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Classifying the Unclassified: A Phage Classification Method. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020195. [PMID: 30813498 PMCID: PMC6409715 DOI: 10.3390/v11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the method ClassiPhage to classify phage genomes using sequence derived taxonomic features. ClassiPhage uses a set of phage specific Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) generated from clusters of related proteins. The method was validated on all publicly available genomes of phages that are known to infect Vibrionaceae. The phages belong to the well-described phage families of Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Inoviridae. The achieved classification is consistent with the assignments of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), all tested phages were assigned to the corresponding group of the ICTV-database. In addition, 44 out of 58 genomes of Vibrio phages not yet classified could be assigned to a phage family. The remaining 14 genomes may represent phages of new families or subfamilies. Comparative genomics indicates that the ability of the approach to identify and classify phages is correlated to the conserved genomic organization. ClassiPhage classifies phages exclusively based on genome sequence data and can be applied on distinct phage genomes as well as on prophage regions within host genomes. Possible applications include (a) classifying phages from assembled metagenomes; and (b) the identification and classification of integrated prophages and the splitting of phage families into subfamilies.
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152
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Roux S, Brum JR. A viral reckoning: viruses emerge as essential manipulators of global ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:3-8. [PMID: 30298570 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roux
- US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brum
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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Yinda CK, Vanhulle E, Conceição-Neto N, Beller L, Deboutte W, Shi C, Ghogomu SM, Maes P, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Gut Virome Analysis of Cameroonians Reveals High Diversity of Enteric Viruses, Including Potential Interspecies Transmitted Viruses. mSphere 2019; 4:e00585-18. [PMID: 30674646 PMCID: PMC6344602 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00585-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea remains one of the most common causes of deaths in children. A limited number of studies have investigated the prevalence of enteric pathogens in Cameroon, and as in many other African countries, the cause of many diarrheal episodes remains unexplained. A proportion of these unknown cases of diarrhea are likely caused by yet-unidentified viral agents, some of which could be the result of (recent) interspecies transmission from animal reservoirs, like bats. Using viral metagenomics, we screened fecal samples of 221 humans (almost all with gastroenteritis symptoms) between 0 and 89 years of age with different degrees of bat contact. We identified viruses belonging to families that are known to cause gastroenteritis such as Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae Interestingly, a mammalian orthoreovirus, picobirnaviruses, a smacovirus, and a pecovirus were also found. Although there was no evidence of interspecies transmission of the most common human gastroenteritis-related viruses (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae), the phylogenies of the identified orthoreovirus, picobirnavirus, and smacovirus indicate a genetic relatedness of these viruses identified in stools of humans and those of bats and/or other animals. These findings points out the possibility of interspecies transmission or simply a shared host of these viruses (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, …) present in both animals (bats) and humans. Further screening of bat viruses in humans or vice versa will elucidate the epidemiological potential threats of animal viruses to human health. Furthermore, this study showed a huge diversity of highly divergent novel phages, thereby expanding the existing phageome considerably.IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of diagnostic tools for different enteric viral pathogens, a large fraction of human cases of gastroenteritis remains unexplained. This could be due to pathogens not tested for or novel divergent viruses of potential animal origin. Fecal virome analyses of Cameroonians showed a very diverse group of viruses, some of which are genetically related to those identified in animals. This is the first attempt to describe the gut virome of humans from Cameroon. Therefore, the data represent a baseline for future studies on enteric viral pathogens in this area and contribute to our knowledge of the world's virome. The studies also highlight the fact that more viruses may be associated with diarrhea than the typical known ones. Hence, it provides meaningful epidemiological information on diarrhea-related viruses in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Kwe Yinda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Vanhulle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Beller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Deboutte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chenyan Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Unit, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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154
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Roux S, Adriaenssens EM, Dutilh BE, Koonin EV, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lavigne R, Brister JR, Varsani A, Amid C, Aziz RK, Bordenstein SR, Bork P, Breitbart M, Cochrane GR, Daly RA, Desnues C, Duhaime MB, Emerson JB, Enault F, Fuhrman JA, Hingamp P, Hugenholtz P, Hurwitz BL, Ivanova NN, Labonté JM, Lee KB, Malmstrom RR, Martinez-Garcia M, Mizrachi IK, Ogata H, Páez-Espino D, Petit MA, Putonti C, Rattei T, Reyes A, Rodriguez-Valera F, Rosario K, Schriml L, Schulz F, Steward GF, Sullivan MB, Sunagawa S, Suttle CA, Temperton B, Tringe SG, Thurber RV, Webster NS, Whiteson KL, Wilhelm SW, Wommack KE, Woyke T, Wrighton KC, Yilmaz P, Yoshida T, Young MJ, Yutin N, Allen LZ, Kyrpides NC, Eloe-Fadrosh EA. Minimum Information about an Uncultivated Virus Genome (MIUViG). Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:29-37. [PMID: 30556814 PMCID: PMC6871006 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present an extension of the Minimum Information about any (x) Sequence (MIxS) standard for reporting sequences of uncultivated virus genomes. Minimum Information about an Uncultivated Virus Genome (MIUViG) standards were developed within the Genomic Standards Consortium framework and include virus origin, genome quality, genome annotation, taxonomic classification, biogeographic distribution and in silico host prediction. Community-wide adoption of MIUViG standards, which complement the Minimum Information about a Single Amplified Genome (MISAG) and Metagenome-Assembled Genome (MIMAG) standards for uncultivated bacteria and archaea, will improve the reporting of uncultivated virus genomes in public databases. In turn, this should enable more robust comparative studies and a systematic exploration of the global virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roux
