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Rivellese F, Lobasso A, Barbieri L, Liccardo B, de Paulis A, Rossi FW. Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Role of Janus Kinases Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2823-2843. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180209145243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
:
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovial
inflammation and hyperplasia, autoantibody production, cartilage and bone destruction and several
systemic features. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, psychological, and muscle involvement are the
main comorbidities of RA and are responsible for the severity of the disease and long-term prognosis.
:
Pharmacological treatment of rheumatic diseases has evolved remarkably over the past years. In
addition, the widespread adoption of treat to target and tight control strategies has led to a substantial
improvement of outcomes, so that drug-free remission is nowadays a realistic goal in the
treatment of RA. However, despite the availability of multiple therapeutic options, up to 40% of
patients do not respond to current treatments, including biologics. Small-molecule therapies offer
an alternative to biological therapies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In the past 5
years, a number of small-molecule compounds targeting Janus Kinases (JAKs) have been developed.
Since JAKs are essential for cell signaling in immune cells, in particular controlling the response
to many cytokines, their inhibitors quickly became a promising class of oral therapeutics
that proved effective in the treatment of RA.
:
ofacitinib is the first Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor approved for the treatment of RA, followed
more recently by baricitinib. Several other JAK inhibitors, are currently being tested in phase II
and III trials for the treatment of a different autoimmune diseases. Most of these compounds exhibit
an overall acceptable safety profile similar to that of biologic agents, with infections being the
most frequent adverse event. Apart from tofacitinib, safety data on other JAK inhibitors are still
limited. Long-term follow-up and further research are needed to evaluate the general safety profile
and the global risk of malignancy of these small molecules, although no clear association with malignancy
has been reported to date.
:
Here, we will review the main characteristics of JAK inhibitors, including details on their
molecular targets and on the clinical evidences obtained so far in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Rivellese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Lobasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Letizia Barbieri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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202
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Chatzidionysiou K, Sfikakis PP. Low rates of remission with methotrexate monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: review of randomised controlled trials could point towards a paradigm shift. RMD Open 2019; 5:e000993. [PMID: 31413870 PMCID: PMC6667970 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has improved substantially during the last decades, mainly due to the development and introduction in everyday practice of new, highly efficacious, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), more optimal usage of them, earlier diagnosis and tighter control of disease activity targeting at remission. Methotrexate is still today the anchor drug and the first-line treatment after diagnosis. However, numerous studies comparing methotrexate and biologic DMARDs, as well as new targeted synthetic DMARDs, both in early as in more established disease, have shown consistently better efficacy of the latter compared with methotrexate, with methotrexate yielding remission to maximum half of patients. This could suggest a new paradigm shift with earlier start of a biologic or a targeted synthetic DMARD, with the possibility of subsequent discontinuation in case of achievement of stable remission. Several strategy trials, however, have shown that there might be a clinical and structural benefit of initial, aggressive therapy, possibly even associated with higher chance of remaining in remission, after cessation of the biologic DMARD and continuing with methotrexate alone, but they have failed to show a clear advantage of such an aggressive treatment strategy. This might become a valuable option for the future treatment algorithm of RA, especially for a subgroup of patients with RA, but further confirmation from future research is needed. The crucial role of glucocorticoid use as part of the combination strategy should be acknowledged, and strategy trials should include this combination as an active comparator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Chatzidionysiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine and Joined Rheumatology Program, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine and Joined Rheumatology Program, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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203
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder A Singh
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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204
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Fifty-Two-Week Results of Clinical and Imaging Assessments of a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis Complicated by Systemic Sclerosis with Interstitial Pneumonia and Type 1 Diabetes despite Multiple Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy That Was Successfully Treated with Baricitinib: A Novel Case Report. Case Rep Rheumatol 2019; 2019:5293981. [PMID: 31360575 PMCID: PMC6652034 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5293981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Baricitinib is a Janus kinase 1/2 (JAK1/2) inhibitor used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A 71-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by systemic sclerosis and type 1 diabetes that were resistant to multiple disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs started treatment with baricitinib. After baricitinib administration, the disease activity of her rheumatoid arthritis was attenuated from the early stage of treatment, and the effect was maintained for up to 52 weeks. In addition, the skin sclerosis in systemic sclerosis showed an improvement. Regarding the influence on type 1 diabetes, the required daily dose of insulin and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels decreased. To date, no studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of baricitinib on systemic sclerosis or type 1 diabetes. We report that baricitinib was effective for systemic sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, as well as for rheumatoid arthritis, for up to 52 weeks.
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205
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Aletaha D, Smolen JS. Does Triple Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy Improve upon Methotrexate as the Initial Treatment of Choice for a Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2019; 45:315-324. [PMID: 31277746 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although many treatment options exist for the initial management of rheumatoid arthritis, there has long been discussion about whether initial treatment should be with methotrexate (MTX) as monotherapy or in combination with other conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs). Although studies initially showed additional benefit from combining MTX with other csDMARDs, this benefit disappears when glucocorticoids are added to MTX, a strategy recommended in current guidelines as a short-term bridging approach until MTX therapy exhibits its full efficacy. Also concomitant use of glucocorticoids, with MTX may not be inferior to combination therapy of MTX with TNF-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aletaha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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206
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Taylor PC, Weinblatt ME, Burmester GR, Rooney TP, Witt S, Walls CD, Issa M, Salinas CA, Saifan C, Zhang X, Cardoso A, González‐Gay MA, Takeuchi T. Cardiovascular Safety During Treatment With Baricitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1042-1055. [PMID: 30663869 PMCID: PMC6618316 DOI: 10.1002/art.40841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of cardiovascular and venous thromboembolic events in clinical studies of baricitinib, an oral, selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor approved in more than 50 countries for the treatment of moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Data were pooled from 9 RA studies. Placebo comparison up to 24 weeks included data from 6 studies. Randomized dose comparison between baricitinib doses of 2 mg and 4 mg used data from 4 studies and from the associated long-term extension study. The data analysis set designated "All-bari-RA" included all baricitinib exposures at any dose. RESULTS Overall, 3,492 RA patients received baricitinib (7,860 patient-years of exposure). No imbalance compared to the placebo group was seen in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (incidence rates [IRs] of 0.5 per 100 patient-years for placebo and 0.8 per 100 patient-years for 4 mg baricitinib), arterial thrombotic events (ATE) (IRs of 0.5 per 100 patient-years for placebo and 0.5 per 100 patient-years for 4 mg baricitinib), or congestive heart failure (CHF) broad term (IRs of 4.3 per 100 patient-years for placebo and 2.4 per 100 patient-years for 4 mg baricitinib). Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary embolism (PE) were reported in 0 of 1,070 patients treated with placebo and 6 of 997 patients treated with 4 mg baricitinib during the placebo-controlled period; these events were serious in 2 of 6 patients, while all 6 had risk factors and 1 patient developed DVT/PE after discontinuation of the study drug. In the 2 mg-4 mg-extended data analysis set, IRs of DVT/PE were comparable between the doses across event types (IRs of 0.5 per 100 patient-years in those receiving 2 mg baricitinib and 0.6 per 100 patient-years in those receiving 4 mg baricitinib). In the All-bari-RA data analysis set, the rates were stable over time, with an IR of DVT/PE of 0.5 per 100 patient-years. CONCLUSION In RA clinical trials, no association was found between baricitinib treatment and the incidence of MACE, ATE, or CHF. With regard to incidence of DVT/PE, 6 events occurred in patients treated with 4 mg baricitinib, but no cases of DVT/PE were reported in the placebo group. During longer-term evaluation, the incidence of DVT/PE was similar between the baricitinib dose groups, with consistent IR values over time, and this was similar to the rates previously reported in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Witt
- Eli Lilly and CompanyIndianapolisIndiana
| | | | - Maher Issa
- Eli Lilly and CompanyIndianapolisIndiana
| | | | | | - Xin Zhang
- Eli Lilly and CompanyIndianapolisIndiana
| | | | - Miguel A. González‐Gay
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de ValdecillaIDIVAL and University of Cantabria, Santander, Spainand University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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207
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Köhler BM, Günther J, Kaudewitz D, Lorenz HM. Current Therapeutic Options in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070938. [PMID: 31261785 PMCID: PMC6678427 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. Untreated RA leads to a destruction of joints through the erosion of cartilage and bone. The loss of physical function is the consequence. Early treatment is important to control disease activity and to prevent joint destruction. Nowadays, different classes of drugs with different modes of action are available to control the inflammation and to achieve remission. In this review, we want to discuss differences and similarities of these different drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Köhler
- Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Janine Günther
- Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dorothee Kaudewitz
- Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Internal Medicine 5, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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208
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Abstract
Due to therapeutic advances, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) today has developed into a satisfactorily treatable disease in most cases, with remission being the target of treatment. Early diagnosis with immediate treatment initiation following treat-to-target strategy is the key to a favorable long-term outcome. A guideline-directed treatment algorithm determines the use of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD; e.g., methotrexate), biological DMARD, and targeted oral DMARD (Janus kinase inhibitors). Comorbidities-in particular cardiovascular and interstitial lung disease-affect 80% of RA patients and represent the leading causes for mortality. The choice of drug treatment is influenced by the presence of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krüger
- Rheumatologisches Praxiszentrum München, St.-Bonifatius-Str. 5, 81541, München, Deutschland.
