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Li Y, Lei H, Wen X, Cao H. A powerful approach to identify replicable variants in genome-wide association studies. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:966-978. [PMID: 38701746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Replicability is the cornerstone of modern scientific research. Reliable identifications of genotype-phenotype associations that are significant in multiple genome-wide association studies (GWASs) provide stronger evidence for the findings. Current replicability analysis relies on the independence assumption among single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and ignores the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure. We show that such a strategy may produce either overly liberal or overly conservative results in practice. We develop an efficient method, ReAD, to detect replicable SNPs associated with the phenotype from two GWASs accounting for the LD structure. The local dependence structure of SNPs across two heterogeneous studies is captured by a four-state hidden Markov model (HMM) built on two sequences of p values. By incorporating information from adjacent locations via the HMM, our approach provides more accurate SNP significance rankings. ReAD is scalable, platform independent, and more powerful than existing replicability analysis methods with effective false discovery rate control. Through analysis of datasets from two asthma GWASs and two ulcerative colitis GWASs, we show that ReAD can identify replicable genetic loci that existing methods might otherwise miss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Haochen Lei
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Xiaoquan Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongyuan Cao
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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2
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Lu L, Li F, Li H, Zhou L, Wu X, Yuan F. Aberrant dynamic properties of whole-brain functional connectivity in acute mild traumatic brain injury revealed by hidden Markov models. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14660. [PMID: 38439697 PMCID: PMC10912843 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the temporal dynamics of brain activity and characterize the spatiotemporal specificity of transitions and large-scale networks on short timescales in acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients and those with cognitive impairment in detail. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was acquired for 71 acute mTBI patients and 57 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs). A hidden Markov model (HMM) analysis of rs-fMRI data was conducted to identify brain states that recurred over time and to assess the dynamic patterns of activation states that characterized acute mTBI patients and those with cognitive impairment. The dynamic parameters (fractional occupancy, lifetime, interval time, switching rate, and probability) between groups and their correlation with cognitive performance were analyzed. RESULTS Twelve HMM states were identified in this study. Compared with HCs, acute mTBI patients and those with cognitive impairment exhibited distinct changes in dynamics, including fractional occupancy, lifetime, and interval time. Furthermore, the switching rate and probability across HMM states were significantly different between acute mTBI patients and patients with cognitive impairment (all p < 0.05). The temporal reconfiguration of states in acute mTBI patients and those with cognitive impairment was associated with several brain networks (including the high-order cognition network [DMN], subcortical network [SUB], and sensory and motor network [SMN]). CONCLUSIONS Hidden Markov models provide additional information on the dynamic activity of brain networks in patients with acute mTBI and those with cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that brain network dynamics determined by the HMM could reinforce the understanding of the neuropathological mechanisms of acute mTBI patients and those with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Fengfang Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Leilei Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Xinying Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First HospitalNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth Peoples' Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Ullah A, Khan FS, Mohy-Ud-Din Z, Hassany N, Gul JZ, Khan M, Kim WY, Park YC, Rehman MM. A Hybrid Approach for Energy Consumption and Improvement in Sensor Network Lifespan in Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:1353. [PMID: 38474889 DOI: 10.3390/s24051353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose an improved clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that aims to increase network lifetime and efficiency. We introduce an enhanced fuzzy spider monkey optimization technique and a hidden Markov model-based clustering algorithm for selecting cluster heads. Our approach considers factors such as network cluster head energy, cluster head density, and cluster head position. We also enhance the energy-efficient routing strategy for connecting cluster heads to the base station. Additionally, we introduce a polling control method to improve network performance while maintaining energy efficiency during steady transmission periods. Simulation results demonstrate a 1.2% improvement in network performance using our proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ullah
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Artificial Intelligent, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Salam Khan
- Department of Creative Technologies, Faculty of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zia Mohy-Ud-Din
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Noman Hassany
- Department of Software Engineering, Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology (KIET), Karachi 75260, Pakistan
| | - Jahan Zeb Gul
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Cheol Park
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Muqeet Rehman
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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4
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Yamaguchi K, Martinez AJ. Variational Bayes inference for hidden Markov diagnostic classification models. Br J Math Stat Psychol 2024; 77:55-79. [PMID: 37249065 DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic classification models (DCMs) can be used to track the cognitive learning states of students across multiple time points or over repeated measurements. This study developed an effective variational Bayes (VB) inference method for hidden Markov longitudinal general DCMs. The simulations performed in this study verified the validity of the proposed algorithm for satisfactorily recovering true parameters. Simulation and applied data analyses were conducted to compare the proposed VB method to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. The results revealed that the parameter estimates provided by the VB method were consistent with the MCMC method with the additional benefit of a faster estimation time. The comparative simulation also indicated differences between the two methods in terms of posterior standard deviation and coverage of 95% credible intervals. Thus, with limited computational resources and time, the proposed VB method can output estimations comparable to that of MCMC.
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Abdollahi AM, Li X, Merikanto I, Leppänen MH, Vepsäläinen H, Lehto R, Ray C, Erkkola M, Roos E. Comparison of actigraphy-measured and parent-reported sleep in association with weight status among preschool children. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e13960. [PMID: 37282765 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study compared weekday and weekend actigraphy-measured and parent-reported sleep in relation to weight status among preschool-aged children. Participants were 3-6 years old preschoolers from the cross-sectional DAGIS-study with sleep data for ≥2 weekday and ≥2 weekend nights. Parents-reported sleep onset and wake-up times were gathered alongside 24 h hip-worn actigraphy. An unsupervised Hidden-Markov Model algorithm provided actigraphy-measured night time sleep without the guidance of reported sleep times. Waist-to-height ratio and age-and-sex-specific body mass index characterised weight status. Comparison of methods were assessed with consistency in quintile divisions and Spearman correlations. Associations between sleep and weight status were assessed with adjusted regression models. Participants included 638 children (49% girls) with a mean ± SD age of 4.76 ± 0.89. On weekdays, 98%-99% of actigraphy-measured and parent-reported sleep estimates were classified in the same or adjacent quintile and were strongly correlated (rs = 0.79-0.85, p < 0.001). On weekends, 84%-98% of actigraphy-measured and parent-reported sleep estimates were respectively classified and correlations were moderate to strong (rs = 0.62-0.86, p < 0.001). Compared with actigraphy-measured sleep, parent-reported sleep had consistently earlier onset, later wake-up, and greater duration. Earlier actigraphy-measured weekday sleep onset and midpoint were associated with a higher body mass index (respective β-estimates: -0.63, p < 0.01 and -0.75, p < 0.01) and waist-to-height ratio (-0.004, p = 0.03 and -0.01, p = 0.02). Though the sleep estimation methods were consistent and correlated, actigraphy measures should be favoured as they are more objective and sensitive to identifying associations between sleep timing and weight status compared with parent reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Abdollahi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ilona Merikanto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja H Leppänen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Vepsäläinen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Lehto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carola Ray
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maijaliisa Erkkola
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Roos
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Food Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Li JJ, Shi C, Li L, Collins AGE. Dynamic noise estimation: A generalized method for modeling noise fluctuations in decision-making. bioRxiv 2024:2023.06.19.545524. [PMID: 38328176 PMCID: PMC10849494 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.19.545524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Computational cognitive modeling is an important tool for understanding the processes supporting human and animal decision-making. Choice data in decision-making tasks are inherently noisy, and separating noise from signal can improve the quality of computational modeling. Common approaches to model decision noise often assume constant levels of noise or exploration throughout learning (e.g., the ϵ -softmax policy). However, this assumption is not guaranteed to hold - for example, a subject might disengage and lapse into an inattentive phase for a series of trials in the middle of otherwise low-noise performance. Here, we introduce a new, computationally inexpensive method to dynamically infer the levels of noise in choice behavior, under a model assumption that agents can transition between two discrete latent states (e.g., fully engaged and random). Using simulations, we show that modeling noise levels dynamically instead of statically can substantially improve model fit and parameter estimation, especially in the presence of long periods of noisy behavior, such as prolonged attentional lapses. We further demonstrate the empirical benefits of dynamic noise estimation at the individual and group levels by validating it on four published datasets featuring diverse populations, tasks, and models. Based on the theoretical and empirical evaluation of the method reported in the current work, we expect that dynamic noise estimation will improve modeling in many decision-making paradigms over the static noise estimation method currently used in the modeling literature, while keeping additional model complexity and assumptions minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Li
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
| | - Chengchun Shi
- Department of Statistics, London School of Economics and Political Science, 69 Aldwych, London, WC2B 4RR, United Kingdom
| | - Lexin Li
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
| | - Anne G E Collins
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
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7