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | | | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Paris, France
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland USA
| | - Rob Lavigne
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona USA
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clara Amid
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Seth R Bordenstein
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee USA
| | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida USA
| | - Guy R Cochrane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Rebecca A Daly
- Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Melissa B Duhaime
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California USA
| | - François Enault
- LMGE,UMR 6023 CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubiére, France
| | - Jed A Fuhrman
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Pascal Hingamp
- Aix Marseille Université,
- , Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
| | - Bonnie L Hurwitz
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona USA
- BIO5 Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona USA
| | - Natalia N Ivanova
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | - Jessica M Labonté
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas USA
| | - Kyung-Bum Lee
- DDBJ Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Rex R Malmstrom
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | - Manuel Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ilene Karsch Mizrachi
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - David Páez-Espino
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | - Marie-Agnès Petit
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Putonti
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
- Department of Computer Science, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Microbiology,” University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Evolutionary Genomics Group, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, Florida USA
| | - Lynn Schriml
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Frederik Schulz
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | - Grieg F Steward
- Department of Oceanography, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | | | - Curtis A Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
- Institute of Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Ben Temperton
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Susannah G Tringe
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | | | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland Australia
| | - Katrine L Whiteson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California USA
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee USA
| | - K Eric Wommack
- University of Delaware, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
| | - Kelly C Wrighton
- Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
| | - Pelin Yilmaz
- Microbial Physiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mark J Young
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana USA
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA
| | - Lisa Zeigler Allen
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California USA
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155
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Finer-Scale Phylosymbiosis: Insights from Insect Viromes. mSystems 2018; 3:mSystems00131-18. [PMID: 30574559 PMCID: PMC6299154 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00131-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on the planet and interact with microbial communities with which they associate. The virome of animals is often dominated by bacterial viruses, known as bacteriophages or phages, which can (re)structure bacterial communities potentially vital to the animal host. Beta diversity relationships of animal-associated bacterial communities in laboratory and wild populations frequently parallel animal phylogenetic relationships, a pattern termed phylosymbiosis. However, little is known about whether viral communities also exhibit this eco-evolutionary pattern. Metagenomics of purified viruses from recently diverged species of Nasonia parasitoid wasps reared in the lab indicates for the first time that the community relationships of the virome can also exhibit complete phylosymbiosis. Therefore, viruses, particularly bacteriophages here, may also be influenced by animal evolutionary changes either directly or indirectly through the tripartite interactions among hosts, bacteria, and phage communities. Moreover, we report several new bacteriophage genomes from the common gut bacteria in Nasonia. Phylosymbiosis was recently proposed to describe the eco-evolutionary pattern whereby the ecological relatedness (e.g., beta diversity relationships) of host-associated microbial communities parallels the phylogeny of the host species. Representing the most abundant biological entities on the planet and common members of the animal-associated microbiome, viruses can be influential members of host-associated microbial communities that may recapitulate, reinforce, or ablate phylosymbiosis. Here we sequence the metagenomes of purified viral communities from three different parasitic wasp Nasonia species, one cytonuclear introgression line of Nasonia, and the flour moth outgroup Ephestia kuehniella. Results demonstrate complete phylosymbiosis between the viral metagenome and insect phylogeny. Across all Nasonia contigs, 69% of the genes in the viral metagenomes are either new to the databases or uncharacterized, yet over 99% of the contigs have at least one gene with similarity to a known sequence. The core Nasonia virome spans 21% of the total contigs, and the majority of that core is likely derived from induced prophages residing in the genomes of common Nasonia-associated bacterial genera: Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. We also assemble the first complete viral particle genomes from Nasonia-associated gut bacteria. Taken together, results reveal the first complete evidence for phylosymbiosis in viral metagenomes, new genome sequences of viral particles from Nasonia-associated gut bacteria, and a large set of novel or uncharacterized genes in the Nasonia virome. This work suggests that phylosymbiosis at the host-microbiome level will likely extend to the host-virome level in other systems as well. IMPORTANCE Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on the planet and interact with microbial communities with which they associate. The virome of animals is often dominated by bacterial viruses, known as bacteriophages or phages, which can (re)structure bacterial communities potentially vital to the animal host. Beta diversity relationships of animal-associated bacterial communities in laboratory and wild populations frequently parallel animal phylogenetic relationships, a pattern termed phylosymbiosis. However, little is known about whether viral communities also exhibit this eco-evolutionary pattern. Metagenomics of purified viruses from recently diverged species of Nasonia parasitoid wasps reared in the lab indicates for the first time that the community relationships of the virome can also exhibit complete phylosymbiosis. Therefore, viruses, particularly bacteriophages here, may also be influenced by animal evolutionary changes either directly or indirectly through the tripartite interactions among hosts, bacteria, and phage communities. Moreover, we report several new bacteriophage genomes from the common gut bacteria in Nasonia.
