association between infection and gene expression. Serum 25OHD3 levels were significantly lower in cows in the clinical stage of disease compared with either cows in the subclinical stage and noninfected control cows. Differential expression for genes associated with the vitamin D pathway such as CYP27A1, CYP27B1, vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), and IFNG was dependent upon infection status. An upregulation of CYP27A1 was noted for cows in subclinical status, whereas CYP27B1 expression was enhanced for clinical cows. Increased expression of vitamin D-binding protein was observed for infected cattle, regardless of infection status. In summary, decreases in circulating 25OHD3 for animals with clinical disease may suggest that these cows have reduced innate immune responses, thereby influencing the ability of animals to fight infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010.
| | - T A Reinhardt
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - R J Hempel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
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156
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Kim MS, Choi CJ, Kwon KM, Kim KS, Choi WS, Oh YJ. Association of Lung Function with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level according to the Presence of Past Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Korean Adults. Korean J Fam Med 2018; 40:93-99. [PMID: 30509015 PMCID: PMC6444081 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.17.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) infection and the treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level and lung function in Korean adults according to whether or not there is a history of PTB. Methods The data for subjects aged 19 years or older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012 who underwent spirometry, chest radiography, and serum 25(OH)D level measurement were analyzed. Results Evidence of past PTB infection was found in 1,482 (9.6%) of 15,516 subjects. The serum 25(OH)D level was lower in the group with past PTB than in the non-PTB group (P=0.013). Respiratory dysfunction was more common in the past PTB group than in the non-PTB group (restrictive pattern, 14.0% vs. 9.6%; obstructive pattern, 29.6% vs. 8.2%; both P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, height, and season, the mean difference in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) between the highest and lowest quartiles of 25(OH)D was 100.2 mL (standard error=49.3 mL, P for trend=0.049) in the past PTB group and 34.7 mL (standard error=13.6 mL, P=0.009) in the non-PTB group. Conclusion FEV1 tended to increase as the vitamin D quartile increased in both study groups. This relationship was more pronounced in subjects with a history of PTB. A higher serum 25(OH)D level might be beneficial in preserving lung function after PTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Whan-Seok Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jee Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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157
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Pisanu S, Cubeddu T, Cacciotto C, Pilicchi Y, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S, Rocca S, Addis MF. Characterization of paucibacillary ileal lesions in sheep with subclinical active infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:117. [PMID: 30514405 PMCID: PMC6278003 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) or Johne's disease is a contagious enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Ovine PTB is less understood than bovine PTB, especially concerning paucibacillary infection and its evolution into clinical disease. We combined shotgun proteomics, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the characterization of ileal tissues collected from seven asymptomatic sheep negative to serum ELISA, positive to feces and tissue MAP IS900 and F57 PCR, histologically classified as paucibacillary, actively infected, together with 3 MAP-free controls (K). Following shotgun proteomics with label-free quantitation and differential analysis, 96 proteins were significantly changed in PTB vs K, and were mostly involved in immune defense processes and in the macrophage-MAP interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) of protein abundances highlighted two PTB sample clusters, PTB1 and PTB2, indicating a dichotomy in their proteomic profiles. This was in line with the PCA of histopathology data and was related to features of type 2 (PTB1) and type 3a (PTB2) lesions, respectively. PTB2 proteomes differed more than PTB1 proteomes from K: 43 proteins changed significantly only in PTB2 and 11 only in PTB1. The differential proteins cathelicidin, haptoglobin, S100A8 and S100A9 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. K tissues were negative to cathelicidin and haptoglobin and sparsely positive to S100A8 and S100A9. PTB tissues were positive to all four proteins, with significantly more cells in PTB2 than in PTB1. In conclusion, we described several pathways altered in paucibacillary PTB, highlighted some proteomic differences among paucibacillary PTB cases, and identified potential markers for disease understanding, staging, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pisanu
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pilicchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, SP 55 Porto Conte/Capo Caccia, Km 8.400, Loc. Tramariglio, 07041, Alghero, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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158
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Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111656. [PMID: 30400332 PMCID: PMC6266123 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical functions of vitamin D are to regulate calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and control bone metabolism. However, vitamin D deficiency has been reported in several chronic conditions associated with increased inflammation and deregulation of the immune system, such as diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. These observations, together with experimental studies, suggest a critical role for vitamin D in the modulation of immune function. This leads to the hypothesis of a disease-specific alteration of vitamin D metabolism and reinforces the role of vitamin D in maintaining a healthy immune system. Two key observations validate this important non-classical action of vitamin D: first, vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed by the majority of immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; second, there is an active vitamin D metabolism by immune cells that is able to locally convert 25(OH)D3 into 1,25(OH)2D3, its active form. Vitamin D and VDR signaling together have a suppressive role on autoimmunity and an anti-inflammatory effect, promoting dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell differentiation and reducing T helper Th 17 cell response and inflammatory cytokines secretion. This review summarizes experimental data and clinical observations on the potential immunomodulating properties of vitamin D.
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159
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Dogru M. Is vitamin D level associated with the natural course of atopic dermatitis? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:546-551. [PMID: 29559281 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. Apart from its well-known role on calcium metabolism, vitamin D is reported to affect skin functions. The study aims were to: compare the vitamin D levels of children with AD and healthy children; investigate the relationship between the severity of AD and vitamin D levels; and investigate the effect of vitamin D on the natural course of AD. PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-nine patients with AD were enrolled. Seventy healthy children were assigned as control group. Clinical and demographic features of groups were recorded. The skin prick test, eosinophil counts, immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and serum 25 OH cholecalciferol (25OHD3) levels were measured. After at least 4 years of follow-up, patients were re-evaluated for natural course of AD. RESULTS Mean 25OHD3 level was lower in patient group vs. control group; 19.86±6.7ng/mL (min-max: 6.8-40) vs. 24.07±9.08ng/mL, respectively, (p=0.002). Mean 25OHD3 levels, and vitamin D status were significantly different between AD severity groups. (p<0.05). In terms of vitamin D status in the pairwise comparison, vitamin D deficiency was greater in children with severe and moderate AD groups (respectively, p=0.005, p=0.018). In Tukey's post hoc analysis for 25OHD3 level, the 25OHD3 levels of severe AD are significantly lower than mild or moderate AD (respectively, p=0.001, p=0.026). There was a negative correlation between 25OHD3 levels and severity of AD (r=-0.480; p=0.001). In patients reassessed after 4 years: age, the age of AD onset, vitamin D deficiency, SCORAD level and severe AD were higher in the persistent group vs. remission group, 25OHD3 levels were higher in the remission group vs. persistent group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mean vitamin D levels were lower in patients with AD. A negative correlation between vitamin D levels and disease severity was documented. Vitamin D may affect the natural course of atopic dermatitis. There is a need for more comprehensive studies in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dogru
- Health Sciences University, Zeynep Kamil Woman and Children Health Practice and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul, Turkey.