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209
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Xie W, Huang Y, Xiao S, Sun X, Fan Y, Zhang Z. Impact of Janus kinase inhibitors on risk of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1048-1054. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of Janus kinase inhibitors (Jakinibs) on cardiovascular risk in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsPubMed, Embase and Cochrane library were thoroughly searched for RCTs reporting safety issues in patients with RA receiving Jakinibs, from inception to October 2018. The primary and secondary outcomes were all cardiovascular events (CVEs) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs)/venous thromboembolism events (VTEs). OR and 95% CI were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method.Results26 RCTs randomising 11 799 patients were included. No significant difference was observed regarding all CVEs risk following Jakinibs usage in general (OR 1.04 (0.61 to 1.76), p = 0.89), tofacitinib (OR 0.63 (0.26 to 1.54), p = 0.31), baricitinib (OR 1.21 (0.51 to 2.83), p = 0.66), upadacitinib (OR 3.29 (0.59 to 18.44), p = 0.18), peficitinib (OR 0.43 (0.07 to 2.54), p = 0.35) or decernotinib (OR 1.12 (0.13 to 10.11), p = 0.92). Likewise, there was no significant difference for Jakinibs treatment overall regarding occurrence of MACEs (OR 0.80 (0.36 to 1.75), p = 0.57) or VTEs (OR 1.16 (0.48 to 2.81), p = 0.74). Dose-dependent impact of Jakinibs on the risks of all CVEs, MACEs and VTEs was not observed in tofacitinib (5 mg vs 10 mg), upadacitinib (15 mg vs 30 mg), whereas baricitinib at 2 mg was found to be safer than 4 mg in all CVEs incidence (OR 0.19 (0.04 to 0.88), p = 0.03).ConclusionThe existing evidence from RCTs indicated no significant change in cardiovascular risk for Jakinib-treated patients with RA in a short-term perspective, but postmarketing data are sorely needed to ascertain their cardiovascular safety, especially at the higher dose, due to increased risk of thromboembolism events for both tofacitinib and baricitinib at higher dosage.
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210
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van der Heijde D, Schiff M, Tanaka Y, Xie L, Meszaros G, Ishii T, Casillas M, Ortmann RA, Emery P. Low rates of radiographic progression of structural joint damage over 2 years of baricitinib treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 2019; 5:e000898. [PMID: 31168413 PMCID: PMC6525612 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate radiographic progression of structural joint damage over 2 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from baricitinib clinical trials who were disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)–naïve or had an inadequate response to conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARD-IR). Methods Patients had completed one of three phase III studies and entered a long-term extension (LTE) study, continuing on the same baricitinib dose as at originating study completion. At 52 weeks, DMARD-naïve patients receiving methotrexate (MTX) or combination therapy (baricitinib 4 mg+MTX) were switched to baricitinib 4 mg monotherapy (±MTX per investigator opinion); MTX-IR patients receiving adalimumab were switched to baricitinib 4 mg on background MTX. At 24 weeks, csDMARD-IR patients receiving placebo were switched to baricitinib 4 mg on background csDMARD. Radiographs at baseline, year 1 and year 2 were scored using the van der Heijde modified Total Sharp Score. Linear extrapolation was used for missing data. Results Of 2573 randomised patients, 2125 (82.6%) entered the LTE, of whom 1893 (89.1%) entered this analysis. At year 2, progression was significantly lower with initial baricitinib (monotherapy or combination therapy) versus initial MTX in DMARD-naïve patients (proportion with non-progression defined by ≤smallest detectable change (SDC): 87.3% baricitinib 4 mg+MTX; 70.6% MTX; p≤ 0.001). In MTX-IR patients, progression with initial baricitinib was significantly lower than with initial placebo and similar to initial adalimumab (≤SDC: 82.7% baricitinib 4 mg; 83.5% adalimumab; 70.6% placebo; p≤0.001). In csDMARD-IR patients, significant benefit was seen with baricitinib 4 mg (≤SDC: 87.2% vs 73.2% placebo; p≤0.01). Conclusions Treatment with once-daily baricitinib resulted in low rates of radiographic progression for up to 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée van der Heijde
- Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Schiff
- Rheumatology, University of Colorado, Englewood, Colorado, USA
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Li Xie
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Taeko Ishii
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK
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211
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Kubo S, Nakayamada S, Tanaka Y. Baricitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a 2019 update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:693-700. [PMID: 30987474 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1608821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: JAK, which constitutively binds to some cytokine receptors, plays an important role in cytokine signaling. While JAK is comprised of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2, more than 40 types of cytokines transmit signals through JAK. Baricitinib is reported to be highly effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is the second drug launched as a JAK inhibitor for RA. Area covered: We provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of baricitinib and its clinical implications in RA and other autoimmune diseases based on recent reports. This review outlines the mechanisms of action of baricitinib on human immune cells, the results of Phase III trials for RA, and the results of Phase II trials on SLE. Expert opinion: Baricitinib has potential to fine-tune various immune networks through a variety of mechanisms. Precision medicine is required in order to achieve maximum effects of targeted synthetic DMARDs including baricitinib and biological DMARDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubo
- a The First Department of Internal Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- a The First Department of Internal Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- a The First Department of Internal Medicine , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu, Fukuoka , Japan
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212
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Winthrop KL, Bingham CO, Komocsar WJ, Bradley J, Issa M, Klar R, Kartman CE. Evaluation of pneumococcal and tetanus vaccine responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving baricitinib: results from a long-term extension trial substudy. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:102. [PMID: 30999933 PMCID: PMC6471863 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical guidelines recommend pneumococcal and tetanus vaccinations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Baricitinib is an oral, selective Janus kinase (JAK) 1/JAK 2 inhibitor and is approved for the treatment of moderately to severely active RA in adults in over 50 countries including European countries, the USA, and Japan. This substudy evaluated pneumococcal conjugate and tetanus toxoid vaccine (TTV) responses in patients with RA receiving baricitinib. These vaccines elucidate predominantly T cell-dependent humoral antibody response. Methods Eligible RA patients receiving baricitinib 2 mg or 4 mg with or without concomitant methotrexate (MTX) were enrolled in a phase 3 long-term extension trial (RA-BEYOND; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01885078) in USA/Puerto Rico. Patients were vaccinated with 13-serotype pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) and TTV. Primary endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving a satisfactory humoral response for PCV-13 (≥ 2-fold increase in anti-pneumococcal antibody concentrations in ≥ 6 serotypes) and TTV (≥ 4-fold increase in anti-tetanus concentrations) at 5 weeks post-vaccination. Secondary endpoints included humoral responses at 12 weeks and functional responses of serotypes 4, 6B, 14, and 23F (twofold and fourfold increases in opsonic indexes at 5 and 12 weeks). Results Of 106 patients with a mean duration of RA of approximately 12 years, 80% were female, 30% were taking corticosteroids, and 89% (N = 94) were taking baricitinib plus MTX; most patients (97% PCV-13/96% TTV) completed the evaluations. Overall, 68% (95% CI 58.4, 76.2) of patients achieved a satisfactory response to PCV-13, 43% (34.0, 52.8) achieved a ≥ 4-fold increase in anti-tetanus concentrations, and 74% (64.2, 81.1) achieved a ≥ 2-fold increase. PCV-13 response was similar for patients taking corticosteroids (71%; 53.4, 83.9) vs those not (67%; 55.2, 76.5). The percentage of sera with a ≥ 2-fold increase in post-vaccination opsonic indexes at week 5 ranged from 47% (serotype 14) to 76% (serotype 6B). Through 12 weeks post-vaccination, seven patients (6.6%) reported injection-site events. There were no deaths during the substudy, and three patients experienced a serious adverse event. Conclusions Approximately two thirds of patients on long-term baricitinib achieved satisfactory humoral and functional responses to PCV-13 vaccination, while TTV responses were less robust. PCV-13 response was not diminished in those taking concomitant corticosteroids. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01885078. Registered on 24 June 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Winthrop
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Divisions of Rheumatology and Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Maher Issa
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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213
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Jegatheeswaran J, Turk M, Pope JE. Comparison of Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systemic literature review. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:737-754. [PMID: 30955397 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, oral targeted disease-modifying drugs, will be approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other diseases. This review compares and contrasts the efficacy of JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib and decernotinib) in RA including: early RA methotrexate-naive patients, post methotrexate failure and post biologics. Trials in monotherapy, combination with disease modifying drugs such as methotrexate, and comparing with adalimumab in biologic-naive patients were studied. The efficacy is superior to methotrexate in naive patients and equal or superior to adalimumab depending on the drug and dose. There is a class effect of adverse events. Serious infections occur at a rate similar to other advanced therapies in RA, although more reactivation of herpes zoster occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehanya Jegatheeswaran