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Tang CW, Zich C, Quinn AJ, Woolrich MW, Hsu SP, Juan CH, Lee IH, Stagg CJ. Post-stroke upper limb recovery is correlated with dynamic resting-state network connectivity. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae011. [PMID: 38344655 PMCID: PMC10853981 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor recovery is still limited for people with stroke especially those with greater functional impairments. In order to improve outcome, we need to understand more about the mechanisms underpinning recovery. Task-unbiased, blood flow-independent post-stroke neural activity can be acquired from resting brain electrophysiological recordings and offers substantial promise to investigate physiological mechanisms, but behaviourally relevant features of resting-state sensorimotor network dynamics have not yet been identified. Thirty-seven people with subcortical ischaemic stroke and unilateral hand paresis of any degree were longitudinally evaluated at 3 weeks (early subacute) and 12 weeks (late subacute) after stroke. Resting-state magnetoencephalography and clinical scores of motor function were recorded and compared with matched controls. Magnetoencephalography data were decomposed using a data-driven hidden Markov model into 10 time-varying resting-state networks. People with stroke showed statistically significantly improved Action Research Arm Test and Fugl-Meyer upper extremity scores between 3 weeks and 12 weeks after stroke (both P < 0.001). Hidden Markov model analysis revealed a primarily alpha-band ipsilesional resting-state sensorimotor network which had a significantly increased life-time (the average time elapsed between entering and exiting the network) and fractional occupancy (the occupied percentage among all networks) at 3 weeks after stroke when compared with controls. The life-time of the ipsilesional resting-state sensorimotor network positively correlated with concurrent motor scores in people with stroke who had not fully recovered. Specifically, this relationship was observed only in ipsilesional rather in contralesional sensorimotor network, default mode network or visual network. The ipsilesional sensorimotor network metrics were not significantly different from controls at 12 weeks after stroke. The increased recruitment of alpha-band ipsilesional resting-state sensorimotor network at subacute stroke served as functionally correlated biomarkers exclusively in people with stroke with not fully recovered hand paresis, plausibly reflecting functional motor recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Tang
- Institute of Brain Science, Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Catharina Zich
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Andrew J Quinn
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark W Woolrich
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Shih-Pin Hsu
- Institute of Brain Science, Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Institute of Brain Science, Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
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8
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Duan J. On the core segmentation algorithms of copy number variation detection tools. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae022. [PMID: 38340093 PMCID: PMC10858679 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Shotgun sequencing is a high-throughput method used to detect copy number variants (CNVs). Although there are numerous CNV detection tools based on shotgun sequencing, their quality varies significantly, leading to performance discrepancies. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of next-generation sequencing-based CNV detection tools over the past decade. Our findings revealed that the majority of mainstream tools employ similar detection rationale: calculates the so-called read depth signal from aligned sequencing reads and then segments the signal by utilizing either circular binary segmentation (CBS) or hidden Markov model (HMM). Hence, we compared the performance of those two core segmentation algorithms in CNV detection, considering varying sequencing depths, segment lengths and complex types of CNVs. To ensure a fair comparison, we designed a parametrical model using mainstream statistical distributions, which allows for pre-excluding bias correction such as guanine-cytosine (GC) content during the preprocessing step. The results indicate the following key points: (1) Under ideal conditions, CBS demonstrates high precision, while HMM exhibits a high recall rate. (2) For practical conditions, HMM is advantageous at lower sequencing depths, while CBS is more competitive in detecting small variant segments compared to HMM. (3) In case involving complex CNVs resembling real sequencing, HMM demonstrates more robustness compared with CBS. (4) When facing large-scale sequencing data, HMM costs less time compared with the CBS, while their memory usage is approximately equal. This can provide an important guidance and reference for researchers to develop new tools for CNV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Junbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Teng H, Stoiber M, Bar-Joseph Z, Kingsford C. Detecting m6A RNA modification from nanopore sequencing using a semi-supervised learning framework. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.06.574484. [PMID: 38260359 PMCID: PMC10802372 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.06.574484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Direct nanopore-based RNA sequencing can be used to detect post-transcriptional base modifications, such as m6A methylation, based on the electric current signals produced by the distinct chemical structures of modified bases. A key challenge is the scarcity of adequate training data with known methylation modifications. We present Xron, a hybrid encoder-decoder framework that delivers a direct methylation-distinguishing basecaller by training on synthetic RNA data and immunoprecipitation-based experimental data in two steps. First, we generate data with more diverse modification combinations through in silico cross-linking. Second, we use this dataset to train an end-to-end neural network basecaller followed by fine-tuning on immunoprecipitation-based experimental data with label-smoothing. The trained neural network basecaller outperforms existing methylation detection methods on both read-level and site-level prediction scores. Xron is a standalone, end-to-end m6A-distinguishing basecaller capable of detecting methylated bases directly from raw sequencing signals, enabling de novo methylome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Teng
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon Univeristy, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon Univeristy, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
| | - Carl Kingsford
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon Univeristy, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
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McClintock BT, Lander ME. A multistate Langevin diffusion for inferring behavior-specific habitat selection and utilization distributions. Ecology 2024; 105:e4186. [PMID: 37794831 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of important habitat and the behavior(s) associated with it is critical to conservation and place-based management decisions. Behavior also links life-history requirements and habitat use, which are key to understanding why animals use certain habitats. Animal population studies often use tracking data to quantify space use and habitat selection, but they typically either ignore movement behavior (e.g., foraging, migrating, nesting) or adopt a two-stage approach that can induce bias and fail to propagate uncertainty. We develop a habitat-driven Langevin diffusion for animals that exhibit distinct movement behavior states, thereby providing a novel single-stage statistical method for inferring behavior-specific habitat selection and utilization distributions in continuous time. Practitioners can customize, fit, assess, and simulate our integrated model using the provided R package. Simulation experiments demonstrated that the model worked well under a range of sampling scenarios as long as observations were of sufficient temporal resolution. Our simulations also demonstrated the importance of accounting for different behaviors and the misleading inferences that can result when these are ignored. We provide case studies using plains zebra (Equus quagga) and Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) telemetry data. In the zebra example, our model identified distinct "encamped" and "exploratory" states, where the encamped state was characterized by strong selection for grassland and avoidance of other vegetation types, which may represent selection for foraging resources. In the sea lion example, our model identified distinct movement behavior modes typically associated with this marine central-place forager and, unlike previous analyses, found foraging-type movements to be associated with steeper offshore slopes characteristic of the continental shelf, submarine canyons, and seamounts that are believed to enhance prey concentrations. This is the first single-stage approach for inferring behavior-specific habitat selection and utilization distributions from tracking data that can be readily implemented with user-friendly software. As certain behaviors are often more relevant to specific conservation or management objectives, practitioners can use our model to help inform the identification and prioritization of important habitats. Moreover, by linking individual-level movement behaviors to population-level spatial processes, the multistate Langevin diffusion can advance inferences at the intersection of population, movement, and landscape ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T McClintock
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle E Lander
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Xia T, Chen X, Wang J, Qiu F. A Hybrid Model with New Word Weighting for Fast Filtering Spam Short Texts. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8975. [PMID: 37960672 PMCID: PMC10649562 DOI: 10.3390/s23218975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Short message services (SMS), microblogging tools, instant message apps, and commercial websites produce numerous short text messages every day. These short text messages are usually guaranteed to reach mass audience with low cost. Spammers take advantage of short texts by sending bulk malicious or unwanted messages. Short texts are difficult to classify because of their shortness, sparsity, rapidness, and informal writing. The effectiveness of the hidden Markov model (HMM) for short text classification has been illustrated in our previous study. However, the HMM has limited capability to handle new words, which are mostly generated by informal writing. In this paper, a hybrid model is proposed to address the informal writing issue by weighting new words for fast short text filtering with high accuracy. The hybrid model consists of an artificial neural network (ANN) and an HMM, which are used for new word weighting and spam filtering, respectively. The weight of a new word is calculated based on the weights of its neighbor, along with the spam and ham (i.e., not spam) probabilities of short text message predicted by the ANN. Performance evaluations on benchmark datasets, including the SMS message data maintained by University of California, Irvine; the movie reviews, and the customer reviews are conducted. The hybrid model operates at a significantly higher speed than deep learning models. The experiment results show that the proposed hybrid model outperforms other prominent machine learning algorithms, achieving a good balance between filtering throughput and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China;
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Engineering, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
| | - Jiacun Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ 07764, USA;
| | - Feng Qiu
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence on Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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12
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Lee T, Lee HJ, Lee JB, Kim JD. Ensemble Approach to Combining Episode Prediction Models Using Sequential Circadian Rhythm Sensor Data from Mental Health Patients. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8544. [PMID: 37896636 PMCID: PMC10611007 DOI: 10.3390/s23208544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Managing mood disorders poses challenges in counseling and drug treatment, owing to limitations. Counseling is the most effective during hospital visits, and the side effects of drugs can be burdensome. Patient empowerment is crucial for understanding and managing these triggers. The daily monitoring of mental health and the utilization of episode prediction tools can enable self-management and provide doctors with insights into worsening lifestyle patterns. In this study, we test and validate whether the prediction of future depressive episodes in individuals with depression can be achieved by using lifelog sequence data collected from digital device sensors. Diverse models such as random forest, hidden Markov model, and recurrent neural network were used to analyze the time-series data and make predictions about the occurrence of depressive episodes in the near future. The models were then combined into a hybrid model. The prediction accuracy of the hybrid model was 0.78; especially in the prediction of rare episode events, the F1-score performance was approximately 1.88 times higher than that of the dummy model. We explored factors such as data sequence size, train-to-test data ratio, and class-labeling time slots that can affect the model performance to determine the combinations of parameters that optimize the model performance. Our findings are especially valuable because they are experimental results derived from large-scale participant data analyzed over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Lee
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Software and Convergence, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.L.); (J.-D.K.)
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Been Lee
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Software and Convergence, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.L.); (J.-D.K.)
| | - Jeong-Dong Kim
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Software and Convergence, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.L.); (J.-D.K.)