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156
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Daly RA, Roux S, Borton MA, Morgan DM, Johnston MD, Booker AE, Hoyt DW, Meulia T, Wolfe RA, Hanson AJ, Mouser PJ, Moore JD, Wunch K, Sullivan MB, Wrighton KC, Wilkins MJ. Viruses control dominant bacteria colonizing the terrestrial deep biosphere after hydraulic fracturing. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:352-361. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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157
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Liu L, Li B, Zhang T. High-Resolution Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Virome in Wastewater Treatment Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10337-10346. [PMID: 30148618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered reservoirs of viruses, but the diversity and dynamic changes of viruses are not well understood. In this study, we recovered 8478 metagenomic viral contigs (mVCs; >5 kb) from two WWTPs (Shatin, 2806; Shek Wu Hui, 5672) in Hong Kong. Approximately 60% of the mVCs were poorly covered (<35% of genes in identified mVCs) by the current NCBI and IMG/VR viral databases. The temporal profile of the newly identified mVCs among 98 Shatin AS samples collected monthly (for approximately 9 years) revealed the presence of periodic dynamics at an interval of approximately one year (341 days). The spatial distribution pattern of the virome in the wastewater treatment systems showed that shared viral clusters (viral populations categorized based on shared gene content and network analysis) can be globally found among similar samples of wastewater treatment systems, indicating the presence of core viral communities among geographically isolated wastewater treatment systems. These results not only supplemented the current virome database of engineered systems but also, to some extent, expanded the understanding of long-term cyclical development and spatial distributions of viral communities in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong
| | - Lei Liu
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong
| | - Bing Li
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong
- Division of Energy and Environment , Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , 518055 , China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong
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158
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Aiewsakun P, Adriaenssens EM, Lavigne R, Kropinski AM, Simmonds P. Evaluation of the genomic diversity of viruses infecting bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes using a common bioinformatic platform: steps towards a unified taxonomy. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1331-1343. [PMID: 30016225 PMCID: PMC6230767 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome Relationship Applied to Virus Taxonomy (GRAViTy) is a genetics-based tool that computes sequence relatedness between viruses. Composite generalized Jaccard (CGJ) distances combine measures of homology between encoded viral genes and similarities in genome organizational features (gene orders and orientations). This scoring framework effectively recapitulates the current, largely morphology and phenotypic-based, family-level classification of eukaryotic viruses. Eukaryotic virus families typically formed monophyletic groups with consistent CGJ distance cut-off dividing between and within family divergence ranges. In the current study, a parallel analysis of prokaryotic virus families revealed quite different sequence relationships, particularly those of tailed phage families (Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae), where members of the same family were generally far more divergent and often not detectably homologous to each other. Analysis of the 20 currently classified prokaryotic virus families indeed split them into 70 separate clusters of tailed phages genetically equivalent to family-level assignments of eukaryotic viruses. It further divided several bacterial (Sphaerolipoviridae, Tectiviridae) and archaeal (Lipothrixviridae) families. We also found that the subfamily-level groupings of tailed phages were generally more consistent with the family assignments of eukaryotic viruses, and this supports ongoing reclassifications, including Spounavirinae and Vi1virus taxa as new virus families. The current study applied a common benchmark with which to compare taxonomies of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses. The findings support the planned shift away from traditional morphology-based classifications of prokaryotic viruses towards a genome-based taxonomy. They demonstrate the feasibility of a unified taxonomy of viruses into which the vast body of metagenomic viral sequences may be consistently assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Evelien M. Adriaenssens
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven. Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science, and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
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159
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Trubl G, Jang HB, Roux S, Emerson JB, Solonenko N, Vik DR, Solden L, Ellenbogen J, Runyon AT, Bolduc B, Woodcroft BJ, Saleska SR, Tyson GW, Wrighton KC, Sullivan MB, Rich VI. Soil Viruses Are Underexplored Players in Ecosystem Carbon Processing. mSystems 2018; 3:e00076-18. [PMID: 30320215 PMCID: PMC6172770 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00076-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly thawing permafrost harbors ∼30 to 50% of global soil carbon, and the fate of this carbon remains unknown. Microorganisms will play a central role in its fate, and their viruses could modulate that impact via induced mortality and metabolic controls. Because of the challenges of recovering viruses from soils, little is known about soil viruses or their role(s) in microbial biogeochemical cycling. Here, we describe 53 viral populations (viral operational taxonomic units [vOTUs]) recovered from seven quantitatively derived (i.e., not multiple-displacement-amplified) viral-particle metagenomes (viromes) along a permafrost thaw gradient at the Stordalen Mire field site in northern Sweden. Only 15% of these vOTUs had genetic similarity to publicly available viruses in the RefSeq database, and ∼30% of the genes could be annotated, supporting the