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Sivakumar S, Young MJ, Popilevsky L. New-Onset Intermittent Deceleration-Dependent Left Bundle Branch Block Following Induction of General Anesthesia in a Healthy Patient: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e55211. [PMID: 38425331 PMCID: PMC10902872 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report aims to highlight an atypical presentation of deceleration-dependent aberrancy (DDA) following the induction of general anesthesia in a patient with no known cardiac history. It emphasizes the critical role of intraoperative monitoring and the potential effects of anesthetic agents on the cardiac conduction system. A 46-year-old Hispanic male with no significant past medical or surgical history presented for surgical repair of a comminuted radial fracture. Following anesthesia induction with propofol, midazolam, and fentanyl, he developed a transient left bundle branch block (LBBB) exhibiting deceleration-dependent characteristics. Despite stable hemodynamics, the LBBB pattern appeared at heart rates below 60 beats per minute and resolved with heart rates above 90 beats per minute. This was managed intraoperatively with glycopyrrolate. Postoperative evaluations, including a 12-lead ECG, echocardiogram, and nuclear stress test, indicated normal biventricular function with a small to moderate reversible perfusion defect. The patient did not report cardiac symptoms postoperatively and did not prefer to undergo a coronary angiogram. This report underscores the importance of recognizing rate-dependent LBBB as a potential intraoperative complication, even in patients without pre-existing cardiac conditions. The transient nature of DDA, influenced by anesthetic agents and managed through careful monitoring and pharmacological intervention, highlights the necessity for vigilance in perioperative settings. This case contributes to a growing body of evidence suggesting that anesthetic management may require tailored approaches for patients experiencing or at risk for conduction abnormalities. This case illustrates the complexities of cardiac conduction disturbances such as DDA in the context of general anesthesia, serving as a reminder of the importance of thorough monitoring and the judicious use of rate-modifying drugs. It fosters a deeper understanding of the interaction between anesthesia and cardiac electrophysiology. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms and management strategies for anesthetic-related cardiac conduction abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Young
- Anesthesiology, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, USA
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Sivakumar S, Young MJ, Krishna B, Mendonca R. Pulmonary Aspiration During Procedural Sedation for Colonoscopy Managed With Two Endotracheal Tubes and A McGrath Laryngoscope. Cureus 2022; 14:e26601. [PMID: 35949734 PMCID: PMC9357254 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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3
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Krupovic M, Turner D, Morozova V, Dyall-Smith M, Oksanen HM, Edwards R, Dutilh BE, Lehman SM, Reyes A, Baquero DP, Sullivan MB, Uchiyama J, Nakavuma J, Barylski J, Young MJ, Du S, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Kushkina A, Kropinski AM, Kurtböke I, Brister JR, Lood C, Sarkar BL, Yigang T, Liu Y, Huang L, Wittmann J, Chanishvili N, van Zyl LJ, Rumnieks J, Mochizuki T, Jalasvuori M, Aziz RK, Łobocka M, Stedman KM, Shkoporov AN, Gillis A, Peng X, Enault F, Knezevic P, Lavigne R, Rhee SK, Cvirkaite-Krupovic V, Moraru C, Moreno Switt AI, Poranen MM, Millard A, Prangishvili D, Adriaenssens EM. Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the ICTV: update of taxonomy changes in 2021. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3239-3244. [PMID: 34417873 PMCID: PMC8497307 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dann Turner
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Vera Morozova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mike Dyall-Smith
- Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hanna M Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rob Edwards
- Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susan M Lehman
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, USA
| | - Alejandro Reyes
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Jesca Nakavuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Collegium Biologicum-Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mark J Young
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Shishen Du
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Alla Kushkina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Ipek Kurtböke
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - J Rodney Brister
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - B L Sarkar
- Emeritus ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tong Yigang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes Wittmann
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Chanishvili
- The Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, MIcrobiology and Virology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Janis Rumnieks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tomohiro Mochizuki
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University and Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
| | - Małgorzata Łobocka
- Laboratory of Bacteriophage Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kenneth M Stedman
- Biology Department and Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, USA
| | | | - Annika Gillis
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Xu Peng
- Microbial Immunity Group, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - François Enault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Petar Knezevic
- Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Sung-Keun Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Cristina Moraru
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andrea I Moreno Switt
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Minna M Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Loveday EK, Hain KS, Kochetkova I, Hedges JF, Robison A, Snyder DT, Brumfield SK, Young MJ, Jutila MA, Chang CB, Taylor MP. Effect of Inactivation Methods on SARS-CoV-2 Virion Protein and Structure. Viruses 2021; 13:562. [PMID: 33810401 PMCID: PMC8066162 DOI: 10.3390/v13040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) dictates that live-virus research is conducted in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility. Working with SARS-CoV-2 at lower biosafety levels can expedite research yet requires the virus to be fully inactivated. In this study, we validated and compared two protocols for inactivating SARS-CoV-2: heat treatment and ultraviolet irradiation. The two methods were optimized to render the virus completely incapable of infection while limiting the destructive effects of inactivation. We observed that 15 min of incubation at 65 °C completely inactivates high titer viral stocks. Complete inactivation was also achieved with minimal amounts of UV power (70,000 µJ/cm2), which is 100-fold less power than comparable studies. Once validated, the two methods were then compared for viral RNA quantification, virion purification, and antibody detection assays. We observed that UV irradiation resulted in a 2-log reduction of detectable genomes compared to heat inactivation. Protein yield following virion enrichment was equivalent for all inactivation conditions, but the quality of resulting viral proteins and virions were differentially impacted depending on inactivation method and time. Here, we outline the strengths and weaknesses of each method so that investigators might choose the one which best meets their research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Loveday
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (E.K.L.); (C.B.C.)
| | - Kyle S. Hain
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Deann T. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Susan K. Brumfield
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Montana State University; Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (S.K.B.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Montana State University; Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (S.K.B.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Connie B. Chang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (E.K.L.); (C.B.C.)
