2101
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Gagnon JA, Valen E, Thyme SB, Huang P, Ahkmetova L, Pauli A, Montague TG, Zimmerman S, Richter C, Schier AF. Efficient mutagenesis by Cas9 protein-mediated oligonucleotide insertion and large-scale assessment of single-guide RNAs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98186. [PMID: 24873830 PMCID: PMC4038517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been implemented in a variety of model organisms to mediate site-directed mutagenesis. A wide range of mutation rates has been reported, but at a limited number of genomic target sites. To uncover the rules that govern effective Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in zebrafish, we targeted over a hundred genomic loci for mutagenesis using a streamlined and cloning-free method. We generated mutations in 85% of target genes with mutation rates varying across several orders of magnitude, and identified sequence composition rules that influence mutagenesis. We increased rates of mutagenesis by implementing several novel approaches. The activities of poor or unsuccessful single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) initiating with a 5' adenine were improved by rescuing 5' end homogeneity of the sgRNA. In some cases, direct injection of Cas9 protein/sgRNA complex further increased mutagenic activity. We also observed that low diversity of mutant alleles led to repeated failure to obtain frame-shift mutations. This limitation was overcome by knock-in of a stop codon cassette that ensured coding frame truncation. Our improved methods and detailed protocols make Cas9-mediated mutagenesis an attractive approach for labs of all sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eivind Valen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Summer B. Thyme
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laila Ahkmetova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea Pauli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tessa G. Montague
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Constance Richter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2102
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Targeted genome editing in human repopulating haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2014; 510:235-240. [PMID: 24870228 PMCID: PMC4082311 DOI: 10.1038/nature13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing by artificial nucleases has brought the goal of site-specific transgene integration and gene correction within the reach of gene therapy. However, its application to long-term repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) has remained elusive. Here we show that poor permissiveness to gene transfer and limited proficiency of the homology directed DNA repair pathway constrain gene targeting in human HSCs. By tailoring delivery platforms and culture conditions we overcame these barriers and provide stringent evidence of targeted integration in human HSCs by long-term multilineage repopulation of transplanted mice. We demonstrate the therapeutic potential of our strategy by targeting a corrective cDNA into the IL2RG gene of HSCs from healthy donors and a subject with X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID-X1). Gene edited HSCs sustained normal hematopoiesis and gave rise to functional lymphoid cells that possess a selective growth advantage over those carrying disruptive IL2RG mutations. These results open new avenues for treating SCID-X1 and other diseases.
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2103
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Steentoft C, Bennett EP, Schjoldager KTBG, Vakhrushev SY, Wandall HH, Clausen H. Precision genome editing: a small revolution for glycobiology. Glycobiology 2014; 24:663-80. [PMID: 24861053 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise and stable gene editing in mammalian cell lines has until recently been hampered by the lack of efficient targeting methods. While different gene silencing strategies have had tremendous impact on many biological fields, they have generally not been applied with wide success in the field of glycobiology, primarily due to their low efficiencies, with resultant failure to impose substantial phenotypic consequences upon the final glycosylation products. Here, we review novel nuclease-based precision genome editing techniques enabling efficient and stable gene editing, including gene disruption, insertion, repair, modification and deletion. The nuclease-based techniques comprised of homing endonucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, as well as the RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas nuclease system, all function by introducing single or double-stranded breaks at a defined genomic sequence. We here compare and contrast the different techniques and summarize their current applications, highlighting cases from the field of glycobiology as well as pointing to future opportunities. The emerging potential of precision gene editing for the field is exemplified by applications to xenotransplantation; to probing O-glycoproteomes, including differential O-GalNAc glycoproteomes, to decipher the function of individual polypeptide GalNAc-transferases, as well as for engineering Chinese Hamster Ovary host cells for production of improved therapeutic biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Steentoft
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Eric P Bennett
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine T-B G Schjoldager
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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2104
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Nissim L, Perli SD, Fridkin A, Perez-Pinera P, Lu TK. Multiplexed and programmable regulation of gene networks with an integrated RNA and CRISPR/Cas toolkit in human cells. Mol Cell 2014; 54:698-710. [PMID: 24837679 PMCID: PMC4077618 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based regulation and CRISPR/Cas transcription factors (CRISPR-TFs) have the potential to be integrated for the tunable modulation of gene networks. A major limitation of this methodology is that guide RNAs (gRNAs) for CRISPR-TFs can only be expressed from RNA polymerase III promoters in human cells, limiting their use for conditional gene regulation. We present new strategies that enable expression of functional gRNAs from RNA polymerase II promoters and multiplexed production of proteins and gRNAs from a single transcript in human cells. We use multiple RNA regulatory strategies, including RNA-triple-helix structures, introns, microRNAs, and ribozymes, with Cas9-based CRISPR-TFs and Cas6/Csy4-based RNA processing. Using these tools, we efficiently modulate endogenous promoters and implement tunable synthetic circuits, including multistage cascades and RNA-dependent networks that can be rewired with Csy4 to achieve complex behaviors. This toolkit can be used for programming scalable gene circuits and perturbing endogenous networks for biology, therapeutic, and synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Nissim