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160
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Abouzeid H, Abdelaal NM, Abdou MA, Mosabah AAA, Zakaria MT, Soliman MM, Sherif AM, Hamed ME, Soliman AA, Noah MA, Khalil AM, Hegab MS, Abdel-Aziz A, Elashkar SSA, Nabil RM, Abdou AM, Al-Akad GM, Elbasyouni HAA. Association of vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism and susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children: a multicenter study. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:639-644. [PMID: 30135595 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of child deaths around the world. Recently, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has emerged as a susceptibility gene for CAP. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association of the VDR gene Fok I polymorphism with susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children. METHODS This was a multicenter case-control study of 300 patients diagnosed with CAP, and 300 well-matched healthy control children. The VDR Fok I (rs2228570) polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), meanwhile serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25D) level was assessed using ELISA method. RESULTS The frequencies of the VDR FF genotype and F allele were more common in patients with CAP than in our control group (OR = 3.6; (95% CI: 1.9-6.7) for the FF genotype; P = 0.001) and (OR: 1.8; (95% CI: 1.4-2.3) for the F allele; P = 0.01). Patients carrying the VDR FF genotype had lower serum (25D) level (mean; 14.8 ± 3.6 ng/ml) than Ff genotype (20.6 ± 4.5 ng/ml) and the ff genotype (24.5 ± 3.7 ng/ml); P < 0.01. CONCLUSION The VDR gene Fok I (rs2228570) polymorphism confers susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abouzeid
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - NourEldin M Abdelaal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdou
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amira A A Mosabah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mervat T Zakaria
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Sherif
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E Hamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Attia A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha A Noah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Atef M Khalil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alsayed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S A Elashkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Nabil
- Department of Clinical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adel M Abdou
- Department of Clinical pathology, Al Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Al-Akad
- Department of Clinical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hany A A Elbasyouni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Monufia, Egypt
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161
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Lüthje P, Walker S, Kamolvit W, Mohanty S, Pütsep K, Brauner A. Statins influence epithelial expression of the anti-microbial peptide LL-37/hCAP-18 independently of the mevalonate pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:265-276. [PMID: 30216432 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance increases among bacterial pathogens and new therapeutic avenues needs to be explored. Boosting innate immune mechanisms could be one attractive alternative in the defence against infectious diseases. The cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, have been demonstrated to also affect the immune system. Here we investigate the effect of statins on the expression of the human cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide (CAMP) LL-37/hCAP-18 [encoded by the CAMP gene] and explore the underlying mechanisms in four epithelial cell lines of different origin. Simvastatin induced CAMP expression in bladder epithelial cells telomerase-immortalized uroepithelial cells (TERT-NHUCs), intestinal cells HT-29 and keratinocytes HEKa, but not in airway epithelial cells A549. Gene induction in HEKa cells was reversible by mevalonate, while this effect was independent of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in TERT-NHUCs. Instead, inhibition of histone deacetylases by simvastatin seems to be involved. For HT-29 cells, both mechanisms may contribute. In addition, simvastatin increased transcription of the vitamin D-activating enzyme CYP27B1 which, in turn, may activate LL-37/hCAP-18 production. Taken together, simvastatin is able to promote the expression of LL-37/hCAP-18, but cell line-specific differences in efficacy and the involved signalling pathways exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lüthje
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Pütsep
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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162
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BoseDasgupta S, Pieters J. Macrophage-microbe interaction: lessons learned from the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:577-591. [PMID: 30306257 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, being the cornerstone of the immune system, have adapted the ancient nutrient acquisition mechanism of phagocytosis to engulf various infectious organisms thereby helping to orchestrate an appropriate host response. Phagocytosis refers to the process of internalization and degradation of particulate material, damaged and senescent cells and microorganisms by specialized cells, after which the vesicle containing the ingested particle, the phagosome, matures into acidic phagolysosomes upon fusion with hydrolytic enzyme-containing lysosomes. The destructive power of the macrophage is further exacerbated through the induction of macrophage activation upon a variety of inflammatory stimuli. Despite being the end-point for many phagocytosed microbes, the macrophage can also serve as an intracellular survival niche for a number of intracellular microorganisms. One microbe that is particularly successful at surviving within macrophages is the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can efficiently manipulate the macrophage at several levels, including modulation of the phagocytic pathway as well as interfering with a number of immune activation pathways that normally would lead to eradication of the internalized bacilli. M. tuberculosis excels at circumventing destruction within macrophages, thus establishing itself successfully for prolonged times within the macrophage. In this contribution, we describe a number of general features of macrophages in the context of their function to clear an infection, and highlight the strategies employed by M. tuberculosis to counter macrophage attack. Interestingly, research on the evasion tactics employed by M. tuberculosis within macrophages not only helps to design strategies to curb tuberculosis, but also allows a better understanding of host cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdeb BoseDasgupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Jean Pieters
- Department of Biochemistry, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 50-70 Klingelbergstrasse, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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163
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García-Barragán Á, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA, Alfonseca-Silva E. Calcitriol increases nitric oxide production and modulates microbicidal capacity against Mycobacterium bovis in bovine macrophages. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 59:17-23. [PMID: 30290883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis, a re-emerging infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, can be transmitted to humans. Global prevalence of M. bovis in humans is underestimated and represents a serious public health risk in developing countries. In light of this situation, it is important to note that our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis can be improved by studying this disease in the bovine model. Stimulation of the bovine innate immune system with calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) leads to an increase in bactericidal molecules involved in macrophage antimicrobial activity. It is unknown, however, if calcitriol´s effect on bovine macrophages impacts intracellular bacterial replication. With these considerations in mind, this study sought to investigate the specific role of calcitriol in tuberculosis control in bovine macrophages, in the hopes of uncovering information applicable to human tuberculosis. As such, infection with M. bovis was shown to induce expression of CYP27B1 and VDR genes in macrophages. Moreover, addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 to cultures of macrophages previously infected with mycobacteria and/or activated by LPS triggered cellular expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and increased nitrite concentrations, both indicators of nitric oxide (NO) production. By means of a microbicidal assay, addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 was seen to increase macrophage phagocytosis and to decrease mycobacterial intracellular replication. Thus, taken together, our results show that calcitriol can help stimulate the innate immune system of bovines by increasing phagocytosis and decreasing intracellular replication of microorganisms, such as M. bovis, in macrophages, through the VDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Barragán
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Alfonseca-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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164
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Schreiber PW, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Boggian K, van Delden C, Enriquez N, Fehr T, Garzoni C, Hirsch HH, Hirzel C, Manuel O, Meylan P, Saleh L, Weisser M, Mueller NJ. Vitamin D status and risk of infections after liver transplantation in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Transpl Int 2018; 32:49-58. [PMID: 30099788 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a role of vitamin D in the immune system affecting response to infections. We aimed to characterize the role of vitamin D status, i.e. deficiency [25-OH vitamin D (25-OHD) <50 nmol/l] and no deficiency (25-OHD ≥50 nmol/l) in incident infections after liver transplantation. In 135 liver transplant recipients, blood samples drawn at time of liver transplantation and 6 months afterwards were used to determine 25-OHD levels. Incident infections episodes were prospectively collected within the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study database. Poisson regression was applied to address associations between vitamin D status and incident infections. Vitamin D deficiency was common at time of transplantation and 6 months afterwards without a significant change in median 25-OHD levels. In univariable analyses, vitamin D deficiency was a risk factor for incident infections in the first 6 months post-transplant incidence rate ratio (IRR 1.52, 95% CI 1.08-2.15, P = 0.018) and for bacterial infections occurring after 6 up to 30 months post-transplant (IRR 2.29, 95% CI 1.06-4.94, P = 0.034). These associations were not detectable in multivariable analysis with adjustment for multiple confounders. Efforts to optimize vitamin D supplementation in liver transplant recipients are needed. Our data question the role of vitamin D deficiency in incident infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schreiber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Service of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Enriquez
- Service of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fehr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Hirzel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Transplantation Center, University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Meylan
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lanja Saleh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Weisser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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165