| | - Matthew P. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
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Lawrence CM, Hartman R, Eilers BJ, Young MJ. The Molecular Mechanism of Cellular Attachment for an Archaeal Virus. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hartman R, Eilers BJ, Bollschweiler D, Munson-McGee JH, Engelhardt H, Young MJ, Lawrence CM. The Molecular Mechanism of Cellular Attachment for an Archaeal Virus. Structure 2019; 27:1634-1646.e3. [PMID: 31587916 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) is a model archaeal virus and member of the PRD1-adenovirus lineage. Although STIV employs pyramidal lysis structures to exit the host, knowledge of the viral entry process is lacking. We therefore initiated studies on STIV attachment and entry. Negative stain and cryoelectron micrographs showed virion attachment to pili-like structures emanating from the Sulfolobus host. Tomographic reconstruction and sub-tomogram averaging revealed pili recognition by the STIV C381 turret protein. Specifically, the triple jelly roll structure of C381 determined by X-ray crystallography shows that pilus recognition is mediated by conserved surface residues in the second and third domains. In addition, the STIV petal protein (C557), when present, occludes the pili binding site, suggesting that it functions as a maturation protein. Combined, these results demonstrate a role for the namesake STIV turrets in initial cellular attachment and provide the first molecular model for viral attachment in the archaeal domain of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Hartman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Brian J Eilers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Daniel Bollschweiler
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jacob H Munson-McGee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Harald Engelhardt
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark J Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; The Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - C Martin Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; The Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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Abstract
Introduction Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is considered the gold standard surgical treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The number of TURPs performed has declined significantly over the last three decades owing to pharmaceutical therapy. TURP data from a single institution for the years 1990, 2000 and 2010 were compared to assess the difference in performance. Methods A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all patients who underwent TURP between January and December 2010. These findings were compared with historical data for the years 1990 and 2000: 100 sets of case notes were selected randomly from each of these years. Results The number of TURPs performed fell from 326 in 1990 to 113 in 2010. The mean age of patients increased from 70.6 years to 74.0 years. There was also a significant increase in the mean ASA grade from 1.9 to 2.3. The most common indication for TURP shifted from LUTS to acute urinary retention. No significant change in operating time was observed. The mean resection weight remained constant (22.95g in 1990, 22.55g in 2000, 20.76g in 2010). A reduction in transfusion rates was observed but there were higher rates of secondary haematuria and bladder neck stenosis. There was an increase from 2% to 11.5% of patients with long-term failure to void following TURP. Conclusions The number of TURPs performed continues to decline, which could lead to potential training issues. Urinary retention is still by far the most common indication. However, there has been a significant rise in the percentage of men presenting for TURP with high pressure chronic retention. The number of patients with bladder dysfunction who either have persistent storage LUTS or eventually require long-term catheterisation or intermittent self-catheterisation has increased markedly, which raises the question of what the long-term real life impact of medical therapy is on men with LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia who eventually require surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- MJ Young
- York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - T Morrison
- York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - JR Wilson
- York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Fouqueau T, Blombach F, Hartman R, Cheung ACM, Young MJ, Werner F. The transcript cleavage factor paralogue TFS4 is a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1914. [PMID: 29203770 PMCID: PMC5715097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TFIIS-like transcript cleavage factors enhance the processivity and fidelity of archaeal and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Sulfolobus solfataricus TFS1 functions as a bona fide cleavage factor, while the paralogous TFS4 evolved into a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor. TFS4 destabilises the TBP–TFB–RNAP pre-initiation complex and inhibits transcription initiation and elongation. All inhibitory activities are dependent on three lysine residues at the tip of the C-terminal zinc ribbon of TFS4; the inhibition likely involves an allosteric component and is mitigated by the basal transcription factor TFEα/β. A chimeric variant of yeast TFIIS and TFS4 inhibits RNAPII transcription, suggesting that the molecular basis of inhibition is conserved between archaea and eukaryotes. TFS4 expression in S. solfataricus is induced in response to infection with the Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus. Our results reveal a compelling functional diversification of cleavage factors in archaea, and provide novel insights into transcription inhibition in the context of the host–virus relationship. Transcript cleavage factors such as eukaryotic TFIIS assist the resumption of transcription following RNA pol II backtracking. Here the authors find that one of the Sulfolobus solfataricus TFIIS homolog—TFS4—has evolved into a potent RNA polymerase inhibitor potentially involved in antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fouqueau
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fabian Blombach
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ross Hartman
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, 173520, Bozeman, MT, MT 59717, USA
| | - Alan C M Cheung
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark J Young
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, 173520, Bozeman, MT, MT 59717, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, 173150, Bozeman, MT, MT 59717, USA
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute of Structural & Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Uldahl KB, Walk ST, Olshefsky SC, Young MJ, Peng X. SMV1, an extremely stable thermophilic virus platform for nanoparticle trafficking in the mammalian GI tract. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1286-1297. [PMID: 28891224 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Analysis of the stability and safety of Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 (SMV1) during passage through the mammalian GI tract. METHODS AND RESULTS A major challenge of using nano-vectors to target gut microbiome is their survival during passage through the extremely acidic and proteolytic environment of the mammalian GI tract. Here, we investigated the thermo-acidophilic archaeal virus SMV1 as a candidate therapeutic nano-vector for the distal mammalian GI tract microbiome. We investigated the anatomical distribution, vector stability and immunogenicity of this virus following oral ingestion in mice and compared these traits to the more classically used Inovirus vector M13KE. We found that SMV1 particles were highly stable under both simulated GI tract conditions (in vitro) and in mice (in vivo). Moreover, SMV1 could not be detected in tissues outside the GI tract and it elicited a nearly undetectable inflammatory response. Finally, we used human intestinal organoids (HIOs) to show that labelled SMV1 did not invade or otherwise perturb the human GI tract epithelium. CONCLUSION Sulfolobus monocaudavirus 1 appeared stable and safe during passage though the mammalian GI tract. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study evaluating an archaeal virus as a potential therapeutic nanoparticle delivery system and it opens new possibilities for future development of novel nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Uldahl
- Danish Archaea Centre and Department of biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - S C Olshefsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - M J Young
- Thermal Biology Institute and Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - X Peng
- Danish Archaea Centre and Department of biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Young MJ, Benson E. Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Med Decis Making 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0272989x8900904s01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nedeljkovic SS, Correll DJ, Bao X, Zamor N, Zeballos JL, Zhang Y, Young MJ, Ledley J, Sorace J, Eng K, Hamsher CP, Maniam R, Chin JW, Tsui B, Cho S, Lee DH. Randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of VVZ-149 injections for postoperative pain following laparoscopic colorectal surgery. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e011035. [PMID: 28213593 PMCID: PMC5318554 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In spite of advances in understanding and technology, postoperative pain remains poorly treated for a significant number of patients. In colorectal surgery, the need for developing novel analgesics is especially important. Patients after bowel surgery are assessed for rapid return of bowel function and opioids worsen ileus, nausea and constipation. We describe a prospective, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial testing the hypothesis that a novel analgesic drug, VVZ -149, is safe and effective in improving pain compared with providing opioid analgesia alone among adults undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Based on sample size calculations for primary outcome, we plan to enrol 120 participants. Adult patients without significant medical comorbidities or ongoing opioid use and who are undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery will be enrolled. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either VVZ-149 with intravenous (IV) hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) or the control intervention (IV PCA alone) in the postoperative period. The primary outcome is the Sum of Pain Intensity Difference over 8 hours (SPID-8 postdose). Participants receive VVZ-149 for 8 hours postoperatively to the primary study end point, after which they continue to be assessed for up to 24 hours. We measure opioid consumption, record pain intensity and pain relief, and evaluate the number of rescue doses and requests for opioid. To assess safety, we record sedation, nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, laboratory tests and ECG readings after study drug administration. We evaluate for possible confounders of analgesic response, such as anxiety, depression and catastrophising behaviours. The study will also collect blood sample data and evaluate for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval of the study protocol has been obtained from Institutional Review Boards at the participating institutions. Trial results will be disseminated through scientific conference presentations and by publication in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02489526; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan S Nedeljkovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darin J Correll
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaodong Bao
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natacha Zamor
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jose L Zeballos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Young
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johanna Ledley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Sorace
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen Eng
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlyle P Hamsher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajivan Maniam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan W Chin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Becky Tsui
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Doo H Lee
- Vivozon, Inc. Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Abstract
Eight subjects' abilities to detect changes in system latency during voluntary lateral hand movement of virtual objects were studied in an immersing virtual environment. A two-alternative forced choice procedure was used in which discrimination of latency was studied with respect to three reference latencies: 27, 94, and 194 msec. Results show that subjects are able to reliably detect changes definitely less than 33 msec and probably less than 16.7 msec. Strikingly, for the short latencies we examined, subjects' ability to detect latency changes does not depend upon the base latency we used as a reference. Thus, the discrimination we studied does not appear to follow Weber's law and may provide evidence for quick adaptation to the reference latencies used.
