151
|
Weil R, Laplantine E, Curic S, Génin P. Role of Optineurin in the Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Potential Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1243. [PMID: 29971063 PMCID: PMC6018216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optineurin (Optn) is a 577 aa protein encoded by the Optn gene. Mutations of Optn are associated with normal tension glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and its gene has also been linked to the development of Paget’s disease of bone and Crohn’s disease. Optn is involved in diverse cellular functions, including NF-κB regulation, membrane trafficking, exocytosis, vesicle transport, reorganization of actin and microtubules, cell cycle control, and autophagy. Besides its role in xenophagy and autophagy of aggregates, Optn has been identified as a primary autophagy receptor, among the five adaptors that translocate to mitochondria during mitophagy. Mitophagy is a selective macroautophagy process during which irreparable mitochondria are degraded, preventing accumulation of defective mitochondria and limiting the release of reactive oxygen species and proapoptotic factors. Mitochondrial quality control via mitophagy is central to the health of cells. One of the important surveillance pathways of mitochondrial health is the recently defined signal transduction pathway involving the mitochondrial PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) protein and the cytosolic RING-between-RING ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Both of these proteins, when mutated, have been identified in certain forms of Parkinson’s disease. By targeting ubiquitinated mitochondria to autophagosomes through its association with autophagy related proteins, Optn is responsible for a critical step in mitophagy. This review reports recent discoveries on the role of Optn in mitophagy and provides insight into its link with neurodegenerative diseases. We will also discuss the involvement of Optn in other pathologies in which mitophagy dysfunctions are involved including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weil
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Shannel Curic
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Génin
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Adane B, Khan N, Stevens BM, Mack SC, Lai S, Rich JN, Inguva A, Shannon KM, Kim H, Tan AC, Myers JR, Ashton JM, Neff T, Pollyea DA, Smith CA, Jordan CT. AMPK/FIS1-Mediated Mitophagy Is Required for Self-Renewal of Human AML Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:86-100.e6. [PMID: 29910151 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are thought to drive the genesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as well as relapse following chemotherapy. Because of their unique biology, developing effective methods to eradicate LSCs has been a significant challenge. In the present study, we demonstrate that intrinsic overexpression of the mitochondrial dynamics regulator FIS1 mediates mitophagy activity that is essential for primitive AML cells. Depletion of FIS1 attenuates mitophagy and leads to inactivation of GSK3, myeloid differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and a profound loss of LSC self-renewal potential. Further, we report that the central metabolic stress regulator AMPK is also intrinsically activated in LSC populations and is upstream of FIS1. Inhibition of AMPK signaling recapitulates the biological effect of FIS1 loss. These data suggest a model in which LSCs co-opt AMPK/FIS1-mediated mitophagy as a means to maintain stem cell properties that may be otherwise compromised by the stresses induced by oncogenic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Biniam Adane
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nabilah Khan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sisi Lai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anagha Inguva
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin M Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John M Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tobias Neff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Huang CY, Kuo WW, Ho TJ, Chiang SF, Pai PY, Lin JY, Lin DY, Kuo CH, Huang CY. Rab9-dependent autophagy is required for the IGF-IIR triggering mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7080-7091. [PMID: 29574782 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction is the major characteristic of mitophagy, which is essential in mitochondrial quality control. However, excessive mitophagy contributes to cell death in a number of diseases, including ischemic stroke and hepatotoxicity. Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and its receptor (IGF-IIR) play vital roles in the development of heart failure during hypertension. We found that IGF-II triggers IGF-IIR receptor activation, causing mitochondria dysfunction, resulting in mitophagy, and cardiomyocyte cell death. These results indicated that IGF-IIR activation triggers mitochondria fragmentation, leading to autophagosome formation, and loss of mitochondria content. These results are associated with Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Additionally, autophagic proteins Atg5, and Atg7 deficiency did not suppress IGF-IIR-induced mitophagy. However, Rab9 knockdown reduced mitophagy and maintained mitochondrial function. These constitutive mitophagies through IGF-IIR activation trigger mitochondria loss and mitochondrial ROS accumulation for cardiomyocyte viability decrease. Together, our results indicate that IGF-IIR predominantly induces mitophagy through the Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Huang
- Translation Research Core, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Chinese Medicine Department, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chiang
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Pai
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ying Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taichung
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Targeting Mitochondria to Counteract Age-Related Cellular Dysfunction. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030165. [PMID: 29547561 PMCID: PMC5867886 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is related to the loss of cellular homeostasis and functions, which leads to a progressive decline in physiological ability and to aging-associated diseases. Since mitochondria are essential to energy supply, cell differentiation, cell cycle control, intracellular signaling and Ca2+ sequestration, fine-tuning mitochondrial activity appropriately, is a tightrope walk during aging. For instance, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) ensures a supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but is also the main source of potentially harmful levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, mitochondrial function is strongly linked to mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial shape, which undergo various alterations during aging. Since mitochondria play such a critical role in an organism’s process of aging, they also offer promising targets for manipulation of senescent cellular functions. Accordingly, interventions delaying the onset of age-associated disorders involve the manipulation of mitochondrial function, including caloric restriction (CR) or exercise, as well as drugs, such as metformin, aspirin, and polyphenols. In this review, we discuss mitochondria’s role in and impact on cellular aging and their potential to serve as a target for therapeutic interventions against age-related cellular dysfunction.
Collapse
|
155
|
Mukherjee A, Patra U, Bhowmick R, Chawla-Sarkar M. Rotaviral nonstructural protein 4 triggers dynamin-related protein 1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation during infection. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12831. [PMID: 29444369 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic equilibrium between mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fusion serves as an important quality control system within cells ensuring cellular vitality and homeostasis. Viruses often target mitochondrial dynamics as a part of their obligatory cellular reprogramming. The present study was undertaken to assess the status and regulation of mitochondrial dynamics during rotavirus infection. Distinct fragmentation of mitochondrial syncytia was observed during late hours of RV (SA11, Wa, A5-13) infection. RV nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) was identified as the viral trigger for disrupted mitochondrial morphology. Severance of mitochondrial interconnections was found to be a dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent process resulting synergistically from augmented mitochondrial fission and attenuated mitochondrial fusion. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 was subsequently identified as the cellular kinase responsible for fission-active Ser616 phosphorylation of Drp1. In addition to its positive role in mitochondrial fission, Drp1 also resulted in mitochondrial translocation of E3-ubiquitin ligase Parkin leading to degradation of mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin 1. Interestingly, RV-NSP4 was found to interact with and be involved in recruiting fission-active pool of Serine 616 phosphoDrp1 (Ser616 pDrp1) to mitochondria independent of accessory adaptors Mitochondrial fission factor and Fission protein 1 (Fis1). Inhibition of either Drp1 or Ser616 pDrp1 resulted in significant decrease in RV-NSP4-induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Overall, this study underscores an efficient strategy utilised by RV to couple apoptosis to mitochondrial fission facilitating dissemination of viral progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rahul Bhowmick
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Pagliuso A, Cossart P, Stavru F. The ever-growing complexity of the mitochondrial fission machinery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:355-374. [PMID: 28779209 PMCID: PMC5765209 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial network constantly changes and remodels its shape to face the cellular energy demand. In human cells, mitochondrial fusion is regulated by the large, evolutionarily conserved GTPases Mfn1 and Mfn2, which are embedded in the mitochondrial outer membrane, and by OPA1, embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. In contrast, the soluble dynamin-related GTPase Drp1 is recruited from the cytosol to mitochondria and is key to mitochondrial fission. A number of new players have been recently involved in Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, ranging from large cellular structures such as the ER and the cytoskeleton to the surprising involvement of the endocytic dynamin 2 in the terminal abscission step. Here we review the recent findings that have expanded the mechanistic model for the mitochondrial fission process in human cells and highlight open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pagliuso
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- U604 Inserm, Paris, France
- USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- U604 Inserm, Paris, France
- USC2020 INRA, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizia Stavru
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- U604 Inserm, Paris, France.