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Medicine, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Turk
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Medicine, London, ON, Canada
| | - Janet E Pope
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Medicine, London, ON, Canada.,Professor of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St. Joseph's Health Care & University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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214
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases. AD is driven by barrier dysfunction and abnormal immune activation of T helper (Th) 2, Th22, and varying degrees of Th1 and Th17 among various subtypes. The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathways are involved in signaling of several AD-related cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-33, IL-23, IL-22, and IL-17, mediating downstream inflammation and barrier alterations. While AD is primarily Th2-driven, the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of AD endotypes highlights the unmet need for effective therapeutic options that target more than one immune axis and are safe for long-term use. The JAK inhibitors, which target different combinations of kinases, have overlapping but distinct mechanisms of action and safety profiles. Several topical and oral JAK inhibitors have been shown to decrease AD severity and symptoms. A review of the JAK and SYK inhibitors that are currently undergoing evaluation for efficacy and safety in the treatment of AD summarizes available data on a promising area of therapeutics and further elucidates the complex molecular interactions that drive AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen He
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 E. 98th Street, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 E. 98th Street, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Mogul A, Corsi K, McAuliffe L. Baricitinib: The Second FDA-Approved JAK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Pharmacother 2019; 53:947-953. [DOI: 10.1177/1060028019839650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of baricitinib, a recently approved selective Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and explore its potential role in therapy. Data Sources: Articles were identified using a PubMed search from inception through January 2019 using the terms rheumatoid arthritis, Olumiant, baricitinib, and LY3009104, its molecular name. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles relating to randomized clinical trials, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of baricitinib were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Baricitinib exerts its effects by inhibiting JAK1 and JAK2 enzymes, targeting cytokine and growth factor receptor stimulation, thus reducing downstream immune cell function. Four trials have demonstrated the efficacy of baricitinib with or without methotrexate in patients naïve to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and those who had an inadequate response to or intolerance to both conventional and biological DMARDs. Furthermore, baricitinib was associated with delayed radiographic progression. Despite baricitinib 4 mg often demonstrating greater efficacy compared with the 2 mg dose, only the 2 mg dose is Food and Drug Administration approved because of safety concerns with the 4 mg dose, primarily thromboembolism. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Baricitinib provides an oral treatment option for patients failing tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis). Safety, cost, and comparative effectiveness to tofacitinib should be considered prior to prescribing baricitinib. Conclusion: Baricitinib is the second medication in its class and has been proven efficacious for the treatment of RA. Given concerns for adverse effects associated with baricitinib, it should be reserved for patients who have failed one or more TNFis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mogul
- Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton, NY, USA
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216
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Relke N, Gooderham M. The Use of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Vitiligo: A Review of the Literature. J Cutan Med Surg 2019; 23:298-306. [PMID: 30902022 DOI: 10.1177/1203475419833609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmenting disorder characterized by the development of white macules and patches due to the loss of melanocytes. Patients with vitiligo can be stigmatized by society, making the disease a source of psychological stress that can considerably affect quality of life. The goal of vitiligo treatment is to obtain skin repigmentation in the majority of cases, and less commonly to depigment the remaining normal skin. There is no consistent, long-term, durable therapy for vitiligo for all patients, highlighting the unmet need for new safe and effective therapies to control this disease. Recently, JAK inhibitors have been explored as a promising novel treatment option in vitiligo. The JAK and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway is an attractive therapeutic target because IFN-γ-dependent cytokines produced through this pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of disease. This literature review describes vitiligo pathophysiology, explains the usefulness of the JAK inhibitors for treatment, and summarizes published case reports, case series, and open-label studies. Research outlined here shows JAK inhibitors in patients with vitiligo have a favorable safety profile and effectively produce repigmentation of lesions, especially with concomitant ultraviolet exposure. Additional studies are required to confirm efficacy, establish safety, and investigate durability of repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda Gooderham
- 1 Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,2 SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada.,3 Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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217
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Harigai M, Takeuchi T, Smolen JS, Winthrop KL, Nishikawa A, Rooney TP, Saifan CG, Issa M, Isaka Y, Akashi N, Ishii T, Tanaka Y. Safety profile of baricitinib in Japanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with over 1.6 years median time in treatment: An integrated analysis of Phases 2 and 3 trials. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 30:36-43. [PMID: 30784354 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1583711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Baricitinib is a selective oral inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2 for patients with moderately-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Baricitinib's safety profile in Japanese patients was evaluated using six studies (five Ph2/Ph3 trials, one long-term extension study through 01 September 2016) from an integrated database (nine RA studies).Methods: Incidence rates (IRs) or exposure-adjusted IRs (EAIRs) of adverse events (AEs) per 100 patient-years (PY) were calculated using data which included RA patients exposed to any baricitinib dose.Results: Five hundred and fourteen Japanese patients received baricitinib for 851.5 total PY of exposure (median 1.7 years, maximum 3.2). The EAIR of treatment-emergent AEs was 57.4/100PY. There were no deaths; 31 patients had serious infections (IR: 3.6/100PY), 55 herpes zoster (6.5), 0 tuberculosis, 10 malignancies (1.1) including two lymphomas, two major cardiovascular AEs (0.3), one gastrointestinal perforation (0.1), and four deep vein thrombosis (0.5). In Japanese patients, herpes zoster was more frequent than that of patients overall in the integrated database, but the events were considered manageable.Conclusion: In this analysis, baricitinib had acceptable safety profile in Japanese RA patients in the context of demonstrated efficacy. Aside from herpes zoster, baricitinib safety was not notably different between Japanese RA patients and those RA patients in the integrated database.Trial registration: NCT01185353, NCT00902486, NCT01469013, NCT01710358, NCT01721044, NCT01721057, NCT01711359, and NCT01885078 at https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Harigai
- Division of Epidemiology and Pharmacoepidemiology of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin L Winthrop
- Department of Medicine & Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Terence P Rooney
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chadi G Saifan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maher Issa
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yoshitaka Isaka
- Medicines Development Unit, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Akashi
- Medicines Development Unit, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Japan
| | - Taeko Ishii
- Medicines Development Unit, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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218
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Yuan ZC, Wang JM, Huang AF, Su LC, Li SJ, Xu WD. Elevated expression of interleukin-37 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1123-1129. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Yuan
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health; Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - Jia-Min Wang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health; Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - Lin-Chong Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Affiliated Minda Hospital of Hubei Institute for Nationalities; Enshi Hubei China
| | - Shuang-Jing Li
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health; Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Sichuan China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health; Southwest Medical University; Luzhou Sichuan China
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219
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Daien C, Hua C, Gaujoux-Viala C, Cantagrel A, Dubremetz M, Dougados M, Fautrel B, Mariette X, Nayral N, Richez C, Saraux A, Thibaud G, Wendling D, Gossec L, Combe B. Update of French society for rheumatology recommendations for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2019; 86:135-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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220