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Bekele A, Gebreselassie N, Ashenafi S, Kassa E, Aseffa G, Amogne W, Getachew M, Aseffa A, Worku A, Raqib R, Agerberth B, Hammar U, Bergman P, Aderaye G, Andersson J, Brighenti S. Daily adjunctive therapy with vitamin D 3 and phenylbutyrate supports clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia. J Intern Med 2018; 284:292-306. [PMID: 29696707 PMCID: PMC6202271 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunotherapy using vitamin D (vitD3 ) and phenylbutyrate (PBA) may support standard drug regimens used to treat infectious diseases. We investigated if vitD3 + PBA enhanced clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients with smear-positive or smear-negative TB received daily oral supplementation with 5000 IU vitD3 and 2 × 500 mg PBA or placebo for 16 weeks, together with 6-month chemotherapy. Primary end-point: reduction of a clinical composite TB score at week 8 compared with baseline using modified intention-to-treat (mITT, n = 348) and per-protocol (n = 296) analyses. Secondary end-points: primary and modified TB scores (week 0, 4, 8, 16, 24), sputum conversion, radiological findings and plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations. RESULTS Most subjects had low baseline plasma 25(OH)D3 levels that increased gradually in the vitD3 + PBA group compared with placebo (P < 0.0001) from week 0 to 16 (mean 34.7 vs. 127.4 nmol L-1 ). In the adjusted mITT analysis, the primary TB score was significantly reduced in the intervention group at week 8 (-0.52, 95% CI -0.93, -0.10; P = 0.015) while the modified TB score was reduced at week 8 (-0.58, 95% CI -1.02, -0.14; P = 0.01) and 16 (-0.34, 95% CI -0.64, -0.03; P = 0.03). VitD3 + PBA had no effect on longitudinal sputum-smear conversion (P = 0.98). Clinical adverse events were more common in the placebo group (24.3%) compared with the vitD3 + PBA group (12.6%). CONCLUSION Daily supplementation with vitD3 + PBA may ameliorate clinical TB symptoms and disease-specific complications, while the intervention had no effect on bacterial clearance in sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bekele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - N Gebreselassie
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - S Ashenafi
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Kassa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - G Aseffa
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - W Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M Getachew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Worku
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - B Agerberth
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Hammar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bergman
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - J Andersson
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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166
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Mak A. The Impact of Vitamin D on the Immunopathophysiology, Disease Activity, and Extra-Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082355. [PMID: 30103428 PMCID: PMC6121378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades it has been increasingly recognized that vitamin D, aside from its crucial involvement in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and the dynamics of the musculoskeletal system, exerts its influential impact on the immune system. The mechanistic roles that vitamin D plays regarding immune activation for combating infection, as well as pathologically and mediating autoimmune conditions, have been progressively unraveled. In vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated that the action of vitamin D on various immunocytes is not unidirectional. Rather, how vitamin D affects immunocyte functions depends on the context of the immune response, in the way that its suppressive or stimulatory action offers physiologically appropriate and immunologically advantageous outcomes. In this review, the relationship between various aspects of vitamin D, starting from its adequacy in circulation to its immunological functions, as well as its autoimmune conditions, in particular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototype autoimmune condition characterized by immune-complex mediated inflammation, will be discussed. Concurring with other groups of investigators, our group found that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with SLE. Furthermore, the circulating vitamin D levels appear to be correlated with a higher disease activity of SLE as well as extra-musculoskeletal complications of SLE such as fatigue, cardiovascular risk, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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167
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Duszka K, Wahli W. Enteric Microbiota⁻Gut⁻Brain Axis from the Perspective of Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082210. [PMID: 30060580 PMCID: PMC6121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in regulating virtually all body functions, thus maintaining a healthy operating body with all its complex systems. Recently, gut microbiota emerged as major factor contributing to the health of the whole organism. Enteric bacteria have multiple ways to influence their host and several of them involve communication with the brain. Mounting evidence of cooperation between gut flora and NRs is already available. However, the full potential of the microbiota interconnection with NRs remains to be uncovered. Herewith, we present the current state of knowledge on the multifaceted roles of NRs in the enteric microbiota–gut–brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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168
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Radloff J, Heyckendorf J, van der Merwe L, Sanchez Carballo P, Reiling N, Richter E, Lange C, Kalsdorf B. Mycobacterium Growth Inhibition Assay of Human Alveolar Macrophages as a Correlate of Immune Protection Following Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1708. [PMID: 30087678 PMCID: PMC6066571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to eliminate tuberculosis (TB), an effective vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A key obstacle for the development of novel TB vaccines is the lack of surrogate markers for immune protection against M. tuberculosis. Methods We investigated growth rates of M. tuberculosis in the mycobacterial growth inhibition assay (MGIA) as a marker for mycobacterial growth control of human bronchoalveolar lavage (BALC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) of healthy adult volunteers. Results Vaccination induced a positive response (p < 0.001) to purified protein derivate (PPD) in 58.8% of the individuals in an interferon-γ release assay-ELISpot. Intraindividual evaluation of the MGIA growth rates before and after M. bovis BCG-vaccination revealed no significant difference in time to culture positivity before and after vaccination in BALC (p = 0.604) and PBMC (p = 0.199). The magnitude of the PPD-response induced by M. bovis BCG-vaccination did not correlate with growth control in BALC and PBMC (correlation = 0.468, 95% CI: −0.016 to 0.775). Conclusion In conclusion, M. bovis BCG-vaccination-induced mycobacterial-specific cytokine immune response does not result in functional immune control against M. tuberculosis in the MGIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Radloff
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Heyckendorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Patricia Sanchez Carballo
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Microbial Interface Biology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Elvira Richter
- National Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Kalsdorf
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany.,International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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169
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Kim EW, Teles RMB, Haile S, Liu PT, Modlin RL. Vitamin D status contributes to the antimicrobial activity of macrophages against Mycobacterium leprae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006608. [PMID: 29965969 PMCID: PMC6044553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune system depends on effector pathways to eliminate invading pathogens from the host in vivo. Macrophages (MΦ) of the innate immune system are armed with vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial responses to kill intracellular microbes. However, how the physiological levels of vitamin D during MΦ differentiation affect phenotype and function is unknown. Methodology/principal The human innate immune system consists of divergent MΦ subsets that serve distinct functions in vivo. Both IL-15 and IL-10 induce MΦ differentiation, but IL-15 induces primary human monocytes to differentiate into antimicrobial MΦ (IL-15 MΦ) that robustly express the vitamin D pathway. However, how vitamin D status alters IL-15 MΦ phenotype and function is unknown. In this study, we found that adding 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D3) during the IL-15 induced differentiation of monocytes into MΦ increased the expression of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, including both CAMP mRNA and the encoded protein cathelicidin in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of physiological levels of 25D during differentiation of IL-15 MΦ led to a significant vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial response against intracellular Mycobacterium leprae but did not change the phenotype or phagocytic function of these MΦ. These data suggest that activation of the vitamin D pathway during IL-15 MΦ differentiation augments the antimicrobial response against M. leprae infection. Conclusions/significance Our data demonstrates that the presence of vitamin D during MΦ differentiation bestows the capacity to mount an antimicrobial response against M. leprae. A key function of MΦ is to recognize, phagocytose and mount an antimicrobial response against microbial pathogens to defend the host. In humans, monocytes are recruited to the site of infection and differentiate into MΦ upon the onset of microbial infection. The MΦ phenotype and function are determined by the cytokine profile of the microenvironment in which the monocyte enters. Additionally, vitamin D is known to trigger direct antimicrobial responses against invading pathogens in MΦ, but also disrupts the differentiation of immune subsets within the myeloid lineage. Therefore, we investigated whether vitamin D status during MΦ differentiation influenced either phenotype or function. Here, we found that the IL-15 MΦphenotype is sustained regardless of vitamin D status. In contrast, antimicrobial MΦ differentiated in the presence of vitamin D exhibited a robust expression of an antimicrobial peptide, relative to MΦ differentiated in the absence of vitamin D. The antimicrobial MΦ armed with cathelicidin prior to M. leprae challenge demonstrated a strong antimicrobial response against the invading pathogen. Our study reveals that the presence of sufficient levels of vitamin D prior to microbial infection contributes to effectively reduce the viability of the pathogen in MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot W. Kim
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rosane M. B. Teles
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Salem Haile
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Philip T. Liu
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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170
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Yew WW, Chan DP, Leung CC, Zhang Y. RE: "DIETARY INTAKE OF ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS AND CAROTENOIDS AND RISK OF DEVELOPING ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS IN A PROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED COHORT". Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1570-1571. [PMID: 29370338 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Wai Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Denise P Chan
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Chiu Leung
- Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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171
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Study of IL-6 and vitamin D3 in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2018; 66:337-345. [PMID: 31439177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis can grow in hostile intracellular environment of macrophages by actively evading macrophage-associated antibacterial activities. The stress response factor contributes this process by releasing inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 6 (IL-6). IL-6 screening of patients with TB may be useful to monitor the progress of infection and to infer the risk of progression to active disease. Vitamin D has a critical role in the innate immune system, in the circulating metabolite and supports induction of pleiotropic antimicrobial responses, through the production of antimicrobial peptides, particularly cathelicidin and its active metabolite. 1,25-dihydoxyvitamin D, has long been known to enhance immune response to mycobacteria. In this study, we have studied the role of IL-6 and Vitamin D3 in M. tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups involved in this study are Control, Category I (newly diagnosed TB) and MDR TB patients. The serum levels of IL-6 and vitamin D3 were measured using chemiluminescence and fully-automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. RESULTS The serum levels of IL-6 were significantly increased, whereas vitamin D3 decreased in TB multidrug-resistant group of patients compared to the newly diagnosed TB patients. CONCLUSION IL-6 appears to be the major cytokine elaborated by mycobacteria infection as well as play a role in the clinical manifestations and pathological events and hence may function as a potent biomarker of tuberculosis. Since, Vitamin D increases activity of cell-mediated immunity; it can be used as a supplementation during tuberculosis therapy.
