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Bonsang-Kitzis H, Sadacca B, Hamy-Petit AS, Moarii M, Pinheiro A, Laurent C, Reyal F. Biological network-driven gene selection identifies a stromal immune module as a key determinant of triple-negative breast carcinoma prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1061176. [PMID: 26942074 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive breast cancers for which no targeted treatment is available. Robust tools for TNBC classification are required, to improve the prediction of prognosis and to develop novel therapeutic interventions. We analyzed 3,247 primary human breast cancer samples from 21 publicly available datasets, using a five-step method: (1) selection of TNBC samples by bimodal filtering on ER-HER2 and PR, (2) normalization of the selected TNBC samples, (3) selection of the most variant genes, (4) identification of gene clusters and biological gene selection within gene clusters on the basis of String© database connections and gene-expression correlations, (5) summarization of each gene cluster in a metagene. We then assessed the ability of these metagenes to predict prognosis, on an external public dataset (METABRIC). Our analysis of gene expression (GE) in 557 TNBCs from 21 public datasets identified a six-metagene signature (167 genes) in which the metagenes were enriched in different gene ontologies. The gene clusters were named as follows: Immunity1, Immunity2, Proliferation/DNA damage, AR-like, Matrix/Invasion1 and Matrix2 clusters respectively. This signature was particularly robust for the identification of TNBC subtypes across many datasets (n = 1,125 samples), despite technology differences (Affymetrix© A, Plus2 and Illumina©). Weak Immunity two metagene expression was associated with a poor prognosis (disease-specific survival; HR = 2.68 [1.59-4.52], p = 0.0002). The six-metagene signature (167 genes) was validated over 1,125 TNBC samples. The Immunity two metagene had strong prognostic value. These findings open up interesting possibilities for the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bonsang-Kitzis
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory; RT2Lab; Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris, France; U932 Immunity and Cancer; INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France; Department of Surgery; Institut Curie; Paris, France
| | - B Sadacca
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory; RT2Lab; Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris, France; U932 Immunity and Cancer; INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France; Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d'Evry, Université d'Évry Val d'Essonne; UMR CNRS 8071, ENSIIE, USC INRA, France
| | - A S Hamy-Petit
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory; RT2Lab; Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris, France; U932 Immunity and Cancer; INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France
| | - M Moarii
- Mines Paristech; PSL-Research University; CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology; Mines ParisTech; Fontainebleau, France; U900, INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France
| | - A Pinheiro
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory; RT2Lab; Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris, France; U932 Immunity and Cancer; INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France
| | - C Laurent
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory; RT2Lab; Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris, France; U932 Immunity and Cancer; INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France
| | - F Reyal
- Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory; RT2Lab; Translational Research Department; Institut Curie; Paris, France; U932 Immunity and Cancer; INSERM; Institut Curie; Paris, France; Department of Surgery; Institut Curie; Paris, France
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152
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He J, Yang J, Chen W, Wu H, Yuan Z, Wang K, Li G, Sun J, Yu L. Molecular Features of Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Microarray Evidence and Further Integrated Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129842. [PMID: 26103053 PMCID: PMC4478040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease usually including four molecular subtypes such as luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes. Despite major advances in ER-positive or HER2-amplified breast cancer, there is no targeted agent currently available for TNBC, so it is urgent to identify new potential therapeutic targets for TNBC. Methods We first used microarray analysis to compare gene expression profiling between TNBC and non-TNBC. Furthermore an integrated analysis was conducted based on our own and published data, leading to more robust, reproducible and accurate predictions. Additionally, we performed qRT-PCR in breast cancer cell lines to verify the findings in integrated analysis. Results After searching Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO), two microarray studies were obtained according to the inclusion criteria. The integrated analysis was conducted, including 30 samples of TNBC and 77 samples of non-TNBC. 556 genes were found to be consistently differentially expressed (344 up-regulated genes and 212 down-regulated genes in TNBC). Functional annotation for these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the most significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) term for molecular functions was protein binding (GO: 0005515, P = 6.09E-21), while that for biological processes was signal transduction (GO: 0007165, P = 9.46E-08), and that for cellular component was cytoplasm (GO: 0005737, P = 2.09E-21). The most significant pathway was Pathways in cancer (P = 6.54E-05) based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). DUSP1 (Degree = 21), MYEOV2 (Degree = 15) and UQCRQ (Degree = 14) were identified as the significant hub proteins in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Five genes were selected to perform qRT-PCR in seven breast cancer cell lines, and qRT-PCR results showed that the expression pattern of selected genes in TNBC lines and non-TNBC lines was nearly consistent with that in the integrated analysis. Conclusion This study may help to understand the pathogenesis of different breast cancer subtypes, contributing to the successful identification of therapeutic targets for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong He
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, UMN Twin Cities, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Weicai Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Huisheng Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Zishan Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Guojin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Limin Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The first affiliated hospital of Shenzhen university, the Second People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, China
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153
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Dontu G, Ince TA. Of mice and women: a comparative tissue biology perspective of breast stem cells and differentiation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:51-62. [PMID: 26286174 PMCID: PMC4595531 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue based research requires a background in human and veterinary pathology, developmental biology, anatomy, as well as molecular and cellular biology. This type of comparative tissue biology (CTB) expertise is necessary to tackle some of the conceptual challenges in human breast stem cell research. It is our opinion that the scarcity of CTB expertise contributed to some erroneous interpretations in tissue based research, some of which are reviewed here in the context of breast stem cells. In this article we examine the dissimilarities between mouse and human mammary tissue and suggest how these may impact stem cell studies. In addition, we consider the differences between breast ducts vs. lobules and clarify how these affect the interpretation of results in stem cell research. Lastly, we introduce a new elaboration of normal epithelial cell types in human breast and discuss how this provides a clinically useful basis for breast cancer classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dontu
- Stem Cell Group, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London School of Medicine, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tan A Ince
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave., Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
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154