- USC2020 INRA, Paris, France.
- SNC5101 CNRS, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Yoo SM, Jung YK. A Molecular Approach to Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Dynamics. Mol Cells 2018; 41:18-26. [PMID: 29370689 PMCID: PMC5792708 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control systems are essential for the maintenance of functional mitochondria. At the organelle level, they include mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission, to compensate for mitochondrial function, and mitophagy, for degrading damaged mitochondria. Specifically, in mitophagy, the target mitochondria are recognized by the autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome for degradation. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of mitophagy and the factors that play an important role in this process. In particular, we focus on the roles of mitophagy adapters and receptors in the recognition of damaged mitochondria by autophagosomes. In addition, we also address a functional association of mitophagy with mitochondrial dynamics through the interaction of mitophagy adaptor and receptor proteins with mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yoo
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Wong YC, Ysselstein D, Krainc D. Mitochondria-lysosome contacts regulate mitochondrial fission via RAB7 GTP hydrolysis. Nature 2018; 554:382-386. [PMID: 29364868 PMCID: PMC6209448 DOI: 10.1038/nature25486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both mitochondria and lysosomes are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and dysfunction of both organelles has been observed in multiple diseases. Mitochondria are highly dynamic and undergo fission and fusion to maintain a functional mitochondrial network, which drives cellular metabolism. Lysosomes similarly undergo constant dynamic regulation by the RAB7 GTPase, which cycles from an active GTP-bound state into an inactive GDP-bound state upon GTP hydrolysis. Here we have identified the formation and regulation of mitochondria-lysosome membrane contact sites using electron microscopy, structured illumination microscopy and high spatial and temporal resolution confocal live cell imaging. Mitochondria-lysosome contacts formed dynamically in healthy untreated cells and were distinct from damaged mitochondria that were targeted into lysosomes for degradation. Contact formation was promoted by active GTP-bound lysosomal RAB7, and contact untethering was mediated by recruitment of the RAB7 GTPase-activating protein TBC1D15 to mitochondria by FIS1 to drive RAB7 GTP hydrolysis and thereby release contacts. Functionally, lysosomal contacts mark sites of mitochondrial fission, allowing regulation of mitochondrial networks by lysosomes, whereas conversely, mitochondrial contacts regulate lysosomal RAB7 hydrolysis via TBC1D15. Mitochondria-lysosome contacts thus allow bidirectional regulation of mitochondrial and lysosomal dynamics, and may explain the dysfunction observed in both organelles in various human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Yamano K, Wang C, Sarraf SA, Münch C, Kikuchi R, Noda NN, Hizukuri Y, Kanemaki MT, Harper W, Tanaka K, Matsuda N, Youle RJ. Endosomal Rab cycles regulate Parkin-mediated mitophagy. eLife 2018; 7:e31326. [PMID: 29360040 PMCID: PMC5780041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged mitochondria are selectively eliminated by mitophagy. Parkin and PINK1, gene products mutated in familial Parkinson's disease, play essential roles in mitophagy through ubiquitination of mitochondria. Cargo ubiquitination by E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin is important to trigger selective autophagy. Although autophagy receptors recruit LC3-labeled autophagic membranes onto damaged mitochondria, how other essential autophagy units such as ATG9A-integrated vesicles are recruited remains unclear. Here, using mammalian cultured cells, we demonstrate that RABGEF1, the upstream factor of the endosomal Rab GTPase cascade, is recruited to damaged mitochondria via ubiquitin binding downstream of Parkin. RABGEF1 directs the downstream Rab proteins, RAB5 and RAB7A, to damaged mitochondria, whose associations are further regulated by mitochondrial Rab-GAPs. Furthermore, depletion of RAB7A inhibited ATG9A vesicle assembly and subsequent encapsulation of the mitochondria by autophagic membranes. These results strongly suggest that endosomal Rab cycles on damaged mitochondria are a crucial regulator of mitophagy through assembling ATG9A vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Shireen A Sarraf
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Christian Münch
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of Medicine, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Reika Kikuchi
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | | | - Yohei Hizukuri
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Division of Molecular Cell EngineeringNational Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and SystemsMishimaJapan
- Department of GeneticsSOKENDAIMishimaJapan
- Division of Molecular Cell EngineeringNational Institute of Genetics, ROISMishimaJapan
| | - Wade Harper
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin ProjectTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceTokyoJapan
| | - Richard J Youle
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
Recent large-scale proteomic analyses of two protein kinases that are linked to Parkinson's disease have identified a remarkable convergence between their respective impacts on the phosphoproteome: activation of both LRRK2 and PINK1 leads to phosphorylation of several members of the Rab family of small GTPases, which regulate membrane trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Leila Rochin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Ali S, McStay GP. Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics by Proteolytic Processing and Protein Turnover. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7010015. [PMID: 29342083 PMCID: PMC5789325 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial network is a dynamic organization within eukaryotic cells that participates in a variety of essential cellular processes, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, central metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation. The mitochondrial network is balanced between rates of fusion and fission that respond to pathophysiologic signals to coordinate appropriate mitochondrial processes. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are regulated by proteins that either reside in or translocate to the inner or outer mitochondrial membranes or are soluble in the inter-membrane space. Mitochondrial fission and fusion are performed by guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes with the assistance of other mitochondrial proteins. Due to the essential nature of mitochondrial function for cellular homeostasis, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is under strict control. Some of the mechanisms used to regulate the function of these proteins are post-translational proteolysis and/or turnover, and this review will discuss these mechanisms required for correct mitochondrial network organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Gavin P McStay
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Northern Boulevard, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Jimenez-Orgaz A, Kvainickas A, Nägele H, Denner J, Eimer S, Dengjel J, Steinberg F. Control of RAB7 activity and localization through the retromer-TBC1D5 complex enables RAB7-dependent mitophagy. EMBO J 2018; 37:235-254. [PMID: 29158324 PMCID: PMC5770787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retromer is an endosomal multi-protein complex that organizes the endocytic recycling of a vast range of integral membrane proteins. Here, we establish an additional retromer function in controlling the activity and localization of the late endosomal small GTPase RAB7. Surprisingly, we found that RAB7 not only decorates late endosomes or lysosomes, but is also present on the endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi network, and mitochondrial membranes, a localization that is maintained by retromer and the retromer-associated RAB7-specific GAP TBC1D5. In the absence of either TBC1D5 or retromer, RAB7 activity state and localization are no longer controlled and hyperactivated RAB7 expands over the entire lysosomal domain. This lysosomal accumulation of hyperactivated RAB7 results in a striking loss of RAB7 mobility and overall depletion of the inactive RAB7 pool on endomembranes. Functionally, we establish that this control of RAB7 activity is not required for the recycling of retromer-dependent cargoes, but instead enables the correct sorting of the autophagy related transmembrane protein ATG9a and autophagosome formation around damaged mitochondria during Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jimenez-Orgaz
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arunas Kvainickas
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Nägele
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justin Denner
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, Fribourg University, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Zheng Q, Huang C, Guo J, Tan J, Wang C, Tang B, Zhang H. Hsp70 participates in PINK1-mediated mitophagy by regulating the stability of PINK1. Neurosci Lett 2018; 662:264-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
164
|
Guidelines on experimental methods to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular models of neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:542-572. [PMID: 29229998 PMCID: PMC5864235 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a spectrum of chronic, debilitating disorders characterised by the progressive degeneration and death of neurons. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in most neurodegenerative diseases, but in many instances it is unclear whether such dysfunction is a cause or an effect of the underlying pathology, and whether it represents a viable therapeutic target. It is therefore imperative to utilise and optimise cellular models and experimental techniques appropriate to determine the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative disease phenotypes. In this consensus article, we collate details on and discuss pitfalls of existing experimental approaches to assess mitochondrial function in in vitro cellular models of neurodegenerative diseases, including specific protocols for the measurement of oxygen consumption rate in primary neuron cultures, and single-neuron, time-lapse fluorescence imaging of the mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial NAD(P)H. As part of the Cellular Bioenergetics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CeBioND) consortium (www.cebiond.org), we are performing cross-disease analyses to identify common and distinct molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction in cellular models of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Here we provide detailed guidelines and protocols as standardised across the five collaborating laboratories of the CeBioND consortium, with additional contributions from other experts in the field.