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13
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Song X, Huang P, Chen X, Xu M, Ming D. The frontooccipital interaction mechanism of high-frequency acoustoelectric signal. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10723-10735. [PMID: 37724433 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on acoustoelectric effect, acoustoelectric brain imaging has been proposed, which is a high spatiotemporal resolution neural imaging method. At the focal spot, brain electrical activity is encoded by focused ultrasound, and corresponding high-frequency acoustoelectric signal is generated. Previous studies have revealed that acoustoelectric signal can also be detected in other non-focal brain regions. However, the processing mechanism of acoustoelectric signal between different brain regions remains sparse. Here, with acoustoelectric signal generated in the left primary visual cortex, we investigated the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal propagation characteristics of acoustoelectric signal in the transmission. We observed a strongest transmission strength within the frontal lobe, and the global temporal statistics indicated that the frontal lobe features in acoustoelectric signal transmission. Then, cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling was used to investigate the coordinated activity in the AE signal band range between frontal and occipital lobes. The results showed that intra-structural cross-frequency coupling and cross-structural coupling co-occurred between these two lobes, and, accordingly, high-frequency brain activity in the frontal lobe was effectively coordinated by distant occipital lobe. This study revealed the frontooccipital long-range interaction mechanism of acoustoelectric signal, which is the foundation of improving the performance of acoustoelectric brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Song
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translation Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peishan Huang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translation Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinrui Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translation Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minpeng Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translation Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translation Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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14
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Mews S, Surmann B, Hasemann L, Elkenkamp S. Markov-modulated marked Poisson processes for modeling disease dynamics based on medical claims data. Stat Med 2023; 42:3804-3815. [PMID: 37308135 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore Markov-modulated marked Poisson processes (MMMPPs) as a natural framework for modeling patients' disease dynamics over time based on medical claims data. In claims data, observations do not only occur at random points in time but are also informative, that is, driven by unobserved disease levels, as poor health conditions usually lead to more frequent interactions with the health care system. Therefore, we model the observation process as a Markov-modulated Poisson process, where the rate of health care interactions is governed by a continuous-time Markov chain. Its states serve as proxies for the patients' latent disease levels and further determine the distribution of additional data collected at each observation time, the so-called marks. Overall, MMMPPs jointly model observations and their informative time points by comprising two state-dependent processes: the observation process (corresponding to the event times) and the mark process (corresponding to event-specific information), which both depend on the underlying states. The approach is illustrated using claims data from patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by modeling their drug use and the interval lengths between consecutive physician consultations. The results indicate that MMMPPs are able to detect distinct patterns of health care utilization related to disease processes and reveal interindividual differences in the state-switching dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mews
- Department of Business Administration and Economics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bastian Surmann
- Department for Health Economics and Health Care Management, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lena Hasemann
- Department for Health Economics and Health Care Management, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Svenja Elkenkamp
- Department for Health Economics and Health Care Management, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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15
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Somi S, Jubair S, Cooper D, Wang P. XGSleeve: detecting sleeve incidents in well completion by using XGBoost classifier. Front Artif Intell 2023; 6:1243584. [PMID: 37780836 PMCID: PMC10533988 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1243584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The sliding sleeve holds a pivotal role in regulating fluid flow during hydraulic fracturing within shale oil extraction processes. However, concerns persist surrounding its reliability due to repeated attempts at opening the sleeve, resulting in process inefficiencies. While downhole cameras can verify sleeve states, their high cost poses a limitation. This study proposes an alternative approach, leveraging downhole data analysis for sleeve incident detection in lieu of cameras. This study introduces "XGSleeve," a novel machine-learning methodology. XGSleeve amalgamates hidden Markov model-based clustering with the XGBoost model, offering robust identification of sleeve incidents. This method serves as an operator-centric tool, addressing the domains of oil and gas, well completion, sliding sleeves, time series classification, signal processing, XGBoost, and hidden Markov models. The XGSleeve model exhibits a commendable 86% precision in detecting sleeve incidents. This outcome significantly curtails the need for multiple sleeve open-close attempts, thereby enhancing operational efficiency and safety. The successful implementation of the XGSleeve model rectifies existing limitations in sleeve incident detection, consequently fostering optimization, safety, and resilience within the oil and gas sector. This innovation further underscores the potential for data-driven decision-making in the industry. The XGSleeve model represents a groundbreaking advancement in sleeve incident detection, demonstrating the potential for broader integration of AI and machine learning in oil and gas operations. As technology advances, such methodologies are poised to optimize processes, minimize environmental impact, and promote sustainable practices. Ultimately, the adoption of XGSleeve contributes to the enduring growth and responsible management of global oil and gas resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Somi
- Advanced Technology, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sheikh Jubair
- Advanced Technology, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Cooper
- DevOps, Kobold Completions Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peng Wang
- DevOps, Kobold Completions Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada
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16
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Kirchherr S, Mildiner Moraga S, Coudé G, Bimbi M, Ferrari PF, Aarts E, Bonaiuto JJ. Bayesian multilevel hidden Markov models identify stable state dynamics in longitudinal recordings from macaque primary motor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:2787-2806. [PMID: 37382060 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Neural populations, rather than single neurons, may be the fundamental unit of cortical computation. Analysing chronically recorded neural population activity is challenging not only because of the high dimensionality of activity but also because of changes in the signal that may or may not be due to neural plasticity. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a promising technique for analysing such data in terms of discrete latent states, but previous approaches have not considered the statistical properties of neural spiking data, have not been adaptable to longitudinal data, or have not modelled condition-specific differences. We present a multilevel Bayesian HMM addresses these shortcomings by incorporating multivariate Poisson log-normal emission probability distributions, multilevel parameter estimation and trial-specific condition covariates. We applied this framework to multi-unit neural spiking data recorded using chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays from macaque primary motor cortex during a cued reaching, grasping and placing task. We show that, in line with previous work, the model identifies latent neural population states which are tightly linked to behavioural events, despite the model being trained without any information about event timing. The association between these states and corresponding behaviour is consistent across multiple days of recording. Notably, this consistency is not observed in the case of a single-level HMM, which fails to generalise across distinct recording sessions. The utility and stability of this approach is demonstrated using a previously learned task, but this multilevel Bayesian HMM framework would be especially suited for future studies of long-term plasticity in neural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Kirchherr
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France
| | | | - Gino Coudé
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France
- Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Marco Bimbi
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Pier F Ferrari
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Emmeke Aarts
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - James J Bonaiuto
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France
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17
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Masaracchia L, Fredes F, Woolrich MW, Vidaurre D. Dissecting unsupervised learning through hidden Markov modeling in electrophysiological data. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:364-379. [PMID: 37403598 PMCID: PMC10625837 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00054.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsupervised, data-driven methods are commonly used in neuroscience to automatically decompose data into interpretable patterns. These patterns differ from one another depending on the assumptions of the models. How these assumptions affect specific data decompositions in practice, however, is often unclear, which hinders model applicability and interpretability. For instance, the hidden Markov model (HMM) automatically detects characteristic, recurring activity patterns (so-called states) from time series data. States are defined by a certain probability distribution, whose state-specific parameters are estimated from the data. But what specific features, from all of those that the data contain, do the states capture? That depends on the choice of probability distribution and on other model hyperparameters. Using both synthetic and real data, we aim to better characterize the behavior of two HMM types that can be applied to electrophysiological data. Specifically, we study which differences in data features (such as frequency, amplitude, or signal-to-noise ratio) are more salient to the models and therefore more likely to drive the state decomposition. Overall, we aim at providing guidance for the appropriate use of this type of analysis on one- or two-channel neural electrophysiological data and an informed interpretation of its results given the characteristics of the data and the purpose of the analysis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Compared with classical supervised methods, unsupervised methods of analysis have the advantage to be freer of subjective biases. However, it is not always clear what aspects of the data these methods are most sensitive to, which complicates interpretation. Focusing on the hidden Markov model, commonly used to describe electrophysiological data, we explore in detail the nature of its estimates through simulations and real data examples, providing important insights about what to expect from these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Masaracchia
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Felipe Fredes
- Center for Proteins in Memory, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark W Woolrich
- Psychiatry Department, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Vidaurre
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychiatry Department, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Russell B, Rogers A, Yoder R, Kurilich M, Krishnamurthi VR, Chen J, Wang Y. Silver Ions Inhibit Bacterial Movement and Stall Flagellar Motor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11704. [PMID: 37511461 PMCID: PMC10381017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver (Ag) in different forms has been gaining broad attention due to its antimicrobial activities and the increasing resistance of bacteria to commonly prescribed antibiotics. However, various aspects of the antimicrobial mechanism of Ag have not been understood, including how Ag affects bacterial motility, a factor intimately related to bacterial virulence. Here, we report our study on how Ag+ ions affect the motility of E. coli bacteria using swimming, tethering, and rotation assays. We observed that the bacteria slowed down dramatically by >70% when subjected to Ag+ ions, providing direct evidence that Ag+ ions inhibit the motility of bacteria. In addition, through tethering and rotation assays, we monitored the rotation of flagellar motors and observed that the tumbling/pausing frequency of bacteria increased significantly by 77% in the presence of Ag+ ions. Furthermore, we analyzed the results from the tethering assay using the hidden Markov model (HMM) and found that Ag+ ions decreased bacterial tumbling/pausing-to-running transition rate significantly by 75%. The results suggest that the rotation of bacterial flagellar motors was stalled by Ag+ ions. This work provided a new quantitative understanding of the mechanism of Ag-based antimicrobial agents in bacterial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Russell
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ariel Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Ryan Yoder
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Matthew Kurilich
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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19
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Shojaati N, Osgood ND. Opioid-related harms and care impacts of conventional and AI-based prescription management strategies: insights from leveraging agent-based modeling and machine learning. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1174845. [PMID: 37408540 PMCID: PMC10318360 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1174845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Like its counterpart to the south, Canada ranks among the top five countries with the highest rates of opioid prescriptions. With many suffering from opioid use disorder first having encountered opioids via prescription routes, practitioners and health systems have an enduring need to identify and effectively respond to the problematic use of opioid prescription. There are strong challenges to successfully addressing this need: importantly, the patterns of prescription fulfillment that signal opioid abuse can be subtle and difficult to recognize, and overzealous enforcement can deprive those with legitimate pain management needs the appropriate care. Moreover, injudicious responses risk shifting those suffering from early-stage abuse of prescribed opioids to illicitly sourced street alternatives, whose varying dosage, availability, and the risk of adulteration can pose grave health risks. Methods This study employs a dynamic modeling and simulation to evaluate the effectiveness of prescription regimes employing machine learning monitoring programs to identify the patients who are at risk of opioid abuse while being treated with prescribed opioids. To this end, an agent-based model was developed and implemented to examine the effect of reduced prescribing and prescription drug monitoring programs on overdose and escalation to street opioids among patients, and on the legitimacy of fulfillments of opioid prescriptions over a 5-year time horizon. A study released by the Canadian Institute for Health Information was used to estimate the parameter values and assist in the validation of the existing agent-based model. Results and discussion The model estimates that lowering the prescription doses exerted the most favorable impact on the outcomes of interest over 5 years with a minimum burden on patients with a legitimate need for pharmaceutical opioids. The accurate conclusion about the impact of public health interventions requires a comprehensive set of outcomes to test their multi-dimensional effects, as utilized in this research. Finally, combining machine learning and agent-based modeling can provide significant advantages, particularly when using the latter to gain insights into the long-term effects and dynamic circumstances of the former.
