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New Targeted Agents in Gynecologic Cancers: Synthetic Lethality, Homologous Recombination Deficiency, and PARP Inhibitors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016; 17:12. [PMID: 26931795 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-015-0378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have emerged as a new class of anti-cancer drugs, specifically for malignancies bearing aberrations of the homologous recombination pathway, like those with mutations in the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes. Olaparib, a potent PARP1 and PARP2 inhibitor, has been shown to significantly increase progression-free survival (PFS) in women with recurrent ovarian cancer related to a germline BRCA mutation and is currently approved fourth-line treatment in these patients. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) target the genetic phenomenon known as synthetic lethality to exploit faulty DNA repair mechanisms. While ovarian cancer is enriched with a population of tumors with known homologous recombination defects, investigations are underway to help identify pathways in other gynecologic cancers that may demonstrate susceptibility to PARPi through synthetically lethal mechanisms. The ARIEL2 trial prospectively determined a predictive assay to identify patients with HRD. The future of cancer therapeutics will likely incorporate these HRD assays to determine the best treatment plan for patients. While the role of PARPi is less clear in non-ovarian gynecologic cancers, the discovery of a predictive assay for HRD may open the door for clinical trials in these other gynecologic cancers enriched with patients with HRD. Identification of patients with tumors deficient in homologous repair or have HRD-like behavior moves cancer treatment towards individualized therapies in order to maximize treatment effect and quality of life for women living with gynecologic cancers.
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Evaluation of Concurrent Radiation, Temozolomide and ABT-888 Treatment Followed by Maintenance Therapy with Temozolomide and ABT-888 in a Genetically Engineered Glioblastoma Mouse Model. Neoplasia 2016; 18:82-9. [PMID: 26936394 PMCID: PMC5005260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of ionizing radiation (IR) and temozolomide (TMZ), outcome for glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains dismal. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is important in repair pathways for IR-induced DNA damage and TMZ-induced alkylation at N7-methylguanine and N3-methyldenine. However, optimized protocols for administration of PARP inhibitors have not been delineated. In this study, the PARP inhibitor ABT-888 was evaluated in combination with and compared to current standard-of-care in a genetically engineered mouse GBM model. Results demonstrated that concomitant TMZ/IR/ABT-888 with adjuvant TMZ/ABT-888 was more effective in inducing apoptosis and reducing proliferation with significant tumor growth delay and improved overall survival over concomitant TMZ/IR with adjuvant TMZ. Diffusion-weighted MRI, an early translatable response biomarker detected changes in tumors reflecting response at 1 day post TMZ/IR/ABT-888 treatment. This study provides strong scientific rationale for the development of an optimized dosing regimen for a PARP inhibitor with TMZ/IR for upfront treatment of GBM.
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203
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Cerrato A, Morra F, Celetti A. Use of poly ADP-ribose polymerase [PARP] inhibitors in cancer cells bearing DDR defects: the rationale for their inclusion in the clinic. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:179. [PMID: 27884198 PMCID: PMC5123312 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage response (DDR) defects imply genomic instability and favor tumor progression but make the cells vulnerable to the pharmacological inhibition of the DNA repairing enzymes. Targeting cellular proteins like PARPs, which cooperate and complement molecular defects of the DDR process, induces a specific lethality in DDR defective cancer cells and represents an anti-cancer strategy. Normal cells can tolerate the DNA damage generated by PARP inhibition because of an efficient homologous recombination mechanism (HR); in contrast, cancer cells with a deficient HR are unable to manage the DSBs and appear especially sensitive to the PARP inhibitors (PARPi) effects. MAIN BODY In this review we discuss the proof of concept for the use of PARPi in different cancer types and the success and failure of their inclusion in clinical trials. The PARP inhibitor Olaparib [AZD2281] has been approved by the FDA for use in pretreated ovarian cancer patients with defective BRCA1/2 genes, and by the EMEA for maintenance therapy in platinum sensitive ovarian cancer patients with defective BRCA1/2 genes. BRCA mutations are now recognised as the molecular targets for PARPi sensitivity in several tumors. However, it is noteworthy that the use of PARPi has shown its efficacy also in non-BRCA related tumors. Several trials are ongoing to test different PARPi in different cancer types. Here we review the concept of BRCAness and the functional loss of proteins involved in DDR/HR mechanisms in cancer, including additional molecules that can influence the cancer cells sensitivity to PARPi. Given the complexity of the existing crosstalk between different DNA repair pathways, it is likely that a single biomarker may not be sufficient to predict the benefit of PARP inhibitors therapies. Novel general assays able to predict the DDR/HR proficiency in cancer cells and the PARPi sensitivity represent a challenge for a personalized therapy. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibition is a potentially important strategy for managing a significant subset of tumors. The discovery of both germline and somatic DNA repair deficiencies in different cancer patients, together with the development of new PARP inhibitors that can kill selectively cancer cells is a potent example of targeting therapy to molecularly defined tumor subtypes.