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Baricitinib induces LDL-C and HDL-C increases in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:54. [PMID: 30777075 PMCID: PMC6380020 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baricitinib, an oral-administrated selective inhibitor of the JAK1 and JAK2, is recently approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. With the aim to provide some insights on the clinical safety, the current study mainly focused on the effect of baricitinib on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and cardiovascular risk. Methods The net change scores [least squares mean (LSM) and mean change] of LDL-C and HDL-C levels from baseline with the comparison of baricitinib versus placebo were pooled, respectively. Risk rations (RR) of major cardiovascular events (MACEs) and differences of cardiovascular risk scores at the end of treatment across groups were compared. Results Six trials with randomized 3552 patients were finally included in summary analysis. Results showed that baricitinib significantly increased LDL-C levels, the net mean change was 13.15 mg/dl with 95% CI 8.89~17.42 (I2 = 0) and the net LSM was 11.94 mg/dl with 95% CI 7.52~16.37 (I2 = 84%). HDL-C also increased obviously with the net LSM change was 7.19 mg/dl (95% CI, 6.05~8.33, I2 = 47%) and net mean change was 5.40 mg/dl (95% CI, 3.07~7.74, I2 = 10%). Subgroup and meta-regression analysis demonstrated baricitinib induced LDL-C and HDL-C increases in a dose-response manner. However, both the pooled RRs of MACEs and differences of cardiovascular risk scores were not statistically significant across groups. Conclusion This study confirmed that baricitinib induced a stable dose-response increase in LDL-C and HDL-C levels. Since the causality association between altered lipids and cardiovascular risk was not identified yet, this issue cannot be completely dismissed. Future research is needed to fully dissect the implications of these lipid changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-0994-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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221
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Kawalec P, Śladowska K, Malinowska-Lipień I, Brzostek T, Kózka M. New alternative in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: clinical utility of baricitinib. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:275-284. [PMID: 30858707 PMCID: PMC6385775 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s192440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Baricitinib is an innovative small-molecule drug that reversibly inhibits continuous activation of JAK/STAT pathway, thus reducing joint inflammation. The drug was approved for use as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this paper was to review the studies on pharmacology, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of baricitinib in patients with RA. Baricitinib provides an innovative approach to modulating the immune and inflammatory response in patients with RA, which is especially important in individuals who do not respond to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or standard biologic drugs (tumor necrosis factor inhibitors) or who lose response over time. Baricitinib therapy reduces symptoms of RA and improves the quality of life. Moreover, it has shown high efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in Phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and become another JAK inhibitor approved for RA treatment, providing a useful alternative option. RCTs have revealed a significant benefit of baricitinib over placebo, MTX, and adalimumab in terms of standard efficacy outcomes, especially the American College of Rheumatology ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 response rates. Additionally, a clinically meaningful improvement in patient-reported outcomes, including the quality of life, compared with placebo has been reported. The safety profile seems acceptable, although some rare but potentially severe adverse events have been observed, such as serious infections, opportunistic infections (eg, herpes zoster), malignancies, and cardiac or hepatic disorders. Baricitinib administered at an approved dose of 2 or 4 mg once daily offers a novel and promising alternative to parenterally administered biologic drugs used in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kawalec
- Drug Management Department, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland,
| | - Katarzyna Śladowska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Malinowska-Lipień
- Department of Internal and Community Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzostek
- Department of Internal and Community Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Kózka
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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222
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Yang L, Dong Y, Li Y, Wang D, Liu S, Wang D, Gao Q, Ji S, Chen X, Lei Q, Jiang W, Wang L, Zhang B, Yu JJ, Zhang Y. IL‐10 derived from M2 macrophage promotes cancer stemness
via
JAK1/STAT1/NF‐κB/Notch1 pathway in non‐small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1099-1110. [PMID: 30671927 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Dong
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Gao
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Ji
- Department of Radiology Orthopaedic Hospital of Zhengzhou City Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyang Lei
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL
| | - Jane J. Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
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223
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Taylor PC. Clinical efficacy of launched JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58:i17-i26. [PMID: 30806707 PMCID: PMC6390878 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tofacitinib and baricitinib are the first orally available, small-molecule inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes to be approved for the treatment of RA. Tofacitinib is a selective JAK1, 3 inhibitor with less activity against JAK2 and TYK2 and baricitinib is a selective, oral JAK1, 2 inhibitor with moderate activity against TYK2 and significantly less activity against JAK3. Both drugs have undergone extensive phase III clinical trials in RA and demonstrated rapid improvements in disease activity, function and patient-reported outcomes as well as disease modification. Tofacitinib 5 mg bd, was approved by the Federal Drug Administration in 2012 for the treatment of RA in patients who are intolerant or unresponsive to MTX. An extended release formulation for the treatment of RA was approved by Federal Drug Administration in 2016. In 2017 the European Medicines Agency approved tofacitinib 5 mg bd in combination with MTX and baricitinib 4 mg and 2 mg once daily for the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who are intolerant or unresponsive to one or more conventional synthetic DMARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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224
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T Virtanen A, Haikarainen T, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. Selective JAKinibs: Prospects in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. BioDrugs 2019; 33:15-32. [PMID: 30701418 PMCID: PMC6373396 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, many of which signal through the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) pathway, play a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Currently three JAK inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in USA and/or Europe: tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ulcerative colitis, baricitinib for rheumatoid arthritis, and ruxolitinib for myeloproliferative neoplasms. The clinical JAK inhibitors target multiple JAKs at high potency and current research has focused on more selective JAK inhibitors, almost a dozen of which currently are being evaluated in clinical trials. In this narrative review, we summarize the status of the pan-JAK and selective JAK inhibitors approved or in clinical trials, and discuss the rationale for selective targeting of JAKs in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina T Virtanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Teemu Haikarainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juuli Raivola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, (Viikinkaari 5), 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Peterfy C, DiCarlo J, Emery P, Genovese MC, Keystone EC, Taylor PC, Schlichting DE, Beattie SD, Luchi M, Macias W. MRI and Dose Selection in a Phase II Trial of Baricitinib with Conventional Synthetic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2019; 46:887-895. [PMID: 30647190 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in a phase IIb study of baricitinib in patients with RA to support dose selection for the phase III program. METHODS Three hundred one patients with active RA who were taking stable methotrexate were randomized 2:1:1:1:1 to placebo or once-daily baricitinib (1, 2, 4, or 8 mg) for up to 24 weeks. One hundred fifty-four patients with definitive radiographic erosion had MRI of the hand/wrist at baseline and at weeks 12 and 24. Two expert radiologists, blinded to treatment and visit order, scored images for synovitis, osteitis, bone erosion, and cartilage loss. Combined inflammation (osteitis + 3× synovitis score) and total joint damage (erosion + 2.5× cartilage loss score) scores were calculated. Treatment groups were compared using ANCOVA adjusting for baseline scores. RESULTS Mean changes from baseline to Week 12 for synovitis were -0.10, -1.50, and -1.60 for patients treated with placebo, baricitinib 4 mg, and baricitinib 8 mg, respectively (p = 0.003 vs placebo for baricitinib 4 and 8 mg). Mean changes for osteitis were 0.00, -3.20, and -2.10 (p = 0.001 vs placebo for baricitinib 4 mg and p = 0.037 for 8 mg), respectively. Mean changes for bone erosion were 0.90, 0.10, and 0.40 (p = 0.089 for 4 mg and p = 0.275 for 8 mg), respectively, in these treatment groups. CONCLUSION MRI findings in this subgroup of patients suggest suppression of synovitis, osteitis, and combined inflammation by baricitinib 4 and 8 mg. This corroborates previously demonstrated clinical efficacy of baricitinib and increases confidence that baricitinib 4 mg could reduce the radiographic progression in phase III studies. [Clinical trial registration number (www.ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT01185353].