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease associated with a high risk of recurrence, and therapeutic options are currently limited to cytotoxic therapy. Germ-line mutations may occur in up to 20% of unselected patients with TNBC, which may serve as a biomarker identifying which patients may have tumors that are particularly sensitive to platinums and/or inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. A substantial proportion of patients with TNBCs not associated with germ-line BRCA mutations may have tumors that are ‘BRCA-like’, rendering those individuals potential candidates for similar strategies. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to highlight the current standard and experimental treatment strategies. EXPERT OPINION Recent research that has illuminated the molecular heterogeneity of the disease rationalizes its diverse biological behavior and differential response to chemotherapy. Modern technology platforms provide molecular signatures that can be mined for therapeatic interventions. Target pathways that are commonly dysregulated in cancer cells control cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, DNA repair, cell cycle progression, immune modulation and invasion, and metastasis. Novel trial design and re-defined endpoints as surrogates to clinical outcome have been introduced to expedite the development of breakthrough therapies to treat high-risk early-stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Andreopoulou
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, 1695 Eastchester Rd Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Sarah J Schweber
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hayley M McDaid
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Bronx, NY, USA
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155
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Gene-expression molecular subtyping of triple-negative breast cancer tumours: importance of immune response. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:43. [PMID: 25887482 PMCID: PMC4389408 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple-negative breast cancers need to be refined in order to identify therapeutic subgroups of patients. Methods We conducted an unsupervised analysis of microarray gene-expression profiles of 107 triple-negative breast cancer patients and undertook robust functional annotation of the molecular entities found by means of numerous approaches including immunohistochemistry and gene-expression signatures. A triple-negative external cohort (n = 87) was used for validation. Results Fuzzy clustering separated triple-negative tumours into three clusters: C1 (22.4%), C2 (44.9%) and C3 (32.7%). C1 patients were older (mean = 64.6 years) than C2 (mean = 56.8 years; P = 0.03) and C3 patients (mean = 51.9 years; P = 0.0004). Histological grade and Nottingham prognostic index were higher in C2 and C3 than in C1 (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Significant event-free survival (P = 0.03) was found according to cluster membership: patients belonging to C3 had a better outcome than patients in C1 (P = 0.01) and C2 (P = 0.02). Event-free survival analysis results were confirmed when our cohort was pooled with the external cohort (n = 194; P = 0.01). Functional annotation showed that 22% of triple-negative patients were not basal-like (C1). C1 was enriched in luminal subtypes and positive androgen receptor (luminal androgen receptor). C2 could be considered as an almost pure basal-like cluster. C3, enriched in basal-like subtypes but to a lesser extent, included 26% of claudin-low subtypes. Dissection of immune response showed that high immune response and low M2-like macrophages were a hallmark of C3, and that these patients had a better event-free survival than C2 patients, characterized by low immune response and high M2-like macrophages: P = 0.02 for our cohort, and P = 0.03 for pooled cohorts. Conclusions We identified three subtypes of triple-negative patients: luminal androgen receptor (22%), basal-like with low immune response and high M2-like macrophages (45%), and basal-enriched with high immune response and low M2-like macrophages (33%). We noted out that macrophages and other immune effectors offer a variety of therapeutic targets in breast cancer, and particularly in triple-negative basal-like tumours. Furthermore, we showed that CK5 antibody was better suited than CK5/6 antibody to subtype triple-negative patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0550-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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156
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Forero-Torres A, Varley KE, Abramson VG, Li Y, Vaklavas C, Lin NU, Liu MC, Rugo HS, Nanda R, Storniolo AM, Traina TA, Patil S, Van Poznak CH, Nangia JR, Irvin WJ, Krontiras H, De Los Santos JF, Haluska P, Grizzle W, Myers RM, Wolff AC. TBCRC 019: A Phase II Trial of Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel with or without the Anti-Death Receptor 5 Monoclonal Antibody Tigatuzumab in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2722-9. [PMID: 25779953 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tigatuzumab (TIG), an agonistic anti-DR5 antibody, triggers apoptosis in DR5(+) human tumor cells without crosslinking. TIG has strong in vitro/in vivo activity against basal-like breast cancer cells enhanced by chemotherapy agents. This study evaluates activity of TIG and chemotherapy in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Randomized 2:1 phase II trial of albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PAC) ± TIG in patients with TNBC stratified by prior chemotherapy. Patients received nab-PAC weekly × 3 ± TIG every other week, every 28 days. Primary objective was within-arm objective response rate (ORR). Secondary objectives were safety, progression-free survival (PFS), clinical benefit, and TIG immunogenicity. Metastatic research biopsies were required. RESULTS Among 64 patients (60 treated; TIG/nab-PAC n = 39 and nab-PAC n = 21), there were 3 complete remissions (CR), 8 partial remissions (PR; 1 almost CR), 11 stable diseases (SD), and 17 progressive diseases (PD) in the TIG/nab-PAC arm (ORR, 28%), and no CRs, 8 PRs, 4 SDs, and 9 PDs in the nab-PAC arm (ORR, 38%). There was a numerical increase in CRs and several patients had prolonged PFS (1,025+, 781, 672, 460, 334) in the TIG/nab-PAC arm. Grade 3 toxicities were 28% and 29%, respectively, with no grade 4-5. Exploratory analysis suggests an association of ROCK1 gene pathway activation with efficacy in the TIG/nab-PAC arm. CONCLUSIONS ORR and PFS were similar in both. Preclinical activity of TIG in basal-like breast cancer and prolonged PFS in few patients in the combination arm support further investigation of anti-DR5 agents. ROCK pathway activation merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yufeng Li
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Nancy U Lin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Minetta C Liu
- Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hope S Rugo
- University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Rita Nanda
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna M Storniolo
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Sujata Patil
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Haluska
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Antonio C Wolff
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Soady KJ, Kendrick H, Gao Q, Tutt A, Zvelebil M, Ordonez LD, Quist J, Tan DWM, Isacke CM, Grigoriadis A, Smalley MJ. Mouse mammary stem cells express prognostic markers for triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:31. [PMID: 25849541 PMCID: PMC4381533 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous group of tumours in which chemotherapy, the current mainstay of systemic treatment, is often initially beneficial but with a high risk of relapse and metastasis. There is currently no means of predicting which TNBC will relapse. We tested the hypothesis that the biological properties of normal stem cells are re-activated in tumour metastasis and that, therefore, the activation of normal mammary stem cell-associated gene sets in primary TNBC would be highly prognostic for relapse and metastasis. METHODS Mammary basal stem and myoepithelial cells were isolated by flow cytometry and tested in low-dose transplant assays. Gene expression microarrays were used to establish expression profiles of the stem and myoepithelial populations; these were compared to each other and to our previously established mammary epithelial gene expression profiles. Stem cell genes were classified by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and the expression of a subset analysed in the stem cell population at single cell resolution. Activation of stem cell genes was interrogated across different breast cancer cohorts and within specific subtypes and tested for clinical prognostic power. RESULTS A set of 323 genes was identified that was expressed significantly more highly in the purified basal stem cells compared to all other cells of the mammary epithelium. A total of 109 out of 323 genes had been associated with stem cell features in at least one other study in addition to our own, providing further support for their involvement in the biology of this cell type. GO analysis demonstrated an enrichment of these genes for an association with cell migration, cytoskeletal regulation and tissue morphogenesis, consistent with a role in invasion and metastasis. Single cell resolution analysis showed that individual cells co-expressed both epithelial- and mesenchymal-associated genes/proteins. Most strikingly, we demonstrated that strong activity of this stem cell gene set in TNBCs identified those tumours most likely to rapidly progress to metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the biological properties of normal stem cells are drivers of metastasis and that these properties can be used to stratify patients with a highly heterogeneous disease such as TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Soady