concept of soils as reservoirs of substantial undescribed viral genetic diversity. The vOTUs exhibited distinct ecology, with different distributions along the thaw gradient habitats, and a shift from soil-virus-like assemblages in the dry palsas to aquatic-virus-like assemblages in the inundated fen. Seventeen vOTUs were linked to microbial hosts (in silico), implicating viruses in infecting abundant microbial lineages from Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Deltaproteobacteria, including those encoding key biogeochemical functions such as organic matter degradation. Thirty auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were identified and suggested virus-mediated modulation of central carbon metabolism, soil organic matter degradation, polysaccharide binding, and regulation of sporulation. Together, these findings suggest that these soil viruses have distinct ecology, impact host-mediated biogeochemistry, and likely impact ecosystem function in the rapidly changing Arctic. IMPORTANCE This work is part of a 10-year project to examine thawing permafrost peatlands and is the first virome-particle-based approach to characterize viruses in these systems. This method yielded >2-fold-more viral populations (vOTUs) per gigabase of metagenome than vOTUs derived from bulk-soil metagenomes from the same site (J. B. Emerson, S. Roux, J. R. Brum, B. Bolduc, et al., Nat Microbiol 3:870-880, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0190-y). We compared the ecology of the recovered vOTUs along a permafrost thaw gradient and found (i) habitat specificity, (ii) a shift in viral community identity from soil-like to aquatic-like viruses, (iii) infection of dominant microbial hosts, and (iv) carriage of host metabolic genes. These vOTUs can impact ecosystem carbon processing via top-down (inferred from lysing dominant microbial hosts) and bottom-up (inferred from carriage of auxiliary metabolic genes) controls. This work serves as a foundation which future studies can build upon to increase our understanding of the soil virosphere and how viruses affect soil ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Trubl
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon Roux
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne B. Emerson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalie Solonenko
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dean R. Vik
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsey Solden
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Ellenbogen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ben J. Woodcroft
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Gene W. Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kelly C. Wrighton
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew B. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Virginia I. Rich
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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160
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Zablocki O, van Zyl L, Trindade M. Biogeography and taxonomic overview of terrestrial hot spring thermophilic phages. Extremophiles 2018; 22:827-837. [PMID: 30121708 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial viruses ("phages") play important roles in the regulation and evolution of microbial communities in most ecosystems. Terrestrial hot springs typically contain thermophilic bacterial communities, but the diversity and impacts of its associated viruses ("thermophilic phages") are largely unexplored. Here, we provide a taxonomic overview of phages that have been isolated strictly from terrestrial hot springs around the world. In addition, we placed 17 thermophilic phage genomes in a global phylogenomic context to detect evolutionary patterns. Thermophilic phages have diverse morphologies (e.g., tailed, filamentous), unique virion structures (e.g., extremely long tailed siphoviruses), and span five taxonomic families encompassing strictly thermophilic phage genera. Within the phage proteomic tree, six thermophilic phage-related clades were identified, with evident genomic relatedness between thermophilic phages and archaeal viruses. Moreover, whole proteome analyses showed clustering between phages that infect distinct host phyla, such as Firmicutes and Deinococcus-Thermus. The potential for discovery of novel phage-host systems in terrestrial hot springs remain mostly untapped, thus additional emphasis on thermophilic phages in ecological prospecting is encouraged to gain insights into the microbial population dynamics of these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Zablocki
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Leonardo van Zyl
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Marla Trindade
- Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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161
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Dalcin Martins P, Danczak RE, Roux S, Frank J, Borton MA, Wolfe RA, Burris MN, Wilkins MJ. Viral and metabolic controls on high rates of microbial sulfur and carbon cycling in wetland ecosystems. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:138. [PMID: 30086797 PMCID: PMC6081815 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms drive high rates of methanogenesis and carbon mineralization in wetland ecosystems. These signals are especially pronounced in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, the tenth largest wetland ecosystem in the world. Sulfate reduction rates up to 22 μmol cm-3 day-1 have been measured in these wetland sediments, as well as methane fluxes up to 160 mg m-2 h-1-some of the highest emissions ever measured in North American wetlands. While pore waters from PPR wetlands are characterized by high concentrations of sulfur species and dissolved organic carbon, the constraints on microbial activity are poorly understood. Here, we utilized metagenomics to investigate candidate sulfate reducers and methanogens in this ecosystem and identify metabolic and viral controls on microbial activity. RESULTS We recovered 162 dsrA and 206 dsrD sequences from 18 sediment metagenomes and reconstructed 24 candidate sulfate reducer genomes assigned to seven phyla. These genomes encoded the potential for utilizing a wide variety of electron donors, such as methanol and other alcohols, methylamines, and glycine betaine. We also identified 37 mcrA sequences spanning five orders and recovered two putative methanogen genomes representing the most abundant taxa-Methanosaeta and Methanoregulaceae. However, given the abundance of Methanofollis-affiliated mcrA sequences, the detection of F420-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, and millimolar concentrations of ethanol and 2-propanol in sediment pore fluids, we hypothesize that these alcohols may drive a significant fraction of methanogenesis in this ecosystem. Finally, extensive viral novelty was detected, with approximately 80% of viral populations being unclassified at any known taxonomic levels and absent from publicly available databases. Many of these viral populations were predicted to target dominant sulfate reducers and methanogens. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that diversity is likely key to extremely high rates of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction observed in these wetlands. The inferred genomic diversity and metabolic versatility could result from dynamic environmental conditions, viral infections, and niche differentiation in the heterogeneous sediment matrix. These processes likely play an important role in modulating carbon and sulfur cycling in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E. Danczak
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Simon Roux
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA USA
| | - Jeroen Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikayla A. Borton
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Richard A. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Marie N. Burris
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Michael J. Wilkins
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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162
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Simmonds P, Aiewsakun P. Virus classification - where do you draw the line? Arch Virol 2018; 163:2037-2046. [PMID: 30039318 PMCID: PMC6096723 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) and its use in recovering and assembling novel virus sequences from environmental, human clinical, veterinary and plant samples has unearthed a vast new catalogue of viruses. Their classification, known by their sequences alone, sets a major challenge to traditional virus taxonomy, especially at the family and species levels, which have been historically based largely on descriptive taxon definitions. These typically entail some knowledge of their phenotypic properties, including replication strategies, virion structure and clinical and epidemiological features, such as host range, geographical distribution and disease outcomes. Little to no information on these attributes is available, however, for viruses identified in metagenomic datasets. If such viruses are to be included in virus taxonomy, their assignments will have to be guided largely or entirely by metrics of genetic relatedness. The immediate problem here is that the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), an organisation that authorises the taxonomic classification of viruses, provides little or no guidance on how similar or how divergent viruses must be in order to be considered members of new species or new families. We have recently developed a method for scoring genomic (dis)similarity between viruses (Genome Relationships Applied to Virus Taxonomy - GRAViTy) among the eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses currently classified by the ICTV. At the family and genus levels, we found large-scale consistency between genetic relationships and their taxonomic assignments for eukaryotic viruses of all genome configurations and genome sizes. Family assignments of prokaryotic viruses have, however, been made at a quite different genetic level, and groupings currently classified as sub-families are a much better match to the eukaryotic virus family level. These findings support the ongoing reorganisation of bacteriophage taxonomy by the ICTV Phage Study Group. A rapid and objective means to explore metagenomic viral diversity and make evidence-based assignments for such viruses at each taxonomic layer is essential. Analysis of sequences by GRAViTy provides evidence that family (and genus) assignments of currently classified viruses are largely underpinned by genomic relatedness, and these features could serve as a guide towards an evidence-based classification of metagenomic viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY UK
| | - Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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163
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Host-linked soil viral ecology along a permafrost thaw gradient. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:870-880. [PMID: 30013236 PMCID: PMC6786970 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change threatens to release abundant carbon that is sequestered at high latitudes, but the constraints on microbial metabolisms that mediate the release of methane and carbon dioxide are poorly understood1–7. The role of viruses, which are known to affect microbial dynamics, metabolism and biogeochemistry in the oceans8–10, remains largely unexplored in soil. Here, we aimed to investigate how viruses influence microbial ecology and carbon metabolism in peatland soils along a permafrost thaw gradient in Sweden. We recovered 1,907 viral populations (genomes and large genome fragments) from 197 bulk soil and size-fractionated metagenomes, 58% of which were detected in metatranscriptomes and presumed to be active. In silico predictions linked 35% of the viruses to microbial host populations, highlighting likely viral predators of key carbon-cycling microorganisms, including methanogens and methanotrophs. Lineage-specific virus/host ratios varied, suggesting that viral infection dynamics may differentially impact microbial responses to a changing climate. Virus-encoded glycoside hydrolases, including an endomannanase with confirmed functional activity, indicated that viruses influence complex carbon degradation and that viral abundances were significant predictors of methane dynamics. These findings suggest that viruses may impact ecosystem function in climate-critical, terrestrial habitats and identify multiple potential viral contributions to soil carbon cycling. The recovery of viral populations from peatland soils across a permafrost thaw gradient provides insights into soil viral diversity, their hosts and the potential impacts on carbon cycling in this environment.