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samuel D Perli
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexandra Fridkin
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pablo Perez-Pinera
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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2105
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Abstract
Uncovering how an RNA-protein molecular scalpel targets DNA will advance our ability to engineer genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Barrangou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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2106
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2107
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Abstract
Targeted modification of plant genome is key to elucidating and manipulating gene functions in plant research and biotechnology. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) technology is emerging as a powerful genome-editing method in diverse plants that traditionally lacked facile and versatile tools for targeted genetic engineering. This technology utilizes easily reprogrammable guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to direct Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 endonuclease to generate DNA double-stranded breaks in targeted genome sequences, which facilitates efficient mutagenesis by error-prone nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or sequence replacement by homology-directed repair (HDR). In this chapter, we describe the procedure to design and evaluate dual sgRNAs for plant codon-optimized Cas9-mediated genome editing using mesophyll protoplasts as model cell systems in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. We also discuss future directions in sgRNA/Cas9 applications for generating targeted genome modifications and gene regulations in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2108
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Abstract
The rapid development of programmable site-specific endonucleases has led to a dramatic increase in genome engineering activities for research and therapeutic purposes. Specific loci of interest in the genomes of a wide range of organisms including mammals can now be modified using zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effectornucleases, and CRISPR-associated Cas9 endonucleases in a site-specific manner, in some cases requiring relatively modest effort for endonuclease design, construction, and application. While these technologies have made genome engineering widely accessible, the ability of programmable nucleases to cleave off-target sequences can limit their applicability and raise concerns about therapeutic safety. In this chapter, we review methods to evaluate and improve the DNA cleavage activity of programmable site-specific endonucleases and describe a procedure for a comprehensive off-target profiling method based on the in vitro selection of very large (~10(12)-membered) libraries of potential nuclease substrates.
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2109
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Abstract
Genome editing using the Cas9 endonuclease of Streptococcus pyogenes has demonstrated unprecedented efficacy and facility in a wide variety of biological systems. In zebrafish, specifically, studies have shown that Cas9 can be directed to user-defined genomic target sites via synthetic guide RNAs, enabling random or homology-directed sequence alterations, long-range chromosomal deletions, simultaneous disruption of multiple genes, and targeted integration of several kilobases of DNA. Altogether, these methods are opening new doors for the engineering of knock-outs, conditional alleles, tagged proteins, reporter lines, and disease models. In addition, the ease and high efficiency of generating Cas9-mediated gene knock-outs provides great promise for high-throughput functional genomics studies in zebrafish. In this chapter, we briefly review the origin of CRISPR/Cas technology and discuss current Cas9-based genome-editing applications in zebrafish with particular emphasis on their designs and implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P W Gonzales
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing-Ruey Joanna Yeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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2110
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Fu Y, Reyon D, Joung JK. Targeted genome editing in human cells using CRISPR/Cas nucleases and truncated guide RNAs. Methods Enzymol 2014; 546:21-45. [PMID: 25398334 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801185-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR RNA-guided nucleases have recently emerged as a robust genome-editing platform that functions in a wide range of organisms. To reduce off-target effects of these nucleases, we developed and validated a modified system that uses truncated guide RNAs (tru-gRNAs). The use of tru-gRNAs leads to decreases in off-target effects and does not generally compromise the on-target efficiencies of these genome-editing nucleases. In this chapter, we describe guidelines for identifying potential tru-gRNA target sites and protocols for measuring the on-target efficiencies of CRISPR RNA-guided nucleases in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Fu
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak Reyon
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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2111
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Abstract
Cas9 is a bacterial RNA-guided endonuclease that uses base pairing to recognize and cleave target DNAs with complementarity to the guide RNA. The programmable sequence specificity of Cas9 has been harnessed for genome editing and gene expression control in many organisms. Here, we describe protocols for the heterologous expression and purification of recombinant Cas9 protein and for in vitro transcription of guide RNAs. We describe in vitro reconstitution of the Cas9-guide RNA ribonucleoprotein complex and its use in endonuclease activity assays. The methods outlined here enable mechanistic characterization of the RNA-guided DNA cleavage activity of Cas9 and may assist in further development of the enzyme for genetic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Anders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jinek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2112