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
- />MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- />European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Qiong Gao
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Research Oncology, King’s Health Partners AHSC, Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Marketa Zvelebil
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Liliana D Ordonez
- />European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Jelmar Quist
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Research Oncology, King’s Health Partners AHSC, Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - David Wei-Min Tan
- />Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648 Singapore
| | - Clare M Isacke
- />Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- />Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- />Department of Research Oncology, King’s Health Partners AHSC, Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- />European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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Abstract
African American women have a lower lifetime incidence of breast cancer than white/Caucasian Americans yet have a higher risk of breast cancer mortality. African American women are also more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer at young ages, and they have higher risk for the biologically more aggressive triple-negative breast cancers. These features are also more common among women from western, sub-Saharan Africa who share ancestry with African Americans, and this prompts questions regarding an association between African ancestry and inherited susceptibility for certain patterns of mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Newman
- Breast Care Center, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48167, USA.
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159
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Newman LA. Disparities in breast cancer and african ancestry: a global perspective. Breast J 2015; 21:133-9. [PMID: 25639288 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of breast cancer disparities between African-American and White American women has generated exciting research opportunities investigating the biologic and hereditary factors that contribute to the observed outcome differences, leading to international studies of breast cancer in Africa. The study of breast cancer in women with African ancestry has opened the door to unique investigations regarding breast cancer subtypes and the genetics of this disease. International research efforts can advance our understanding of race/ethnicity-associated breast cancer disparities within the USA; the pathogenesis of triple negative breast cancer; and hereditary susceptibility for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Newman
- Department of Surgery, Breast Care Center, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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160
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Sonnenblick A, Fumagalli D, Azim HA, Sotiriou C, Piccart M. New strategies in breast cancer: the significance of molecular subtypes in systemic adjuvant treatment for small T1a,bN0M0 tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6242-6. [PMID: 25336696 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Awareness of breast cancer heterogeneity has strikingly increased in the past decade in parallel with the development of high-throughput molecular tests. Beyond the clear usefulness of antiestrogen treatment in luminal tumors and trastuzumab in HER2-positive tumors, breast cancer subtypes may have additional clinical and predictive roles that can be relevant to clinical practice. In this article, we discuss the significance of molecular subtypes in the systemic treatment of early-stage breast tumors smaller than 1 cm (T1a,bN0M0) and suggest new strategies for future treatment recommendations for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sonnenblick
- BrEAST Data Center, Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Debora Fumagalli
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hatem A Azim
- BrEAST Data Center, Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Piccart
- BrEAST Data Center, Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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161
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Sheng Q, Shyr Y, Chen X. DupChecker: a bioconductor package for checking high-throughput genomic data redundancy in meta-analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:323. [PMID: 25267467 PMCID: PMC4261523 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meta-analysis has become a popular approach for high-throughput genomic data analysis because it often can significantly increase power to detect biological signals or patterns in datasets. However, when using public-available databases for meta-analysis, duplication of samples is an often encountered problem, especially for gene expression data. Not removing duplicates could lead false positive finding, misleading clustering pattern or model over-fitting issue, etc in the subsequent data analysis. Results We developed a Bioconductor package Dupchecker that efficiently identifies duplicated samples by generating MD5 fingerprints for raw data. A real data example was demonstrated to show the usage and output of the package. Conclusions Researchers may not pay enough attention to checking and removing duplicated samples, and then data contamination could make the results or conclusions from meta-analysis questionable. We suggest applying DupChecker to examine all gene expression data sets before any data analysis step. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-323) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi Chen
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Nag S, Mane A, Gupta S. Emerging Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-014-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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163
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Zhou H, Mohamedali KA, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Cao Y, Migliorini M, Cheung LH, LoBello J, Lei X, Qi Y, Hittelman WN, Winkles JA, Tran NL, Rosenblum MG. Development of human serine protease-based therapeutics targeting Fn14 and identification of Fn14 as a new target overexpressed in TNBC. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2688-705. [PMID: 25239934 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine TWEAK and its receptor, Fn14, have emerged as potentially valuable targets for cancer therapy. Granzyme B (GrB)-containing Fn14-targeted constructs were generated containing either the Fn14 ligand TWEAK (GrB-TWEAK) or an anti-Fn14 humanized single-chain antibody (GrB-Fc-IT4) as the targeting moieties. Both constructs showed high affinity and selective cytotoxicity against a panel of Fn14-expressing human tumor cells including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lines. Cellular expression of the GrB inhibitor PI-9 in target cells had no impact on the cytotoxic effect of either construct. Cellular expression of MDR1 showed no cross-resistance to the fusion constructs. GrB-TWEAK and GrB-Fc-IT4 activated intracellular caspase cascades and cytochrome c-related proapoptotic pathways consistent with the known intracellular functions of GrB in target cells. Treatment of mice bearing established HT-29 xenografts with GrB-TWEAK showed significant tumor growth inhibition compared with vehicle alone (P < 0.05). Both GrB-TWEAK and GrB-Fc-IT4 displayed significant tumor growth inhibition when administered to mice bearing orthotopic MDA-MB-231 (TNBC) tumor xenografts. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis revealed that Fn14 mRNA expression was significantly higher in TNBC and in HER2-positive disease (P < 0.0001) compared with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, and in basal-like 2 tumors (P = 0.01) compared with other TNBC molecular subtypes. IHC analysis of a 101 patient TNBC tumor microarray showed that 55 of 101 (54%) of tumors stained positive for Fn14, suggesting that this may be an excellent potential target for precision therapeutic approaches. Targeting Fn14 using fully human, GrB-containing fusion constructs may form the basis for a new class of novel, potent, and highly effective constructs for targeted therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Khalid A Mohamedali