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164
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Howard-Varona C, Hargreaves KR, Solonenko NE, Markillie LM, White RA, Brewer HM, Ansong C, Orr G, Adkins JN, Sullivan MB. Multiple mechanisms drive phage infection efficiency in nearly identical hosts. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1605-1618. [PMID: 29568113 PMCID: PMC5955906 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phage-host interactions are critical to ecology, evolution, and biotechnology. Central to those is infection efficiency, which remains poorly understood, particularly in nature. Here we apply genome-wide transcriptomics and proteomics to investigate infection efficiency in nature's own experiment: two nearly identical (genetically and physiologically) Bacteroidetes bacterial strains (host18 and host38) that are genetically intractable, but environmentally important, where phage infection efficiency varies. On host18, specialist phage phi18:3 infects efficiently, whereas generalist phi38:1 infects inefficiently. On host38, only phi38:1 infects, and efficiently. Overall, phi18:3 globally repressed host18's transcriptome and proteome, expressed genes that likely evaded host restriction/modification (R/M) defenses and controlled its metabolism, and synchronized phage transcription with translation. In contrast, phi38:1 failed to repress host18's transcriptome and proteome, did not evade host R/M defenses or express genes for metabolism control, did not synchronize transcripts with proteins and its protein abundances were likely targeted by host proteases. However, on host38, phi38:1 globally repressed host transcriptome and proteome, synchronized phage transcription with translation, and infected host38 efficiently. Together these findings reveal multiple infection inefficiencies. While this contrasts the single mechanisms often revealed in laboratory mutant studies, it likely better reflects the phage-host interaction dynamics that occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Heather M Brewer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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165
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Abstract
Due to their dependence on cellular organisms for metabolism and replication, viruses are typically named and assigned to species according to their genome structure and the original host that they infect. But because viruses often infect multiple hosts and the numbers of distinct lineages within a host can be vast, their delineation into species is often dictated by arbitrary sequence thresholds, which are highly inconsistent across lineages. Here we apply an approach to determine the boundaries of viral species based on the detection of gene flow within populations, thereby defining viral species according to the biological species concept (BSC). Despite the potential for gene transfer between highly divergent genomes, viruses, like the cellular organisms they infect, assort into reproductively isolated groups and can be organized into biological species. This approach revealed that BSC-defined viral species are often congruent with the taxonomic partitioning based on shared gene contents and host tropism, and that bacteriophages can similarly be classified in biological species. These results open the possibility to use a single, universal definition of species that is applicable across cellular and acellular lifeforms.
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166
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Kropinski AM. Bacteriophage research - What we have learnt and what still needs to be addressed. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:481-487. [PMID: 29777837 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on bacteriophages has significantly enhanced our understanding of molecular biology, the genomes of prokaryotic cells, and viral ecology. Phages and lysins offer a viable alternative to the declining utility of antibiotics in this post-antibiotic era. They also provide ideal teaching tools for genomics and bioinformatics. This article touches on the first 100 years of phage research with the author commenting on what he thinks are the highlights, and what needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 1W1, Canada.
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167
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Kim MS, Bae JW. Lysogeny is prevalent and widely distributed in the murine gut microbiota. THE ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1127-1141. [PMID: 29416123 PMCID: PMC5864201 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are central members and potential modulators of the gut microbiome; however, the ecological and evolutionary relationships of gut bacteria and phages are poorly understood. Here we investigated the abundance and diversity of lysogenic bacteria (lysogens) in the bacterial community of C57BL/6J mice by detecting integrated prophages in genomes reconstructed from the metagenome of commensal bacteria. For the activities of lysogens and prophages, we compared the prophage genomes with the metagenome of free phages. The majority of commensal bacteria in different taxa were identified as lysogens. More lysogens were found among Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, than among Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The prophage genomes shared high sequence similarity with the metagenome of free phages, indicating that most lysogens appeared to be active, and that prophages are spontaneously induced as active phages; dietary interventions changed the composition of the induced prophages. By contrast, CRISPR-Cas systems were present in few commensal bacteria, and were rarely active against gut phages. The structure of the bacteria-phage infection networks was "nested-modular", with modularity emerging across taxonomic scales, indicating that temperate phage features have developed over a long phylogenetic timescale. We concluded that phage generalists contribute to the prevalence of lysogeny in the gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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168
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Accetto T, Janež N. The lytic Myoviridae of Enterobacteriaceae form tight recombining assemblages separated by discontinuities in genome average nucleotide identity and lateral gene flow. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29583117 PMCID: PMC5885020 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Bacteria, a working consensus of species circumscription may have been reached and one of the most prominent criteria is high average nucleotide identity (ANI). ANI in effect groups strains that may recombine more or less frequently, depending on their biology, as opposed to rare interspecies gene transfer. For bacteriophages, which show various lifestyles, the nature of the fundamental natural unit, if it exists in a biological sense, is not well understood and defined. The approaches based on dot-plots are useful to group similar bacteriophages, yet are not quantitative and use arbitrarily set cut-offs. Here, we focus on lytic Myoviridae and test the ANI metric for group delineation. We show that ANI-based groups are in agreement with the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification and already established dot-plot groups, which are occasionally further refined owing to higher resolution of ANI analysis. Furthermore, these groups are separated among themselves by clear ANI discontinuities. Their members readily exchange core genes with each other while they do not with bacteriophages of other ANI groups, not even with the most similar. Thus, ANI-delineated groups may represent the natural units in lytic Myoviridae evolution with features that resemble those encountered in bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Accetto
- 1Biotechnical Faculty, Animal Science Department, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Nika Janež