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Peterfy
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.
| | - Julie DiCarlo
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Paul Emery
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Mark C Genovese
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Edward C Keystone
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Peter C Taylor
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Doug E Schlichting
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Scott D Beattie
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - Monica Luchi
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
| | - William Macias
- From Spire Sciences Inc., Boca Raton, Florida; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana; Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA; The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds; Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,C. Peterfy, MD, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; J. DiCarlo, PhD, Spire Sciences Inc.; P. Emery, MD, FRCP, The Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University; E.C. Keystone, MD, FRCP, Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto; P.C. Taylor, MA, PhD, FRCP, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford; D.E. Schlichting, RN, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; S.D. Beattie, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co.; M. Luchi, MD, FACR, MBA, Incyte Corp.; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Eli Lilly and Co
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A Bayesian mixed treatment comparison of efficacy of biologics and small molecules in early rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:1309-1317. [PMID: 30628014 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-04406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The current paradigm in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is to treat patients in the early stage of the disease (ERA). Previous meta-analysis-based mixed treatment comparisons (MTCs), aimed to identify the most effective drugs in ERA, are biased by the wide "window" of early definition, ranging from 6 months to 2 years. The aim of this study was to estimate through a Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis which biologics or small molecules are more likely to achieve a 1-year good clinical response in ERA patients with disease duration < 1 year. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of biologic agents and small molecules in combination with MTX to treat patients affected with ERA lasting < 1 year were searched through MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov between 1990 and September 2017. The outcome of interest was the achievement of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 50 and ACR 70 response at 1 year. WinBUGS 1.4 software (MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK) was used to perform the analyses, using a fixed effect model. Fourteen studies were included in the analysis. Tofacitinib (64.83%) followed by Etanercept (23.26%) were the drugs with the highest probability of achieving ACR50 response. Rituximab showed the highest probability of inducing ACR70 response (52.81%) followed by Etanercept (26.85%). This is the first MTC involving only RCTs on ERA patients with disease duration < 1 year. Tofacitinib and rituximab were the drugs ranked first in inducing 1-year ACR50 and ACR70 response, respectively.
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Strategies toward rheumatoid arthritis therapy; the old and the new. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10018-10031. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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229
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Serhal L, Edwards CJ. Upadacitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 15:13-25. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1544892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Serhal
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Winchester, UK
| | - Christopher J. Edwards
- Department of Rheumatology and NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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230
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Tanaka Y, McInnes IB, Taylor PC, Byers NL, Chen L, de Bono S, Issa M, Macias WL, Rogai V, Rooney TP, Schlichting DE, Zuckerman SH, Emery P. Characterization and Changes of Lymphocyte Subsets in Baricitinib-Treated Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Integrated Analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1923-1932. [PMID: 30058112 PMCID: PMC6587754 DOI: 10.1002/art.40680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Baricitinib is an orally administered inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2 that has been shown to be effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to analyze changes in lymphocyte cell subsets during baricitinib treatment and to correlate these changes with clinical outcomes. METHODS An integrated analysis was conducted by pooling data from 3 completed phase III trials comparing placebo with baricitinib treatment (RA-BEAM, RA-BUILD, and RA-BEACON) and 1 ongoing long-term extension study (RA-BEYOND) in patients with active RA (n = 2,186). RESULTS Baricitinib treatment was associated with an early transient increase in total lymphocyte count at week 4, which returned to baseline by week 12. Transient changes within normal reference ranges in T cells and subsets were observed with baricitinib treatment, up to week 104. B cells and relevant subpopulations increased after 4 weeks of baricitinib treatment, with no further increases noted through 104 weeks of treatment. Natural killer (NK) cells temporarily increased after 4 weeks of baricitinib treatment, before decreasing below baseline levels and then stabilizing over time. With baricitinib treatment, few correlations were observed between changes in lymphocyte subsets and clinical end points, and most correlations were also observed within the placebo group. A modest potential association between low NK cell numbers and treatment-emergent infections was observed in the baricitinib 4 mg/day treatment group, but not for serious infections or herpes zoster. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings demonstrate that changes in lymphocyte subsets were largely within normal reference ranges across the baricitinib phase III RA clinical program and were not associated with increased risk of serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Tanaka
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Peter C Taylor
- Botnar Research Centre and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lei Chen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Maher Issa
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Emery
- NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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231
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Tarp S, Jørgensen TS, Furst DE, Dossing A, Taylor PC, Choy EH, Suarez-Almazor ME, Lyddiatt A, Kristensen LE, Bliddal H, Christensen R. Added value of combining methotrexate with a biological agent compared to biological monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:958-966. [PMID: 30396592 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of methotrexate (MTX) in combination with an approved biological agent compared to biological monotherapy, in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and other sources were searched for randomised trials evaluating a biological agent plus MTX versus the same biological agent in monotherapy. Co-primary outcomes were ACR50 and the number of patients who discontinued due to adverse events (AEs). Random-effects models were applied for meta-analyses with risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals and the GRADE approach was used to assess confidence in the estimates. RESULTS The analysis comprised 16 trials (4965 patients), including all biological agents approved for RA except anakinra and certolizumab. The overall likelihood of responding to therapy (i.e. ACR50) after 6 months was 32% better when MTX was given concomitantly with biological agents (1.32 [1.20-1.45]; P < 0.001) corresponding to 11 more out of 100 patients (7-16 more); Moderate Quality Evidence. Discontinuing due to AEs from concomitant use of MTX was potentially 20% increased (1.21 [0.97-1.50]; P = 0.09) compared to biological monotherapy corresponding to 1 more out of 100 patients (0-3 more); Moderate Quality Evidence. CONCLUSIONS Randomised trials provide Moderate Quality Evidence for a favourable benefit-harm balance supporting concomitant use of MTX rather than monotherapy when prescribing a biological agent in patients with RA although in absolute terms only 7-16 more out of 100 patients will achieve an ACR50 response after 6 months of this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tarp
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tanja S Jørgensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Furst
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna Dossing
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter C Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Ernest H Choy
- Section of Rheumatology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK; CREATE Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maria E Suarez-Almazor
- Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lyddiatt
- Musculoskeletal Group, Cochrane Collaboration, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Lars E Kristensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bliddal
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Christensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
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232
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Krüger K. [Biologics and further new drugs for rheumatic diseases since 2000]. DER ORTHOPADE 2018; 47:906-911. [PMID: 30280235 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-018-3650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis are severe diseases, which without adequate treatment lead to extremely reduced mobility, functional status and quality of life. OBJECTIVE The effects of biologics and further new antirheumatic drugs on the burden of disease. METHODS Evaluation of study results and register data dealing with the efficacy and safety of these drugs. RESULTS Biologics have been proven to dramatically improve the outcome of all three diseases and contributed to the fact that remission is a realistic target today. In addition, the cardiovascular risk and mortality in RA have been reduced and structural damage is considerably blocked by biologics. Recently Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors contributed to the treatment possibilities in the same way. Biologics as well as JAK inhibitors offer an excellent safety profile and tolerability with infections being the most important risk. CONCLUSION With the availability of biologics and additional new drugs all three diseases have lost the status of difficult to treat diseases. Their usage according to the guidelines ensures that the burden of disease can been minimalized in most cases. The benefit-risk profile of these drugs has been shown to be excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krüger
- Rheumatologisches Praxiszentrum, St. Bonifatius Str. 5, 81541, München, Deutschland.