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20
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Liu Y, Culpepper SA, Chen Y. Identifiability of Hidden Markov Models for Learning Trajectories in Cognitive Diagnosis. Psychometrika 2023; 88:361-386. [PMID: 36797538 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-023-09904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) have been applied in various domains, which makes the identifiability issue of HMMs popular among researchers. Classical identifiability conditions shown in previous studies are too strong for practical analysis. In this paper, we propose generic identifiability conditions for discrete time HMMs with finite state space. Also, recent studies about cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) applied first-order HMMs to track changes in attributes related to learning. However, the application of CDMs requires a known [Formula: see text] matrix to infer the underlying structure between latent attributes and items, and the identifiability constraints of the model parameters should also be specified. We propose generic identifiability constraints for our restricted HMM and then estimate the model parameters, including the [Formula: see text] matrix, through a Bayesian framework. We present Monte Carlo simulation results to support our conclusion and apply the developed model to a real dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Computing Applications Building, Room 152, 605 E. Springfield Ave., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Steven Andrew Culpepper
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Computing Applications Building, Room 152, 605 E. Springfield Ave., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Computing Applications Building, Room 152, 605 E. Springfield Ave., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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21
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Abstract
With a view towards artificial cells, molecular communication systems, molecular multiagent systems and federated learning, we propose a novel reaction network scheme (termed the Baum-Welch (BW) reaction network) that learns parameters for hidden Markov models (HMMs). All variables including inputs and outputs are encoded by separate species. Each reaction in the scheme changes only one molecule of one species to one molecule of another. The reverse change is also accessible but via a different set of enzymes, in a design reminiscent of futile cycles in biochemical pathways. We show that every positive fixed point of the BW algorithm for HMMs is a fixed point of the reaction network scheme, and vice versa. Furthermore, we prove that the 'expectation' step and the 'maximization' step of the reaction network separately converge exponentially fast and compute the same values as the E-step and the M-step of the BW algorithm. We simulate example sequences, and show that our reaction network learns the same parameters for the HMM as the BW algorithm, and that the log-likelihood increases continuously along the trajectory of the reaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wiuf
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abhishek Behera
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhinav Singh
- UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Manoj Gopalkrishnan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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22
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Wedel M, Pieters R, van der Lans R. Modeling Eye Movements During Decision Making: A Review. Psychometrika 2023; 88:697-729. [PMID: 35852670 PMCID: PMC10188393 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the psychometric and econometric modeling of eye-movements during decision making. Eye movements offer a unique window on unobserved perceptual, cognitive, and evaluative processes of people who are engaged in decision making tasks. They provide new insights into these processes, which are not easily available otherwise, allow for explanations of fundamental search and choice phenomena, and enable predictions of future decisions. We propose a theoretical framework of the search and choice tasks that people commonly engage in and of the underlying cognitive processes involved in those tasks. We discuss how these processes drive specific eye-movement patterns. Our framework emphasizes the central role of task and strategy switching for complex goal attainment. We place the extant literature within that framework, highlight recent advances in modeling eye-movement behaviors during search and choice, discuss limitations, challenges, and open problems. An agenda for further psychometric modeling of eye movements during decision making concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Wedel
- Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-1815 USA
| | - Rik Pieters
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ralf van der Lans
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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23
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Vetráb M, Gosztolya G. Using Hybrid HMM/DNN Embedding Extractor Models in Computational Paralinguistic Tasks. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115208. [PMID: 37299935 DOI: 10.3390/s23115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of computational paralinguistics emerged from automatic speech processing, and it covers a wide range of tasks involving different phenomena present in human speech. It focuses on the non-verbal content of human speech, including tasks such as spoken emotion recognition, conflict intensity estimation and sleepiness detection from speech, showing straightforward application possibilities for remote monitoring with acoustic sensors. The two main technical issues present in computational paralinguistics are (1) handling varying-length utterances with traditional classifiers and (2) training models on relatively small corpora. In this study, we present a method that combines automatic speech recognition and paralinguistic approaches, which is able to handle both of these technical issues. That is, we trained a HMM/DNN hybrid acoustic model on a general ASR corpus, which was then used as a source of embeddings employed as features for several paralinguistic tasks. To convert the local embeddings into utterance-level features, we experimented with five different aggregation methods, namely mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis and the ratio of non-zero activations. Our results show that the proposed feature extraction technique consistently outperforms the widely used x-vector method used as the baseline, independently of the actual paralinguistic task investigated. Furthermore, the aggregation techniques could be combined effectively as well, leading to further improvements depending on the task and the layer of the neural network serving as the source of the local embeddings. Overall, based on our experimental results, the proposed method can be considered as a competitive and resource-efficient approach for a wide range of computational paralinguistic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vetráb
- Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gosztolya
- Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group on Artificial Intelligence, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Silk MJ, Gimenez O. Generation and applications of simulated datasets to integrate social network and demographic analyses. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9871. [PMID: 37200911 PMCID: PMC10185435 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Social networks are tied to population dynamics; interactions are driven by population density and demographic structure, while social relationships can be key determinants of survival and reproductive success. However, difficulties integrating models used in demography and network analysis have limited research at this interface. We introduce the R package genNetDem for simulating integrated network-demographic datasets. It can be used to create longitudinal social network and/or capture-recapture datasets with known properties. It incorporates the ability to generate populations and their social networks, generate grouping events using these networks, simulate social network effects on individual survival, and flexibly sample these longitudinal datasets of social associations. By generating co-capture data with known statistical relationships, it provides functionality for methodological research. We demonstrate its use with case studies testing how imputation and sampling design influence the success of adding network traits to conventional Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) models. We show that incorporating social network effects into CJS models generates qualitatively accurate results, but with downward-biased parameter estimates when network position influences survival. Biases are greater when fewer interactions are sampled or fewer individuals observed in each interaction. While our results indicate the potential of incorporating social effects within demographic models, they show that imputing missing network measures alone is insufficient to accurately estimate social effects on survival, pointing to the importance of incorporating network imputation approaches. genNetDem provides a flexible tool to aid these methodological advancements and help researchers testing other sampling considerations in social network studies.