Collapse
|
165
|
Autophagy induced during apoptosis degrades mitochondria and inhibits type I interferon secretion. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:784-796. [PMID: 29229994 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells undergoing Bax/Bak-mediated apoptosis exhibit signs of autophagy, but how it is activated and its significance is unknown. By directly activating Bax/Bak with BH3-only proteins or BH3 mimetic compounds, we demonstrate that mitochondrial damage correlated with a rapid increase in intracellular [AMP]/[ATP], phosphorylation of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and activation of unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1). Consequently, autophagic flux was triggered early in the apoptotic pathway, as activation of the apoptosome and caspases were not necessary for its induction. Bax/Bak-triggered autophagy resulted in the clearance of damaged mitochondria in an ATG5/7-dependent manner that did not require Parkin. Importantly, Bax/Bak-mediated autophagy inhibited the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-β (IFN-β) produced in response to mitochondrial damage, but not another cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). These findings show that Bax/Bak stimulated autophagy is essential for ensuring immunological silence during apoptosis.
Collapse
|
166
|
Drake LE, Springer MZ, Poole LP, Kim CJ, Macleod KF. Expanding perspectives on the significance of mitophagy in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:110-124. [PMID: 28450176 PMCID: PMC5654704 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective mode of autophagy in which mitochondria are specifically targeted for degradation at the autophagolysosome. Mitophagy is activated by stresses such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, DNA damage, inflammation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function. Defects in mitophagy lead to mitochondrial dysfunction that can affect metabolic reprogramming in response to stress, alter cell fate determination and differentiation, which in turn affects disease incidence and etiology, including cancer. Here, we discuss how different mitophagy adaptors and modulators, including Parkin, BNIP3, BNIP3L, p62/SQSTM1 and OPTN, are regulated in response to physiological stresses and deregulated in cancers. Additionally, we explore how these different mitophagy control pathways coordinate with each other. Finally, we review new developments in understanding how mitophagy affects stemness, cell fate determination, inflammation and DNA damage responses that are relevant to understanding the role of mitophagy in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Drake
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Maya Z Springer
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA; The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Logan P Poole
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA; The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Casey J Kim
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA; The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
DEEPN as an Approach for Batch Processing of Yeast 2-Hybrid Interactions. Cell Rep 2017; 17:303-315. [PMID: 27681439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We adapted the yeast 2-hybrid assay to simultaneously uncover multiple transient protein interactions within a single screen by using a strategy termed DEEPN (dynamic enrichment for evaluation of protein networks). This approach incorporates high-throughput DNA sequencing and computation to follow competition among a plasmid population encoding interacting partners. To demonstrate the capacity of DEEPN, we identify a wide range of ubiquitin-binding proteins, including interactors that we verify biochemically. To demonstrate the specificity of DEEPN, we show that DEEPN allows simultaneous comparison of candidate interactors across multiple bait proteins, allowing differential interactions to be identified. This feature was used to identify interactors that distinguish between GTP- and GDP-bound conformations of Rab5.
Collapse
|
168
|
van der Bliek AM, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Cell Biology of the Mitochondrion. Genetics 2017; 207:843-871. [PMID: 29097398 PMCID: PMC5676242 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known for harboring pathways involved in ATP synthesis through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Major advances in understanding these roles were made with Caenorhabditiselegans mutants affecting key components of the metabolic pathways. These mutants have not only helped elucidate some of the intricacies of metabolism pathways, but they have also served as jumping off points for pharmacology, toxicology, and aging studies. The field of mitochondria research has also undergone a renaissance, with the increased appreciation of the role of mitochondria in cell processes other than energy production. Here, we focus on discoveries that were made using C. elegans, with a few excursions into areas that were studied more thoroughly in other organisms, like mitochondrial protein import in yeast. Advances in mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics were made through the discoveries of novel functions in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. Some of these functions were only apparent through the use of diverse model systems, such as C. elegans Studies of stress responses, exemplified by mitophagy and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, have also benefitted greatly from the use of model organisms. Recent developments include the discoveries in C. elegans of cell autonomous and nonautonomous pathways controlling the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, as well as mechanisms for degradation of paternal mitochondria after fertilization. The evolutionary conservation of many, if not all, of these pathways ensures that results obtained with C. elegans are equally applicable to studies of human mitochondria in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M van der Bliek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington 98101
| | - Phil G Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington 98101
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Chandhok G, Lazarou M, Neumann B. Structure, function, and regulation of mitofusin-2 in health and disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:933-949. [PMID: 29068134 PMCID: PMC6446723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly migrate, fuse, and divide to regulate their shape, size, number, and bioenergetic function. Mitofusins (Mfn1/2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), are key regulators of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mutations in these molecules are associated with severe neurodegenerative and non-neurological diseases pointing to the importance of functional mitochondrial dynamics in normal cell physiology. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics, which has raised interest in defining the physiological roles of key regulators of fusion and fission and led to the identification of additional functions of Mfn2 in mitochondrial metabolism, cell signalling, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structural and functional properties of Mfn2 as well as its regulation in different tissues, and also discuss the consequences of aberrant Mfn2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gursimran Chandhok
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Martinez-Carreres L, Nasrallah A, Fajas L. Cancer: Linking Powerhouses to Suicidal Bags. Front Oncol 2017; 7:204. [PMID: 28932704 PMCID: PMC5592205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles are integrated into cellular networks and work together for a common goal: regulating cell metabolism, cell signaling pathways, cell fate, cellular maintenance, and pathogen defense. Many of these interactions are well established, but little is known about the interplay between mitochondria and lysosomes, and their deregulation in cancer. The present review focuses on the common signaling pathways of both organelles, as well as the processes in which they both physically interact, their changes under pathological conditions, and the impact on targeting those organelles for treating cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Martinez-Carreres
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Nasrallah
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Cancer and Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Minowa-Nozawa A, Nozawa T, Okamoto-Furuta K, Kohda H, Nakagawa I. Rab35 GTPase recruits NDP52 to autophagy targets. EMBO J 2017; 36:2790-2807. [PMID: 28848034 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy targets intracellular molecules, damaged organelles, and invading pathogens for degradation in lysosomes. Recent studies have identified autophagy receptors that facilitate this process by binding to ubiquitinated targets, including NDP52. Here, we demonstrate that the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab35 directs NDP52 to the corresponding targets of multiple forms of autophagy. The active GTP-bound form of Rab35 accumulates on bacteria-containing endosomes, and Rab35 directly binds and recruits NDP52 to internalized bacteria. Additionally, Rab35 promotes interaction of NDP52 with ubiquitin. This process is inhibited by TBC1D10A, a GAP that inactivates Rab35, but stimulated by autophagic activation via TBK1 kinase, which associates with NDP52. Rab35, TBC1D10A, and TBK1 regulate NDP52 recruitment to damaged mitochondria and to autophagosomes to promote mitophagy and maturation of autophagosomes, respectively. We propose that Rab35-GTP is a critical regulator of autophagy through recruiting autophagy receptor NDP52.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Okamoto-Furuta