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Emery P, Pope JE, Kruger K, Lippe R, DeMasi R, Lula S, Kola B. Efficacy of Monotherapy with Biologics and JAK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review. Adv Ther 2018; 35:1535-1563. [PMID: 30128641 PMCID: PMC6182623 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite recommendations suggesting that biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) should be used in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), up to one-third of patients with RA are treated with monotherapy. The objective of the systematic literature review reported here was to evaluate the clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of b/tsDMARDs as monotherapy in the treatment of RA. MEDLINE®, Embase®, and the Cochrane Central Trials Register (to April 11, 2017) and the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism conference proceedings (2010-2016) were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of b/tsDMARDs as monotherapy for RA in adults. Forty-four monotherapy studies of abatacept, adalimumab, baricitinib, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, sarilumab, sirukumab, tocilizumab, and tofacitinib reported in 71 publications were identified. Tocilizumab had the most studies (14), followed by etanercept (10) and adalimumab (9). These b/tsDMARDs were consistently shown to be efficacious treatments, regardless of whether patients were intolerant of or had never used conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs. However, better treatment outcomes were usually achieved with combination therapy, and this was observed for all b/tsDMARDs assessed by this review. Only a few studies provided a head-to-head comparison between b/tsDMARD treatments or between b/tsDMARD monotherapy and combination therapy, and as many were initial RA treatments they were not generalizable to usual care. In conclusion, evidence from randomized trials suggests that the b/tsDMARDs studied are effective as monotherapy. In general, some patient responses seem better with combination therapy and the durability of monotherapy is less than combination therapy. There is, however, a need for longer-term head-to-head trials to establish positioning of these interventions in the treatment algorithm for RA. FUNDING Pfizer.Plain Language Summary: Plain language summary available on the journal website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Emery
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, LTHT and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Janet E Pope
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Klaus Kruger
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Smolen JS, Genovese MC, Takeuchi T, Hyslop DL, Macias WL, Rooney T, Chen L, Dickson CL, Riddle Camp J, Cardillo TE, Ishii T, Winthrop KL. Safety Profile of Baricitinib in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis with over 2 Years Median Time in Treatment. J Rheumatol 2018; 46:7-18. [PMID: 30219772 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Baricitinib is an oral, once-daily selective Janus kinase (JAK1/JAK2) inhibitor for adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We evaluated baricitinib's safety profile through 288 weeks (up to September 1, 2016) with an integrated database [8 phase III/II/Ib trials, 1 longterm extension (LTE)]. METHODS The "all-bari-RA" group included patients who received any baricitinib dose. Placebo comparison was based on the 6 studies with 4 mg and placebo up to Week 24 ("placebo-4 mg" dataset). Dose response assessment was based on 4 studies with 2 mg and 4 mg including LTE data ("2 mg-4 mg-extended"). The uncommon events description used the non-controlled all-bari-RA. RESULTS There were 3492 patients who received baricitinib for 6637 total patient-years (PY) of exposure (median 2.1 yrs, maximum 5.5 yrs). No differences in rates of death, adverse events leading to drug discontinuation, malignancies, major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), or serious infections were seen for 4 mg versus placebo or for 4 mg versus 2 mg. Infections including herpes zoster were significantly more frequent for 4 mg versus placebo. Deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism were reported with 4 mg but not placebo [all-bari-RA incidence rate (IR) 0.5/100 PY]; the IR did not differ between doses (0.5 vs 0.6/100 PY, 2 mg vs 4 mg, respectively) or compared to published RA rates. All-bari-RA had 6 cases of lymphoma (IR 0.09/100 PY), 3 gastrointestinal perforations (0.05/100 PY), 10 cases of tuberculosis (all in endemic areas; 0.15/100 PY), and 22 all-cause deaths (0.33/100 PY). IR for malignancies (0.8/100 PY) and MACE (0.5/100 PY) were low and did not increase with prolonged exposure. CONCLUSION In this integrated analysis of patients with moderate to severe active RA with exposure up to 5.5 years, baricitinib has an acceptable safety profile in the context of demonstrated efficacy. Trial registration numbers: NCT01185353, NCT00902486, NCT01469013, NCT01710358, NCT01721044, NCT01721057, NCT01711359, and NCT01885078 at clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef S Smolen
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA. .,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University.
| | - Mark C Genovese
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - David L Hyslop
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - William L Macias
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Terence Rooney
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Lei Chen
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Christina L Dickson
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Jennifer Riddle Camp
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Tracy E Cardillo
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Taeko Ishii
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
| | - Kevin L Winthrop
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Kobe, Japan; Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,J.S. Smolen, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; M.C. Genovese, MD, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center; T. Takeuchi, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University; D.L. Hyslop, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; W. Macias, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Rooney, MD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; L. Chen, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; C.L. Dickson, BS Pharm, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; J. Riddle Camp, BA, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T.E. Cardillo, MSN, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., USA; T. Ishii, MD, PhD, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Japan; K.L. Winthrop, MD, MPH, Oregon Health Sciences University
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Takeuchi T, Genovese MC, Haraoui B, Li Z, Xie L, Klar R, Pinto-Correia A, Otawa S, Lopez-Romero P, de la Torre I, Macias W, Rooney TP, Smolen JS. Dose reduction of baricitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis achieving sustained disease control: results of a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:171-178. [PMID: 30194275 PMCID: PMC6352419 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study investigated the effects of dose step-down in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who achieved sustained disease control with baricitinib 4 mg once a day. Methods Patients who completed a baricitinib phase 3 study could enter a long-term extension (LTE). In the LTE, patients who received baricitinib 4 mg for ≥15 months and maintained CDAI low disease activity (LDA) or remission (REM) were blindly randomised to continue 4 mg or taper to 2 mg. Patients could rescue (to 4 mg) if needed. Efficacy and safety were assessed through 48 weeks. Results Patients in both groups maintained LDA (80% 4 mg; 67% 2 mg) or REM (40% 4 mg; 33% 2 mg) over 48 weeks. However, dose reduction resulted in small, statistically significant increases in disease activity at 12, 24 and 48 weeks. Dose reduction also produced earlier and more frequent relapse (loss of step-down criteria) over 48 weeks compared with 4 mg maintenance (23% 4 mg vs 37% 2 mg, p=0.001). Rescue rates were 10% for baricitinib 4 mg and 18% for baricitinib 2 mg. Dose reduction was associated with a numerically lower rate of non-serious infections (30.6 for baricitinib 4 mg vs 24.9 for 2 mg). Rates of serious adverse events and adverse events leading to discontinuation were similar across groups. Conclusions In a large randomised, blinded phase 3 study, maintenance of RA control following induction of sustained LDA/REM with baricitinib 4 mg was greater with continued 4 mg than after taper to 2 mg. Nonetheless, most patients tapered to 2 mg could maintain LDA/REM or recapture with return to 4 mg if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark C Genovese
- Rheumatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Boulos Haraoui
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Susan Otawa
- Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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236
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Dam EM, Maier AC, Hocking AM, Carlin J, Ng B, Buckner JH. Increased Binding of Specificity Protein 1 to the IL21R Promoter in B Cells Results in Enhanced B Cell Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1978. [PMID: 30233580 PMCID: PMC6134023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on the presence of autoantibodies and the therapeutic response to B cell depletion. IL-21 has a significant role in B cell development and function. Here we assess B cell responses to IL-21 and the mechanisms responsible for altered IL-21R expression in RA. Flow cytometry of PBMC and cultured B cells was used to quantify protein and mRNA levels of IL-21R, IL-21 signaling through pSTAT3, specificity protein 1 (SP1) and to determine cytokine production (IL-6) and maturation status of B cells in RA and healthy control subjects. SP1 binding to the IL21R promoter region in B cells was assessed with ChIP-qPCR. We demonstrate an increase in IL-21R expression in total and memory B cells from RA subjects, which correlated with responsiveness to IL-21 stimulation. Stimulation of naïve RA B cells with IL-21 and CD40L resulted in an increase in differentiation into plasmablasts and an increase in IL-6 production in comparison to healthy controls, which was dose dependent on IL-21 stimulation. IL-21R expression on memory B cells in RA synovial fluid was comparable to peripheral blood making our study pertinent to understanding B cell responses in the joint and site of inflammation. We identified an increase in SP1 protein and mRNA in RA B cells and demonstrate an increase in binding of SP1 to the IL21R promoter region, which suggests a mechanism by which IL-21R expression is enhanced on B cells in RA. Taken together, our results indicate a mechanism by which IL-21 enhances B cell development and function in RA through an SP1 mediated increase in IL-21R expression on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Dam
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alison C Maier
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anne M Hocking
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Carlin
- Division of Rheumatology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bernard Ng