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana Maria Gonzalez-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Migliorini
- Department of Surgery, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lawrence H Cheung
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Janine LoBello
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Xiudong Lei
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Bioinformatics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Walter N Hittelman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey A Winkles
- Department of Surgery, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Michael G Rosenblum
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Burstein MD, Tsimelzon A, Poage GM, Covington KR, Contreras A, Fuqua SAW, Savage MI, Osborne CK, Hilsenbeck SG, Chang JC, Mills GB, Lau CC, Brown PH. Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1688-98. [PMID: 25208879 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 845] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genomic profiling studies suggest that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease. In this study, we sought to define TNBC subtypes and identify subtype-specific markers and targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RNA and DNA profiling analyses were conducted on 198 TNBC tumors [estrogen receptor (ER) negativity defined as Allred scale value ≤ 2] with >50% cellularity (discovery set: n = 84; validation set: n = 114) collected at Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX). An external dataset of seven publically accessible TNBC studies was used to confirm results. DNA copy number, disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed independently using these datasets. RESULTS We identified and confirmed four distinct TNBC subtypes: (i) luminal androgen receptor (AR; LAR), (ii) mesenchymal (MES), (iii) basal-like immunosuppressed (BLIS), and (iv) basal-like immune-activated (BLIA). Of these, prognosis is worst for BLIS tumors and best for BLIA tumors for both DFS (log-rank test: P = 0.042 and 0.041, respectively) and DSS (log-rank test: P = 0.039 and 0.029, respectively). DNA copy number analysis produced two major groups (LAR and MES/BLIS/BLIA) and suggested that gene amplification drives gene expression in some cases [FGFR2 (BLIS)]. Putative subtype-specific targets were identified: (i) LAR: androgen receptor and the cell surface mucin MUC1, (ii) MES: growth factor receptors [platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor A; c-Kit], (iii) BLIS: an immunosuppressing molecule (VTCN1), and (iv) BLIA: Stat signal transduction molecules and cytokines. CONCLUSION There are four stable TNBC subtypes characterized by the expression of distinct molecular profiles that have distinct prognoses. These studies identify novel subtype-specific targets that can be targeted in the future for the effective treatment of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Burstein
- Structural and Computational Biology & Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anna Tsimelzon
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Graham M Poage
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle R Covington
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Alejandro Contreras
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Suzanne A W Fuqua
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle I Savage
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - C Kent Osborne
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jenny C Chang
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ching C Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Powel H Brown
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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165
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Marra P, Mathew S, Grigoriadis A, Wu Y, Kyle-Cezar F, Watkins J, Rashid M, De Rinaldis E, Hessey S, Gazinska P, Hayday A, Tutt A. IL15RA drives antagonistic mechanisms of cancer development and immune control in lymphocyte-enriched triple-negative breast cancers. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4908-21. [PMID: 24980552 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its aggressive nature, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often exhibits leucocyte infiltrations that correlate with favorable prognosis. In this study, we offer an explanation for this apparent conundrum by defining TNBC cell subsets that overexpress the IL15 immune receptor IL15RA. This receptor usually forms a heterotrimer with the IL2 receptors IL2RB and IL2RG, which regulates the proliferation and differentiation of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. However, unlike IL15RA, the IL2RB and IL2RG receptors are not upregulated in basal-like TNBC breast cancer cells that express IL15RA. Mechanistic investigations indicated that IL15RA signaling activated JAK1, STAT1, STAT2, AKT, PRAS40, and ERK1/2 in the absence of IL2RB and IL2RG, whereas neither STAT5 nor JAK2 were activated. RNAi-mediated attenuation of IL15RA established its role in cell growth, apoptosis, and migration, whereas expression of the IL15 cytokine in IL15RA-expressing cells stimulated an autocrine signaling cascade that promoted cell proliferation and migration and blocked apoptosis. Notably, coexpression of IL15RA and IL15 was also sufficient to activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon coculture in a paracrine signaling manner. Overall, our findings offer a mechanistic explanation for the paradoxical association of some high-grade breast tumors with better survival outcomes, due to engagement of the immune stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Marra
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumi Mathew
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Kyle-Cezar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan Watkins
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele De Rinaldis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya Hessey
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tutt
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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166
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Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Schafer JM, Pendleton CS, Tang L, Johnson KC, Chen X, Balko JM, Gómez H, Arteaga CL, Mills GB, Sanders ME, Pietenpol JA. PIK3CA mutations in androgen receptor-positive triple negative breast cancer confer sensitivity to the combination of PI3K and androgen receptor inhibitors. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:406. [PMID: 25103565 PMCID: PMC4187324 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous collection of biologically diverse cancers, which contributes to variable clinical outcomes. Previously, we identified a TNBC subtype that has a luminal phenotype and expresses the androgen receptor (AR+). TNBC cells derived from these luminal AR + tumors have high frequency phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations. The purpose of this study was to determine if targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alone or in combination with an AR antagonist is effective in AR + TNBC. METHODS We determined the frequency of activating PIK3CA mutations in AR + and AR- TNBC clinical cases. Using AR + TNBC cell line and xenograft models we evaluated the effectiveness of PI3K inhibitors, used alone or in combination with an AR antagonist, on tumor cell growth and viability. RESULTS PIK3CA kinase mutations were highly clonal, more frequent in AR + vs. AR- TNBC (40% vs. 4%), and often associated with concurrent amplification of the PIK3CA locus. PI3K/mTOR inhibitors had an additive growth inhibitory effect when combined with genetic or pharmacological AR targeting in AR + TNBC cells. We also analyzed the combination of bicalutamide +/- the pan-PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 or the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor GDC-0980 in xenograft tumor studies and observed additive effects. CONCLUSIONS While approximately one third of TNBC patients respond to neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy, recent studies have shown that patients with AR + TNBC are far less likely to benefit from the current standard of care chemotherapy regimens and novel targeted approaches need to be investigated. In this study, we show that activating PIK3CA mutations are enriched in AR + TNBC; and, we show that the growth and viability of AR + TNBC cell line models is significantly reduced after treatment with PI3K inhibitors used in combination with an AR antagonist. These results provide rationale for pre-selection of TNBC patients with a biomarker (AR expression) to investigate the use of AR antagonists in combination with PI3K/mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lehmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Joshua A Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Johanna M Schafer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Christopher S Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Luojia Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Kimberly C Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Henry Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Av. Angamos Este 2520, Surquillo, Lima 34 Peru