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Wang H, Chen D, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Qiao Y, Xiao J, Xie N, Fan H. Assessment of Vigilance Level during Work: Fitting a Hidden Markov Model to Heart Rate Variability. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040638. [PMID: 37190603 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the real-time performance and accuracy of vigilance assessment by developing a hidden Markov model (HMM). Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were collected and processed to remove noise and baseline drift. A group of 20 volunteers participated in the study. Their heart rate variability (HRV) was measured to train parameters of the modified hidden Markov model for a vigilance assessment. The data were collected to train the model using the Baum-Welch algorithm and to obtain the state transition probability matrix A^ and the observation probability matrix B^. Finally, the data of three volunteers with different transition patterns of mental state were selected randomly and the Viterbi algorithm was used to find the optimal state, which was compared with the actual state. The constructed vigilance assessment model had a high accuracy rate, and the accuracy rate of data prediction for these three volunteers exceeded 80%. Our approach can be used in wearable products to improve their vigilance level assessment functionality or in other fields that have key positions with high concentration requirements and monotonous repetitive work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Design and Ergonomics of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Dengkai Chen
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Design and Ergonomics of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yuexin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Design and Ergonomics of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Design Conceptualization and Communication, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yidan Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Design and Ergonomics of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jianghao Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Design and Ergonomics of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Design and Ergonomics of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Design, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Institute of Modern Industrial Design, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
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26
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Hussain S, Langley J, Seitz AR, Hu XP, Peters MA. A Novel Hidden Markov Approach to Studying Dynamic Functional Connectivity States in Human Neuroimaging. Brain Connect 2023; 13:154-163. [PMID: 36367193 PMCID: PMC10079241 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2022.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a popular choice to extract and examine recurring patterns of activity or functional connectivity in neuroimaging data, both in terms of spatial patterns and their temporal progression. Although many diverse HMMs have been applied to neuroimaging data, most have defined states based on activity levels (intensity-based [IB] states) rather than patterns of functional connectivity between brain areas (connectivity-based states), which is problematic if we want to understand connectivity dynamics: IB states are unlikely to provide comprehensive information about dynamic connectivity patterns. Methods: We addressed this problem by introducing a new HMM that defines states based on full functional connectivity (FFC) profiles among brain regions. We empirically explored the behavior of this new model in comparison to existing approaches based on IB or summed functional connectivity states using the Human Connectome Project unrelated 100 functional magnetic resonance imaging "resting-state" dataset. Results: Our FFC model discovered connectivity states with more distinguishable (i.e., unique and separable from each other) patterns than previous approaches, and recovered simulated connectivity-based states more faithfully than the other models tested. Discussion: Thus, if our goal is to extract and interpret connectivity states in neuroimaging data, our new model outperforms previous methods, which miss crucial information about the evolution of functional connectivity in the brain. Impact statement Hidden Markov models (HMMs) can be used to investigate brain states noninvasively. Previous models "recover" connectivity from intensity-based hidden states, or from connectivity "summed" across nodes. In this study, we introduce a novel connectivity-based HMM and show how it can reveal true connectivity hidden states under minimal assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Hussain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jason Langley
- Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Aaron R. Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Xiaoping P. Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Megan A.K. Peters
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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27
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Furuta T, Yamamoto T, Ashikari M. GBScleanR: Robust genotyping error correction using a hidden Markov model with error pattern recognition. Genetics 2023; 224:7093081. [PMID: 36988327 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced-representation sequencing (RRS) provides cost-effective and time-saving genotyping platforms. Despite the outstanding advantage of RRS in throughput, the obtained genotype data usually contain a large number of errors. Several error correction methods employing the hidden Markov model (HMM) have been developed to overcome these issues. These methods assume that markers have a uniform error rate with no bias in the allele read ratio. However, bias does occur because of uneven amplification of genomic fragments and read mismapping. In this paper, we introduce an error correction tool, GBScleanR, which enables robust and precise error correction for noisy RRS-based genotype data by incorporating marker-specific error rates into the HMM. The results indicate that GBScleanR improves the accuracy by more than 25 percentage points at maximum compared to the existing tools in simulation datasets and achieves the most reliable genotype estimation in real data even with error-prone markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuta
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chu-oh 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chu-oh 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
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28
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Hollenbenders Y, Pobiruchin M, Reichenbach A. Two Routes to Alzheimer's Disease Based on Differential Structural Changes in Key Brain Regions. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1399-1412. [PMID: 36911937 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with homogenous disease patterns. Neuropathological changes precede symptoms by up to two decades making neuroimaging biomarkers a prime candidate for early diagnosis, prognosis, and patient stratification. OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to discern intermediate AD stages and their precursors based on neuroanatomical features for stratifying patients on their progression through different stages. METHODS Data include grey matter features from 14 brain regions extracted from longitudinal structural MRI and cognitive data obtained from 1,017 healthy controls and AD patients of ADNI. AD progression was modeled with a Hidden Markov Model, whose hidden states signify disease stages derived from the neuroanatomical data. To tie the progression in brain atrophy to a behavioral marker, we analyzed the ADAS-cog sub-scores in the stages. RESULTS The optimal model consists of eight states with differentiable neuroanatomical features, forming two routes crossing once at a very early point and merging at the final state. The cortical route is characterized by early and sustained atrophy in cortical regions. The limbic route is characterized by early decrease in limbic regions. Cognitive differences between the two routes are most noticeable in the memory domain with subjects from the limbic route experiencing stronger memory impairments. CONCLUSION Our findings corroborate that more than one pattern of grey matter deterioration with several discernable stages can be identified in the progression of AD. These neuroanatomical subtypes are behaviorally meaningful and provide a door into early diagnosis of AD and prognosis of the disease's progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Hollenbenders
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Germany.,Faculty of Computer Science, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Germany.,Center for Machine Learning, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Germany
| | - Monika Pobiruchin
- Faculty of Computer Science, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Germany.,GECKO Institute for Medicine, Informatics and Economics, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Germany
| | - Alexandra Reichenbach
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Germany.,Faculty of Computer Science, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Germany.,Center for Machine Learning, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Germany
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29
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Chu C, Liu S, He N, Zeng Z, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zeljic K, van der Stelt O, Sun B, Yan F, Liu C, Li D, Zhang C. Subthalamic stimulation modulates motor network in Parkinson's disease: recover, relieve and remodel. Brain 2023:6979863. [PMID: 36623929 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant dynamic switches between internal brain states are believed to underlie motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is a well-established treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, yet it remains poorly understood how subthalamic stimulation modulates the whole-brain intrinsic motor network state dynamics. To investigate this, we acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging time-series data from 27 medication-free patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age: 64.8 years, standard deviation: 7.6) who had deep brain stimulation electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus, in both on and off stimulation states. Sixteen matched healthy individuals were included as a control group. We adopted a powerful data-driven modeling approach, known as a hidden Markov model, to disclose the emergence of recurring activation patterns of interacting motor regions (whole-brain intrinsic motor network states) via the blood oxygen-level dependent signal detected in the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging time-series data from all participants. The estimated hidden Markov model disclosed the dynamics of distinct whole-brain motor network states, including frequency of occurrence, state duration, fractional coverage, and their transition probabilities. Notably, the data-driven decoding of whole-brain intrinsic motor network states revealed that subthalamic stimulation reshaped functional network expression and stabilized state transitions. Moreover, subthalamic stimulation improved motor symptoms by modulating key trajectories of state transition within whole-brain intrinsic motor network states. This modulation mechanism of subthalamic stimulation was manifested in three significant effects: recovery, relieving, and remodeling effects. Significantly, recovery effects correlated with improvements in tremor and posture symptoms induced by subthalamic stimulation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, subthalamic stimulation was found to restore a relatively low level of fluctuation of functional connectivity in all motor regions to a level closer to that of healthy participants. Also, changes in the fluctuation of functional connectivity between motor regions were associated with improvements in tremor and gait symptoms (P < 0.05). These findings fill a gap in our knowledge of the role of subthalamic stimulation at the level of neural activity, revealing the regulatory effects of subthalamic stimulation on whole-brain inherent motor network states in Parkinson's disease. Our results provide mechanistic insight and explanation for how subthalamic stimulation modulates motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Chu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shang Liu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitong Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kristina Zeljic
- Centre for applied vision research, City, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Odin van der Stelt
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Neuroscience Center, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
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30
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Wang J, Karbasi P, Wang L, Meeks JP. A Layered, Hybrid Machine Learning Analytic Workflow for Mouse Risk Assessment Behavior. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO. [PMID: 36564214 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0335-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and efficient quantification of animal behavior facilitates the understanding of the brain. An emerging approach within machine learning (ML) field is to combine multiple ML-based algorithms to quantify animal behavior. These so-called hybrid models have emerged because of limitations associated with supervised [e.g., random forest (RF)] and unsupervised [e.g., hidden Markov model (HMM)] ML models. For example, RF models lack temporal information across video frames, and HMM latent states are often difficult to interpret. We sought to develop a hybrid model, and did so in the context of a study of mouse risk assessment behavior. We used DeepLabCut to estimate the positions of mouse body parts. Positional features were calculated using DeepLabCut outputs and were used to train RF and HMM models with equal number of states, separately. The per-frame predictions from RF and HMM models were then passed to a second HMM model layer ("reHMM"). The outputs of the reHMM layer showed improved interpretability over the initial HMM output. Finally, we combined predictions from RF and HMM models with selected positional features to train a third HMM model ("reHMM+"). This reHMM+ layered hybrid model unveiled distinctive temporal and human-interpretable behavioral patterns. We applied this workflow to investigate risk assessment to trimethylthiazoline and snake feces odor, finding unique behavioral patterns to each that were separable from attractive and neutral stimuli. We conclude that this layered, hybrid ML workflow represents a balanced approach for improving the depth and reliability of ML classifiers in chemosensory and other behavioral contexts.