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13
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Abstract
We present the case of a 72-year-old man with a history of anuria from his ileal conduit 15 months following its formation. That conduit had become incarcerated in a right-sided ingunial hernia. The patient presented with anuria and an acute kidney injury. A clincal diagnosis of an incarcerated hernia was made, and he was taken to theatre for reduction and repair of the hernia. On removal of the conduit from the hernial sac, it began to drain immediately. He made a full recovery, with normalisation of his renal function.
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14
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Bolduc B, Wirth JF, Mazurie A, Young MJ. Viral assemblage composition in Yellowstone acidic hot springs assessed by network analysis. ISME J 2015; 9:2162-77. [PMID: 26125684 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of viral assemblage structure in natural environments remains a daunting task. Total viral assemblage sequencing (for example, viral metagenomics) provides a tractable approach. However, even with the availability of next-generation sequencing technology it is usually only possible to obtain a fragmented view of viral assemblages in natural ecosystems. In this study, we applied a network-based approach in combination with viral metagenomics to investigate viral assemblage structure in the high temperature, acidic hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Our results show that this approach can identify distinct viral groups and provide insights into the viral assemblage structure. We identified 110 viral groups in the hot springs environment, with each viral group likely representing a viral family at the sub-family taxonomic level. Most of these viral groups are previously unknown DNA viruses likely infecting archaeal hosts. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of combining viral assemblage sequencing approaches with network analysis to gain insights into viral assemblage structure in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bolduc
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology and, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jennifer F Wirth
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology and, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Aurélien Mazurie
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Mark J Young
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology and, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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15
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Snyder JC, Bolduc B, Young MJ. 40 Years of archaeal virology: Expanding viral diversity. Virology 2015; 479-480:369-78. [PMID: 25866378 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The first archaeal virus was isolated over 40 years ago prior to the recognition of the three domain structure of life. In the ensuing years, our knowledge of Archaea and their viruses has increased, but they still remain the most mysterious of life's three domains. Currently, over 100 archaeal viruses have been discovered, but few have been described in biochemical or structural detail. However, those that have been characterized have revealed a new world of structural, biochemical and genetic diversity. Several model systems for studying archaeal virus-host interactions have been developed, revealing evolutionary linkages between viruses infecting the three domains of life, new viral lysis systems, and unusual features of host-virus interactions. It is likely that the study of archaeal viruses will continue to provide fertile ground for fundamental discoveries in virus diversity, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University - Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Departments of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Mark J Young
- Departments of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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16
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Abstract
In bacteria and archaea, viruses are the primary infectious agents, acting as virulent, often deadly pathogens. A form of adaptive immune defense known as CRISPR-Cas enables microbial cells to acquire immunity to viral pathogens by recognizing specific sequences encoded in viral genomes. The unique biology of this system results in evolutionary dynamics of host and viral diversity that cannot be fully explained by the traditional models used to describe microbe-virus coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we show how the CRISPR-mediated adaptive immune response of hosts to invading viruses facilitates the emergence of an evolutionary mode we call distributed immunity - the coexistence of multiple, equally-fit immune alleles among individuals in a microbial population. We use an eco-evolutionary modeling framework to quantify distributed immunity and demonstrate how it emerges and fluctuates in multi-strain communities of hosts and viruses as a consequence of CRISPR-induced coevolution under conditions of low viral mutation and high relative numbers of viral protospacers. We demonstrate that distributed immunity promotes sustained diversity and stability in host communities and decreased viral population density that can lead to viral extinction. We analyze sequence diversity of experimentally coevolving populations of Streptococcus thermophilus and their viruses where CRISPR-Cas is active, and find the rapid emergence of distributed immunity in the host population, demonstrating the importance of this emergent phenomenon in evolving microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Childs
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Whitney E. England
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Young
- Thermal Biology Institute and Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Montana, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Weitz
- School of Biology and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSW); (RJW)
| | - Rachel J. Whitaker
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSW); (RJW)
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17
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Abstract
The Archaea-and their viruses-remain the most enigmatic of life's three domains. Once thought to inhabit only extreme environments, archaea are now known to inhabit diverse environments. Even though the first archaeal virus was described over 40 years ago, only 117 archaeal viruses have been discovered to date. Despite this small number, these viruses have painted a portrait of enormous morphological and genetic diversity. For example, research centered around the various steps of the archaeal virus life cycle has led to the discovery of unique mechanisms employed by archaeal viruses during replication, maturation, and virion release. In many instances, archaeal virus proteins display very low levels of sequence homology to other proteins listed in the public database, and therefore, structural characterization of these proteins has played an integral role in functional assignment. These structural studies have not only provided insights into structure-function relationships but have also identified links between viruses across all three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Dellas
- Thermal Biology Institute and Departments of.,Plant Sciences and
| | - Jamie C Snyder
- Thermal Biology Institute and Departments of.,Plant Sciences and
| | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Thermal Biology Institute and Departments of.,Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717;
| | - Mark J Young
- Thermal Biology Institute and Departments of.,Plant Sciences and
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18
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Buckle KN, Young MJ, Alley MR. Investigation of an outbreak of craniofacial deformity in yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) chicks. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:250-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.906332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Shen JZ, Morgan J, Tesch GH, Fuller PJ, Young MJ. CCL2-dependent macrophage recruitment is critical for mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and blood pressure responses in male mice. Endocrinology 2014. [PMID: 24428529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that mice with selective deletion of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in macrophages are protected from mineralocorticoid-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertension without altering cardiac macrophage accumulation. However, it is unclear whether preventing macrophages from entering cardiac tissue would provide similar or additional protection in this disease setting. Therefore, we examined mineralocorticoid-induced cardiovascular disease in mice lacking the CCL2 gene (encoding monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), which have a markedly reduced capacity to recruit proinflammatory tissue macrophages. Male wild-type (WT) and CCL2-null mice were treated for 8 days or 8 weeks with either vehicle (control, CON) or deoxycorticosterone (DOC). At both time points, there was a significant reduction in DOC-induced macrophage recruitment (50% at 8 d and 75% at 8 wk) in the heart with a corresponding suppression of cardiac inflammatory markers in the CCL2-null mice. CCL2-null mice given DOC/salt also displayed 35% less cardiac fibrosis at 8 weeks vs WT DOC. Absence of recruited macrophages in CCL2-null mice promotes greater collagen breakdown by matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the heart and also leads to significantly reduced cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast numbers. Systolic blood pressure (BP) after DOC/salt was significantly lower in CCL2-null than for WT mice. In the aorta at 8 weeks, MR-responsive gene expression remained intact. However, macrophage-mediated proinflammatory gene expression was reduced in the CCL2-null mice and may account for differential regulation of BP. Our data thus demonstrate an important role for CCL2-dependent macrophage recruitment in MR-dependent cardiac inflammation and remodeling and in the regulation of systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Shen
