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Xia J, Yin C. Glucose Variability and Coronary Artery Disease. Heart Lung Circ 2018; 28:553-559. [PMID: 30527849 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin are considered three important indicators for diabetes treatment. There is increasing evidence that glucose variability has more detrimental effects on the coronary arteries than does chronic sustained hyperglycaemia. This overview summarises recent findings in the field of glucose variability and its possible relationship with coronary artery disease. Glucose variability may be a marker of increased progression of coronary disease and plaque vulnerability. It might be a potential new therapeutic target for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Future studies will focus on the early detection and control of glucose variability to improve the clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggang Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Chunlin Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Moreno JA, Gomez-Guerrero C, Mas S, Sanz AB, Lorenzo O, Ruiz-Ortega M, Opazo L, Mezzano S, Egido J. Targeting inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: a tale of hope. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:917-930. [PMID: 30334635 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1538352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Beyond the new anti-diabetic drugs that possess markedly cardiovascular and renal protective effects, no novel direct therapies for DN have become available on the market in the last twenty years. Recently well-designed clinical trials for the treatment of DN, with attractive pathogenetic rationale, e.g. bardoxolone and atrasentan, were canceled or stopped because of safety concerns or lack of reaching the end points, respectively. AREAS COVERED In this review, we focus on the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of DN. We update information from recent experimental and clinical studies that reported beneficial effects of several agents targeting chemokines, cytokines, transcription factors and kinases as well as several compounds with anti-inflammatory properties on DN. EXPERT OPINION Inflammation plays a key role in the DN progression. Preclinical studies have identified several anti-inflammatory molecules that effective decrease albuminuria and/or proteinuria. However, limited clinical trials in humans have been performed to confirm these results. Inhibitors of CCL2/CCR2, IL-1β and JAK/STAT pathways, and Nrf2 inducers are promising therapeutic options to improve the renal outcome of patients with DN, but appropriate clinical trials are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Moreno
- a Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital-Health Research Institute (FIIS-FJD) , Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- a Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital-Health Research Institute (FIIS-FJD) , Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain.,b Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sebastian Mas
- a Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital-Health Research Institute (FIIS-FJD) , Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain.,b Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- a Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital-Health Research Institute (FIIS-FJD) , Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain.,c Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN) , Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- a Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital-Health Research Institute (FIIS-FJD) , Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain.,b Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- c Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN) , Spain.,d Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory , FIIS-FJD, UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Lucas Opazo
- e Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine , Universidad Austral , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- e Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine , Universidad Austral , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Jesus Egido
- a Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital-Health Research Institute (FIIS-FJD) , Autonoma University of Madrid (UAM) , Madrid , Spain.,b Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) , Madrid , Spain
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153
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the role of red meat consumption, especially heme iron intake, and risk for diabetes and its comorbidities. RECENT FINDINGS Studies consistently show that consumption of red meat has been contributory to a multitude of chronic conditions such as diabetes, CVD, and malignancies. There are various emerging reasons that strengthen this link-from the basic constituents of red meat like the heme iron component, the metabolic reactions that take place after consumption, and finally to the methods used to cook it. The causative links show that even occasional use raises the risk of T2DM. Prior studies show how nitrites and nitrates in red meat can lead to increased insulin resistance, dysregulated blood glucose levels, and elevated oxidative stress all leading to chronic diseases. With the rise in these preventable chronic diseases, we examine how disease-causing links can be eliminated with appropriate lifestyle choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjita Misra
- School of Public Health, 3313A, Robert C Byrd Health Sciences Center, Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9190, USA.
| | | | - Sudha Raj
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies and Nutrition, Falk College, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Thakor G Patel
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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