- Division of Electron Microscopic Study, Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Kohda
- Division of Electron Microscopic Study, Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Ramachandran R. Mitochondrial dynamics: The dynamin superfamily and execution by collusion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:201-212. [PMID: 28754444 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Distinct dynamin superfamily GTPases catalyze the constant fission and fusion of the elaborate mitochondrial networks that navigate the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Long believed to be the singular handiwork of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a cytosolic family member that transiently localizes to the mitochondrial surface, the execution of mitochondrial fission is now arguably believed to entail membrane remodeling events that are initiated upstream of Drp1 by ER-associated cytoskeletal networks and completed downstream by the prototypical dynamin, dynamin 2 (Dyn2). Recent developments in the field have also placed a sharp focus on the membrane microenvironment around the division apparatus and the potential facilitatory role of specific lipids in mitochondrial fission. Here, I will review current progress, as well as highlight the most visible gaps in knowledge, in elucidating the varied functions of the dynamin superfamily in the coordinated events of mitochondrial fission and fusion. The essential roles of protein and lipid cofactors are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4970, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Xiang G, Yang L, Long Q, Chen K, Tang H, Wu Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Qi J, Zheng L, Liu W, Ying Z, Fan W, Shi H, Li H, Lin X, Gao M, Liu J, Bao F, Li L, Duan L, Li M, Liu X. BNIP3L-dependent mitophagy accounts for mitochondrial clearance during 3 factors-induced somatic cell reprogramming. Autophagy 2017; 13:1543-1555. [PMID: 28722510 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1338545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have fewer and immature mitochondria than somatic cells and mainly rely on glycolysis for energy source. During somatic cell reprogramming, somatic mitochondria and other organelles get remodeled. However, events of organelle remodeling and interaction during somatic cell reprogramming have not been extensively explored. We show that both SKP/SKO (Sox2, Klf4, Pou5f1/Oct4) and SKPM/SKOM (SKP/SKO plus Myc/c-Myc) reprogramming lead to decreased mitochondrial mass but with different kinetics and by divergent pathways. Rapid, MYC/c-MYC-induced cell proliferation may function as the main driver of mitochondrial decrease in SKPM/SKOM reprogramming. In SKP/SKO reprogramming, however, mitochondrial mass initially increases and subsequently decreases via mitophagy. This mitophagy is dependent on the mitochondrial outer membrane receptor BNIP3L/NIX but not on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) dissipation, and this SKP/SKO-induced mitophagy functions in an important role during the reprogramming process. Furthermore, endosome-related RAB5 is involved in mitophagosome formation in SKP/SKO reprogramming. These results reveal a novel role of mitophagy in reprogramming that entails the interaction between mitochondria, macroautophagy/autophagy and endosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Xiang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Liang Yang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qi Long
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Keshi Chen
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Haite Tang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yi Wu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zihuang Liu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yanshuang Zhou
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Juntao Qi
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lingjun Zheng
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Health Sciences , Anhui University , Hefei , China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhongfu Ying
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Weimin Fan
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Health Sciences , Anhui University , Hefei , China
| | - Hongmei Li
- d School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaobing Lin
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mi Gao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jinglei Liu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Feixiang Bao
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Linpeng Li
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lifan Duan
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Min Li
- e School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China ; Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Abstract
Cancer and stem cells appear to share a common metabolic profile that is characterized by high utilization of glucose through aerobic glycolysis. In the presence of sufficient nutrients, this metabolic strategy provides sufficient cellular ATP while additionally providing important metabolites necessary for the biosynthetic demands of continuous cell proliferation. Recent studies indicate that this metabolic profile is dependent on genes that regulate the fusion and fission of mitochondria. High levels of mitochondrial fission activity are associated with high proliferation and invasiveness in some cancer cells and with self-renewal and resistance to differentiation in some stem cells. These observations reveal new ways in which mitochondria regulate cell physiology, through their effects on metabolism and cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiuchen Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
The role of Drp1 adaptor proteins MiD49 and MiD51 in mitochondrial fission: implications for human disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1861-74. [PMID: 27660309 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology is governed by the balance of mitochondrial fusion, mediated by mitofusins and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and fission, mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Disordered mitochondrial dynamics alters metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis and mitophagy, contributing to human diseases, including neurodegenerative syndromes, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), cancer and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Post-translational regulation of Drp1 (by phosphorylation and SUMOylation) is an established means of modulating Drp1 activation and translocation to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). This review focuses on Drp1 adaptor proteins that also regulate fission. The proteins include fission 1 (Fis1), mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) and mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa and 51 kDa (MiD49, MiD51). Heterologous MiD overexpression sequesters inactive Drp1 on the OMM, promoting fusion; conversely, increased endogenous MiD creates focused Drp1 multimers that optimize OMM scission. The triggers that activate MiD-bound Drp1 in disease states are unknown; however, MiD51 has a unique capacity for ADP binding at its nucleotidyltransferase domain. Without ADP, MiD51 inhibits Drp1, whereas ADP promotes MiD51-mediated fission, suggesting a link between metabolism and fission. Confusion over whether MiDs mediate fusion (by sequestering inactive Drp1) or fission (by guiding Drp1 assembly) relates to a failure to consider cell types used and to distinguish endogenous compared with heterologous changes in expression. We speculate that endogenous MiDs serve as Drp1-binding partners that are dysregulated in disease states and may be important targets for inhibiting cell proliferation and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, it appears that the composition of the fission apparatus varies between disease states and amongst individuals. MiDs may be important targets for inhibiting cell proliferation and attenuating ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Collapse
|
176
|