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research (J.Z.S., J.M., P.J.F., M.J.Y.); Departments of Medicine (J.Z.S., G.H.T., P.J.F., M.J.Y.) and Physiology (M.J.Y.), Monash University; and Department of Nephrology (G.H.T.), Monash Medical Centre, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Maaty WS, Steffens JD, Heinemann J, Ortmann AC, Reeves BD, Biswas SK, Dratz EA, Grieco PA, Young MJ, Bothner B. Global analysis of viral infection in an archaeal model system. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:411. [PMID: 23233852 PMCID: PMC3518317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolutionary relationship of viruses is poorly understood. This makes archaeal virus-host systems of particular interest because the hosts generally root near the base of phylogenetic trees, while some of the viruses have clear structural similarities to those that infect prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Despite the advantageous position for use in evolutionary studies, little is known about archaeal viruses or how they interact with their hosts, compared to viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. In addition, many archaeal viruses have been isolated from extreme environments and present a unique opportunity for elucidating factors that are important for existence at the extremes. In this article we focus on virus-host interactions using a proteomics approach to study Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus (STIV) infection of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. Using cultures grown from the ATCC cell stock, a single cycle of STIV infection was sampled six times over a 72 h period. More than 700 proteins were identified throughout the course of the experiments. Seventy one host proteins were found to change their concentration by nearly twofold (p < 0.05) with 40 becoming more abundant and 31 less abundant. The modulated proteins represent 30 different cell pathways and 14 clusters of orthologous groups. 2D gel analysis showed that changes in post-translational modifications were a common feature of the affected proteins. The results from these studies showed that the prokaryotic antiviral adaptive immune system CRISPR-associated proteins (CAS proteins) were regulated in response to the virus infection. It was found that regulated proteins come from mRNAs with a shorter than average half-life. In addition, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) profiling on 2D-gels showed caspase, hydrolase, and tyrosine phosphatase enzyme activity labeling at the protein isoform level. Together, this data provides a more detailed global view of archaeal cellular responses to viral infection, demonstrates the power of quantitative two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and ABPP using 2D gel compatible fluorescent dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S Maaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
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21
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Abstract
Optimal perioperative analgesia for infants and children after major abdominal surgery poses a challenge when central neuraxial techniques are contraindicated. As a regional anesthesia technique, the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has been shown to reduce opioid consumption and improve pain scores compared to traditional perioperative pain strategies. Accordingly, TAP blocks may be considered as an alternative to central neuraxial analgesia to optimize perioperative pain control. Advancements in ultrasound technology have further improved the reliability and safety profile of this technique. Despite growing recognition of the diverse clinical scenarios where TAP blocks may be of benefit, its use among pediatric anesthesiologists remains limited. This article describes the history, anatomy, and a review of the current literature on TAP blocks with an emphasis on outcomes in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Mai
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Checa-Casalengua P, Jiang C, Bravo-Osuna I, Tucker BA, Molina-Martínez IT, Young MJ, Herrero-Vanrell R. Preservation of biological activity of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) after microencapsulation and sterilization by gamma irradiation. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:545-54. [PMID: 22828071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A main issue in controlled delivery of biotechnological products from injectable biodegradable microspheres is to preserve their integrity and functional activity after the microencapsulation process and final sterilization. The present experimental work tested different technological approaches to maintain the biological activity of an encapsulated biotechnological product within PLGA [poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)] microspheres (MS) after their sterilization by gamma irradiation. GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor), useful in the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases, was chosen as a labile model protein. In the particular case of optic nerve degeneration, GDNF has been demonstrated to improve the damaged retinal ganglion cells (RGC) survival. GDNF was encapsulated in its molecular state by the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) technique or as solid according to the solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) method. Based on the S/O/W technique, GDNF was included in the PLGA microspheres alone (S/O/W 1) or in combination with an antioxidant (vitamin E, Vit E) (S/O/W 2). Microspheres were sterilized by gamma-irradiation (dose of 25 kGy) at room and low (-78 °C) temperatures. Functional activity of GDNF released from the different microspheres was evaluated both before and after sterilization in their potential target cells (retinal cells). Although none of the systems proposed achieved with the goal of totally retain the structural stability of the GDNF-dimer, the protein released from the S/O/W 2 microspheres was clearly the most biologically active, showing significantly less retinal cell death than that released from either W/O/W or S/O/W 1 particles, even in low amounts of the neurotrophic factor. According to the results presented in this work, the biological activity of biotechnological products after microencapsulation and sterilization can be further preserved by the inclusion of the active molecule in its solid state in combination with antioxidants and using low temperature (-78 °C) during gamma irradiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Checa-Casalengua
- Dep. of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Avd. Complutense s/n, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
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23
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Schlenker C, Goel A, Tripet BP, Menon S, Willi T, Dlakić M, Young MJ, Lawrence CM, Copié V. Structural studies of E73 from a hyperthermophilic archaeal virus identify the "RH3" domain, an elaborated ribbon-helix-helix motif involved in DNA recognition. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2899-910. [PMID: 22409376 PMCID: PMC3326356 DOI: 10.1021/bi201791s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses, including Sulfolobus spindle-shaped viruses (SSVs) such as SSV-1 and SSV-Ragged Hills, exhibit remarkable morphology and genetic diversity. However, they remain poorly understood, in part because their genomes exhibit limited or unrecognizable sequence similarity to genes with known function. Here we report structural and functional studies of E73, a 73-residue homodimeric protein encoded within the SSV-Ragged Hills genome. Despite lacking significant sequence similarity, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure reveals clear similarity to ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) domains present in numerous proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. In vitro double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding experiments confirm the ability of E73 to bind dsDNA in a nonspecific manner with micromolar affinity, and characterization of the K11E variant confirms the location of the predicted DNA binding surface. E73 is distinct, however, from known RHH domains. The RHH motif is elaborated upon by the insertion of a third helix that is tightly integrated into the structural domain, giving rise to the "RH3" fold. Within the homodimer, this helix results in the formation of a conserved, symmetric cleft distal to the DNA binding surface, where it may mediate protein-protein interactions or contribute to the high thermal stability of E73. Analysis of backbone amide dynamics by NMR provides evidence of a rigid core, fast picosecond to nanosecond time scale NH bond vector motions for residues located within the antiparallel β-sheet region of the proposed DNA-binding surface, and slower microsecond to millisecond time scale motions for residues in the α1-α2 loop. The roles of E73 and its SSV homologues in the viral life cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Anupam Goel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Brian P. Tripet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Smita Menon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Taylor Willi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Mensur Dlakić
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - C Martin Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Valérie Copié
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
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24