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172
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Lyu W, Deng Z, Sunkara LT, Becker S, Robinson K, Matts R, Zhang G. High Throughput Screening for Natural Host Defense Peptide-Inducing Compounds as Novel Alternatives to Antibiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:191. [PMID: 29942796 PMCID: PMC6004375 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in antimicrobial resistance demands novel alternatives to antimicrobials for disease control and prevention. As an important component of innate immunity, host defense peptides (HDPs) are capable of killing a broad spectrum of pathogens and modulating a range of host immune responses. Enhancing the synthesis of endogenous HDPs has emerged as a novel host-directed antimicrobial therapeutic strategy. To facilitate the identification of natural products with a strong capacity to induce HDP synthesis, a stable macrophage cell line expressing a luciferase reporter gene driven by a 2-Kb avian β-defensin 9 (AvBD9) gene promoter was constructed through lentiviral transduction and puromycin selection. A high throughput screening assay was subsequently developed using the stable reporter cell line to screen a library of 584 natural products. A total of 21 compounds with a minimum Z-score of 2.0 were identified. Secondary screening in chicken HTC macrophages and jejunal explants further validated most compounds with a potent HDP-inducing activity in a dose-dependent manner. A follow-up oral administration of a lead natural compound, wortmannin, confirmed its capacity to enhance the AvBD9 gene expression in the duodenum of chickens. Besides AvBD9, most other chicken HDP genes were also induced by wortmannin. Additionally, butyrate was also found to synergize with wortmannin and several other newly-identified compounds in AvBD9 induction in HTC cells. Furthermore, wortmannin acted synergistically with butyrate in augmenting the antibacterial activity of chicken monocytes. Therefore, these natural HDP-inducing products may have the potential to be developed individually or in combinations as novel antibiotic alternatives for disease control and prevention in poultry and possibly other animal species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Lyu
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Zhuo Deng
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Lakshmi T Sunkara
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Sage Becker
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Kelsy Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Robert Matts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Small RNA profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies MrsI as necessary for an anticipatory iron sparing response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6464-6469. [PMID: 29871950 PMCID: PMC6016810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718003115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the most extensive discovery and functional characterization of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis to date. We comprehensively define the sRNAs expressed in M. tuberculosis under five host-like stress conditions. This reference dataset comprehensively defines the expression patterns and boundaries of mycobacterial sRNAs. We perform in-depth characterization of one sRNA, mycobacterial regulatory sRNA in iron (MrsI), which is induced in M. tuberculosis in multiple stress conditions. MrsI is critical for the iron-sparing response in mycobacteria by binding directly to mRNAs encoding nonessential iron-containing proteins to repress their expression. Interestingly, MrsI acts in an anticipatory manner, in which its induction by a variety of stresses primes M. tuberculosis to enter an iron-sparing state more rapidly upon iron deprivation. One key to the success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a pathogen is its ability to reside in the hostile environment of the human macrophage. Bacteria adapt to stress through a variety of mechanisms, including the use of small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), which posttranscriptionally regulate bacterial gene expression. However, very little is currently known about mycobacterial sRNA-mediated riboregulation. To date, mycobacterial sRNA discovery has been performed primarily in log-phase growth, and no direct interaction between any mycobacterial sRNA and its targets has been validated. Here, we performed large-scale sRNA discovery and expression profiling in M. tuberculosis during exposure to five pathogenically relevant stresses. From these data, we identified a subset of sRNAs that are highly induced in multiple stress conditions. We focused on one of these sRNAs, ncRv11846, here renamed mycobacterial regulatory sRNA in iron (MrsI). We characterized the regulon of MrsI and showed in mycobacteria that it regulates one of its targets, bfrA, through a direct binding interaction. MrsI mediates an iron-sparing response that is required for optimal survival of M. tuberculosis under iron-limiting conditions. However, MrsI is induced by multiple host-like stressors, which appear to trigger MrsI as part of an anticipatory response to impending iron deprivation in the macrophage environment.
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174
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Vitamin D₃ Status and the Association with Human Cathelicidin Expression in Patients with Different Clinical Forms of Active Tuberculosis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060721. [PMID: 29867045 PMCID: PMC6024873 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D (vitD₃) is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in the world known to be associated with numerous medical conditions including infections such as tuberculosis (TB). In this study, vitD₃ status and its association with the antimicrobial peptide, human cathelicidin (LL-37), was investigated in Ethiopian patients with different clinical forms of TB. Patients with active TB (n = 77) and non-TB controls (n = 78) were enrolled in Ethiopia, while another group of non-TB controls (n = 62) was from Sweden. Active TB included pulmonary TB (n = 32), pleural TB (n = 20), and lymph node TB (n = 25). Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) were assessed in plasma, while LL-37 mRNA was measured in peripheral blood and in samples obtained from the site of infection. Median 25(OH)D₃ plasma levels in active TB patients were similar to Ethiopian non-TB controls (38.5 versus 35.0 nmol/L) and vitD₃ deficiency (.
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175
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Tayel SI, Soliman SE, Elsayed HM. Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor variants in mothers and their neonates are risk factors for neonatal sepsis. Steroids 2018. [PMID: 29530503 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Increasing prevalence of neonatal sepsis in recent years catch attention to early prevention and management. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism can modulate VDR expression level that greatly influences immunity and susceptibility to microbial infections. We aimed to investigate the association of VDR polymorphism at FokI, rs2228570 T/C, and TaqI, rs731236 C/T gene with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and risk of neonatal sepsis. METHODS This work carried on 160 subjects classified into 80 cases (40 mothers and their 40 septic neonates) and 80 healthy controls (40 volunteer mothers and their 40 healthy neonates). Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms were assayed by real-time PCR and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and hs-CRP were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Vitamin D deficiency was observed in mothers of cases compared with healthy ones (p = <0.001) and in septic neonates versus healthy ones (p = <0.001). Septic neonates had much higher VDR FokI TT genotype (p = 0.014) and T allele (p = 0.003) versus healthy ones. TT genotype and T allele could increase the risk of sepsis with OR 95% CI [4.804 (1.4-16.4)] and [2.786 (1.4-5.7)] respectively while VDR TaqI showed no association with sepsis. There was a strong LD between FokI and TaqI in sepsis cases. In sepsis, T/T genotype at FokI had significantly lower vitamin D (p = <0.001). CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency in mothers/neonates is a risk factor for neonatal sepsis. VDR FokI T allele had lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D level that may predispose to sepsis hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa I Tayel
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa E Soliman
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Elsayed
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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176
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has troubled mankind for millennia, but current treatment strategies are long and complicated and the disease remains a major global health problem. The risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection or progression of active TB disease is elevated in individuals with vitamin D deficiency. High-dose vitamin D was used to treat TB in the preantibiotic era, and in vitro experimental data show that vitamin D supports innate immune responses that restrict growth of Mtb. Several randomized controlled trials have tested whether adjunctive vitamin D supplementation enhances the clinical and microbiological response to standard antimicrobial chemotherapy for pulmonary TB. The effects have been modest at best, and attention is turning to the question of whether vitamin D supplementation might have a role in preventing acquisition or reactivation of latent Mtb infection. In this article, we describe the effects of vitamin D on host immune responses to Mtb in vitro and in vivo and review the results of clinical trials in the field. We also reflect on the findings of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infections, and discuss how these findings might influence the design of future trials to evaluate the role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A R Martineau
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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177
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although low vitamin D levels have been shown to be a risk factor for adverse outcomes in critical care, it is not clear to date if supplementation can alter such outcomes in all ICU patients. The focus of vitamin D research now is on interventional trials to identify a critically ill patient subset who may benefit from high-dose vitamin D supplementation. RECENT FINDINGS The VITdAL-ICU trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single center trial of 475 heterogeneous critically ill patients, did not show improvement in hospital length of stay or overall mortality but did demonstrate in a secondary outcome that high-dose oral vitamin D3 improved mortality in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency. SUMMARY Vitamin D supplementation may represent a personalized and targeted therapy for critical illness. Vitamin D regulates over 1000 genes in the human genome, and the mechanism of action is influenced by gene polymorphisms and epigenetics. The study of the metabolomics, transcriptomics and epigenetics of vitamin D status and supplementation holds promise generating insights into critical illness outcomes.