- 2Center of Excellence for Biosensors Instrumentation and Process Control, Center for Biotechnology, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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de la Cruz Peña MJ, Martinez-Hernandez F, Garcia-Heredia I, Lluesma Gomez M, Fornas Ò, Martinez-Garcia M. Deciphering the Human Virome with Single-Virus Genomics and Metagenomics. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030113. [PMID: 29509721 PMCID: PMC5869506 DOI: 10.3390/v10030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell genomics has unveiled the metabolic potential of dominant microbes inhabiting different environments, including the human body. The lack of genomic information for predominant microbes of the human body, such as bacteriophages, hinders our ability to answer fundamental questions about our viral communities. Here, we applied single-virus genomics (SVGs) to natural human salivary samples in combination with viral metagenomics to gain some insights into the viral community structure of the oral cavity. Saliva samples were processed for viral metagenomics (n = 15) and SVGs (n = 3). A total of 1328 uncultured single viruses were sorted by fluorescence-activated virus sorting followed by whole genome amplification. Sequencing of 24 viral single amplified genomes (vSAGs) showed that half of the vSAGs contained viral hallmark genes. Among those bona fide viruses, the uncultured single virus 92-C13 putatively infecting oral Streptococcus-like species was within the top ≈10 most abundant viruses in the oral virome. Viral gene network and viral metagenomics analyses of 439 oral viruses from cultures, metagenomics, and SVGs revealed that salivary viruses were tentatively structured into ≈200 major viral clusters, corresponding to approximately genus-level groupings. Data showed that none of the publicly available viral isolates, excepting an Actinomyces phage, were significantly abundant in the oral viromes. In addition, none of the obtained viral contigs and vSAGs from this study were present in all viromes. Overall, the data demonstrates that most viral isolates are not naturally abundant in saliva, and furthermore, the predominant viruses in the oral cavity are yet uncharacterized. Results suggest a variable, complex, and interpersonal viral profile. Finally, we demonstrated the power of SVGs in combination with viral metagenomics to unveil the genetic information of the uncultured viruses of the human virome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inmaculada Garcia-Heredia
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mónica Lluesma Gomez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Òscar Fornas
- Flow Cytometry Unit: Pompeu Fabra University (UPF) and Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Sciences and Technology (BIST), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manuel Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
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170
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Aiewsakun P, Simmonds P. The genomic underpinnings of eukaryotic virus taxonomy: creating a sequence-based framework for family-level virus classification. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:38. [PMID: 29458427 PMCID: PMC5819261 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies viruses into families, genera and species and provides a regulated system for their nomenclature that is universally used in virus descriptions. Virus taxonomic assignments have traditionally been based upon virus phenotypic properties such as host range, virion morphology and replication mechanisms, particularly at family level. However, gene sequence comparisons provide a clearer guide to their evolutionary relationships and provide the only information that may guide the incorporation of viruses detected in environmental (metagenomic) studies that lack any phenotypic data. RESULTS The current study sought to determine whether the existing virus taxonomy could be reproduced by examination of genetic relationships through the extraction of protein-coding gene signatures and genome organisational features. We found large-scale consistency between genetic relationships and taxonomic assignments for viruses of all genome configurations and genome sizes. The analysis pipeline that we have called 'Genome Relationships Applied to Virus Taxonomy' (GRAViTy) was highly effective at reproducing the current assignments of viruses at family level as well as inter-family groupings into orders. Its ability to correctly differentiate assigned viruses from unassigned viruses, and classify them into the correct taxonomic group, was evaluated by threefold cross-validation technique. This predicted family membership of eukaryotic viruses with close to 100% accuracy and specificity potentially enabling the algorithm to predict assignments for the vast corpus of metagenomic sequences consistently with ICTV taxonomy rules. In an evaluation run of GRAViTy, over one half (460/921) of (near)-complete genome sequences from several large published metagenomic eukaryotic virus datasets were assigned to 127 novel family-level groupings. If corroborated by other analysis methods, these would potentially more than double the number of eukaryotic virus families in the ICTV taxonomy. CONCLUSIONS A rapid and objective means to explore metagenomic viral diversity and make informed recommendations for their assignments at each taxonomic layer is essential. GRAViTy provides one means to make rule-based assignments at family and order levels in a manner that preserves the integrity and underlying organisational principles of the current ICTV taxonomy framework. Such methods are increasingly required as the vast virosphere is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY UK
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171
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Adriaenssens EM, Wittmann J, Kuhn JH, Turner D, Sullivan MB, Dutilh BE, Jang HB, van Zyl LJ, Klumpp J, Lobocka M, Moreno Switt AI, Rumnieks J, Edwards RA, Uchiyama J, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Petty NK, Kropinski AM, Barylski J, Gillis A, Clokie MRC, Prangishvili D, Lavigne R, Aziz RK, Duffy S, Krupovic M, Poranen MM, Knezevic P, Enault F, Tong Y, Oksanen HM, Rodney Brister J. Taxonomy of prokaryotic viruses: 2017 update from the ICTV Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1125-1129. [PMID: 29356990 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien M Adriaenssens
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Wittmann
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Dann Turner
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, UWE Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Leonardo J van Zyl
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics (IMBM), University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Jochen Klumpp
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malgorzata Lobocka
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrea I Moreno Switt
- Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources School, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janis Rumnieks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Departments of Computer Science and Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-7-71, Chuo-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, 252-0206, Japan
| | - Poliane Alfenas-Zerbini
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology,Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nicola K Petty
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science, and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Martha R C Clokie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - David Prangishvili
- Unit of Molecular Biology of the Gene in Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ramy Karam Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Qasr El-Ainy St, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Unit of Molecular Biology of the Gene in Extremophiles, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Minna M Poranen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petar Knezevic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Francois Enault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanna M Oksanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
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172
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Culley A. New insight into the RNA aquatic virosphere via viromics. Virus Res 2017; 244:84-89. [PMID: 29138044 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses that infect microbes are now recognized as an active, persistent and important component of the aquatic microbial community. While some information about the diversity and dynamics of the RNA virioplankton has been derived from culture-based and single gene approaches, research based on viromic and metatransciptomic methods has generated unprecedented insight into this relatively understudied class of microbes. Here, the relevant literature is summarized and discussed, including viromic studies of extracellular aquatic RNA viral assemblages, and transcriptomic studies of active and associated RNA viruses from aquatic environments followed by commentary on the present challenges and future directions of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Culley
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre d'études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Takuvik, Unité Mixte Interntionale (UMI 3376) Université Laval (Canada) & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Québec QC GIV 0A6, Canada.