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Childs LM, Held NL, Young MJ, Whitaker RJ, Weitz JS. Multiscale model of CRISPR-induced coevolutionary dynamics: diversification at the interface of Lamarck and Darwin. Evolution 2012; 66:2015-29. [PMID: 22759281 PMCID: PMC3437473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) system is a recently discovered type of adaptive immune defense in bacteria and archaea that functions via directed incorporation of viral and plasmid DNA into host genomes. Here, we introduce a multiscale model of dynamic coevolution between hosts and viruses in an ecological context that incorporates CRISPR immunity principles. We analyze the model to test whether and how CRISPR immunity induces host and viral diversification and the maintenance of many coexisting strains. We show that hosts and viruses coevolve to form highly diverse communities. We observe the punctuated replacement of existent strains, such that populations have very low similarity compared over the long term. However, in the short term, we observe evolutionary dynamics consistent with both incomplete selective sweeps of novel strains (as single strains and coalitions) and the recurrence of previously rare strains. Coalitions of multiple dominant host strains are predicted to arise because host strains can have nearly identical immune phenotypes mediated by CRISPR defense albeit with different genotypes. We close by discussing how our explicit eco-evolutionary model of CRISPR immunity can help guide efforts to understand the drivers of diversity seen in microbial communities where CRISPR systems are active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Childs
- School of Biology and School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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25
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Maaty WS, Selvig K, Ryder S, Tarlykov P, Hilmer JK, Heinemann J, Steffens J, Snyder JC, Ortmann AC, Movahed N, Spicka K, Chetia L, Grieco PA, Dratz EA, Douglas T, Young MJ, Bothner B. Proteomic analysis of Sulfolobus solfataricus during Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus infection. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1420-32. [PMID: 22217245 DOI: 10.1021/pr201087v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Where there is life, there are viruses. The impact of viruses on evolution, global nutrient cycling, and disease has driven research on their cellular and molecular biology. Knowledge exists for a wide range of viruses; however, a major exception are viruses with archaeal hosts. Archaeal virus-host systems are of great interest because they have similarities to both eukaryotic and bacterial systems and often live in extreme environments. Here we report the first proteomics-based experiments on archaeal host response to viral infection. Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus (STIV) infection of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 was studied using 1D and 2D differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to measure abundance and redox changes. Cysteine reactivity was measured using novel fluorescent zwitterionic chemical probes that, together with abundance changes, suggest that virus and host are both vying for control of redox status in the cells. Proteins from nearly 50% of the predicted viral open reading frames were found along with a new STIV protein with a homologue in STIV2. This study provides insight to features of viral replication novel to the archaea, makes strong connections to well-described mechanisms used by eukaryotic viruses such as ESCRT-III mediated transport, and emphasizes the complementary nature of different omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S Maaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States
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26
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Lintner NG, Kerou M, Brumfield SK, Graham S, Liu H, Naismith JH, Sdano M, Peng N, She Q, Copié V, Young MJ, White MF, Lawrence CM. Structural and functional characterization of an archaeal clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated complex for antiviral defense (CASCADE). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21643-56. [PMID: 21507944 PMCID: PMC3122221 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.238485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, many prokaryotes incorporate fragments of virus-derived DNA into loci called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). The loci are then transcribed, and the processed CRISPR transcripts are used to target invading viral DNA and RNA. The Escherichia coli "CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense" (CASCADE) is central in targeting invading DNA. Here we report the structural and functional characterization of an archaeal CASCADE (aCASCADE) from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Tagged Csa2 (Cas7) expressed in S. solfataricus co-purifies with Cas5a-, Cas6-, Csa5-, and Cas6-processed CRISPR-RNA (crRNA). Csa2, the dominant protein in aCASCADE, forms a stable complex with Cas5a. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a helical complex of variable length, perhaps due to substoichiometric amounts of other CASCADE components. A recombinant Csa2-Cas5a complex is sufficient to bind crRNA and complementary ssDNA. The structure of Csa2 reveals a crescent-shaped structure unexpectedly composed of a modified RNA-recognition motif and two additional domains present as insertions in the RNA-recognition motif. Conserved residues indicate potential crRNA- and target DNA-binding sites, and the H160A variant shows significantly reduced affinity for crRNA. We propose a general subunit architecture for CASCADE in other bacteria and Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melina Kerou
- the Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom, and
| | - Susan K. Brumfield
- From the Thermal Biology Institute
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Shirley Graham
- the Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom, and
| | - Huanting Liu
- the Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom, and
| | - James H. Naismith
- the Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom, and
| | - Matthew Sdano
- From the Thermal Biology Institute
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Nan Peng
- the Department of Biology, Archaea Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Qunxin She
- the Department of Biology, Archaea Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Valérie Copié
- From the Thermal Biology Institute
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
| | - Mark J. Young
- From the Thermal Biology Institute
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Malcolm F. White
- the Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom, and
| | - C. Martin Lawrence
- From the Thermal Biology Institute
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
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27
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Uchida M, Kosuge H, Terashima M, Willits DA, Liepold LO, Young MJ, McConnell MV, Douglas T. Protein cage nanoparticles bearing the LyP-1 peptide for enhanced imaging of macrophage-rich vascular lesions. ACS Nano 2011; 5:2493-502. [PMID: 21391720 PMCID: PMC3082619 DOI: 10.1021/nn102863y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cage-like protein nanoparticles are promising platforms for cell- and tissue-specific targeted delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents. Here, we have successfully modified the 12 nm small heat shock protein from Methanococcus jannaschii (MjHsp) to detect atherosclerotic plaque lesions in a mouse model system. As macrophages are centrally involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, targeted imaging of macrophages is valuable to assess the biologic status of the blood vessel wall. LyP-1, a nine residue peptide, has been shown to target tumor-associated macrophages. Thus, LyP-1 was genetically incorporated onto the exterior surface of MjHsp, while a fluorescent molecule (Cy5.5) was conjugated on the interior cavity. This bioengineered protein cage, LyP-Hsp, exhibited enhanced affinity to macrophage in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo injection of LyP-Hsp allowed visualization of macrophage-rich murine carotid lesions by in situ and ex vivo fluorescence imaging. These results demonstrate the potential of LyP-1-conjugated protein cages as nanoscale platforms for delivery of imaging agents for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Hisanori Kosuge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masahiro Terashima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A. Willits
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Lars O. Liepold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Michael V. McConnell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Corresponding author: Trevor Douglas, Professor of Chemistry, Montana State University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 113 Chemistry and Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59715, phone (406)994-6566, fax (406) 994-5407,
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28