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178
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Li Y, Østerhus S, Johnsen IB. Human Metapneumovirus Infection Inhibits Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:902. [PMID: 29780383 PMCID: PMC5946005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathelicidin antimicriobial peptide (CAMP) is a critical component of host innate immunity with both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. Several pathogens have been shown to downregulate CAMP expression, yet it is unclear if such modulation occurs during a viral infection. In this study, we showed that infection with human metapneumovirus (hMPV), one of the leading causes of respiratory tract infections in young children, strongly suppressed basal and vitamin-D induced CAMP expression in human macrophages. hMPV-mediated suppression of CAMP did not correlate with reduced transcriptional expression of key vitamin D signaling components, such as CYP27B1 or vitamin D receptor, suggesting a vitamin D-independent mechanism. Blocking interferon-signaling pathways did not reverse hMVP-mediated suppression of CAMP, indicating that the suppressive effect is largely interferon-independent. Instead, we identified C/EBPα as the key modulator of hMPV-mediated suppression of CAMP. hMPV infection strongly repressed the expression of C/EBPα, and a knockdown study confirmed that C/EBPα is critical for CAMP expression in human macrophages. Such modulation of CAMP (and C/EBPα) could be reproduced by TLR1/2 ligand treatment in human macrophages, suggesting a common mechanism underlying pathogen-mediated downregulation of CAMP through C/EBPα. This study opens up a new understanding of altered human antimicrobial responses following infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian Li
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stine Østerhus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild B Johnsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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179
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Wang P, Qin X, Liu M, Wang X. The burgeoning role of cytochrome P450-mediated vitamin D metabolites against colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:9-20. [PMID: 29719203 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites of vitamin D3 (VD3) mediated by different cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, play fundamental roles in many physiological processes in relation to human health. These metabolites regulate a variety of cellular signal pathways through the direct binding of activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Thus, the polymorphisms of VDR and VD3 metabolizing enzymes lead to differentiated efficiency of VD3 and further affect serum VD3 levels. Moreover, VDR activation is demonstrated to inhibit the growth of various cancers, including colorectal cancer. However, excessive intake of vitamin D may lead to hypercalcemia, which limits the application of vitamin D tremendously. In this review, we have summarized the advances in VD3 research, especially the metabolism map of VD3 and the molecular mechanisms of inhibiting growth and inducing differentiation in colorectal cancer mediated by VDR-associated cellular signal pathways. The relationship between VDR polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer is also illustrated. In particular, novel pathways of the activation of VD3 started by CYP11A1 and CYP3A4 are highlighted, which produce several noncalcemic and antiproliferative metabolites. At last, the hypothesis is put forward that further research of CYP-mediated VD3 metabolites may develop therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer without resulting in hypercalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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180
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Mehta M, Ahmed S, Dryden G. Immunopathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease: how genetics link barrier dysfunction and innate immunity to inflammation. Innate Immun 2018; 23:497-505. [PMID: 28770665 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917722206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic or relapsing immune activation and corresponding inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Diverse genetic mutations, encoding important aspects of innate immunity and mucosal homeostasis, combine with environmental triggers to create inappropriate, sustained inflammatory responses. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, mucosal immune system, and commensal bacteria as a foundation of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Complex interactions between specialized intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells determine different outcomes based on the environmental input: the development of tolerance in the presence of commensal bacterial or the promotion of inflammation upon recognition of pathogenic organisms. This article reviews key genetic abnormalities involved in inflammatory and homeostatic pathways that enhance susceptibility to immune dysregulation and combine with environmental triggers to trigger the development of chronic intestinal inflammation and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minesh Mehta
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shifat Ahmed
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gerald Dryden
- 1 Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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181
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Arababadi MK, Nosratabadi R, Asadikaram G. Vitamin D and toll like receptors. Life Sci 2018; 203:105-111. [PMID: 29596922 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that vitamin D (VD) significantly modulates immune responses. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the main innate immunity receptors which are expressed on the cell membrane and intracellular vesicles and recognize several pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to induce immune responses. Based on the important roles played by TLRs in physiologic and pathologic functions of immune responses and due to the immunomodulatory functions of VD, it has been hypothesized that VD may present its immunomodulatory functions via modulation of TLRs. This review article collates recent studies regarding the interactions between VD and TLRs and discussed the controversial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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182
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Kraus AU, Penna-Martinez M, Meyer G, Badenhoop K. Vitamin D effects on monocytes' CCL-2, IL6 and CD14 transcription in Addison's disease and HLA susceptibility. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:53-58. [PMID: 28765037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Addison's disease is a rare autoimmune disorder leading to adrenal insufficiency and life-long glucocorticoid dependency. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and vitamin D deficiency predispose to Addison's disease. Aim of the current study was, to investigate potential anti-inflammatory vitamin D effects on monocytes in Addison's disease, focusing on inflammatory CCL-2 and IL6, as well on monocyte CD14 markers. Addison's disease is genetically linked to distinct HLA susceptibility alleles. Therefore we analyzed, whether HLA genotypes differed for vitamin D effects on monocyte markers. CD14+ monocytes were isolated from Addison's disease patients (AD, n=13) and healthy controls (HC, n=15) and stimulated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL1β as an inflammatory stimulant. Cells were processed for mRNA expression of CCL-2, IL6 and CD14 and DNA samples were genotyped for major histocompatibility class (MHC) class II-encoded HLA- DQA1-DQB1 haplotypes. We found a downregulation of CCL-2 after vitamin D treatment in IL1β-stimulated monocytes both from AD patients and HC (AD p<0.001; HC p<0.0001). CD14 expression however, was upregulated in both HC and AD patients after vitamin D treatment (p<0.001, respectively). HC showed higher CD14 transcription level than AD patients after vitamin D treatment (p=0.04). Compared to IL1β-induced inflammation, HC have increased CD14 levels after vitamin D treatment (p<0.001), whereas the IL1β-induced CD14 expression of AD patients' monocytes did not change after vitamin D treatment (p=0.8). AD patients carrying HLA high-risk haplotypes showed an increased CCL-2 expression after IL1β-induced inflammation compared to intermediate-risk HLA carriers (p=0.05). Also HC monocytes' CD14 transcription after IL1β and vitamin D co-stimulation differed according to HLA risk profile. We show that vitamin D can exert anti-inflammatory effects on AD patients' monocytes which may be modulated by HLA risk genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Kraus
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - M Penna-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - G Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K Badenhoop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany
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183
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Weiss ST, Litonjua AA. Vitamin D in Host Defense: Implications for Future Research. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 56:692-693. [PMID: 28569596 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0064ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Weiss
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
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184
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Kanhere M, He J, Chassaing B, Ziegler TR, Alvarez JA, Ivie EA, Hao L, Hanfelt J, Gewirtz AT, Tangpricha V. Bolus Weekly Vitamin D3 Supplementation Impacts Gut and Airway Microbiota in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:564-574. [PMID: 29161417 PMCID: PMC5800825 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Disruption of gut microbiota may exacerbate severity of cystic fibrosis (CF). Vitamin D deficiency is a common comorbidity in patients with CF that may influence composition of the gut microbiota. OBJECTIVES Compare microbiota of vitamin D-sufficient and -insufficient CF patients and assess impact of a weekly high-dose vitamin D3 bolus regimen on gut and airway microbiome in adults with CF and vitamin D insufficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D < 30 ng/mL). DESIGN Forty-one subjects with CF were classified into two groups: vitamin D insufficient (n = 23) and vitamin D sufficient (n = 18). Subjects with vitamin D insufficiency were randomized to receive 50,000 IU of oral vitamin D3 or placebo weekly for 12 weeks. Sputum and stool samples were obtained pre- and postintervention and 16S ribosomal RNA genes sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. RESULTS Gut microbiota differed significantly based on vitamin D status with Gammaproteobacteria, which contain numerous, potentially pathogenic species enriched in the vitamin D-insufficient group. Principal coordinates analysis showed differential gut microbiota composition within the vitamin D-insufficient patients following 12 weeks treatment with placebo or vitamin D3 (permutation multivariate analysis of variance = 0.024), with Lactococcus significantly enriched in subjects treated with vitamin D3, whereas Veillonella and Erysipelotrichaceae were significantly enriched in patients treated with placebo. CONCLUSION This exploratory study suggests that vitamin D insufficiency is associated with alterations in microbiota composition that may promote inflammation and that supplementation with vitamin D has the potential to impact microbiota composition. Additional studies to determine the impact of vitamin D on microbiota benefit clinical outcomes in CF are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Kanhere