Schulze RJ, Sathyanarayan A, Mashek DG. Breaking fat: The regulation and mechanisms of lipophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28642194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipophagy is defined as the autophagic degradation of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). While the field of lipophagy research is relatively young, an expansion of research in this area over the past several years has greatly advanced our understanding of lipophagy. Since its original characterization in fasted liver, the contribution of lipophagy is now recognized in various organisms, cell types, metabolic states and disease models. Moreover, recent studies provide exciting new insights into the underlying mechanisms of lipophagy induction as well as the consequences of lipophagy on cell metabolism and signaling. This review summarizes recent work focusing on LDs and lipophagy as well as highlighting challenges and future directions of research as our understanding of lipophagy continues to grow and evolve. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aishwarya Sathyanarayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
McWilliams TG, Muqit MM. PINK1 and Parkin: emerging themes in mitochondrial homeostasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:83-91. [PMID: 28437683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated protein kinase, PTEN-induced putative kinase1 (PINK1), and ubiquitin E3 ligase Parkin, function in a common signalling pathway known to regulate mitochondrial network homeostasis and quality control, including mitophagy. The multistep activation of this pathway, as well as an unexpected convergence between the post-translational modifications of ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, has added breadth to our understanding of cellular damage responses during human disease. In concert with these new insights in signal transduction, unique modalities and signatures of vertebrate mitophagy have been unravelled in vivo for the very first time. The cell biology of mammalian mitophagy, and the roles of PINK1-Parkin signalling in vivo have emerged to be more complex than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G McWilliams
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, The Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Miratul Mk Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, The Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Jones E, Gaytan N, Garcia I, Herrera A, Ramos M, Agarwala D, Rana M, Innis-Whitehouse W, Schuenzel E, Gilkerson R. A threshold of transmembrane potential is required for mitochondrial dynamic balance mediated by DRP1 and OMA1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1347-1363. [PMID: 27858084 PMCID: PMC5346411 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As an organellar network, mitochondria dynamically regulate their organization via opposing fusion and fission pathways to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis and contribute to key cellular pathways. This dynamic balance is directly linked to bioenergetic function: loss of transmembrane potential across the inner membrane (Δψ m) disrupts mitochondrial fission/fusion balance, causing fragmentation of the network. However, the level of Δψ m required for mitochondrial dynamic balance, as well as the relative contributions of fission and fusion pathways, have remained unclear. To explore this, mitochondrial morphology and Δψ m were examined via confocal imaging and tetramethyl rhodamine ester (TMRE) flow cytometry, respectively, in cultured 143B osteosarcoma cells. When normalized to the TMRE value of untreated 143B cells as 100%, both genetic (mtDNA-depleted ρ0) and pharmacological [carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)-treated] cell models below 34% TMRE fluorescence were unable to maintain mitochondrial interconnection, correlating with loss of fusion-active long OPA1 isoforms (L-OPA1). Mechanistically, this threshold is maintained by mechanistic coordination of DRP1-mediated fission and OPA1-mediated fusion: cells lacking either DRP1 or the OMA1 metalloprotease were insensitive to loss of Δψ m, instead maintaining an obligately fused morphology. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a mitochondrial 'tipping point' threshold mediated by the interaction of Δψ m with both DRP1 and OMA1; moreover, DRP1 appears to be required for effective OPA1 maintenance and processing, consistent with growing evidence for direct interaction of fission and fusion pathways. These results suggest that Δψ m below threshold coordinately activates both DRP1-mediated fission and OMA1 cleavage of OPA1, collapsing mitochondrial dynamic balance, with major implications for a range of signaling pathways and cellular life/death events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith Jones
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Norma Gaytan
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Iraselia Garcia
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Alan Herrera
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Manuel Ramos
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Divya Agarwala
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Maahrose Rana
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Wendy Innis-Whitehouse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Erin Schuenzel
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA
| | - Robert Gilkerson
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539-2999, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Shi MM, Shi CH, Xu YM. Rab GTPases: The Key Players in the Molecular Pathway of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:81. [PMID: 28400718 PMCID: PMC5369176 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder with multiple non-motor symptoms. Although family genetic mutations only account for a small proportion of the cases, these mutations have provided several lines of evidence for the pathogenesis of PD, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding and aggregation, and the impaired autophagy-lysosome system. Recently, vesicle trafficking defect has emerged as a potential pathogenesis underlying this disease. Rab GTPases, serving as the core regulators of cellular membrane dynamics, may play an important role in the molecular pathway of PD through the complex interplay with numerous factors and PD-related genes. This might shed new light on the potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we emphasize the important role of Rab GTPases in vesicle trafficking and summarize the interactions between Rab GTPases and different PD-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Shi
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a highly conserved intracellular degradation system that is essential for homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. Due to the wide variety of the cytoplasmic targets of autophagy, its dysregulation is associated with many diseases in humans, such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease and cancer. During autophagy, cytoplasmic materials are sequestered by the autophagosome - a double-membraned structure - and transported to the lysosome for digestion. The specific stages of autophagy are induction, formation of the isolation membrane (phagophore), formation and maturation of the autophagosome and, finally, fusion with a late endosome or lysosome. Although there are significant insights into each of these steps, the mechanisms of autophagosome-lysosome fusion are least understood, although there have been several recent advances. In this Commentary, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding autophagosome-lysosome fusion, focusing on mammals, and discuss the remaining questions and future directions of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 565-0871 Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan .,Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 565-0871 Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Chen YN, Gu X, Zhou XE, Wang W, Cheng D, Ge Y, Ye F, Xu HE, Lv Z. Crystal structure of TBC1D15 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and its activity on Rab GTPases. Protein Sci 2017; 26:834-846. [PMID: 28168758 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TBC1D15 belongs to the TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16) domain family and functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rab GTPases. So far, the structure of TBC1D15 or the TBC1D15·Rab complex has not been determined, thus, its catalytic mechanism on Rab GTPases is still unclear. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the Shark and Sus TBC1D15 GAP domains, to 2.8 Å and 2.5 Å resolution, respectively. Shark-TBC1D15 and Sus-TBC1D15 belong to the same subfamily of TBC domain-containing proteins, and their GAP-domain structures are highly similar. This demonstrates the evolutionary conservation of the TBC1D15 protein family. Meanwhile, the newly determined crystal structures display new variations compared to the structures of yeast Gyp1p Rab GAP domain and TBC1D1. GAP assays show that Shark and Sus GAPs both have higher catalytic activity on Rab11a·GTP than Rab7a·GTP, which differs from the previous study. We also demonstrated the importance of arginine and glutamine on the catalytic sites of Shark GAP and Sus GAP. When arginine and glutamine are changed to alanine or lysine, the activities of Shark GAP and Sus GAP are lost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Na Chen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Laboratory of Structural Science, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Science, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dandan Cheng