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173
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Roux S, Emerson JB, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Sullivan MB. Benchmarking viromics: an in silico evaluation of metagenome-enabled estimates of viral community composition and diversity. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3817. [PMID: 28948103 PMCID: PMC5610896 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral metagenomics (viromics) is increasingly used to obtain uncultivated viral genomes, evaluate community diversity, and assess ecological hypotheses. While viromic experimental methods are relatively mature and widely accepted by the research community, robust bioinformatics standards remain to be established. Here we used in silico mock viral communities to evaluate the viromic sequence-to-ecological-inference pipeline, including (i) read pre-processing and metagenome assembly, (ii) thresholds applied to estimate viral relative abundances based on read mapping to assembled contigs, and (iii) normalization methods applied to the matrix of viral relative abundances for alpha and beta diversity estimates. Results Tools specifically designed for metagenomes, specifically metaSPAdes, MEGAHIT, and IDBA-UD, were the most effective at assembling viromes. Read pre-processing, such as partitioning, had virtually no impact on assembly output, but may be useful when hardware is limited. Viral populations with 2–5 × coverage typically assembled well, whereas lesser coverage led to fragmented assembly. Strain heterogeneity within populations hampered assembly, especially when strains were closely related (average nucleotide identity, or ANI ≥97%) and when the most abundant strain represented <50% of the population. Viral community composition assessments based on read recruitment were generally accurate when the following thresholds for detection were applied: (i) ≥10 kb contig lengths to define populations, (ii) coverage defined from reads mapping at ≥90% identity, and (iii) ≥75% of contig length with ≥1 × coverage. Finally, although data are limited to the most abundant viruses in a community, alpha and beta diversity patterns were robustly estimated (±10%) when comparing samples of similar sequencing depth, but more divergent (up to 80%) when sequencing depth was uneven across the dataset. In the latter cases, the use of normalization methods specifically developed for metagenomes provided the best estimates. Conclusions These simulations provide benchmarks for selecting analysis cut-offs and establish that an optimized sample-to-ecological-inference viromics pipeline is robust for making ecological inferences from natural viral communities. Continued development to better accessing RNA, rare, and/or diverse viral populations and improved reference viral genome availability will alleviate many of viromics remaining limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roux
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Emiley A Eloe-Fadrosh
- Joint Genome Institute, Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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174
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Martinez-Hernandez F, Fornas O, Lluesma Gomez M, Bolduc B, de la Cruz Peña MJ, Martínez JM, Anton J, Gasol JM, Rosselli R, Rodriguez-Valera F, Sullivan MB, Acinas SG, Martinez-Garcia M. Single-virus genomics reveals hidden cosmopolitan and abundant viruses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15892. [PMID: 28643787 PMCID: PMC5490008 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes drive ecosystems under constraints imposed by viruses. However, a lack of virus genome information hinders our ability to answer fundamental, biological questions concerning microbial communities. Here we apply single-virus genomics (SVGs) to assess whether portions of marine viral communities are missed by current techniques. The majority of the here-identified 44 viral single-amplified genomes (vSAGs) are more abundant in global ocean virome data sets than published metagenome-assembled viral genomes or isolates. This indicates that vSAGs likely best represent the dsDNA viral populations dominating the oceans. Species-specific recruitment patterns and virome simulation data suggest that vSAGs are highly microdiverse and that microdiversity hinders the metagenomic assembly, which could explain why their genomes have not been identified before. Altogether, SVGs enable the discovery of some of the likely most abundant and ecologically relevant marine viral species, such as vSAG 37-F6, which were overlooked by other methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martinez-Hernandez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Oscar Fornas
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Carrer del Doctor Aiguader, 88, PRBB Building, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Carrer del Doctor Aiguader, 88, PRBB Building, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Monica Lluesma Gomez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Maria Jose de la Cruz Peña
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Martínez
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, 60 Bigelow Drive, PO Box 380, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, USA
| | - Josefa Anton
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Josep M. Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC, Passeig Marítim, 47, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Riccardo Rosselli
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus San Juan, San Juan, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus San Juan, San Juan, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Matthew B. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, The Ohio State University, 105 Biological Sciences Building, 484 West 12th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Silvia G. Acinas
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM), CSIC, Passeig Marítim, 47, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante 03690, Spain
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