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1484, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Department of Pathology Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Preston Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 652 Preston Research Building, Nashville, 37232 TN USA
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167
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Prat A, Cruz C, Hoadley KA, Díez O, Perou CM, Balmaña J. Molecular features of the basal-like breast cancer subtype based on BRCA1 mutation status. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:185-91. [PMID: 25048467 PMCID: PMC4131128 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1-mutated breast cancer is associated with basal-like disease; however, it is currently unclear if the presence of a BRCA1 mutation depicts a different entity within this subgroup. In this study, we compared the molecular features among basal-like tumors with and without BRCA1 mutations. Fourteen patients with BRCA1-mutated (nine germline and five somatic) tumors and basal-like disease, and 79 patients with BRCA1 non-mutated tumors and basal-like disease, were identified from the cancer genome atlas dataset. The following molecular data types were evaluated: global gene expression, selected protein and phospho-protein expression, global miRNA expression, global DNA methylation, total number of somatic mutations, TP53 and PIK3CA somatic mutations, and global DNA copy-number aberrations. For intrinsic subtype identification, we used the PAM50 subtype predictor. Within the basal-like disease, we observed minor molecular differences in terms of gene, protein, and miRNA expression, and DNA methylation variation, according to BRCA1 status (either germinal or somatic). However, there were significant differences according to average number of mutations and DNA copy-number aberrations, and four amplified regions (2q32.2, 3q29, 6p22.3, and 22q12.2), which are characteristic in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas, were observed in both germline and somatic BRCA1-mutated breast tumors. These results suggest that minor, but potentially relevant, baseline molecular features exist among basal-like tumors according to BRCA1 status. Additional studies are needed to better clarify if BRCA1 genetic status is an independent prognostic feature, and more importantly, if BRCA1 mutation status is a predictive biomarker of benefit from DNA-damaging agents among basal-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics Group, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Pg Vall d´Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain,
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168
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McNamara KM, Yoda T, Nurani AM, Shibahara Y, Miki Y, Wang L, Nakamura Y, Suzuki K, Yang Y, Abe E, Hirakawa H, Suzuki T, Nemoto N, Miyashita M, Tamaki K, Ishida T, Brown KA, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Androgenic pathways in the progression of triple-negative breast carcinoma: a comparison between aggressive and non-aggressive subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:281-93. [PMID: 24715382 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the active intracellular pathways/networks in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is that of the androgen receptor (AR). In this study, we examined AR and androgen-metabolising enzyme immunoreactivity in subcategories of TNBC to further elucidate the roles of androgenic pathways in TNBC. We utilised formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma patient cohorts. We then used immunohistochemistry to classify these samples into basal-like and non-basal samples and to assess interactions between AR, androgen-metabolising enzymes and proliferation. To further substantiate our hypothesis and provide mechanistic insights, we also looked at the expression and regulation of these factors in publically available microarray data and in a panel of TNBC AR-positive cell lines. DCIS was associated with higher levels of AR and enzymes (p < 0.02), although a similar difference was not noticed in basal and non-basal samples. AR and enzymes were correlated in all states. In TNBC cell lines (MDA-MD-453, MFM-223 and SUM185-PE), we found that DHT treatment up-regulated 5αR1 and 17βHSD5 suggesting a mechanistic explanation for the correlations observed in the histological samples. Publicly available microarray data in TNBC cases suggested similar patterns to those observed in histological samples. In the majority of settings, including publically available microarray data, an inverse association between AR and proliferation was detected. These findings suggest that decreases in AR and androgen-metabolising enzymes may be involved in the increased biological aggressiveness in TNBC development.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics
- 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3
- Androgens/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase/genetics
- Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase/metabolism
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Keratin-5/metabolism
- Keratin-6/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,
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169
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Zhang H, Cohen AL, Krishnakumar S, Wapnir IL, Veeriah S, Deng G, Coram MA, Piskun CM, Longacre TA, Herrler M, Frimannsson DO, Telli ML, Dirbas FM, Matin AC, Dairkee SH, Larijani B, Glinsky GV, Bild AH, Jeffrey SS. Patient-derived xenografts of triple-negative breast cancer reproduce molecular features of patient tumors and respond to mTOR inhibition. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R36. [PMID: 24708766 PMCID: PMC4053092 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is aggressive and lacks targeted therapies. Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways are frequently activated in TNBC patient tumors at the genome, gene expression and protein levels, and mTOR inhibitors have been shown to inhibit growth in TNBC cell lines. We describe a panel of patient-derived xenografts representing multiple TNBC subtypes and use them to test preclinical drug efficacy of two mTOR inhibitors, sirolimus (rapamycin) and temsirolimus (CCI-779). METHODS We generated a panel of seven patient-derived orthotopic xenografts from six primary TNBC tumors and one metastasis. Patient tumors and corresponding xenografts were compared by histology, immunohistochemistry, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) sequencing; TNBC subtypes were determined. Using a previously published logistic regression approach, we generated a rapamycin response signature from Connectivity Map gene expression data and used it to predict rapamycin sensitivity in 1,401 human breast cancers of different intrinsic subtypes, prompting in vivo testing of mTOR inhibitors and doxorubicin in our TNBC xenografts. RESULTS Patient-derived xenografts recapitulated histology, biomarker expression and global genomic features of patient tumors. Two primary tumors had PIK3CA coding mutations, and five of six primary tumors showed flanking intron single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with conservation of sequence variations between primary tumors and xenografts, even on subsequent xenograft passages. Gene expression profiling showed that our models represent at least four of six TNBC subtypes. The rapamycin response signature predicted sensitivity for 94% of basal-like breast cancers in a large dataset. Drug testing of mTOR inhibitors in our xenografts showed 77 to 99% growth inhibition, significantly more than doxorubicin; protein phosphorylation studies indicated constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway that decreased with treatment. However, no tumor was completely eradicated. CONCLUSIONS A panel of patient-derived xenograft models covering a spectrum of TNBC subtypes was generated that histologically and genomically matched original patient tumors. Consistent with in silico predictions, mTOR inhibitor testing in our TNBC xenografts showed significant tumor growth inhibition in all, suggesting that mTOR inhibitors can be effective in TNBC, but will require use with additional therapies, warranting investigation of optimal drug combinations.