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31
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Hollanders M, Grogan LF, Nock CJ, McCallum HI, Newell DA. Recovered frog populations coexist with endemic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite load-dependent mortality. Ecol Appl 2023. [PMID: 36054297 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g1jwstqtb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the greatest recorded loss of vertebrate biodiversity attributable to a pathogen. Despite catastrophic declines on several continents, many affected species have experienced population recoveries after epidemics. However, the potential ongoing threat of endemic Bd in these recovered or recovering populations is still poorly understood. We investigated the threat of endemic Bd to frog populations that recovered after initial precipitous declines, focusing on the endangered rainforest frog Mixophyes fleayi. We conducted extensive field surveys over 4 years at three independent sites in eastern Australia. First, we compared Bd infection prevalence and infection intensities within frog communities to reveal species-specific infection patterns. Then, we analyzed mark-recapture data of M. fleayi to estimate the impact of Bd infection intensity on apparent mortality rates and Bd infection dynamics. We found that M. fleayi had lower infection intensities than sympatric frogs across the three sites, and cleared infections at higher rates than they gained infections throughout the study period. By incorporating time-varying individual infection intensities, we show that healthy M. fleayi populations persist despite increased apparent mortality associated with infrequent high Bd loads. Infection dynamics were influenced by environmental conditions, with Bd prevalence, infection intensity, and rates of gaining infection associated with lower temperatures and increased rainfall. However, mortality remained constant year-round despite these fluctuations in Bd infections, suggesting major mortality events did not occur over the study period. Together, our results demonstrate that while Bd is still a potential threat to recovered populations of M. fleayi, high rates of clearing infections and generally low average infection loads likely minimize mortality caused by Bd. Our results are consistent with pathogen resistance contributing to the coexistence of M. fleayi with endemic Bd. We emphasize the importance of incorporating infection intensity into disease models rather than infection status alone. Similar population and infection dynamics likely exist within other recovered amphibian-Bd systems around the globe, promising longer-term persistence in the face of endemic chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Hollanders
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine J Nock
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Newell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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32
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Hollanders M, Grogan LF, Nock CJ, McCallum HI, Newell DA. Recovered frog populations coexist with endemic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite load-dependent mortality. Ecol Appl 2023. [PMID: 36054297 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6981761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the greatest recorded loss of vertebrate biodiversity attributable to a pathogen. Despite catastrophic declines on several continents, many affected species have experienced population recoveries after epidemics. However, the potential ongoing threat of endemic Bd in these recovered or recovering populations is still poorly understood. We investigated the threat of endemic Bd to frog populations that recovered after initial precipitous declines, focusing on the endangered rainforest frog Mixophyes fleayi. We conducted extensive field surveys over 4 years at three independent sites in eastern Australia. First, we compared Bd infection prevalence and infection intensities within frog communities to reveal species-specific infection patterns. Then, we analyzed mark-recapture data of M. fleayi to estimate the impact of Bd infection intensity on apparent mortality rates and Bd infection dynamics. We found that M. fleayi had lower infection intensities than sympatric frogs across the three sites, and cleared infections at higher rates than they gained infections throughout the study period. By incorporating time-varying individual infection intensities, we show that healthy M. fleayi populations persist despite increased apparent mortality associated with infrequent high Bd loads. Infection dynamics were influenced by environmental conditions, with Bd prevalence, infection intensity, and rates of gaining infection associated with lower temperatures and increased rainfall. However, mortality remained constant year-round despite these fluctuations in Bd infections, suggesting major mortality events did not occur over the study period. Together, our results demonstrate that while Bd is still a potential threat to recovered populations of M. fleayi, high rates of clearing infections and generally low average infection loads likely minimize mortality caused by Bd. Our results are consistent with pathogen resistance contributing to the coexistence of M. fleayi with endemic Bd. We emphasize the importance of incorporating infection intensity into disease models rather than infection status alone. Similar population and infection dynamics likely exist within other recovered amphibian-Bd systems around the globe, promising longer-term persistence in the face of endemic chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Hollanders
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine J Nock
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Newell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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33
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Hollanders M, Grogan LF, Nock CJ, McCallum HI, Newell DA. Recovered frog populations coexist with endemic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis despite load-dependent mortality. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2724. [PMID: 36054297 PMCID: PMC10078584 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel infectious diseases, particularly those caused by fungal pathogens, pose considerable risks to global biodiversity. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) has demonstrated the scale of the threat, having caused the greatest recorded loss of vertebrate biodiversity attributable to a pathogen. Despite catastrophic declines on several continents, many affected species have experienced population recoveries after epidemics. However, the potential ongoing threat of endemic Bd in these recovered or recovering populations is still poorly understood. We investigated the threat of endemic Bd to frog populations that recovered after initial precipitous declines, focusing on the endangered rainforest frog Mixophyes fleayi. We conducted extensive field surveys over 4 years at three independent sites in eastern Australia. First, we compared Bd infection prevalence and infection intensities within frog communities to reveal species-specific infection patterns. Then, we analyzed mark-recapture data of M. fleayi to estimate the impact of Bd infection intensity on apparent mortality rates and Bd infection dynamics. We found that M. fleayi had lower infection intensities than sympatric frogs across the three sites, and cleared infections at higher rates than they gained infections throughout the study period. By incorporating time-varying individual infection intensities, we show that healthy M. fleayi populations persist despite increased apparent mortality associated with infrequent high Bd loads. Infection dynamics were influenced by environmental conditions, with Bd prevalence, infection intensity, and rates of gaining infection associated with lower temperatures and increased rainfall. However, mortality remained constant year-round despite these fluctuations in Bd infections, suggesting major mortality events did not occur over the study period. Together, our results demonstrate that while Bd is still a potential threat to recovered populations of M. fleayi, high rates of clearing infections and generally low average infection loads likely minimize mortality caused by Bd. Our results are consistent with pathogen resistance contributing to the coexistence of M. fleayi with endemic Bd. We emphasize the importance of incorporating infection intensity into disease models rather than infection status alone. Similar population and infection dynamics likely exist within other recovered amphibian-Bd systems around the globe, promising longer-term persistence in the face of endemic chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Hollanders
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityLismoreNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Laura F. Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - Catherine J. Nock
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityLismoreNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and ScienceGriffith UniversityGold CoastQueenslandAustralia
| | - David A. Newell
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringSouthern Cross UniversityLismoreNew South WalesAustralia
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34
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Ogbagaber SB, Cui Y, Li K, Iannotti RJ, Albert PS. A hidden Markov modeling approach combining objective measure of activity and subjective measure of self-reported sleep to estimate the sleep-wake cycle. J Appl Stat 2022; 51:370-387. [PMID: 38283049 PMCID: PMC10810673 DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2022.2151576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the sleep-wake cycle in adolescents is an important prerequisite to better understand the association of abnormal sleep patterns with subsequent clinical and behavioral outcomes. The aim of this research was to develop hidden Markov models (HMM) that incorporate both objective (actigraphy) and subjective (sleep log) measures to estimate the sleep-wake cycle using data from the NEXT longitudinal study, a large population-based cohort study. The model was estimated with a negative binomial distribution for the activity counts (1-minute epochs) to account for overdispersion relative to a Poisson process. Furthermore, self-reported measures were dichotomized (for each one-minute interval) and subject to misclassification. We assumed that the unobserved sleep-wake cycle follows a two-state Markov chain with transitional probabilities varying according to a circadian rhythm. Maximum-likelihood estimation using a backward-forward algorithm was applied to fit the longitudinal data on a subject by subject basis. The algorithm was used to reconstruct the sleep-wake cycle from sequences of self-reported sleep and activity data. Furthermore, we conduct simulations to examine the properties of this approach under different observational patterns including both complete and partially observed measurements on each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifan Cui
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaigang Li
- Department of Community & Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paul S. Albert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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35
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Seedat ZA, Rier L, Gascoyne LE, Cook H, Woolrich MW, Quinn AJ, Roberts TPL, Furlong PL, Armstrong C, St. Pier K, Mullinger KJ, Marsh ED, Brookes MJ, Gaetz W. Mapping Interictal activity in epilepsy using a hidden Markov model: A magnetoencephalography study. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:66-81. [PMID: 36259549 PMCID: PMC9783449 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a highly heterogeneous neurological disorder with variable etiology, manifestation, and response to treatment. It is imperative that new models of epileptiform brain activity account for this variability, to identify individual needs and allow clinicians to curate personalized care. Here, we use a hidden Markov model (HMM) to create a unique statistical model of interictal brain activity for 10 pediatric patients. We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) data acquired as part of standard clinical care for patients at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. These data are routinely analyzed using excess kurtosis mapping (EKM); however, as cases become more complex (extreme multifocal and/or polymorphic activity), they become harder to interpret with EKM. We assessed the performance of the HMM against EKM for three patient groups, with increasingly complicated presentation. The difference in localization of epileptogenic foci for the two methods was 7 ± 2 mm (mean ± SD over all 10 patients); and 94% ± 13% of EKM temporal markers were matched by an HMM state visit. The HMM localizes epileptogenic areas (in agreement with EKM) and provides additional information about the relationship between those areas. A key advantage over current methods is that the HMM is a data-driven model, so the output is tuned to each individual. Finally, the model output is intuitive, allowing a user (clinician) to review the result and manually select the HMM epileptiform state, offering multiple advantages over previous methods and allowing for broader implementation of MEG epileptiform analysis in surgical decision-making for patients with intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelekha A. Seedat
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Young EpilepsySt Pier's LaneLingfieldRH7 6PWUK
| | - Lukas Rier
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Lauren E. Gascoyne
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Harry Cook
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mark W. Woolrich
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain ActivityUniversity Department of Psychiatry, Warneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Andrew J. Quinn
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain ActivityUniversity Department of Psychiatry, Warneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Timothy P. L. Roberts
- Department of RadiologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Caren Armstrong
- Department of RadiologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Pediatric Epilepsy Program, Division of Child NeurologyCHOPPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Karen J. Mullinger
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Eric D. Marsh
- Department of RadiologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Pediatric Epilepsy Program, Division of Child NeurologyCHOPPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,Departments of Neurology and PaediatricsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Matthew J. Brookes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - William Gaetz