- Rheumatology Section, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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Atzeni F, Talotta R, Nucera V, Marino F, Gerratana E, Sangari D, Masala IF, Sarzi-Puttini P. Adverse events, clinical considerations and management recommendations in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with JAK inhibitors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:945-956. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1504678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossella Talotta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Laboratory of Genetics, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Nucera
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Marino
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gerratana
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Donatella Sangari
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, ASST-Fatebenefratelli L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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238
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van der Heijde D, Durez P, Schett G, Naredo E, Østergaard M, Meszaros G, De Leonardis F, de la Torre I, López-Romero P, Schlichting D, Nantz E, Fleischmann R. Structural damage progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate, baricitinib, or baricitinib plus methotrexate based on clinical response in the phase 3 RA-BEGIN study. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:2381-2390. [PMID: 30078086 PMCID: PMC6097080 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate structural damage progression based on clinical response in rheumatoid arthritis patients with no or limited prior disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment receiving the Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor baricitinib 4 mg, methotrexate (MTX), or the combination. Data from the phase 3 RA-BEGIN study were analysed post hoc. Proportions of patients with structural damage progression (change from baseline greater than the smallest detectable change in modified total Sharp score) at week 52 were evaluated based on sustained Disease Activity Score for 28-joint count with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (DAS28-hsCRP) ≤ 3.2 or Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) score ≤ 11; no formal statistical comparisons between treatments were performed to test these proportions. Baseline factors associated with risk of structural damage progression, including Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score, were identified using multivariate analysis. Patients achieving versus not achieving sustained DAS28-hsCRP ≤ 3.2 or SDAI score ≤ 11 were less likely to experience structural damage progression at week 52. In patients achieving these responses, structural damage progression was less likely with baricitinib monotherapy or plus MTX than with MTX monotherapy. In patients not achieving these sustained clinical thresholds, structural damage progression was less likely with baricitinib plus MTX than with either monotherapy. Independent of treatment, baseline factors significantly associated with increased risk of structural damage progression included higher hsCRP and CDAI score, smoking, female sex, and lower body mass index. In conclusion, patients achieving versus not achieving sustained DAS28-hsCRP ≤ 3.2 or SDAI score ≤ 11 were less likely to show structural damage progression, irrespective of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Durez
- Pôle de Pathologies Rhumatismales Inflammatoires et Systémiques, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain and Service de Rhumatologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georg Schett
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Mikkel Østergaard
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Nantz
- Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Roy Fleischmann
- Metroplex Clinical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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239
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Wallace DJ, Furie RA, Tanaka Y, Kalunian KC, Mosca M, Petri MA, Dörner T, Cardiel MH, Bruce IN, Gomez E, Carmack T, DeLozier AM, Janes JM, Linnik MD, de Bono S, Silk ME, Hoffman RW. Baricitinib for systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2018; 392:222-231. [PMID: 30043749 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have substantial unmet medical need. Baricitinib is an oral selective Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2 inhibitor that we hypothesised might have therapeutic benefit in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS In this double-blind, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, 24-week phase 2 study, patients were recruited from 78 centres in 11 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, had a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, and had active disease involving skin or joints. We randomly assigned patients (1:1:1) to receive once-daily baricitinib 2 mg, baricitinib 4 mg, or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving resolution of arthritis or rash at week 24, as defined by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index-2000 (SLEDAI-2K). Efficacy and safety analyses included all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02708095. FINDINGS Between March 24, 2016, and April 27, 2017, 314 patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n=105), baricitinib 2 mg (n=105), or baricitinib 4 mg (n=104). At week 24, resolution of SLEDAI-2K arthritis or rash was achieved by 70 (67%) of 104 patients receiving baricitinib 4 mg (odds ratio [OR] vs placebo 1·8, 95% CI 1·0-3·3; p=0·0414) and 61 (58%) of 105 patients receiving baricitinib 2 mg (OR 1·3, 0·7-2·3; p=0·39). Adverse events were reported in 68 (65%) patients in the placebo group, 75 (71%) patients in the baricitinib 2 mg group, and 76 (73%) patients in the baricitinib 4 mg group. Serious adverse events were reported in ten (10%) patients receiving baricitinib 4 mg, 11 (10%) receiving baricitinib 2 mg, and five (5%) receiving placebo; no deaths were reported. Serious infections were reported in six (6%) patients with baricitinib 4 mg, two (2%) with baricitinib 2 mg, and one (1%) with placebo. INTERPRETATION The baricitinib 4 mg dose, but not the 2 mg dose, significantly improved the signs and symptoms of active systemic lupus erythematosus in patients who were not adequately controlled despite standard of care therapy, with a safety profile consistent with previous studies of baricitinib. This study provides the foundation for future phase 3 trials of JAK1/2 inhibition with baricitinib as a new potential oral therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. FUNDING Eli Lilly and Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Richard A Furie
- Division of Rheumatology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kenneth C Kalunian
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marta Mosca
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michelle A Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Division of Rheumatology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario H Cardiel
- Centro de Investigación Clínica de Morelia SC, Morelia, México
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Elisa Gomez
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mucke
- Department and Hiller Research Unit of Rheumatology, UKD, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Department and Hiller Research Unit of Rheumatology, UKD, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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241
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Wu ZP, Zhang P, Bai JZ, Liang Y, He JS, Wang JC. Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for active rheumatoid arthritis in patients with an inadequate response to conventional synthetic or biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2449-2459. [PMID: 30186483 PMCID: PMC6122435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of baricitinib for active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with an inadequate response or intolerance to conventional synthetic or biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). A total of 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The primary effective outcome was the RA improvement to reach an American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response rate. The safety outcomes were composed of clinical laboratory parameters. All patients included received 4 mg baricitinib once daily to treat RA for 12 or 24 weeks. The ACR20 response rate in the baricitinib group was significantly higher compared with that in the control group at 12 weeks [relative risk (RR), 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.62-1.94; P<0.00001] and 24 weeks (RR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.48-2.10; P<0.00001). Similarly, other effective outcome measures also exhibited significant improvements in the baricitinib group compared with those in the placebo group. Regarding the safety outcomes, no significant difference in adverse events (AEs) was identified at 12 weeks (P=0.14), but AEs were significantly higher in the baricitinib group compared with those in the control group at 24 weeks (P=0.03). Most laboratory values were significantly different between the baricitinib and placebo groups; however, the clinical significance of these changes remains to be determined. In summary, the present meta-analysis demonstrated that 4 mg baricitinib once daily was beneficial in patients with active RA with an inadequate response or intolerance to conventional synthetic or biological DMARDs. More high-quality RCTs are required to determine the sustained efficacy and the safety of baricitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Shan He
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
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Kunwar S, Collins CE, Constantinescu F. Baricitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:2611-2620. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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243
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Gadina M, Johnson C, Schwartz D, Bonelli M, Hasni S, Kanno Y, Changelian P, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Translational and clinical advances in JAK-STAT biology: The present and future of jakinibs. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:499-514. [PMID: 29999544 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ri0218-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this era, it is axiomatic that cytokines have critical roles in cellular development and differentiation, immune homeostasis, and host defense. Equally, dysregulation of cytokines is known to contribute to diverse inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders. In fact, the past 20 years have witnessed the rapid translation of basic discoveries in cytokine biology to multiple successful biological agents (mAbs and recombinant fusion proteins) that target cytokines. These targeted therapies have not only fundamentally changed the face of multiple immune-mediated diseases but have also unequivocally established the role of specific cytokines in human disease; cytokine biologists have many times over provided remarkable basic advances with direct clinical benefit. Numerous cytokines rely on the JAK-STAT pathway for signaling, and new, safe, and effective small molecule inhibitors have been developed for a range of disorders. In this review, we will briefly summarize basic discoveries in cytokine signaling and briefly comment on some major unresolved issues. We will review clinical data pertaining to the first generation of JAK inhibitors and their clinical indications, discuss additional opportunities for targeting this pathway, and lay out some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Gadina