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170
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Isla Larrain MT, Rabassa ME, Lacunza E, Barbera A, Cretón A, Segal-Eiras A, Croce MV. IDO is highly expressed in breast cancer and breast cancer-derived circulating microvesicles and associated to aggressive types of tumors by in silico analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6511-9. [PMID: 24687552 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been established as a normal mechanism of peripheral tolerance and immunosuppression. Besides, malignant tumors release microvesicles (MV) related with tumor dissemination. The aims of this study were to determine the expression of IDO in breast cancer and circulating microvesicles from breast cancer patients and to perform an in silico analysis to find genes co-expressed to IDO. One hundred and twenty-two tissue and serum breast samples (91 malignant, 21 benign, and 10 normal), and MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and T47D breast cancer cell lines were included. Standard immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), Western blot (WB), and RT-PCR were employed. Microvesicle isolation from plasma samples was obtained by serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. By IHC, 60 % breast cancer, 43 % benign, and 20 % normal samples were positive. Significant differences were found among normal, benign, and malignant samples. Breast cancer stages I, II, and III expressed IDO in 42, 66, and 71 % of samples, respectively, while breast cancer cell lines also reacted; by WB, 9/25 microvesicles fractions showed bands at 42 kD. In silico analysis of IDO 1 gene expression in breast cancer showed its association with several genes related to immune response and apoptosis. Moreover, IDO and co-expressed genes were found predominately in basal and erbB2 subtypes. The cumulative data indicate a high expression of IDO in breast cancer which increased with higher stages. Furthermore, IDO was found in association with circulating breast cancer MV, while experimental and in silico gene expression revealed that IDO was mainly expressed in a triple-negative subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Isla Larrain
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 and 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina,
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171
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Feigin ME, Akshinthala SD, Araki K, Rosenberg AZ, Muthuswamy LB, Martin B, Lehmann BD, Berman HK, Pietenpol JA, Cardiff RD, Muthuswamy SK. Mislocalization of the cell polarity protein scribble promotes mammary tumorigenesis and is associated with basal breast cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3180-94. [PMID: 24662921 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scribble (SCRIB) localizes to cell-cell junctions and regulates establishment of epithelial cell polarity. Loss of expression of SCRIB functions as a tumor suppressor in Drosophila and mammals; conversely, overexpression of SCRIB promotes epithelial differentiation in mammals. Here, we report that SCRIB is frequently amplified, mRNA overexpressed, and protein is mislocalized from cell-cell junctions in human breast cancers. High levels of SCRIB mRNA are associated with poor clinical prognosis, identifying an unexpected role for SCRIB in breast cancer. We find that transgenic mice expressing a SCRIB mutant [Pro 305 to Leu (P305L)] that fails to localize to cell-cell junctions, under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat promoter, develop multifocal hyperplasia that progresses to highly pleomorphic and poorly differentiated tumors with basal characteristics. SCRIB interacts with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and the expression of P305L, but not wild-type SCRIB, promotes an increase in PTEN levels in the cytosol. Overexpression of P305L, but not wild-type SCRIB, activates the Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway. Human breast tumors overexpressing SCRIB have high levels of S6K but do not harbor mutations in PTEN or PIK3CA, identifying SCRIB amplification as a mechanism of activating PI3K signaling in tumors without mutations in PIK3CA or PTEN. Thus, we demonstrate that high levels of mislocalized SCRIB functions as a neomorph to promote mammary tumorigenesis by affecting subcellular localization of PTEN and activating an Akt/mTOR/S6kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Feigin
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S Dipikaa Akshinthala
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kiyomi Araki
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lakshmi B Muthuswamy
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bernard Martin
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brian D Lehmann
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hal K Berman
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Authors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeAuthors' Affiliations: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Canada; Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Singel SM, Batten K, Cornelius C, Jia G, Fasciani G, Barron SL, Wright WE, Shay JW. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 promotes triple-negative breast cancer cell migration and invasion via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R28. [PMID: 24642040 PMCID: PMC4053227 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis is the main cause of breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Processes that allow for tumor cell migration and invasion are important therapeutic targets. Here we demonstrate that receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIP2), a kinase known to be involved in inflammatory processes, also has novel roles in cancer cell migration and invasion. Methods A total of six breast cancer expression databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, were assessed for RIP2 expression among various clinical subtypes and its role as a prognostic biomarker. mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for RIP2 was performed on 17 stage III breast cancers to determine if there was a correlation between RIP2 expression and lymph node involvement. RNA-interference was used to knock-down RIP2 expression in MDA-MB-231, Htb126, SUM149PT, MCF7, T47D, and HCC1428 cells. Cell migration and invasion were measured in vitro by scratch/wound healing and transwell migration assays. A xenograft mouse model was used to assess tumor growth and chemosensitivity to docetaxel in vivo in MDA-MB-231 cells with and without RIP2 small hairpin RNA knockdown. Western blot and immunofluorescence imaging were used to evaluate protein expressions. Results Interrogation of expression databases showed that RIP2 expression is significantly over-expressed in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC: estrogen-receptor (ER) negative, progesterone-receptor (PR) negative, Her2/neu- (Her2) negative), compared to other clinical subtypes. High RIP2 expression correlates with worse progression-free survival using a combined breast cancer expression array dataset consisting of 946 patients. Multivariate analysis shows RIP2 as an independent prognostic biomarker. Knock-down of RIP2 significantly decreases migration in both scratch/wound healing and transwell migration assays in MDA-MB-231, Htb126, SUM149PT, MCF7, and T47D cells and is correlated with decreased Nuclear Factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Finally, RIP2 knock-down leads to increased sensitivity to docetaxel and decreased tumor mass and lung metastases in a xenograft mouse model. Conclusion These results highlight RIP2 as a pro-metastasis kinase in patients with advanced breast cancer. These results also illustrate a novel role for this kinase in addition to its known role in inflammation, and suggest that targeting RIP2 may improve outcomes in advanced breast cancer patients, in which it is overexpressed.