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yinghua Ge
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fei Ye
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Laboratory of Structural Science, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Nguyen N, Shteyn V, Melia TJ. Sensing Membrane Curvature in Macroautophagy. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:457-472. [PMID: 28088480 PMCID: PMC5276735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to intracellular stress events ranging from starvation to pathogen invasion, the cell activates one or more forms of macroautophagy. The key event in these related pathways is the de novo formation of a new organelle called the autophagosome, which either surrounds and sequesters random portions of the cytoplasm or selectively targets individual intracellular challenges. Thus, the autophagosome is a flexible membrane platform with dimensions that ultimately depend upon the target cargo. The intermediate membrane, termed the phagophore or isolation membrane, is a cup-like structure with a clear concave face and a highly curved rim. The phagophore is largely devoid of integral membrane proteins; thus, its shape and size are governed by peripherally associated membrane proteins and possibly by the lipid composition of the membrane itself. Growth along the phagophore rim marks the progress of both organelle expansion and ultimately organelle closure around a particular cargo. These two properties, a reliance on peripheral membrane proteins and a structurally distinct membrane architecture, suggest that the ability to target or manipulate membrane curvature might be an essential activity of proteins functioning in this pathway. In this review, we discuss the extent to which membranes are naturally curved at each of the cellular sites believed to engage in autophagosome formation, review basic mechanisms used to sense this curvature, and then summarize the existing literature concerning which autophagy proteins are capable of curvature recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Vladimir Shteyn
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Thomas J Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Wen H, Zhan L, Chen S, Long L, Xu E. Rab7 may be a novel therapeutic target for neurologic diseases as a key regulator in autophagy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1993-2004. [PMID: 28186670 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - Lixuan Zhan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - Long Long
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| | - En Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China; Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Autophagy by the Mitochondria-Associated Membrane. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 997:33-47. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4567-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
185
|
Barodia SK, Creed RB, Goldberg MS. Parkin and PINK1 functions in oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Brain Res Bull 2016; 133:51-59. [PMID: 28017782 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding Parkin and PINK1 are causally linked to autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and PINK1, a mitochondrial-targeted kinase, function together in a common pathway to remove dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy. Presumably, deficiency for Parkin or PINK1 impairs mitochondrial autophagy and thereby increases oxidative stress due to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria that release reactive oxygen species. Parkin and PINK1 likely have additional functions that may be relevant to the mechanisms by which mutations in these genes cause neurodegeneration, such as regulating inflammation, apoptosis, or dendritic morphogenesis. Here we briefly review what is known about functions of Parkin and PINK1 related to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Barodia
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Rose B Creed
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Takáts S, Boda A, Csizmadia T, Juhász G. Small GTPases controlling autophagy-related membrane traffic in yeast and metazoans. Small GTPases 2016; 9:465-471. [PMID: 28005455 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1258444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During macroautophagy, the phagophore-mediated formation of autophagosomes and their subsequent fusion with lysosomes requires extensive transformation of the endomembrane system. Membrane dynamics in eukaryotic cells is regulated by small GTPase proteins including Arfs and Rabs. The small GTPase proteins that regulate autophagic membrane traffic are mostly conserved in yeast and metazoans, but there are also several differences. In this mini-review, we compare the small GTPase network of yeast and metazoan cells that regulates autophagy, and point out the similarities and differences in these organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Takáts
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Premium Postdoctorate Research Program , Budapest , Hungary.,b Department of Anatomy , Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Boda
- b Department of Anatomy , Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- b Department of Anatomy , Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- b Department of Anatomy , Cell and Developmental Biology, Eotvos Lorand University , Budapest , Hungary.,c Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre , Szeged , Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Abstract
In eukaryotes, physiological cell functions rely on the preservation of the size and activity of the mitochondrial network. Mitophagy provides a key contribution in this setting by ensuring the removal of permeabilized or supernumerary mitochondria. Throughout the past decade, mitophagy has attracted considerable attention from both fundamental researchers and translational investigators, both of whom have called for the development of techniques that allow the precise quantification of mitophagy (as opposed to general autophagy). In this chapter, we present morphological, biochemical, and fluorescence-based approaches to measure autophagy in mammalian cells, and discuss recent progress in mouse models for the assessment of mitophagy in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - K Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Y Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Nguyen TN, Padman BS, Usher J, Oorschot V, Ramm G, Lazarou M. Atg8 family LC3/GABARAP proteins are crucial for autophagosome-lysosome fusion but not autophagosome formation during PINK1/Parkin mitophagy and starvation. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:857-874. [PMID: 27864321 PMCID: PMC5166504 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current autophagy models suggest that Atg8 family LC3/GABARAP proteins are essential mediators of autophagosome biogenesis. Nguyen et al. exploit CRISPR/Cas9-generated knockouts of the LC3 or GABARAP subfamilies, or both subfamilies, to show that Atg8s are dispensable for autophagosome biogenesis but essential for autophagosome–lysosome fusion. Members of the Atg8 family of proteins are conjugated to autophagosomal membranes, where they have been proposed to drive autophagosome formation and selective sequestration of cargo. In mammals, the Atg8 family consists of six members divided into the LC3 and GABARAP subfamilies. To define Atg8 function, we used genome editing to generate knockouts of the LC3 and GABARAP subfamilies as well as all six Atg8 family members in HeLa cells. We show that Atg8s are dispensable for autophagosome formation and selective engulfment of mitochondria, but essential for autophagosome–lysosome fusion. We find that the GABARAP subfamily promotes PLEKHM1 recruitment and governs autophagosome–lysosome fusion, whereas the LC3 subfamily plays a less prominent role in these processes. Although neither GABARAPs nor LC3s are required for autophagosome biogenesis, loss of all Atg8s yields smaller autophagosomes and a slowed initial rate of autophagosome formation. Our results clarify the essential function of the Atg8 family and identify GABARAP subfamily members as primary contributors to PINK1/Parkin mitophagy and starvation autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Scott Padman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Joanne Usher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Rojansky R, Cha MY, Chan DC. Elimination of paternal mitochondria in mouse embryos occurs through autophagic degradation dependent on PARKIN and MUL1. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27852436 PMCID: PMC5127638 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of mitochondria is their maternal mode of inheritance. However, little is understood about the cellular mechanism through which paternal mitochondria, delivered from sperm, are eliminated from early mammalian embryos. Autophagy has been implicated in nematodes, but whether this mechanism is conserved in mammals has been disputed. Here, we show that cultured mouse fibroblasts and pre-implantation embryos use a common pathway for elimination of mitochondria. Both situations utilize mitophagy, in which mitochondria are sequestered by autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. The E3 ubiquitin ligases PARKIN and MUL1 play redundant roles in elimination of paternal mitochondria. The process is associated with depolarization of paternal mitochondria and additionally requires the mitochondrial outer membrane protein FIS1, the autophagy adaptor P62, and PINK1 kinase. Our results indicate that strict maternal transmission of mitochondria relies on mitophagy and uncover a collaboration between MUL1 and PARKIN in this process. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17896.001 Mitochondria are commonly referred to as the 'powerhouses' of animal cells because these structures provide the majority of the energy in most cells. People inherit their mitochondria from their mother, and not their father. This is because the father's mitochondria, which are delivered by sperm to the egg, are degraded early on when the embryo starts to develop. Previous studies with model organisms, like nematode worms, showed that mitochondria delivered via sperm (also known as 'paternal mitochondria') were delivered to structures called lysosomes and broken down by the enzymes contained within. However, it remained controversial whether this process, named mitophagy, also occurred in mammalian cells, and the molecules involved were unknown. Now, Rojansky et al. have identified key molecules that are essential for the degradation of mitochondria in mouse cells and show that these same molecules are needed to degrade paternal mitochondria in early mouse embryos. These results indicate that paternal mitochondria are indeed degraded by mitophagy in mice. In addition, Rojansky et al. also note that one of the key molecules is a protein called PARKIN, which is mutated in many inherited cases of Parkinson's disease, a major neurodegenerative disorder. Even though these new findings provide a clearer idea as to how paternal mitochondria are degraded, the question of why remains unanswered. As a result, it is likely that this topic will continue to be heavily debated. Nevertheless, having identified the key molecules involved in degrading paternal mitochondria, it may now be possible to address this question more directly – for example by interfering with this process and then examining the consequences. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17896.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rojansky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Bingol B, Sheng M. Mechanisms of mitophagy: PINK1, Parkin, USP30 and beyond. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:210-222. [PMID: 27094585 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is central for maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria. Two Parkinson's disease genes, mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and ubiquitin ligase Parkin, degrade damaged mitochondria though mitophagy. In this pathway, PINK1 senses mitochondrial damage and activates Parkin by phosphorylating Parkin and ubiquitin. Activated Parkin then builds ubiquitin chains on damaged mitochondria to tag them for degradation in lysosomes. USP30 deubiquitinase acts as a brake on mitophagy by opposing Parkin-mediated ubiquitination. Human genetic data point to a role for mitophagy defects in neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of the mitophagy pathway and the recent advances in the understanding of mitophagy in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris Bingol
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Jaber N, Mohd-Naim N, Wang Z, DeLeon JL, Kim S, Zhong H, Sheshadri N, Dou Z, Edinger AL, Du G, Braga VMM, Zong WX. Vps34 regulates Rab7 and late endocytic trafficking through recruitment of the GTPase-activating protein Armus. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4424-4435. [PMID: 27793976 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.192260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Vps34 (also known as PIK3C3 in mammals) produces phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] on both early and late endosome membranes to control membrane dynamics. We used Vps34-deficient cells to delineate whether Vps34 has additional roles in endocytic trafficking. In Vps34-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), transferrin recycling and EEA1 membrane localization were unaffected despite elevated Rab5-GTP levels. Strikingly, a large increase in Rab7-GTP levels, an accumulation of enlarged late endosomes, and decreased EGFR degradation were observed in Vps34-deficient cells. The hyperactivation of Rab7 in Vps34-deficient cells stemmed from the failure to recruit the Rab7 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Armus (also known as TBC1D2), which binds to PI(3)P, to late endosomes. Protein-lipid overlay and liposome-binding assays reveal that the putative pleckstrin homology (PH) domain in Armus can directly bind to PI(3)P. Elevated Rab7-GTP led to the failure of intraluminal vesicle (ILV) formation and lysosomal maturation. Rab7 silencing and Armus overexpression alleviated the vacuolization seen in Vps34-deficient cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Vps34 has a previously unknown role in regulating Rab7 activity and late endosomal trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Jaber
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY11794, USA
| | - Noor Mohd-Naim
- Molecular Medicine, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ziqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L DeLeon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY11794, USA
| | - Seong Kim
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway NJ08854, USA
| | - Namratha Sheshadri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY11794, USA
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY11794, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vania M M Braga
- Molecular Medicine, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY11794, USA .,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway NJ08854, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick NJ08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Nguyen TN, Padman BS, Lazarou M. Deciphering the Molecular Signals of PINK1/Parkin Mitophagy. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:733-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
193
|
Miro phosphorylation sites regulate Parkin recruitment and mitochondrial motility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6097-E6106. [PMID: 27679849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612283113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway can tag damaged mitochondria and trigger their degradation by mitophagy. Before the onset of mitophagy, the pathway blocks mitochondrial motility by causing Miro degradation. PINK1 activates Parkin by phosphorylating both Parkin and ubiquitin. PINK1, however, has other mitochondrial substrates, including Miro (also called RhoT1 and -2), although the significance of those substrates is less clear. We show that mimicking PINK1 phosphorylation of Miro on S156 promoted the interaction of Parkin with Miro, stimulated Miro ubiquitination and degradation, recruited Parkin to the mitochondria, and via Parkin arrested axonal transport of mitochondria. Although Miro S156E promoted Parkin recruitment it was insufficient to trigger mitophagy in the absence of broader PINK1 action. In contrast, mimicking phosphorylation of Miro on T298/T299 inhibited PINK1-induced Miro ubiquitination, Parkin recruitment, and Parkin-dependent mitochondrial arrest. The effects of the T298E/T299E phosphomimetic were dominant over S156E substitution. We propose that the status of Miro phosphorylation influences the decision to undergo Parkin-dependent mitochondrial arrest, which, in the context of PINK1 action on other substrates, can restrict mitochondrial dynamics before mitophagy.
Collapse
|
194
|
Multiple Roles of the Small GTPase Rab7. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030034. [PMID: 27548222 PMCID: PMC5040976 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab7 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rab family and controls transport to late endocytic compartments such as late endosomes and lysosomes. The mechanism of action of Rab7 in the late endocytic pathway has been extensively studied. Rab7 is fundamental for lysosomal biogenesis, positioning and functions, and for trafficking and degradation of several signaling receptors, thus also having implications on signal transduction. Several Rab7 interacting proteins have being identified leading to the discovery of a number of different important functions, beside its established role in endocytosis. Furthermore, Rab7 has specific functions in neurons. This review highlights and discusses the role and the importance of Rab7 on different cellular pathways and processes.