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catrina Johnson
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniella Schwartz
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Bonelli
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Changelian
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kubo S, Nakayamada S, Sakata K, Kitanaga Y, Ma X, Lee S, Ishii A, Yamagata K, Nakano K, Tanaka Y. Janus Kinase Inhibitor Baricitinib Modulates Human Innate and Adaptive Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1510. [PMID: 30002661 PMCID: PMC6031708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of baricitinib on Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling, which involves in human innate and adaptive immune system. The effects of baricitinib were evaluated using human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), B cells, and T cells. Baricitinib concentration-dependently suppressed the expression of CD80/CD86 on MoDCs and the production of type-I interferon (IFN) by pDCs. Baricitinib also suppressed the differentiation of human B cells into plasmablasts by B cell receptor and type-I IFN stimuli and inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-6 from B cells. Human CD4+ T cells proliferated after T cell receptor stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody; however, such proliferation was suppressed by baricitinib in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, baricitinib inhibited Th1 differentiation after IL-12 stimulation and Th17 differentiation by TGF-β1, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-23 stimulation. Tofacitinib showed similar effects in these experiments. In naive CD4+ T cells, IFN-α and IFN-γ induced phosphorylation of STAT1, which was inhibited by baricitinib and tofacitinib. Furthermore, IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 was also inhibited by JAK inhibitors. In conclusion, the results indicated that baricitinib suppresses the differentiation of plasmablasts, Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as innate immunity, such as the T cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Thus, JAK inhibitors can be potentially clinically effective not only in rheumatoid arthritis but other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubo
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kei Sakata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kitanaga
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Astellas Pharma Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,The Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akina Ishii
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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245
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Favalli EG, Becciolini A, Biggioggero M, Bertoldi I, Crotti C, Raimondo MG, Marchesoni A. The role of concomitant methotrexate dosage and maintenance over time in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with adalimumab or etanercept: retrospective analysis of a local registry. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:1421-1429. [PMID: 29872265 PMCID: PMC5973379 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s162286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pattern of prescription and maintenance over time of concomitant methotrexate (MTX), and its impact on a 2-year clinical response in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with a first-line tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population included all RA patients receiving adalimumab or etanercept a as first-line biologic drug, extracted from a local registry. Enrolled patients were stratified into 3 subgroups according to baseline concomitant MTX: no MTX, low-dose MTX (≤10 mg/wk), and high-dose MTX (≥12.5 mg/wk). The 2-year persistence of the initial MTX regimen was computed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and a Cox proportional hazard model was developed to examine potential predictors of MTX withdrawal/change of dosage. European League Against Rheumatism remission and good-to-moderate response were evaluated according to baseline MTX regimen and MTX maintenance over time. RESULTS A total of 330 patients (163 treated with adalimumab and 167 with etanercept) were included; 141 were prescribed TNFi without MTX and 112 received low-dose and 77 high-dose concomitant MTX. Male sex, younger age, and shorter mean disease duration were predictors of high-dose MTX use. Among MTX users (76.2% parenteral and 23.8% oral), initial MTX dose persisted over time in 79.9% at 1 year and 70.2% at 2 years. Fifty-one patients (27%) underwent MTX dose de-escalation/discontinuation because of intolerance/adverse events. The 2-year EULAR remission rate was higher in the patients receiving and maintaining high-dose MTX than in those receiving low-dose or no MTX (46.2% vs 29.5% and 23.4%, respectively; p=0.009). The same was true for good-to-moderate response rate (71.2% vs 52.6% and 50.4%, respectively; p=0.031). CONCLUSION In a real-life setting, about one-third of RA patients treated with TNFis experienced dose reduction/discontinuation of concomitant MTX because of intolerance/adverse events over a 2-year follow-up period. Initial high-dose MTX and its maintenance over time are associated with better 2-year clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Biggioggero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Health Community, University of Milan, Division of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Crotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Health Community, University of Milan, Division of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Raimondo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Health Community, University of Milan, Division of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, Milan, Italy
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246
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Are Janus Kinase Inhibitors Superior over Classic Biologic Agents in RA Patients? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7492904. [PMID: 29862290 PMCID: PMC5971265 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7492904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Janus Kinases (JAKs) are a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that provide transmission signals from cytokine, interferons, and many hormones receptors to the nucleus resulting in synthesis of many biologically active compounds and changing cell metabolism and function. That was theoretical background to synthetize the JAK inhibitors (Jakinibs). In recent years a substantial battery of evidence has been collected indicating the potential role of Jakinibs to interact with the specific elements of the immune system, therefore changing the inflammatory response. JAK kinase blockade offers a unique opportunity to block most of the key cytokines enabling the deep interaction into immune system functioning. Following discovery first Jakinibs were intensively studied in various forms of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, and finally two Jakinibs tofacitinib and Baricitinib have been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Some clinical data indicated that under special circumstances Jakinibs may be even superior to biologics in the treatment of RA; however this suggestion should be verified in large clinical and observational studies.
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247
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van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Chen YC, Greenwald M, Drescher E, Klar R, Xie L, de la Torre I, Rooney TP, Witt SL, Schlichting DE, de Bono S, Emery P. Effects of baricitinib on radiographic progression of structural joint damage at 1 year in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. RMD Open 2018; 4:e000662. [PMID: 29765703 PMCID: PMC5950651 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baricitinib was efficacious in a 24-week phase III study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (csDMARDs) (RA-BUILD). OBJECTIVES To evaluate radiographic progression of structural joint damage in RA-BUILD patients over 48 weeks of baricitinib treatment in the long-term extension study, RA-BEYOND. METHODS In RA-BUILD, patients were randomised to placebo, baricitinib 2 mg or 4 mg once daily, with rescue possible from week 16. Patients completing RA-BUILD and entering RA-BEYOND continued to receive the baricitinib dose received at the end of RA-BUILD. Patients receiving placebo were switched to baricitinib 4 mg in RA-BEYOND. Joint damage was measured using the van der Heijde modified total Sharp score. To account for missing scores and scores obtained after rescue, switch or discontinuation of study drug, data were analysed using (1) linear extrapolation (LE) and (2) observed/last observation carried forward (LOCF). The observed/LOCF method used all available observed data, including after rescue or switch, with patients analysed according to original treatment assignment. RESULTS Using LE, radiographic progression at 24 and 48 weeks was statistically significantly lower for both baricitinib 2 or 4 mg compared with placebo. Only baricitinib 4 mg demonstrated statistically significant inhibition of progressive radiographic joint damage compared with patients initially randomised to placebo using observed/LOCF at week 48. CONCLUSIONS Once daily oral baricitinib inhibited radiographic progression of structural joint damage in patients with an inadequate response or intolerance to csDMARDs over 48 weeks. The most robust benefit was seen for the 4 mg dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxime Dougados
- Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM (U1153), Paris, France
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Edit Drescher
- Veszprém Csolnoky Ferenc County Hospital, Vészprem, Hungary
| | | | - Li Xie
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah L Witt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pivotal cytokine with a diverse repertoire of physiological functions that include regulation of immune cell proliferation and differentiation. Dysregulation of IL-6 signalling is associated with inflammatory and lymphoproliferative disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman disease, and several classes of therapeutics have been developed that target components of the IL-6 signalling pathway. So far, monoclonal antibodies against IL-6 or IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and Janus kinases (JAK) inhibitors have been successfully developed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, clinical trials of agents targeting IL-6 signalling have also raised questions about the diseases and patient populations for which such agents have an appropriate benefit-risk profile. Knowledge from clinical trials and advances in our understanding of the complexities of IL-6 signalling, including the potential to target an IL-6 trans-signalling pathway, are now indicating novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this Review, we overview the roles of IL-6 in health and disease and analyse progress with several approaches of inhibiting IL-6-signalling, with the aim of illuminating when and how to apply IL-6 blockade.
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250
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Bui VL, Brahn E. Cytokine targeting in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2018; 206:3-8. [PMID: 29621613 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viet L Bui
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ernest Brahn
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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