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Mayer IA, Abramson VG, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA. New strategies for triple-negative breast cancer--deciphering the heterogeneity. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:782-90. [PMID: 24536073 PMCID: PMC3962777 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease; gene expression analyses recently identified six distinct TNBC subtypes, each displaying a unique biology. Exploring novel approaches to treatment of these subtypes is critical because less than 30% of women with metastatic breast cancer survive five years and virtually all women with metastatic TNBC will ultimately die of their disease despite systemic therapy. To date, not a single targeted therapy has been approved for the treatment of TNBC and cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the standard treatment. We discuss the current and upcoming therapeutic strategies being explored in an attempt to "target" TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A. Mayer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Vandana G. Abramson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer A. Pietenpol
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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174
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Jaeger S, Min J, Nigsch F, Camargo M, Hutz J, Cornett A, Cleaver S, Buckler A, Jenkins JL. Causal Network Models for Predicting Compound Targets and Driving Pathways in Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:791-802. [PMID: 24518063 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114522690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene-expression data are often used to infer pathways regulating transcriptional responses. For example, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by compound treatment can help characterize hits from phenotypic screens, either by correlation with known drug signatures or by pathway enrichment. Pathway enrichment is, however, typically computed with DEGs rather than "upstream" nodes that are potentially causal of "downstream" changes. Here, we present graph-based models to predict causal targets from compound-microarray data. We test several approaches to traversing network topology, and show that a consensus minimum-rank score (SigNet) beat individual methods and could highly rank compound targets among all network nodes. In addition, larger, less canonical networks outperformed linear canonical interactions. Importantly, pathway enrichment using causal nodes rather than DEGs recovers relevant pathways more often. To further validate our approach, we used integrated data sets from the Cancer Genome Atlas to identify driving pathways in triple-negative breast cancer. Critical pathways were uncovered, including the epidermal growth factor receptor 2-phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-AKT-MAPK growth pathway andATR-p53-BRCA DNA damage pathway, in addition to unexpected pathways, such as TGF-WNT cytoskeleton remodeling, IL12-induced interferon gamma production, and TNFR-IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) apoptosis; the latter was validated by pooled small hairpin RNA profiling in cancer cells. Overall, our approach can bridge transcriptional profiles to compound targets and driving pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Jaeger
- Co-first authors Oncology Translational Medicine, Novartis, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Junxia Min
- Co-first authors ONC Target Discovery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Nigsch
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Camargo
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Janna Hutz
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allen Cornett
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Cleaver
- NIBR IT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan Buckler
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy L Jenkins
- Developmental & Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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175
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the availability of mammography resources
affected breast cancer incidence rates, stage of disease at initial diagnosis,
mortality rates and/or mortality-to-incidence ratios throughout Mississippi.
METHODS: Mammography facilities were geocoded and the numbers of residents
residing within a thirty minute drive of a mammography facility were calculated.
Other data were extracted from the Mississippi Cancer Registry, the U.S. Census,
and the Mississippi Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). RESULTS
& DISCUSSION: There were no statistically-significant differences between
breast cancer incidence rates in Black versus White females in Mississippi;
however, there were significant differences in the use of mammography,
percentages of advanced-stage initial diagnoses, mortality rates, and
mortality-to-incidence ratios, where Black females fared worse in each category.
No statistically-significant correlations were observed between breast cancer
outcomes and the availability of mammography facilities. The use of mammography
was negatively correlated with advanced stage of disease at initial diagnosis.
By combining Black and White subsets, a correlation between mammography use and
improved survival was detected; this was not apparent in either subset alone.
There was also a correlation between breast cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios
and the percentage of the population living below the poverty level.
CONCLUSIONS: The accessibility and use of mammography resources has a greater
impact on breast cancer in Mississippi than does the geographic resource
distribution per se. Therefore, intensified mammography
campaigns to reduce the percentage of advanced-stage breast cancers initially
diagnosed in Black women, especially in communities with high levels of poverty,
are warranted in Mississippi.
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176
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Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA. Identification and use of biomarkers in treatment strategies for triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. J Pathol 2014; 232:142-50. [PMID: 24114677 PMCID: PMC4090031 DOI: 10.1002/path.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with distinct molecular subtypes that respond differentially to chemotherapy and targeted agents. The absence of high-frequency molecular alterations and a limited number of known biomarkers have limited the development of therapeutic strategies for the disease. Herein, we summarize the results of the first round of targeted therapy approaches in TNBC and discuss new preclinical strategies. Common themes emerge from the proposed strategies, such as the use of biomarkers to identify tumours with genomic instability, targeting adapted molecular states resulting from tumour suppressor loss, and targeting altered metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lehmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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177
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Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises a highly diverse collection of cancers. Here, we review this diversity both in terms of gene expression subtypes and the repertoire of genetic events. Transcriptomic analyses of TNBC have revealed at least six subtypes, with the luminal androgen receptor (luminal AR) or molecular apocrine cancers forming a distinct group within triple-negative disease. Distinct from the gene expression subtypes, a diverse set of genetic events have been described in TNBC, with a number of potentially targetable genetic events found although all at relatively low frequency. Clinical trials to define the clinical utility of therapies targeting these low-frequency events will require substantial screening efforts to identify sufficient patients. Set against the diversity of TNBC, clinical studies of patients with triple-negative disease will need to be either focused on molecularly defined subsets with upfront molecular stratification, or powered for a secondary endpoint analysis of a molecularly defined subset. Such approaches will be crucial to realize the potential of precision medicine for patients with TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Turner
- Authors' Affiliations: The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research; Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology; and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Chiorean R, Braicu C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Another review on triple negative breast cancer. Are we on the right way towards the exit from the labyrinth? Breast 2013; 22:1026-33. [PMID: 24063766 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors, lacking the expression of estrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptors. As frequency, it accounts about 15-20% of all breast cancers. Although in the last years there was a "boom" in publishing over this issue, multiple molecular classifications being elaborated, "the triple negative breast cancer odyssey " is still far away from ending, as the complicated molecular pathways of pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanisms remain yet insufficiently explored. The aim of this review is presentation of molecular signatures that could predict outcome and drug resistance in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Chiorean