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jiabei He
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30300
| | - Jessica A. Alvarez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Elizabeth A. Ivie
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Li Hao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - John Hanfelt
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30300
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185
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Dietary modulation of endogenous host defense peptide synthesis as an alternative approach to in-feed antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:160-169. [PMID: 30140755 PMCID: PMC6104571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, antibiotics are included in animal feed at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and disease prevention. However, recent links between in-feed antibiotics and a rise in antibiotic-resistant pathogens have led to a ban of all antibiotics in livestock production by the European Union in January 2006 and a removal of medically important antibiotics in animal feeds in the United States in January 2017. An urgent need arises for antibiotic alternatives capable of maintaining animal health and productivity without triggering antimicrobial resistance. Host defense peptides (HDP) are a critical component of the animal innate immune system with direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. While in-feed supplementation of recombinant or synthetic HDP appears to be effective in maintaining animal performance and alleviating clinical symptoms in the context of disease, dietary modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides has emerged as a cost-effective, antibiotic-alternative approach to disease control and prevention. Several different classes of small-molecule compounds have been found capable of promoting HDP synthesis. Among the most efficacious compounds are butyrate and vitamin D. Moreover, butyrate and vitamin D synergize with each other in enhancing HDP synthesis. This review will focus on the regulation of HDP synthesis by butyrate and vitamin D in humans, chickens, pigs, and cattle and argue for potential application of HDP-inducing compounds in antibiotic-free livestock production.
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186
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Ahsan F, Maertzdorf J, Guhlich-Bornhof U, Kaufmann SHE, Moura-Alves P. IL-36/LXR axis modulates cholesterol metabolism and immune defense to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1520. [PMID: 29367626 PMCID: PMC5784124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a life-threatening pathogen in humans. Bacterial infection of macrophages usually triggers strong innate immune mechanisms, including IL-1 cytokine secretion. The newer member of the IL-1 family, IL-36, was recently shown to be involved in cellular defense against Mtb. To unveil the underlying mechanism of IL-36 induced antibacterial activity, we analyzed its role in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, together with the involvement of Liver X Receptor (LXR) in this process. We report that, in Mtb-infected macrophages, IL-36 signaling modulates cholesterol biosynthesis and efflux via LXR. Moreover, IL-36 induces the expression of cholesterol-converting enzymes and the accumulation of LXR ligands, such as oxysterols. Ultimately, both IL-36 and LXR signaling play a role in the regulation of antimicrobial peptides expression and in Mtb growth restriction. These data provide novel evidence for the importance of IL-36 and cholesterol metabolism mediated by LXR in cellular host defense against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhil Ahsan
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich-Bornhof
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
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187
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Torres-Juarez F, Touqui L, Leon-Contreras J, Rivas-Santiago C, Enciso-Moreno JA, Hernández-Pando R, Rivas-Santiago B. RNase 7 but not psoriasin nor sPLA2-IIA associates with Mycobacterium tuberculosis during airway epithelial cell infection. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4810750. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flor Torres-Juarez
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Lousseine Touqui
- Unité d’histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Juan Leon-Contreras
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘Salvador Zubirán’, México City, Mexico
| | - Cesar Rivas-Santiago
- National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), Catedras-CONACyT, México
- Biological Sciences School, University Autonomous of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jose A Enciso-Moreno
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘Salvador Zubirán’, México City, Mexico
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
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188
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Kanhere M, Chassaing B, Gewirtz AT, Tangpricha V. Role of vitamin D on gut microbiota in cystic fibrosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 175:82-87. [PMID: 27818276 PMCID: PMC5415426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the potential for vitamin D to favorably alter the gut microbiota, given emerging evidence of the role of vitamin D in controlling mucosal inflammation in the gut. It will focus on cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, a population with both vitamin D deficiency due to gut malabsorption and an altered gut microbiota composition. Recent evidence shows that vitamin D acts to maintain the integrity of the gut mucosal barrier by enhancement of intercellular junctions that control mucosal permeability and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8. In addition, vitamin D receptor-mediated signaling has been shown to inhibit inflammation-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. As a result of these effects on the intestinal mucosa, maintenance of sufficient vitamin D status may be essential for the development of a healthy gut microbiota, particularly in conditions defined by chronic mucosal inflammation such as CF. We hypothesize here that high dose vitamin D may be used to favorably manipulate the aberrant mucosa seen in patients with CF. This may result in improved clinical outcomes in association with a low inflammatory environment that allows beneficial bacteria to outcompete opportunistic pathogens. Current evidence is sparse but encouraging, and additional evidence is needed to establish vitamin D as a therapeutic approach for gut microbiota modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Kanhere
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, USA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
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189
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Nelson CD, Merriman KE, Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Blakely LP. Symposium review: Targeting antimicrobial defenses of the udder through an intrinsic cellular pathway. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2753-2761. [PMID: 29290431 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bovine innate immune system has a strong repertoire of antimicrobial defenses to rapidly attack infectious pathogens that evade physical barriers of the udder. Exploration of the intracrine vitamin D pathway of bovine macrophages has improved understanding of the signals that initiate antimicrobial defenses that protect the udder. In the intracrine vitamin D pathway, pathogen recognition receptors upregulate CYP27B1 mRNA that encodes for the enzyme that converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D3] to the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The 1,25(OH)2D3, in turn, is generally known to increase antimicrobial activity and decrease inflammatory responses of immune cells. In cattle specifically, 1,25(OH)2D3 increases nitric oxide and β-defensin antimicrobial responses of bovine monocytes. Immune activation of the intracrine vitamin D pathway, including induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and β-defensin gene expression by 1,25(OH)2D3, has been documented in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Furthermore, intramammary 25(OH)D3 treatment decreased bacteria counts and indicators of mastitis severity in cows experimentally infected with Streptococcus uberis. We propose that vitamin D signaling in the udder contributes to containment of bacterial pathogens and inflammatory responses of the udder. Verification of vitamin D-mediated defenses of the mammary gland potentially provides a path for development of alternative solutions (i.e., nutritional, genetic, therapeutic) to increase mastitis resistance of dairy cows. Continued exploration of the intrinsic cellular pathways that specifically promote antimicrobial defenses of the udder, such as the vitamin D pathway, is needed to support mastitis control efforts for dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - Kathryn E Merriman
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Michael B Poindexter
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Leslie P Blakely
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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190
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most successful human diseases in our history due in large part to the multitude of virulence factors exhibited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding the pathogenic nuances of this organism in the context of its human host is an ongoing topic of study facilitated by isolating cells from model organisms such as mice and non-human primates. However, M. tuberculosis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen, and disease progression and outcome in these model systems can differ from that of human disease. Current in vitro models of infection include primary macrophages and macrophage-like immortalized cell lines as well as the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types. This article will discuss these in vitro model systems in general, what we have learned so far about utilizing them to answer questions about pathogenesis, the potential role of other cell types in innate control of M. tuberculosis infection, and the development of new coculture systems with multiple cell types. As we continue to expand current in vitro systems and institute new ones, the knowledge gained will improve our understanding of not only tuberculosis but all infectious diseases.