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Lintner NG, Frankel KA, Tsutakawa SE, Alsbury DL, Copié V, Young MJ, Tainer JA, Lawrence CM. The structure of the CRISPR-associated protein Csa3 provides insight into the regulation of the CRISPR/Cas system. J Mol Biol 2011; 405:939-55. [PMID: 21093452 PMCID: PMC4507800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune systems have recently been recognized in prokaryotic organisms where, in response to viral infection, they incorporate short fragments of invader-derived DNA into loci called clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). In subsequent infections, the CRISPR loci are transcribed and processed into guide sequences for the neutralization of the invading RNA or DNA. The CRISPR-associated protein machinery (Cas) lies at the heart of this process, yet many of the molecular details of the CRISPR/Cas system remain to be elucidated. Here, we report the first structure of Csa3, a CRISPR-associated protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus (Sso1445), which reveals a dimeric two-domain protein. The N-terminal domain is a unique variation on the dinucleotide binding domain that orchestrates dimer formation. In addition, it utilizes two conserved sequence motifs [Thr-h-Gly-Phe-(Asn/Asp)-Glu-X(4)-Arg and Leu-X(2)-Gly-h-Arg] to construct a 2-fold symmetric pocket on the dimer axis. This pocket is likely to represent a regulatory ligand-binding site. The N-terminal domain is fused to a C-terminal MarR-like winged helix-turn-helix domain that is expected to be involved in DNA recognition. Overall, the unique domain architecture of Csa3 suggests a transcriptional regulator under allosteric control of the N-terminal domain. Alternatively, Csa3 may function in a larger complex, with the conserved cleft participating in protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid interactions. A similar N-terminal domain is also identified in Csx1, a second CRISPR-associated protein family of unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael G. Lintner
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Frankel
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Donald L. Alsbury
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Valérie Copié
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark J. Young
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA,Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Department of Molecular Biology MB4 and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - C. Martin Lawrence
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA,Address correspondence to: Martin Lawrence, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 103 CBB, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717; ; Phone: 1-406-994-5382, Fax: 1-406-994-5407
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29
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Terashima M, Uchida M, Kosuge H, Tsao PS, Young MJ, Conolly SM, Douglas T, McConnell MV. Human ferritin cages for imaging vascular macrophages. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1430-7. [PMID: 21074263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Macrophages are key components of vascular inflammation, which contributes to the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Ferritin, an iron storage and transport protein, has been found to accumulate in macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques. We hypothesized that ferritin could serve as an intrinsic nano-platform to target delivery of imaging agents to vascular macrophages to detect high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. Here we show that engineered human ferritin protein cages, either conjugated to the fluorescent Cy5.5 molecule or encapsulating a magnetite nanoparticle, are taken up in vivo by macrophages in murine atherosclerotic carotid arteries and can be imaged by fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that human ferritin can serve as a nanoparticle platform to image vascular inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Terashima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5233, USA
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30
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Liepold LO, Abedin MJ, Buckhouse ED, Frank JA, Young MJ, Douglas T. Supramolecular protein cage composite MR contrast agents with extremely efficient relaxivity properties. Nano Lett 2009; 9:4520-4526. [PMID: 19888720 PMCID: PMC3625947 DOI: 10.1021/nl902884p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A DTPA-Gd containing polymer was grown in the interior of a heat shock protein cage resulting in T(1) particle relaxivities of 4200 mM(-1) sec(-1) for the 12 nm particle. Relaxivity parameters were determined, and this analysis suggests that the rotational correlation time has been optimized while the water exchange lifetime is longer than optimal. This synthetic approach holds much promise for the development of next generation contrast agents and this report will aid in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars O Liepold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for BioInspired Nanomaterials, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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31
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Abstract
For stage four anaesthesia of the western rainbowfish Melanotaenia australis the most efficacious concentration of AQUI-S was found to be 80 mg l(-1) when five different doses were tested at 27 degrees C (range 26.5-27.5 degrees C). This gave a mean+/-s.e. (n=10) induction time of 140.4+/-8.9 s and recovery time of 180.2+/-8.9 s and resulted in 10% mortality when fish were continuously exposed for 15 min. All fish given this dose during induction and recovery time trials ate within 1 h of recovery, and there was zero mortality during a subsequent 1 month monitoring period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Young
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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32
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Maaty WS, Wiedenheft B, Tarlykov P, Schaff N, Heinemann J, Robison-Cox J, Valenzuela J, Dougherty A, Blum P, Lawrence CM, Douglas T, Young MJ, Bothner B. Something old, something new, something borrowed; how the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus responds to oxidative stress. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6964. [PMID: 19759909 PMCID: PMC2739297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid molecular damage of biomolecules due to oxidation, all cells have evolved constitutive and responsive systems to mitigate and repair chemical modifications. Archaea have adapted to some of the most extreme environments known to support life, including highly oxidizing conditions. However, in comparison to bacteria and eukaryotes, relatively little is known about the biology and biochemistry of archaea in response to changing conditions and repair of oxidative damage. In this study transcriptome, proteome, and chemical reactivity analyses of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) induced oxidative stress in Sulfolobus solfataricus (P2) were conducted. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression showed that 102 transcripts were regulated by at least 1.5 fold, 30 minutes after exposure to 30 microM H(2)O(2). Parallel proteomic analyses using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), monitored more than 800 proteins 30 and 105 minutes after exposure and found that 18 had significant changes in abundance. A recently characterized ferritin-like antioxidant protein, DPSL, was the most highly regulated species of mRNA and protein, in addition to being post-translationally modified. As expected, a number of antioxidant related mRNAs and proteins were differentially regulated. Three of these, DPSL, superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin were shown to interact and likely form a novel supramolecular complex for mitigating oxidative damage. A scheme for the ability of this complex to perform multi-step reactions is presented. Despite the central role played by DPSL, cells maintained a lower level of protection after disruption of the dpsl gene, indicating a level of redundancy in the oxidative stress pathways of S. solfataricus. This work provides the first "omics" scale assessment of the oxidative stress response for an archeal organism and together with a network analysis using data from previous studies on bacteria and eukaryotes reveals evolutionarily conserved pathways where complex and overlapping defense mechanisms protect against oxygen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S. Maaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Pavel Tarlykov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Nathan Schaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Joshua Heinemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jim Robison-Cox
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jacob Valenzuela
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Amanda Dougherty
- George Beadle Center for Genetics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul Blum
- George Beadle Center for Genetics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - C. Martin Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Young
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Abstract
Viruses populate virtually every ecosystem on the planet, including the extreme acidic, thermal, and saline environments where archaeal organisms can dominate. For example, recent studies have identified crenarchaeal viruses in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park and other high temperature environments worldwide. These viruses are often morphologically and genetically unique, with genomes that show little similarity to genes of known function, complicating efforts to understand their viral life cycles. Here, we review progress in understanding these fascinating viruses at the molecular level and the evolutionary insights coming from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martin Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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34
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Szymczyna BR, Taurog RE, Young MJ, Snyder JC, Johnson JE, Williamson JR. Synergy of NMR, computation, and X-ray crystallography for structural biology. Structure 2009; 17:499-507. [PMID: 19368883 PMCID: PMC2705668 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography are currently the two most widely applied methods for the determination of macromolecular structures at high resolution. More recently, significant advances have been made in algorithms for the de novo prediction of protein structure, and, in favorable cases, the predicted models agree extremely well with experimentally determined structures. Here, we demonstrate a synergistic combination of NMR spectroscopy, de novo structure prediction, and X-ray crystallography in an effective overall strategy for rapidly determining the structure of the coat protein C-terminal domain from the Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus (SIRV). This approach takes advantage of the most accessible aspects of each structural technique and may be widely applicable for structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair R. Szymczyna