- Department of RadiologyChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Bacri T, Berentsen GD, Bulla J, Hølleland S. A gentle tutorial on accelerated parameter and confidence interval estimation for hidden Markov models using Template Model Builder. Biom J 2022; 64:1260-1288. [PMID: 35621152 PMCID: PMC9796807 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A very common way to estimate the parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM) is the relatively straightforward computation of maximum likelihood (ML) estimates. For this task, most users rely on user-friendly implementation of the estimation routines via an interpreted programming language such as the statistical software environment R. Such an approach can easily require time-consuming computations, in particular for longer sequences of observations. In addition, selecting a suitable approach for deriving confidence intervals for the estimated parameters is not entirely obvious, and often the computationally intensive bootstrap methods have to be applied. In this tutorial, we illustrate how to speed up the computation of ML estimates significantly via the R package TMB. Moreover, this approach permits simple retrieval of standard errors at the same time. We illustrate the performance of our routines using different data sets: first, two smaller samples from a mobile application for tinnitus patients and a well-known data set of fetal lamb movements with 87 and 240 data points, respectively. Second, we rely on larger data sets of simulated data of sizes 2000 and 5000 for further analysis. This tutorial is accompanied by a collection of scripts, which are all available in the Supporting Information. These scripts allow any user with moderate programming experience to benefit quickly from the computational advantages of TMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bacri
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Geir D. Berentsen
- Department of Business and Management ScienceNorwegian School of EconomicsHelleveienBergenNorway
| | - Jan Bulla
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of BergenBergenNorway,Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraßeRegensburgGermany
| | - Sondre Hølleland
- Department of Business and Management ScienceNorwegian School of EconomicsHelleveienBergenNorway,Department of Pelagic FishInstitute of Marine ResearchBergenNorway
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Ren B, Xia CH, Gehrman P, Barnett I, Satterthwaite T. Measuring Daily Activity Rhythms in Young Adults at Risk of Affective Instability Using Passively Collected Smartphone Data: Observational Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e33890. [PMID: 36103225 PMCID: PMC9520392 DOI: 10.2196/33890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irregularities in circadian rhythms have been associated with adverse health outcomes. The regularity of rhythms can be quantified using passively collected smartphone data to provide clinically relevant biomarkers of routine. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a metric to quantify the regularity of activity rhythms and explore the relationship between routine and mood, as well as demographic covariates, in an outpatient psychiatric cohort. METHODS Passively sensed smartphone data from a cohort of 38 young adults from the Penn or Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Lifespan Brain Institute and Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania were fitted with 2-state continuous-time hidden Markov models representing active and resting states. The regularity of routine was modeled as the hour-of-the-day random effects on the probability of state transition (ie, the association between the hour-of-the-day and state membership). A regularity score, Activity Rhythm Metric, was calculated from the continuous-time hidden Markov models and regressed on clinical and demographic covariates. RESULTS Regular activity rhythms were associated with longer sleep durations (P=.009), older age (P=.001), and mood (P=.049). CONCLUSIONS Passively sensed Activity Rhythm Metrics are an alternative to existing metrics but do not require burdensome survey-based assessments. Low-burden, passively sensed metrics based on smartphone data are promising and scalable alternatives to traditional measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Ren
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cedric Huchuan Xia
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Philip Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Michael J Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian Barnett
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Satterthwaite
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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38
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Sakaguchi S, Urayama SI, Takaki Y, Hirosuna K, Wu H, Suzuki Y, Nunoura T, Nakano T, Nakagawa S. NeoRdRp: A Comprehensive Dataset for Identifying RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases of Various RNA Viruses from Metatranscriptomic Data. Microbes Environ 2022; 37. [PMID: 36002304 PMCID: PMC9530720 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are distributed throughout various environments, and most have recently been identified by metatranscriptome sequencing. However, due to the high nucleotide diversity of RNA viruses, it is still challenging to identify novel RNA viruses from metatranscriptome data. To overcome this issue, we created a dataset of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains that are essential for all RNA viruses belonging to Orthornavirae. Genes with RdRp domains from various RNA viruses were clustered based on amino acid sequence similarities. A multiple sequence alignment was generated for each cluster, and a hidden Markov model (HMM) profile was created when the number of sequences was greater than three. We further refined 426 HMM profiles by detecting RefSeq RNA virus sequences and subsequently combined the hit sequences with the RdRp domains. As a result, 1,182 HMM profiles were generated from 12,502 RdRp domain sequences, and the dataset was named NeoRdRp. The majority of NeoRdRp HMM profiles successfully detected RdRp domains, specifically in the UniProt dataset. Furthermore, we compared the NeoRdRp dataset with two previously reported methods for RNA virus detection using metatranscriptome sequencing data. Our methods successfully identified the majority of RNA viruses in the datasets; however, some RNA viruses were not detected, similar to the other two methods. NeoRdRp may be repeatedly improved by the addition of new RdRp sequences and is applicable as a system for detecting various RNA viruses from diverse metatranscriptome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Syun-Ichi Urayama
- Laboratory of Fungal Interaction and Molecular Biology (donated by IFO), Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- Super-cuttingedge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | | | - Hong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takuro Nunoura
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience (CeBN), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - So Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine
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You H, Byun SH, Choo Y. Underwater Acoustic Signal Detection Using Calibrated Hidden Markov Model with Multiple Measurements. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5088. [PMID: 35890767 PMCID: PMC9319422 DOI: 10.3390/s22145088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is important to find signals of interest (SOIs) when operating sonar systems. A threshold-based method is generally used for SOI detection. However, it induces a high false alarm rate at a low signal-to-noise ratio. On the other side, machine-learning-based detection is performed to obtain more reliable detection results using abundant training data, costing intensive time and labor. We propose a method with favorable detection performance by using a hidden Markov model (HMM) for sequential acoustic data, which requires no separate training data. Since the detection results from HMM are significantly affected by the random initial parameters of HMM, the genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted to reduce the sensitivity of the initial parameters. The tuned initial parameters from GA are used as a start point for the subsequent Baum-Welch algorithm updating the HMM parameters. Furthermore, multiple measurements from arrays are exploited both in determining the proper initial parameters with GA and updating the parameters with the Baum-Welch algorithm. In contrast to the standard random selection of the initial point with single measurement, a stable initial point setting by the GA ensures improved SOI detections with the Baum-Welch algorithm using the multiple measurements, which are demonstrated in passive and active acoustic data. Particularly, the proposed method shows the most confidential detection in finding weak elastic surface waves from target, compared to existing methods such as conventional HMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heewon You
- Department of Ocean Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hoon Byun
- Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Daejeon 34103, Korea;
- KRISO Campus, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34103, Korea
| | - Youngmin Choo
- Department of Defense Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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40
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Buchholz PCF, Feuerriegel G, Zhang H, Perez-Garcia P, Nover LL, Chow J, Streit WR, Pleiss J. Plastics degradation by hydrolytic enzymes: The plastics-active enzymes database-PAZy. Proteins 2022; 90:1443-1456. [PMID: 35175626 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Petroleum-based plastics are durable and accumulate in all ecological niches. Knowledge on enzymatic degradation is sparse. Today, less than 50 verified plastics-active enzymes are known. First examples of enzymes acting on the polymers polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PUR) have been reported together with a detailed biochemical and structural description. Furthermore, very few polyamide (PA) oligomer active enzymes are known. In this article, the current known enzymes acting on the synthetic polymers PET and PUR are briefly summarized, their published activity data were collected and integrated into a comprehensive open access database. The Plastics-Active Enzymes Database (PAZy) represents an inventory of known and experimentally verified enzymes that act on synthetic fossil fuel-based polymers. Almost 3000 homologs of PET-active enzymes were identified by profile hidden Markov models. Over 2000 homologs of PUR-active enzymes were identified by BLAST. Based on multiple sequence alignments, conservation analysis identified the most conserved amino acids, and sequence motifs for PET- and PUR-active enzymes were derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C F Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Golo Feuerriegel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Perez-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena-Luisa Nover
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Abstract
Accurate multiple sequence alignment is challenging on many data sets, including those that are large, evolve under high rates of evolution, or have sequence length heterogeneity. While substantial progress has been made over the last decade in addressing the first two challenges, sequence length heterogeneity remains a significant issue for many data sets. Sequence length heterogeneity occurs for biological and technological reasons, including large insertions or deletions (indels) that occurred in the evolutionary history relating the sequences, or the inclusion of sequences that are not fully assembled. Ultra-large alignments using Phylogeny-Aware Profiles (UPP) (Nguyen et al. 2015) is one of the most accurate approaches for aligning data sets that exhibit sequence length heterogeneity: it constructs an alignment on the subset of sequences it considers "full-length," represents this "backbone alignment" using an ensemble of hidden Markov models (HMMs), and then adds each remaining sequence into the backbone alignment based on an HMM selected for that sequence from the ensemble. Our new method, WeIghTed Consensus Hmm alignment (WITCH), improves on UPP in three important ways: first, it uses a statistically principled technique to weight and rank the HMMs; second, it uses k>1 HMMs from the ensemble rather than a single HMM; and third, it combines the alignments for each of the selected HMMs using a consensus algorithm that takes the weights into account. We show that this approach provides improved alignment accuracy compared with UPP and other leading alignment methods, as well as improved accuracy for maximum likelihood trees based on these alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengze Shen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Minhyuk Park
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Tandy Warnow
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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42
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Mukhamadiyev A, Khujayarov I, Djuraev O, Cho J. Automatic Speech Recognition Method Based on Deep Learning Approaches for Uzbek Language. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3683. [PMID: 35632092 DOI: 10.3390/s22103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Communication has been an important aspect of human life, civilization, and globalization for thousands of years. Biometric analysis, education, security, healthcare, and smart cities are only a few examples of speech recognition applications. Most studies have mainly concentrated on English, Spanish, Japanese, or Chinese, disregarding other low-resource languages, such as Uzbek, leaving their analysis open. In this paper, we propose an End-To-End Deep Neural Network-Hidden Markov Model speech recognition model and a hybrid Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC)-attention network for the Uzbek language and its dialects. The proposed approach reduces training time and improves speech recognition accuracy by effectively using CTC objective function in attention model training. We evaluated the linguistic and lay-native speaker performances on the Uzbek language dataset, which was collected as a part of this study. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieved a word error rate of 14.3% using 207 h of recordings as an Uzbek language training dataset.