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191
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Alvarez AE, Marson FAL, Bertuzzo CS, Bastos JCS, Baracat ECE, Brandão MB, Tresoldi AT, das Neves Romaneli MT, Almeida CCB, de Oliveira T, Schlodtmann PG, Corrêa E, de Miranda MLF, Dos Reis MC, De Pieri JV, Arns CW, Ribeiro JD. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR4, TLR2, TLR9, VDR, NOS2 and CCL5 genes with acute viral bronchiolitis. Gene 2017; 645:7-17. [PMID: 29253610 PMCID: PMC7127094 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Acute viral bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization among infants during the first year of life. Most infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis do not present risk factors and are otherwise healthy. Our objective was to determine the genetic features associated with the risk and a severe course of bronchiolitis. Methods We prospectively evaluated 181 infants with severe bronchiolitis admitted at three hospitals over a 2-year period, who required oxygen therapy. The control group consisted of 536 healthy adults. Patients were evaluated for the presence of comorbidities (premature birth, chronic respiratory disease, and congenital heart disease), underwent nasopharyngeal aspirate testing for virus detection by multiplex-PCR, and SNPs identification in immune response genes. Patient outcomes were assessed. Results We observed association between SNP rs2107538*CCL5 and bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) and RSV-subtype-A, and between rs1060826*NOS2 and bronchiolitis caused by rhinovirus. SNPs rs4986790*TLR4, rs1898830*TLR2, and rs2228570*VDR were associated with progression to death. SNP rs7656411*TLR2 was associated with length of oxygen use; SNPs rs352162*TLR9, rs187084*TLR9, and rs2280788*CCL5 were associated with requirement for intensive care unit admission; while SNPs rs1927911*TLR4, rs352162*TLR9, and rs2107538*CCL5 were associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusions Our findings provide some evidence that SNPs in CCL5 and NOS2 are associated with presence of bronchiolitis and SNPs in TLR4, TLR2, TLR9, VDR and CCL5 are associated with severity of bronchiolitis. SNPs in CCL5 and NOS2 genes are associated with presence of bronchiolitis. SNPs in TLR4, TLR2 and TLR9, genes are associated with severity of bronchiolitis. SNPs in VDR and CCL5 genes are associated with severity of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eduardo Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen Sílvia Bertuzzo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Cristina Santiago Bastos
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biological Institute, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilio Carlos Elias Baracat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Sumaré, University of Campinas, Av. da Amizade, 2.400, Jd Bela Vista, Sumaré CEP 13175-49, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Barciela Brandão
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil; Clinical Hospital of Sumaré, University of Campinas, Av. da Amizade, 2.400, Jd Bela Vista, Sumaré CEP 13175-49, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônia Teresinha Tresoldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Tresoldi das Neves Romaneli
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celize Cruz Bresciani Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Therezinha de Oliveira
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ester Corrêa
- Vera Cruz Hospital, Av. Andrade Neves, 402, Centro, Campinas CEP 13013-160, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Ferreira de Miranda
- Clinical Hospital of Sumaré, University of Campinas, Av. da Amizade, 2.400, Jd Bela Vista, Sumaré CEP 13175-49, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Conrado Dos Reis
- Clinical Hospital of Sumaré, University of Campinas, Av. da Amizade, 2.400, Jd Bela Vista, Sumaré CEP 13175-49, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Vicente De Pieri
- Vera Cruz Hospital, Av. Andrade Neves, 402, Centro, Campinas CEP 13013-160, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biological Institute, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Dirceu Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas CEP 13083-887, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu CH, Liu H, Ge B. Innate immunity in tuberculosis: host defense vs pathogen evasion. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:963-975. [PMID: 28890547 PMCID: PMC5719146 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The major innate immune cell types involved in tuberculosis (TB) infection are macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells. These immune cells recognize the TB-causing pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including but not limited to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Upon infection by Mtb, the host orchestrates multiple signaling cascades via the PRRs to launch a variety of innate immune defense functions such as phagocytosis, autophagy, apoptosis and inflammasome activation. In contrast, Mtb utilizes numerous exquisite strategies to evade or circumvent host innate immunity. Here we discuss recent research on major host innate immune cells, PRR signaling, and the cellular functions involved in Mtb infection, with a specific focus on the host's innate immune defense and Mtb immune evasion. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions could provide a rational basis for the development of effective anti-TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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193
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Perez MO, Oliveira RM, Levy-Neto M, Caparbo VF, Pereira RM. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: association with respiratory infection. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:723-728. [PMID: 29319717 PMCID: PMC5738555 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(12)02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the possible association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels with disease activity and respiratory infection in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients during two different periods: winter/spring and summer/autumn. METHODS Thirty-two granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients were evaluated in the winter/spring, and the same patients (except 5) were evaluated in summer/autumn (n=27). The 25OHD levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Disease activity was assessed by the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score Modified for Wegener's Granulomatosis (BVAS/WG) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity. Respiratory infection was defined according the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. RESULTS 25OHD levels were lower among patients in winter/spring than in summer/autumn (32.31±13.10 vs. 38.98±10.97 ng/mL, p=0.04). Seven patients met the criteria for respiratory infection: 5 in winter/spring and 2 in summer/autumn. Patients with respiratory infection presented lower 25OHD levels than those without infection (25.15±11.70 vs. 36.73±12.08 ng/mL, p=0.02). A higher frequency of low vitamin D levels (25OHD<20 ng/mL) was observed in patients with respiratory infection (37.5% vs. 7.8, p=0.04). Serum 25OHD levels were comparable between patients with (BVAS/WG≥1 plus positive ANCA) and without disease activity (BVAS/WG=0 plus negative ANCA) (35.40±11.48 vs. 35.34±13.13 ng/mL, p=0.98). CONCLUSIONS Lower 25OHD levels were associated with respiratory infection but not disease activity in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients. Our data suggest that hypovitaminosis D could be an important risk factor for respiratory infection in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O. Perez
- Divisao de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Mauricio Levy-Neto
- Divisao de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Valeria F. Caparbo
- Divisao de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rosa M.R. Pereira
- Divisao de Reumatologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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194
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Arranz-Trullén J, Lu L, Pulido D, Bhakta S, Boix E. Host Antimicrobial Peptides: The Promise of New Treatment Strategies against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1499. [PMID: 29163551 PMCID: PMC5681943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a devastating infectious disease and remerges as a global health emergency due to an alarming rise of antimicrobial resistance to its treatment. Despite of the serious effort that has been applied to develop effective antitubercular chemotherapies, the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remains underexploited. A large amount of literature is now accessible on the AMP mechanisms of action against a diversity of pathogens; nevertheless, research on their activity on mycobacteria is still scarce. In particular, there is an urgent need to integrate all available interdisciplinary strategies to eradicate extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. In this context, we should not underestimate our endogenous antimicrobial proteins and peptides as ancient players of the human host defense system. We are confident that novel antibiotics based on human AMPs displaying a rapid and multifaceted mechanism, with reduced toxicity, should significantly contribute to reverse the tide of antimycobacterial drug resistance. In this review, we have provided an up to date perspective of the current research on AMPs to be applied in the fight against TB. A better understanding on the mechanisms of action of human endogenous peptides should ensure the basis for the best guided design of novel antitubercular chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Lu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - David Pulido
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Boix
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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195