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
- Department of Chemistry, and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Rebecca E. Taurog
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Jamie C. Snyder
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - John E. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - James R. Williamson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
- Department of Chemistry, and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037
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35
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Liepold L, Oltrogge LM, Suci PA, Young MJ, Douglas T. Correct charge state assignment of native electrospray spectra of protein complexes. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2009; 20:435-42. [PMID: 19103497 PMCID: PMC2768530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Correct charge state assignment is crucial to assigning an accurate mass to supramolecular complexes analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry. Conventional charge state assignment techniques fall short of reliably and unambiguously predicting the correct charge state for many supramolecular complexes. We provide an explanation of the shortcomings of the conventional techniques and have developed a robust charge state assignment method that is applicable to all spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Liepold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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36
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Young MJ, Court DA. Effects of the S288c genetic background and common auxotrophic markers on mitochondrial DNA function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2009; 25:903-12. [PMID: 19160453 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable model organism for the study of eukaryotic processes. Throughout its development as a research tool, several strain backgrounds have been utilized and different combinations of auxotrophic marker genes have been introduced into them, creating a useful but non-homogeneous set of strains. The ade2 allele was used as an auxotrophic marker, and for 'red-white' screening for respiratory competence. his3 alleles that influence the expression of MRM1 have been used as selectable markers, and the MIP1[S] allele, found in the commonly used S228c strain, is associated with mitochondrial DNA defects. The focus of the current work was to examine the effects of these alleles, singly and in combination, on the maintenance of mitochondrial function. The combination of the ade2 and MIP1[S] alleles is associated with a slight increase in point mutations in mitochondrial DNA. The deletion in the his3Delta200 allele, which removes the promoter for MRM1, is associated with loss of respiratory competence at 37 degrees C in the presence of either MIP1 allele. Thus, multiple factors can contribute to the maintenance of mitochondrial function, reinforcing the concept that strain background is an important consideration in both designing experiments and comparing results obtained by different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Young
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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37
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Aniagyei SE, Kennedy CJ, Stein B, Willits DA, Douglas T, Young MJ, De M, Rotello VM, Srisathiyanarayanan D, Kao CC, Dragnea B. Synergistic effects of mutations and nanoparticle templating in the self-assembly of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsids. Nano Lett 2009; 9:393-398. [PMID: 19090695 PMCID: PMC2753382 DOI: 10.1021/nl8032476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A study of the in vitro nanoparticle-templated assembly of a mutant of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus lacking most of the N-terminal domain (residues 4-37), NDelta34, is presented. Mutant empty proteins assemble into empty capsids with a much broader distribution of sizes than the wild-type virus. This increased flexibility in the assembly outcomes is known to be detrimental for the assembly process in the presence of molecular polyanions. However, when rigid polyanionic cores are used, such as nanoparticles, the assembly process is restored and virus-like particles form. Moreover, the breadth of the nanoparticle-templated capsid size distribution becomes comparable with the wild-type virus size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barry Stein
- Molecular Biology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Deborah A. Willits
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
| | | | - C. Cheng Kao
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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38
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Kosuge H, Terashima M, Uchida M, Sherlock S, Tsao PS, Young MJ, Douglas T, Dai H, McConnell MV. 7 T MRI of macrophages in mouse carotid atherosclerosis using novel nanoparticle platforms. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009. [PMCID: PMC7860799 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-11-s1-p151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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39
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Varpness Z, Suci PA, Ensign D, Young MJ, Douglas T. Photosensitizer efficiency in genetically modified protein cage architectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3726-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b905250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Uchida M, Terashima M, Cunningham CH, Suzuki Y, Willits DA, Willis AF, Yang PC, Tsao PS, McConnell MV, Young MJ, Douglas T. A human ferritin iron oxide nano-composite magnetic resonance contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2008; 60:1073-81. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Menon SK, Maaty WS, Corn GJ, Kwok SC, Eilers BJ, Kraft P, Gillitzer E, Young MJ, Bothner B, Lawrence CM. Cysteine usage in Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 and extension to hyperthermophilic viruses in general. Virology 2008; 376:270-8. [PMID: 18471851 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fuselloviridae are ubiquitous crenarchaeal viruses found in high-temperature acidic hot springs worldwide. The type virus, Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1), has a double-stranded DNA genome that contains 34 open reading frames (ORFs). Fuselloviral genomes show little similarity to other organisms, generally precluding functional predictions. However, tertiary protein structure can provide insight into protein function. We have thus undertaken a systematic investigation of the SSV1 proteome and report here on the F112 gene product. Biochemical, proteomic and structural studies reveal a monomeric intracellular protein that adopts a winged helix DNA binding fold. Notably, the structure contains an intrachain disulfide bond, prompting analysis of cysteine usage in this and other hyperthermophilic viral genomes. The analysis supports a general abundance of disulfide bonds in the intracellular proteins of hyperthermophilic viruses, and reveals decreased cysteine content in the membrane proteins of hyperthermophilic viruses infecting Sulfolobales. The evolutionary implications of the SSV1 distribution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita K Menon
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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42
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Kim HS, Young MJ, Narayan AK, Hong K, Liddell RP, Streiff MB. A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes with Retrievable and Permanent Inferior Vena Cava Filters. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19:393-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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43
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Larson ET, Eilers B, Menon S, Reiter D, Ortmann A, Young MJ, Lawrence CM. A winged-helix protein from Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus points toward stabilizing disulfide bonds in the intracellular proteins of a hyperthermophilic virus. Virology 2007; 368:249-61. [PMID: 17669459 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) was the first non-tailed icosahedral virus to be isolated from an archaeal host. Like other archaeal viruses, its 37 open reading frames generally lack sequence similarity to genes with known function. The roles of the gene products in this and other archaeal viruses are thus largely unknown. However, a protein's three-dimensional structure may provide functional and evolutionary insight in cases of minimal sequence similarity. In this vein, the structure of STIV F93 reveals a homodimer with strong similarity to the winged-helix family of DNA-binding proteins. Importantly, an interchain disulfide bond is found at the dimer interface, prompting analysis of the cysteine distribution in the putative intracellular proteins of the viral proteome. The analysis suggests that intracellular disulfide bonds are common in cellular STIV proteins, where they enhance the thermostability of the viral proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Larson