Collapse
|
195
|
Koppenol-Raab M, Harwig MC, Posey AE, Egner JM, MacKenzie KR, Hill RB. A Targeted Mutation Identified through pKa Measurements Indicates a Postrecruitment Role for Fis1 in Yeast Mitochondrial Fission. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20329-44. [PMID: 27496949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tail-anchored protein Fis1 is implicated as a passive tether in yeast mitochondrial fission. We probed the functional role of Fis1 Glu-78, whose elevated side chain pKa suggests participation in protein interactions. Fis1 binds partners Mdv1 or Dnm1 tightly, but mutation E78A weakens Fis1 interaction with Mdv1, alters mitochondrial morphology, and abolishes fission in a growth assay. In fis1Δ rescue experiments, Fis1-E78A causes a novel localization pattern in which Dnm1 uniformly coats the mitochondria. By contrast, Fis1-E78A at lower expression levels recruits Dnm1 into mitochondrial punctate structures but fails to support normal fission. Thus, Fis1 makes multiple interactions that support Dnm1 puncta formation and may be essential after this step, supporting a revised model for assembly of the mitochondrial fission machinery. The insights gained by mutating a residue with a perturbed pKa suggest that side chain pKa values inferred from routine NMR sample pH optimization could provide useful leads for functional investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Cleland Harwig
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Ammon E Posey
- From the Department of Biology and the Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - John M Egner
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - R Blake Hill
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Dinter E, Saridaki T, Nippold M, Plum S, Diederichs L, Komnig D, Fensky L, May C, Marcus K, Voigt A, Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Rab7 induces clearance of α-synuclein aggregates. J Neurochem 2016; 138:758-74. [PMID: 27333324 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease can be caused by mutations in the α-synuclein gene and is characterized by aggregates of α-synuclein protein. Aggregates are degraded by the autophago-lysosomal pathway. Since Rab7 has been shown to regulate trafficking of late endosomes and autophagosomes, we hypothesized that over-expressing Rab7 might be beneficial in Parkinson's disease. To test this hypothesis, we expressed the pathogenic A53T mutant of α-synuclein in HEK293 cells and Drosophila melanogaster. In HEK293 cells, EGFP-Rab7-decorated vesicles contain α-synuclein. Rab7 over-expression reduced the percentage of cells with α-synuclein particles and the amount of α-synuclein protein. Time-lapse microscopy confirmed that particles frequently disappeared with Rab7 over-expression. Clearance of α-synuclein is explained by the increased occurrence of acidified α-synuclein vesicles with Rab7 over-expression, presumably representing autolysosomes. Rab7 over-expression reduced apoptosis and the percentage of dead cells in trypan blue staining. In the fly model, Rab7 rescued the locomotor deficit induced by neuronal expression of A53T-α-synuclein. These beneficial effects were not produced by Rab7 missense mutations causing Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy, or by the related GTPases Rab5, Rab9, or Rab23. Using mass spectrometry, we identified Rab7 in neuromelanin granules purified from human substantia nigra, indicating that Rab7 might be involved in the biogenesis of these possibly protective, autophagosome-like organelles in dopaminergic neurons. Taken together, Rab7 increased the clearance of α-synuclein aggregates, reduced cell death, and rescued the phenotype in a fly model of Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate that Rab7 is rate-limiting for aggregate clearance, and that Rab7 activation may offer a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease. Cells over-expressing aggregation-prone A53T alpha-synuclein develop cytoplasmic aggregates mimicking changes observed in Parkinson's disease. When following cells in time-lapse microscopy, some few cells are able to remove these aggregates (Opazo et al. 2008). We now show that the percentage of cells clearing all aggregates from their cytosol is greatly increased with Rab7 over-expression, indicating that availability of Rab7 is rate-limiting for autophagic clearance of aggregates. The functional significance of this effect in neurons was confirmed in a Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dinter
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Nippold
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Plum
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Komnig
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luisa Fensky
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aaron Voigt
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA BRAIN Institute II, FZ Jülich and RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA BRAIN Institute II, FZ Jülich and RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Juhász G. A mitochondrial-derived vesicle HOPS to endolysosomes using Syntaxin-17. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:241-3. [PMID: 27458131 PMCID: PMC4970333 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged mitochondrial content is packaged in mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs), which are targeted for degradation through an unclear mechanism. McLelland et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603105) show that the SNARE Syntaxin-17 mediates MDV fusion with endolysosomes, promoting the delivery of mitochondrial cargo to lysosomes for degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Juhász
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, H-6726 Hungary Department of Anatomy, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117 Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Roberts RF, Tang MY, Fon EA, Durcan TM. Defending the mitochondria: The pathways of mitophagy and mitochondrial-derived vesicles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:427-436. [PMID: 27443527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses for the cell, consuming oxygen to generate sufficient energy for the maintenance of normal cellular processes. However, a deleterious consequence of this process are reactive oxygen species generated as side-products of these reactions. As a means to protect mitochondria from damage, cells and mitochondria have developed a wide-range of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove damaged mitochondrial cargo, enabling the mitochondria to repair the damage and ultimately restore their normal function. If the damage is extensive and mitochondria can no longer be repaired, a process termed mitophagy is initiated in which the mitochondria are directed for autophagic clearance. Canonical mitophagy is regulated by two proteins, PINK1 and Parkin, which are mutated in familial forms of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we discuss recent work elucidating the mechanism of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, along with recently uncovered PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways. Moreover, we describe a novel mitochondrial quality control pathway, involving mitochondrial-derived vesicles that direct distinct and damaged mitochondrial cargo for degradation in the lysosome. Finally, we discuss the association between mitochondrial quality control, cardiac, hepatic and neurodegenerative disease and discuss the possibility of targeting these pathways for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind F Roberts
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, MP038, Molson Fieldhouse, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Matthew Y Tang
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, MP038, Molson Fieldhouse, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, MP038, Molson Fieldhouse, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, MP038, Molson Fieldhouse, 3801 Rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Abstract
Mutations in PARK2 (parkin), which encodes Parkin protein, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are associated with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). While several studies implicated Parkin in the regulation of mitophagy and proteasomal degradation, the precise mechanism leading to neurodegeneration upon Parkin loss of function remains incompletely understood. In this study, we found that Parkin modulates the endocytic pathway through the regulation of endosomal structure and function. We showed that loss of Parkin function led to decreased endosomal tubulation and membrane association of vesicle protein sorting 35 (VPS35) and sorting nexin 1 (SNX1), as well as decreased mannose 6 phosphate receptor (M6PR), suggesting the impairment of retromer pathway in Parkin-deficient cells. We also found increased formation of intraluminal vesicles coupled with enhanced release of exosomes in the presence of mutant Parkin. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of these alterations in the endocytic pathway in Parkin-deficient cells, we found that Parkin regulates the levels and activity of Rab7 by promoting its ubiquitination on lysine 38 residue. Both endogenous Rab7 in Parkin-deficient cells and overexpressed K38 R-Rab7 mutant displayed decreased effector binding and membrane association. Furthermore, overexpression of K38R-Rab7 in HEK293 cells phenocopied the increased secretion of exosomes observed in Parkin-deficient cells, suggesting that Rab7 deregulation may be at least partially responsible for the endocytic phenotype observed in Parkin-deficient cells. These findings establish a role for Parkin in regulating the endo-lysosomal pathway and retromer function and raise the possibility that alterations in these pathways contribute to the development of pathology in Parkin-linked Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
200
|
Kojima W, Kujuro Y, Okatsu K, Bruno Q, Koyano F, Kimura M, Yamano K, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Unexpected mitochondrial matrix localization of Parkinson's disease-related DJ-1 mutants but not wild-type DJ-1. Genes Cells 2016; 21:772-88. [PMID: 27270837 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 has been identified as a gene responsible for recessive familial Parkinson's disease (familial Parkinsonism), which is caused by a mutation in the PARK7 locus. Consistent with the inferred correlation between Parkinson's disease and mitochondrial impairment, mitochondrial localization of DJ-1 and its implied role in mitochondrial quality control have been reported. However, the mechanism by which DJ-1 affects mitochondrial function remains poorly defined, and the mitochondrial localization of DJ-1 is still controversial. Here, we show the mitochondrial matrix localization of various pathogenic and artificial DJ-1 mutants by multiple independent experimental approaches including cellular fractionation, proteinase K protection assays, and specific immunocytochemistry. Localization of various DJ-1 mutants to the matrix is dependent on the membrane potential and translocase activity in both the outer and the inner membranes. Nevertheless, DJ-1 possesses neither an amino-terminal alpha-helix nor a predictable matrix-targeting signal, and a post-translocation processing-derived molecular weight change is not observed. In fact, wild-type DJ-1 does not show any evidence of mitochondrial localization at all. Such a mode of matrix localization of DJ-1 is difficult to explain by conventional mechanisms and implies a unique matrix import mechanism for DJ-1 mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waka Kojima
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yuki Kujuro
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,Tachikawa Hospital, 4-2-22 Nishikimachi, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8531, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Okatsu
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,Structural Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Queliconi Bruno
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Fumika Koyano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kimura
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Koji Yamano
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.,Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|