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Wu HY, Chen JX, Tian HQ, Zhang XL, Bian HY, Cheng L. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D inversely associated with blood eosinophils in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy 2017; 7:213-220. [PMID: 29094019 PMCID: PMC5663749 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2017.7.4.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The relationship between vitamin D and allergic rhinitis (AR) remains unclear. The present study investigated their association by examining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, blood eosinophils, and the expression of vitamin D receptors (VDR) on nasal mucosa in patients with AR. Methods A total of 32 patients with persistent AR and 25 controls were enrolled in this study. Serum 25(OH)D levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and eosinophils in the peripheral blood were examined by an automated hematology system, while VDR expression on inferior turbinate mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the correlation of serum 25(OH)D levels with blood eosinophils in persistent AR was analyzed. Results No significant difference in serum 25(OH)D levels was detected between the AR and control groups (p = 0.371). Interestingly, the serum 25(OH)D levels of the AR group were negatively correlated with blood eosinophil count and its proportion (p = 0.019 and p = 0.010, respectively) even when adjusting confounding factors including age, sex, body mass index, and the season of blood sampling. On the other hand, no significant difference in the expression levels of VDR on nasal mucosa was found between the AR group and the control group (p = 0.231). Conclusion These results suggest that the serum 25(OH)D might be inversely associated with blood eosinophils in patients with persistent AR. However, the relationship between vitamin D and AR still requires further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Qin Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Yan Bian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.,International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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196
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AlMatar M, Makky EA, Yakıcı G, Var I, Kayar B, Köksal F. Antimicrobial peptides as an alternative to anti-tuberculosis drugs. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:288-305. [PMID: 29079429 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) presently accounts for high global mortality and morbidity rates, despite the introduction four decades ago of the affordable and efficient four-drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol). Thus, a strong need exists for new drugs with special structures and uncommon modes of action to effectively overcome M. tuberculosis. Within this scope, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are small, cationic and amphipathic peptides that comprise a section of the innate immune system, are currently the leading potential agents for the treatment of TB. Many studies have recently illustrated the capability of anti-mycobacterial peptides to disrupt the normal mycobacterial cell wall function through various modes, thereby interacting with the intracellular targets, as well as encompassing nucleic acids, enzymes and organelles. This review presents a wide array of antimicrobial activities, alongside the associated properties of the AMPs that could be utilized as potential agents in therapeutic tactics for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü) Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Essam A Makky
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Gülfer Yakıcı
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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197
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Kolloli A, Subbian S. Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategies for Tuberculosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:171. [PMID: 29094039 PMCID: PMC5651239 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Currently, the standard treatment for TB involves multiple antibiotics administered for at least 6 months. Although multiple antibiotics therapy is necessary to prevent the development of drug resistance, the prolonged duration of treatment, combined with toxicity of drugs, contributes to patient non-compliance that can leads to the development of drug-resistant Mtb (MDR and XDR) strains. The existence of comorbid conditions, including HIV infection, not only complicates TB treatment but also elevates the mortality rate of patients. These facts underscore the need for the development of new and/or improved TB treatment strategies. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new and emerging concept in the treatment of TB, where host response is modulated by treatment with small molecules, with or without adjunct antibiotics, to achieve better control of TB. Unlike antibiotics, HDT drugs act by directly modulating host cell functions; therefore, development of drug resistance by infecting Mtb is avoided. Thus, HDT is a promising treatment strategy for the management of MDR- and XDR-TB cases as well as for patients with existing chronic, comorbid conditions such as HIV infection or diabetes. Functionally, HDT drugs fine-tune the antimicrobial activities of host immune cells and limit inflammation and tissue damage associated with TB. However, current knowledge and clinical evidence is insufficient to implement HDT molecules as a stand-alone, without adjunct antibiotics, therapeutic modality to treat any form of TB in humans. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on small molecule HDT agents that target autophagy, vitamin D pathway, and anti-inflammatory response as adjunctive agents along with standard antibiotics for TB therapy. Data from recent publications show that this approach has the potential to improve clinical outcome and can help to reduce treatment duration. Thus, HDT can contribute to global TB control programs by potentially increasing the efficiency of anti-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A, Hotchkiss RS, Bartenschlager R. Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:35-56. [PMID: 28935918 PMCID: PMC7097079 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a novel approach in the field of anti-infectives for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. HDT aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. HDTs encompassing the 'shock and kill' strategy or the delivery of recombinant interferons are possible approaches to treat HIV infections. HDTs that suppress the cytokine storm that is induced by some acute viral infections represent a promising concept. In tuberculosis, HDT aims to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes through phagosomal maturation, autophagy and antimicrobial peptides. HDTs also curtail inflammation through interference with soluble (such as eicosanoids or cytokines) or cellular (co-stimulatory molecules) factors and modulate granulomas to allow the access of antimicrobials or to restrict tissue damage. Numerous parallels between the immunological abnormalities that occur in sepsis and cancer indicate that the HDTs that are effective in oncology may also hold promise in sepsis. Advances in immune phenotyping, genetic screening and biosignatures will help to guide drug therapy to optimize the host response. Combinations of canonical pathogen-directed drugs and novel HDTs will become indispensable in treating emerging infections and diseases caused by drug-resistant pathogens.
Host-directed therapy (HDT) aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence. In this Review, Kaufmannet al. describe recent progress in the development of HDTs for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections and the challenges in bringing these approaches to the clinic. Despite the recent increase in the development of antivirals and antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and the lack of broad-spectrum virus-targeting drugs are still important issues and additional alternative approaches to treat infectious diseases are urgently needed. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging approach in the field of anti-infectives. The strategy behind HDT is to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. Although HDTs encompassing interferons are well established for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, novel strategies aimed at the functional cure of persistent viral infections and the development of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses seem to be crucial. In chronic bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, HDT strategies aim to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes and to curtail inflammation through interference with soluble factors (such as eicosanoids and cytokines) or cellular factors (such as co-stimulatory molecules). This Review describes current progress in the development of HDTs for viral and bacterial infections, including sepsis, and the challenges in bringing these new approaches to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Mechanisms of Action of Vitamin D as Supplemental Therapy for Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01226-17. [PMID: 28760906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01226-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the most effective regimen for therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). As many patients with PCP are allergic or do not respond to it, efforts have been devoted to develop alternative therapies for PCP. We have found that the combination of vitamin D3 (VitD3) (300 IU/kg/day) and primaquine (PMQ) (5 mg/kg/day) was as effective as TMP-SMX for therapy of PCP. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which vitamin D enhances the efficacy of PMQ. C57BL/6 mice were immunosuppressed by CD4+ cell depletion, infected with Pneumocystismurina for 8 weeks, and then treated for 9 days with the combination of VitD3 and PMQ (VitD3-PMQ) or with TMP-SMX or PMQ to serve as controls. The results showed that vitamin D supplementation increased the number of CD11c+ cells, suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and enhanced the expression of genes related to antioxidation (glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin), and autophagy (ATG5 and beclin-1). These results suggest that the main action of vitamin D is enhancing the ability of the host to defend against Pneumocystis infection.
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Vanherwegen AS, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D endocrinology on the cross-road between immunity and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:52-67. [PMID: 28461074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of vitamin D on the immune function have been recognized for more than a quarter of a century. However, our understanding of the multifactorial nature of the effects of vitamin D at the cellular, molecular and metabolic level in different immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system has dramatically progressed during the last decades. In this review, we summarize the main metabolic pathways preferentially used in different subsets of macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells as well as the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on these cells. We will highlight the metabolic reprogramming happening in vitamin D-conditioned tolerogenic dendritic cells. A better knowledge of the dynamics of metabolic states in immune subsets and their possible roles in inflammation and autoimmunity may advance the development of novel immunotherapies. Likewise, the implications of effects of vitamin D on immunometabolism may progress our insights in the nature of immune responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sofie Vanherwegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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