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Ward MS, Khoobehi A, Lavik EB, Langer R, Young MJ. Neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in DBA/2J mice with GDNF-loaded biodegradable microspheres. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:558-68. [PMID: 17177208 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to promote long-term retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in a spontaneous glaucoma model by injecting slow-release Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres containing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) into the vitreous. Microspheres (1 microL) suspended in PBS were injected in ipsilateral eyes while contralateral eyes served as untreated controls. Mice were injected at 2 months intervals (1-4 injections) depending on the protocol. ELISA assay indicated a cumulative GDNF release of 35.4 ng/mg over 71 days. The release was nonlinear with an initial burst of over 50%. Mice displayed a 30% drop in RGC density by 8 months (p = 0.013) and 80% drop by 10 months (p < 0.01). GDNF delivery increased RGC survival in all groups. Mice receiving early treatment showed up to 3.5 times greater RGC density than untreated mice at 15 months survival (p < 0.05). No significant effect was found in sham or lens injury groups. Microsphere-delivered GDNF significantly increases long-term RGC survival in a spontaneous glaucoma model, although the nonlinear release kinetics suggest that burst release may play a role in this rescue. Neuroprotection with slow-release polymers with improved release kinetics should be further studied as a potential therapy for glaucoma and other diseases involving the loss of central nervous system neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Thomas NJ, Hollenbeak CS, Ceneviva GD, Geskey JM, Young MJ. Palivizumab prophylaxis to prevent respiratory syncytial virus mortality after pediatric bone marrow transplantation: a decision analysis model. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007; 29:227-32. [PMID: 17414564 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e3180437ded] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), has been demonstrated to be safe and effective in young children, but evidence is lacking as to whether palivizumab is effective in preventing RSV-induced morbidity and mortality in children who are immunosuppressed after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). As a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is lacking, we chose to examine this issue with the use of decision analysis methodology. METHODS A decision tree was designed to determine mortality from RSV-related lung disease in children who received palivizumab after BMT. Probabilities were derived by meta-analysis methodology on the basis of the available literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed across a broad range of biologically plausible probabilities to judge the robustness of the results of the model. RESULTS The model revealed that there is a 10% increase in survival in BMT patients who receive palivizumab. The absolute survival rate increased from 83% to 92%. A practitioner would need to treat 12 children to save 1 post-BMT child from dying from RSV-related lung disease. CONCLUSIONS Decision analysis modeling demonstrates a decrease in mortality in pediatric BMT patients with the addition of palivizumab to protect against RSV-related lung disease. A well-designed, randomized controlled trial is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Children's Hospital, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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Larson ET, Eilers BJ, Reiter D, Ortmann AC, Young MJ, Lawrence CM. A new DNA binding protein highly conserved in diverse crenarchaeal viruses. Virology 2007; 363:387-96. [PMID: 17336360 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV) infects Sulfolobus species found in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. Its 37 open reading frames (ORFs) generally lack sequence similarity to other genes. One exception, however, is ORF B116. While its function is unknown, orthologs are found in three additional crenarchaeal viral families. Due to the central importance of this protein family to crenarchaeal viruses, we have undertaken structural and biochemical studies of B116. The structure reveals a previously unobserved fold consisting of a five-stranded beta-sheet flanked on one side by three alpha helices. Two subunits come together to form a homodimer with a 10-stranded mixed beta-sheet, where the topology of the central strands resembles an unclosed beta-barrel. Highly conserved loops rise above the surface of the saddle-shaped protein and suggest an interaction with the major groove of DNA. The predicted B116-DNA interaction is confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Larson
- Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Kaiser CR, Flenniken ML, Gillitzer E, Harmsen AL, Harmsen AG, Jutila MA, Douglas T, Young MJ. Biodistribution studies of protein cage nanoparticles demonstrate broad tissue distribution and rapid clearance in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2007; 2:715-33. [PMID: 18203438 PMCID: PMC2676807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein cage nanoparticles have the potential to serve as multifunctional cell targeted, imaging and therapeutic platforms for broad applications in medicine. However, before they find applications in medicine, their biocompatibility in vivo needs to be demonstrated. We provide here baseline biodistribution information of two different spherical protein cage nanoplatforms, the 28 nm viral Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and the 12 nm heat shock protein (Hsp) cage. In naive and immunized mice both nanoplatforms show similar broad distribution and movement throughout most tissues and organs, rapid excretion, the absence of long-term persistence within mice tissue and organs, and no overt toxicity after a single injection. These results suggest that protein cage based nanoparticles may serve as safe, biocompatible, nanoplatforms for applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Gillitzer
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials
- Department of Plant Sciences and
| | | | | | | | - Trevor Douglas
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Mark J Young
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials
- Department of Plant Sciences and
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Uchida M, Flenniken ML, Allen M, Willits DA, Crowley BE, Brumfield S, Willis AF, Jackiw L, Jutila M, Young MJ, Douglas T. Targeting of Cancer Cells with Ferrimagnetic Ferritin Cage Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:16626-33. [PMID: 17177411 DOI: 10.1021/ja0655690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein cage architectures such as virus capsids and ferritins are versatile nanoscale platforms amenable to both genetic and chemical modification. Incorporation of multiple functionalities within these nanometer-sized protein architectures demonstrate their potential to serve as functional nanomaterials with applications in medical imaging and therapy. In the present study, we synthesized an iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticle within the interior cavity of a genetically engineered human H-chain ferritin (HFn). A cell-specific targeting peptide, RGD-4C which binds alphavbeta3 integrins upregulated on tumor vasculature, was genetically incorporated on the exterior surface of HFn. Both magnetite-containing and fluorescently labeled RGD4C-Fn cages bound C32 melanoma cells in vitro. Together these results demonstrate the capability of a genetically modified protein cage architecture to serve as a multifunctional nanoscale container for simultaneous iron oxide loading and cell-specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Maaty WSA, Ortmann AC, Dlakić M, Schulstad K, Hilmer JK, Liepold L, Weidenheft B, Khayat R, Douglas T, Young MJ, Bothner B. Characterization of the archaeal thermophile Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus validates an evolutionary link among double-stranded DNA viruses from all domains of life. J Virol 2006; 80:7625-35. [PMID: 16840341 PMCID: PMC1563717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00522-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Icosahedral nontailed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses are present in all three domains of life, leading to speculation about a common viral ancestor that predates the divergence of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. This suggestion is supported by the shared general architecture of this group of viruses and the common fold of their major capsid protein. However, limited information on the diversity and replication of archaeal viruses, in general, has hampered further analysis. Sulfolobus turreted icosahedral virus (STIV), isolated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, was the first icosahedral virus with an archaeal host to be described. Here we present a detailed characterization of the components forming this unusual virus. Using a proteomics-based approach, we identified nine viral and two host proteins from purified STIV particles. Interestingly, one of the viral proteins originates from a reading frame lacking a consensus start site. The major capsid protein (B345) was found to be glycosylated, implying a strong similarity to proteins from other dsDNA viruses. Sequence analysis and structural predication of virion-associated viral proteins suggest that they may have roles in DNA packaging, penton formation, and protein-protein interaction. The presence of an internal lipid layer containing acidic tetraether lipids has also been confirmed. The previously presented structural models in conjunction with the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate information reported here reveal that STIV is strikingly similar to viruses associated with the Bacteria and Eukarya domains of life, further strengthening the hypothesis for a common ancestor of this group of dsDNA viruses from all domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid S A Maaty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
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Young MJ, Klassen HJ. Polymeric delivery of neuroprotective compounds to the vitreous cavity: a potential treatment for glaucoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2006; 81:429-32. [PMID: 16933165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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