- Clinical University Hospital of Dermatovenereology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncological Institute - Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kaur H, Mao S, Shah S, Gorski DH, Krawetz SA, Sloane BF, Mattingly RR. Next-generation sequencing: a powerful tool for the discovery of molecular markers in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:151-65. [PMID: 23477556 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic screening leads to frequent biopsies and concomitant overdiagnosis of breast cancer, particularly ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Some DCIS lesions rapidly progress to invasive carcinoma, whereas others remain indolent. Because we cannot yet predict which lesions will not progress, all DCIS is regarded as malignant, and many women are overtreated. Thus, there is a pressing need for a panel of molecular markers in addition to the current clinical and pathological factors to provide prognostic information. Genomic technologies such as microarrays have made major contributions to defining subtypes of breast cancer. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) modalities offer unprecedented depth of expression analysis through revealing transcriptional boundaries, mutations, rare transcripts and alternative splice variants. NGS approaches are just beginning to be applied to DCIS. Here, the authors review the applications and challenges of NGS in discovering novel potential therapeutic targets and candidate biomarkers in the premalignant progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitchintan Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Masuda H, Baggerly KA, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Meric-Bernstam F, Valero V, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Hortobagyi GN, Symmans WF, Ueno NT. Differential response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy among 7 triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5533-40. [PMID: 23948975 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical relevancy of the 7-subtype classification of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) reported by Lehmann and colleagues is unknown. We investigated the clinical relevancy of TNBC heterogeneity by determining pathologic complete response (pCR) rates after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, based on TNBC subtypes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We revalidated the Lehmann and colleagues experiments using Affymetrix CEL files from public datasets. We applied these methods to 146 patients with TNBC with gene expression microarrays obtained from June 2000 to March 2010 at our institution. Of those, 130 had received standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had evaluable pathologic response data. We classified the TNBC samples by subtype and then correlated subtype and pCR status using Fisher exact test and a logistic regression model. We also assessed survival and compared the subtypes with PAM50 intrinsic subtypes and residual cancer burden (RCB) index. RESULTS TNBC subtype and pCR status were significantly associated (P = 0.04379). The basal-like 1 (BL1) subtype had the highest pCR rate (52%); basal-like 2 (BL2) and luminal androgen receptor had the lowest (0% and 10%, respectively). TNBC subtype was an independent predictor of pCR status (P = 0.022) by a likelihood ratio test. The subtypes better predicted pCR status than did the PAM50 intrinsic subtypes (basal-like vs. non basal-like). CONCLUSIONS Classifying TNBC by 7 subtypes predicts high versus low pCR rate. We confirm the clinical relevancy of the 7 subtypes of TNBC. We need to prospectively validate whether the pCR rate differences translate into long-term outcome differences. The 7-subtype classification may spur innovative personalized medicine strategies for patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Masuda
- Authors' Affiliations: Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic; Departments of Breast Medical Oncology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Pathology, and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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181
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Diamond JR, Elias AD. Development of targeted therapies for triple-negative breast cancer: can we harness tumor heterogeneity to improve patient outcomes? BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Diamond
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop 8117, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anthony D Elias
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop 8117, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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182
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Zhu H, Bhaijee F, Ishaq N, Pepper DJ, Backus K, Brown AS, Zhou X, Miele L. Correlation of Notch1, pAKT and nuclear NF-κB expression in triple negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:230-239. [PMID: 23593544 PMCID: PMC3623841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling reveals elevated Notch1 mRNA expression in triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), both basaloid and claudin-low subtypes. Notch ligands, Jagged1 and Jagged2, have been correlated with poor prognosis in TNBC. AKT, an oncogenic protein kinase family that is activated downstream of Notch in breast cancer cell lines, is frequently activated in breast cancer. Recent publications suggest that inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion, and induction of apoptosis caused by Notch1 or Jagged1 inhibition may be attributed in part to inactivation of the AKT signaling pathway. There is significant evidence that Notch1 activates NF-κB in several models, and that AKT can mediate NF-κB activation. In this study, we evaluated Notch1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlated this with expression of pAKT and nuclear NF-κB p65 (RelA) in TNBC. A tissue microarray (TMA) containing 32 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) TNBC tumor specimens was constructed from the archival tissue database of the Department of Pathology at UMMC and IHC for Notch1 protein, pAKT 1/2/3 (Ser473), and NF-κB, p65 subunit was performed on the TMA with appropriate positive and negative controls. Of the 32 TNBC in our cohort, 100% expressed Notch1 protein by IHC: 24 (75%) showed cytoplasmic expression, 25 (78%) showed membranous expression, and 17 (53%) showed both cytoplasmic and membranous expression. Overall, 29 (91%) expressed pAKT by IHC: 28 (97%) showed cytoplasmic expression, 14 (48%) showed nuclear expression and 13 (45%) showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. Nuclear staining for NF-κB p65 was detected in all 32 TNBC specimens with variable intensities. On bivariate analysis, cytoplasmic Notch1 was significantly correlated with cytoplasmic pAKT (r = 0.373, P = 0.035) and nuclear NF-κB (r = 0.483, P = 0.005); both cytoplasmic and nuclear pAKT significantly correlated with nuclear NF-κB (r = 0.391, P = 0.027; r = 0.525, P = 0.002, respectively). These results suggest that 1) the cross-talk between Notch1, AKT and NF-κB identified in preclinical models may operate in a significant fraction of human TNBC, and 2) combination therapy with agents targeting these pathways warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Feriyl Bhaijee
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Nivin Ishaq
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Dominique J Pepper
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Kandis Backus
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Alexandra S Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Xinchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
| | - Lucio Miele
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical CenterJackson, MS 39216
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Landis MD, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Chang JC. Patient-derived breast tumor xenografts facilitating personalized cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:201. [PMID: 23339383 PMCID: PMC3672825 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improved detection and reduction of breast cancer-related deaths over the recent decade, breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death for women in the US, with 39,510 women expected to succumb to metastatic disease in 2012 alone (American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts &Figures 2012. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2012). Continued efforts in classification of breast cancers based on gene expression profiling and genomic sequencing have revealed an underlying complexity and molecular heterogeneity within the disease that continues to challenge therapeutic interventions. To successfully identify and translate new treatment regimens to the clinic, it is imperative that our preclinical models recapitulate this complexity and heterogeneity. In this review article, we discuss the recent advances in development and classification of patient-derived human breast tumor xenograft models that have the potential to facilitate the next phase of drug discovery for personalized cancer therapy based on the unique driver signaling pathways in breast tumor subtypes.
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