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Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome modification has opened a new era for elucidating gene function. Gene knockout mice can be generated by injecting humanized Cas9 (hCas9) mRNA and guide RNA (sgRNA) into fertilized eggs. However, delivery of RNA instead of DNA to the fertilized oocyte requires extra preparation and extra care with storage. To simplify the method of delivery, we injected the circular pX330 plasmids expressing both hCas9 and sgRNA and found that mutant mice were generated as efficiently as with RNA injection. Different from the linearized plasmid, the circular plasmid decreased the chance of integration into the host genome. We also developed the pCAG-EGxxFP reporter plasmid for evaluating the sgRNA activity by observing EGFP fluorescence in HEK293T cells. The combination of these techniques allowed us to develop a rapid, easy, and reproducible strategy for targeted mutagenesis in living mice. This chapter provides an experimental protocol for the design of sgRNAs, the construction of pX330-sgRNA and pCAG-EGxxFP-target plasmids, the validation of cleavage efficiency in vitro, and the generation of targeted gene mutant mice. These mice can be generated within a month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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2113
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Abstract
Genome editing in human cells is of great value in research, medicine, and biotechnology. Programmable nucleases including zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and RNA-guided engineered nucleases recognize a specific target sequence and make a double-strand break at that site, which can result in gene disruption, gene insertion, gene correction, or chromosomal rearrangements. The target sequence complexities of these programmable nucleases are higher than 3.2 mega base pairs, the size of the haploid human genome. Here, we briefly introduce the structure of the human genome and the characteristics of each programmable nuclease, and review their applications in human cells including pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we discuss various delivery methods for nucleases, programmable nickases, and enrichment of gene-edited human cells, all of which facilitate efficient and precise genome editing in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Song
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyongbum Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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2114
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Abstract
Genome editing is a cutting-edge technology that enables to modify the target gene using programmable site-specific nucleases, such as TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9. Currently, cell and animal models of human diseases have been competitively created throughout the world, because genome editing technology paved the way for genetic modifications even in cells and organisms that had been difficult to manipulate the genome. In this review, we introduce the basic principles and current situations of genome editing with programmable nucleases.
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2115
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Nakayama T, Blitz IL, Fish MB, Odeleye AO, Manohar S, Cho KWY, Grainger RM. Cas9-based genome editing in Xenopus tropicalis. Methods Enzymol 2014; 546:355-75. [PMID: 25398349 PMCID: PMC4284096 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801185-0.00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus tropicalis has been developed as a model organism for developmental biology, providing a system offering both modern genetics and classical embryology. Recently, the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) system for genome modification has provided an additional tool for Xenopus researchers to achieve simple and efficient targeted mutagenesis. Here, we provide insights into experimental design and procedures permitting successful application of this technique to Xenopus researchers, and offer a general strategy for performing loss-of-function assays in F0 and subsequently F1 embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakayama
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Margaret B Fish
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Akinleye O Odeleye
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sumanth Manohar
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Robert M Grainger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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2116
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Dahlman JE, Kauffman KJ, Langer R, Anderson DG. Nanotechnology for in vivo targeted siRNA delivery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 88:37-69. [PMID: 25409603 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800148-6.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can specifically inhibit gene expression. As a result, they have tremendous scientific and clinical potential. However, the use of these molecules in patients and animal models has been limited by challenges with delivery. Intracellular RNA delivery is difficult; it requires a system that protects the siRNA from degradative nucleases in the bloodstream, minimizes clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, maximizes delivery to the target tissue, and promotes entry into, and out of, an endocytic vesicle. Despite these barriers, recent data suggest that RNA may be targeted to cells of interest in vivo. Herein we outline strategies for targeted siRNA delivery, and describe how these strategies may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Dahlman
- The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J Kauffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2117
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Abstract
The rapid advancement of genome-editing techniques holds much promise for the field of human gene therapy. From bacteria to model organisms and human cells, genome editing tools such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZNFs), TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 have been successfully used to manipulate the respective genomes with unprecedented precision. With regard to human gene therapy, it is of great interest to test the feasibility of genome editing in primary human hematopoietic cells that could potentially be used to treat a variety of human genetic disorders such as hemoglobinopathies, primary immunodeficiencies, and cancer. In this chapter, we explore the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the efficient ablation of genes in two clinically relevant primary human cell types, CD4+ T cells and CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. By using two guide RNAs directed at a single locus, we achieve highly efficient and predictable deletions that ablate gene function. The use of a Cas9-2A-GFP fusion protein allows FACS-based enrichment of the transfected cells. The ease of designing, constructing, and testing guide RNAs makes this dual guide strategy an attractive approach for the efficient deletion of clinically relevant genes in primary human hematopoietic stem and effector cells and enables the use of CRISPR/Cas9 for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten B Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pankaj K Mandal
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Sherman Fairchild Biochemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Sherman Fairchild Biochemistry, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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