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43
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Kyriakopoulos C, Nordström K, Kramer PL, Gottfreund JY, Salhab A, Arand J, Müller F, von Meyenn F, Ficz G, Reik W, Wolf V, Walter J, Giehr P. A comprehensive approach for genome-wide efficiency profiling of DNA modifying enzymes. Cell Rep Methods 2022; 2:100187. [PMID: 35475220 PMCID: PMC9017147 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A precise understanding of DNA methylation dynamics is of great importance for a variety of biological processes including cellular reprogramming and differentiation. To date, complex integration of multiple and distinct genome-wide datasets is required to realize this task. We present GwEEP (genome-wide epigenetic efficiency profiling) a versatile approach to infer dynamic efficiencies of DNA modifying enzymes. GwEEP relies on genome-wide hairpin datasets, which are translated by a hidden Markov model into quantitative enzyme efficiencies with reported confidence around the estimates. GwEEP predicts de novo and maintenance methylation efficiencies of Dnmts and furthermore the hydroxylation efficiency of Tets. Its design also allows capturing further oxidation processes given available data. We show that GwEEP predicts accurately the epigenetic changes of ESCs following a Serum-to-2i shift and applied to Tet TKO cells confirms the hypothesized mutual interference between Dnmts and Tets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Nordström
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Paula Linh Kramer
- Computer Science Department, Saarland University, Campus E1.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Judith Yumiko Gottfreund
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Abdulrahman Salhab
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julia Arand
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Integrative Cellular Biology and Bioinformatics, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach, 8603 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Haemato-Oncology, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Department, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Verena Wolf
- Computer Science Department, Saarland University, Campus E1.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pascal Giehr
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Campus A2.4, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach, 8603 Zürich, Switzerland
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Babalola OP, Balyan V. Vertical Handover Prediction Based on Hidden Markov Model in Heterogeneous VLC-WiFi System. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:2473. [PMID: 35408087 PMCID: PMC9002554 DOI: 10.3390/s22072473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) channel quality depends on line-of-sight (LoS) transmission, which cannot guarantee continuous transmission due to interruptions caused by blockage and user mobility. Thus, integrating VLC with radio frequency (RF) such asWireless Fidelity (WiFi), provides good quality of experience (QoE) to users. A vertical handover (VHO) scheme that optimizes both the cost of switching and dwelling time of the hybrid VLC-WiFi system is required since blockage on VLC LoS usually occurs for a short period. Hence, an automated VHO algorithm for the VLC-WiFi system based on the hidden Markov model (HMM) is developed in this article. The proposed VHO prediction scheme utilizes the channel characterization of the networks, specifically, the measured received signal strength (RSS) values at different locations. Effective RSS are extracted from the huge datasets using principal component analysis (PCA), which is adopted with HMM, and thus reducing the computational complexity of the model. In comparison with state-of-the-art VHO handover prediction methods, the proposed HMM-based VHO scheme accurately obtains the most likely next assigned access point (AP) by selecting an appropriate time window. The results show a high VHO prediction accuracy and reduced mixed absolute percentage error performance. In addition, the results indicate that the proposed algorithm improves the dwell time on a network and reduces the number of handover events as compared to the threshold-based, fuzzy-controller, and neural network VHO prediction schemes. Thus, it reduces the ping-pong effects associated with the VHO in the heterogeneous VLC-WiFi network.
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45
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Feng Q, Hou M, Liu J, Zhao K, Zhang G. Construct a variable-length fragment library for de novo protein structure prediction. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6547572. [PMID: 35284936 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although remarkable achievements, such as AlphaFold2, have been made in end-to-end structure prediction, fragment libraries remain essential for de novo protein structure prediction, which can help explore and understand the protein-folding mechanism. In this work, we developed a variable-length fragment library (VFlib). In VFlib, a master structure database was first constructed from the Protein Data Bank through sequence clustering. The hidden Markov model (HMM) profile of each protein in the master structure database was generated by HHsuite, and the secondary structure of each protein was calculated by DSSP. For the query sequence, the HMM-profile was first constructed. Then, variable-length fragments were retrieved from the master structure database through dynamically variable-length profile-profile comparison. A complete method for chopping the query HMM-profile during this process was proposed to obtain fragments with increased diversity. Finally, secondary structure information was used to further screen the retrieved fragments to generate the final fragment library of specific query sequence. The experimental results obtained with a set of 120 nonredundant proteins show that the global precision and coverage of the fragment library generated by VFlib were 55.04% and 94.95% at the RMSD cutoff of 1.5 Å, respectively. Compared with the benchmark method of NNMake, the global precision of our fragment library had increased by 62.89% with equivalent coverage. Furthermore, the fragments generated by VFlib and NNMake were used to predict structure models through fragment assembly. Controlled experimental results demonstrate that the average TM-score of VFlib was 16.00% higher than that of NNMake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Feng
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Minghua Hou
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Kailong Zhao
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Guijun Zhang
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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46
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Abstract
This study develops a new joint modeling approach to simultaneously analyze longitudinal and time-to-event data with latent variables. The proposed model consists of three components. The first component is a hidden Markov model for investigating a longitudinal observation process and its underlying transition process as well as their potential risk factors and dynamic heterogeneity. The second component is a factor analysis model for characterizing latent risk factors through multiple observed variables. The third component is a proportional hazards model for examining the effects of observed and latent risk factors on the hazards of interest. A shared random effect is introduced to allow the longitudinal and time-to-event outcomes to be correlated. A Bayesian approach coupled with efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo methods is developed to conduct statistical inference. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated through simulation studies. An application of the proposed model to a general health survey study concerning cognitive impairment and mortality for Chinese elders is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Statistics, Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Timothy Kwok
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Xinyuan Song
- Department of Statistics, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Langthaler S, Lozanović Šajić J, Rienmüller T, Weinberg SH, Baumgartner C. Ion Channel Modeling beyond State of the Art: A Comparison with a System Theory-Based Model of the Shaker-Related Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Kv1.1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020239. [PMID: 35053355 PMCID: PMC8773569 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mathematical modeling of ion channel kinetics is an important tool for studying the electrophysiological mechanisms of the nerves, heart, or cancer, from a single cell to an organ. Common approaches use either a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) or a hidden Markov model (HMM) description, depending on the level of detail of the functionality and structural changes of the underlying channel gating, and taking into account the computational effort for model simulations. Here, we introduce for the first time a novel system theory-based approach for ion channel modeling based on the concept of transfer function characterization, without a priori knowledge of the biological system, using patch clamp measurements. Using the shaker-related voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1 (KCNA1) as an example, we compare the established approaches, HH and HMM, with the system theory-based concept in terms of model accuracy, computational effort, the degree of electrophysiological interpretability, and methodological limitations. This highly data-driven modeling concept offers a new opportunity for the phenomenological kinetic modeling of ion channels, exhibiting exceptional accuracy and computational efficiency compared to the conventional methods. The method has a high potential to further improve the quality and computational performance of complex cell and organ model simulations, and could provide a valuable new tool in the field of next-generation in silico electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Langthaler
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center for Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (S.L.); (J.L.Š.); (T.R.)
| | - Jasmina Lozanović Šajić
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center for Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (S.L.); (J.L.Š.); (T.R.)
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Theresa Rienmüller
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center for Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (S.L.); (J.L.Š.); (T.R.)
| | - Seth H. Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43081, USA
| | - Christian Baumgartner
- Institute of Health Care Engineering with European Testing Center for Medical Devices, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (S.L.); (J.L.Š.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Gonçalves CWP, Richa RA, Bo APL. Tracking and Classification of Head Movement for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22020435. [PMID: 35062395 PMCID: PMC8780700 DOI: 10.3390/s22020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of assistive technologies can mitigate or reduce the challenges faced by individuals with motor disabilities to use computer systems. However, those who feature severe involuntary movements often have fewer options at hand. This work describes an application that can recognize the user’s head using a conventional webcam, track its motion, model the desired functional movement, and recognize it to enable the use of a virtual keyboard. The proposed classifier features a flexible structure and may be personalized for different user need. Experimental results obtained with participants with no neurological disorders have shown that classifiers based on Hidden Markov Models provided similar or better performance than a classifier based on position threshold. However, motion segmentation and interpretation modules were sensitive to involuntary movements featured by participants with cerebral palsy that took part in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rogério A. Richa
- Brazilian National Institute for Digital Convergence, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - Antonio P. L. Bo
- Electrical Engineering Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Thomas PD, Ebert D, Muruganujan A, Mushayahama T, Albou L, Mi H. PANTHER: Making genome-scale phylogenetics accessible to all. Protein Sci 2022; 31:8-22. [PMID: 34717010 PMCID: PMC8740835 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetics is a powerful tool for analyzing protein sequences, by inferring their evolutionary relationships to other proteins. However, phylogenetics analyses can be challenging: they are computationally expensive and must be performed carefully in order to avoid systematic errors and artifacts. Protein Analysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER; http://pantherdb.org) is a publicly available, user-focused knowledgebase that stores the results of an extensive phylogenetic reconstruction pipeline that includes computational and manual processes and quality control steps. First, fully reconciled phylogenetic trees (including ancestral protein sequences) are reconstructed for a set of "reference" protein sequences obtained from fully sequenced genomes of organisms across the tree of life. Second, the resulting phylogenetic trees are manually reviewed and annotated with function evolution events: inferred gains and losses of protein function along branches of the phylogenetic tree. Here, we describe in detail the current contents of PANTHER, how those contents are generated, and how they can be used in a variety of applications. The PANTHER knowledgebase can be downloaded or accessed via an extensive API. In addition, PANTHER provides software tools to facilitate the application of the knowledgebase to common protein sequence analysis tasks: exploring an annotated genome by gene function; performing "enrichment analysis" of lists of genes; annotating a single sequence or large batch of sequences by homology; and assessing the likelihood that a genetic variant at a particular site in a protein will have deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Thomas
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dustin Ebert
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anushya Muruganujan
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tremayne Mushayahama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurent‐Philippe Albou
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Huaiyu Mi
- Division of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Çelik G, Tuncalı T. ROHMM-A flexible hidden Markov model framework to detect runs of homozygosity from genotyping data. Hum Mutat 2021; 43:158-168. [PMID: 34923717 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Runs of long homozygous (ROH) stretches are considered to be the result of consanguinity and usually contain recessive deleterious disease-causing mutations. Several algorithms have been developed to detect ROHs. Here, we developed a simple alternative strategy by examining X chromosome non-pseudoautosomal region to detect the ROHs from next-generation sequencing data utilizing the genotype probabilities and the hidden Markov model algorithm as a tool, namely ROHMM. It is implemented purely in java and contains both a command line and a graphical user interface. We tested ROHMM on simulated data as well as real population data from the 1000G Project and a clinical sample. Our results have shown that ROHMM can perform robustly producing highly accurate homozygosity estimations under all conditions thereby meeting and even exceeding the performance of its natural competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökalp Çelik
- Health Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Timur Tuncalı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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