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204
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Vuono EA, Mukherjee A, Vierra DA, Adroved MM, Hodson C, Deans AJ, Howlett NG. The PTEN phosphatase functions cooperatively with the Fanconi anemia proteins in DNA crosslink repair. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36439. [PMID: 27819275 PMCID: PMC5098254 DOI: 10.1038/srep36439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. The FA proteins function primarily in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair. Here, we have examined the role of the PTEN phosphatase in this process. We have established that PTEN-deficient cells, like FA cells, exhibit increased cytotoxicity, chromosome structural aberrations, and error-prone mutagenic DNA repair following exposure to ICL-inducing agents. The increased ICL sensitivity of PTEN-deficient cells is caused, in part, by elevated PLK1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of FANCM, constitutive FANCM polyubiquitination and degradation, and the consequent inefficient assembly of the FA core complex, FANCD2, and FANCI into DNA repair foci. We also establish that PTEN function in ICL repair is dependent on its protein phosphatase activity and ability to be SUMOylated, yet is independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. Finally, via epistasis analysis, we demonstrate that PTEN and FANCD2 function cooperatively in ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Vuono
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - David A. Vierra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Morganne M. Adroved
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Charlotte Hodson
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Niall G. Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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205
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5-Fluorouracil-induced RNA stress engages a TRAIL-DISC-dependent apoptosis axis facilitated by p53. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43679-97. [PMID: 26544897 PMCID: PMC4791259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in targeted therapeutics, administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a common clinical strategy for post-surgical treatment of solid tumors. Although it has been proposed that RNA metabolism is disturbed by 5-FU treatment, the key cytotoxic response is believed to be enzymatic inhibition of thymidylate synthase resulting in nucleotide pool disproportions. An operating p53 tumor suppressor signaling network is in many cases essential for the efficiency of chemotherapy, and malfunctions within this system remain a clinical obstacle. Since the fate of chemotherapy-insensitive tumor cells is rarely described, we performed a comparative analysis of 5-FU toxicity in p53-deficient cells and conclude that p53 acts as a facilitator rather than a gatekeeper of cell death. Although p53 can act as a regulator of several cellular stress responses, no rerouting of cell death mode was observed in absence of the tumor suppressor. Thus, the final death outcome of 5-FU-treated p53−/− cells is demonstrated to be caspase-dependent, but due to a slow pace, accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species contributes to necrotic characteristics. The oligomerization status of the p53 target gene DR5 is determined as a significant limiting factor for the initiation of caspase activity in an intracellular TRAIL-dependent manner. Using several experimental approaches, we further conclude that RNA- rather than DNA-related stress follows by caspase activation irrespectively of p53 status. A distinct 5-FU-induced stress mechanism is thereby functionally connected to a successive and discrete cell death signaling pathway. Finally, we provide evidence that silencing of PARP-1 function may be an approach to specifically target p53-deficient cells in 5-FU combinatorial treatment strategies. Together, our results disclose details of impaired cell death signaling engaged as a consequence of 5-FU chemotherapy. Obtained data will contribute to the comprehension of factors restraining 5-FU efficiency, and by excluding DNA as the main stress target in some cell types they propose alternatives to currently used and suggested synergistic treatment regimens.
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206
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Nagel R, Semenova EA, Berns A. Drugging the addict: non-oncogene addiction as a target for cancer therapy. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1516-1531. [PMID: 27702988 PMCID: PMC5090709 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, cancers have been treated with chemotherapeutics aimed to have profound effects on tumor cells with only limited effects on normal tissue. This approach was followed by the development of small‐molecule inhibitors that can target oncogenic pathways critical for the survival of tumor cells. The clinical targeting of these so‐called oncogene addictions, however, is in many instances hampered by the outgrowth of resistant clones. More recently, the proper functioning of non‐mutated genes has been shown to enhance the survival of many cancers, a phenomenon called non‐oncogene addiction. In the current review, we will focus on the distinct non‐oncogenic addictions found in cancer cells, including synthetic lethal interactions, the underlying stress phenotypes, and arising therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Nagel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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207
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Zhao L, So CWE. PARP-inhibitor-induced synthetic lethality for acute myeloid leukemia treatment. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:902-7. [PMID: 27473567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is one of the most common and critical characteristics of cancer cells. The combined effect of replication stress and DNA damage repair defects associated with various oncogenic events drives genomic instability and disease progression. However, these DNA repair defects found in cancer cells can also provide unique therapeutic opportunities and form the basis of synthetic lethal targeting of solid tumors carrying BRCA mutations. Although the idea of utilizing synthetic lethality as a therapy strategy has been gaining momentum in various solid tumors, its application in leukemia still largely lags behind. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the roles of the DNA damage response in acute myeloid leukemia and examine the potential therapeutic avenues of using poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in AML treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- DNA Damage
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genomic Instability
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Synthetic Lethal Mutations/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Leukaemia and Stem Cell Biology Group. Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Leukaemia and Stem Cell Biology Group. Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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208
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Leung AWY, de Silva T, Bally MB, Lockwood WW. Synthetic lethality in lung cancer and translation to clinical therapies. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:61. [PMID: 27686855 PMCID: PMC5041331 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of multiple histological subtypes each driven by unique genetic alterations. Despite the development of targeted therapies that inhibit the oncogenic mutations driving a subset of lung cancer cases, there is a paucity of effective treatments for the majority of lung cancer patients and new strategies are urgently needed. In recent years, the concept of synthetic lethality has been established as an effective approach for discovering novel cancer-specific targets as well as a method to improve the efficacy of existing drugs which provide partial but insufficient benefits for patients. In this review, we discuss the concept of synthetic lethality, the various types of synthetic lethal interactions in the context of oncology and the approaches used to identify these interactions, including recent advances that have transformed the ability to discover novel synthetic lethal combinations on a global scale. Lastly, we describe the specific synthetic lethal interactions identified in lung cancer to date and explore the pharmacological challenges and considerations in translating these discoveries to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Tanya de Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
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209
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Lester A, Rapkins R, Nixdorf S, Khasraw M, McDonald K. Combining PARP inhibitors with radiation therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: Is PTEN predictive of response? Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 19:273-278. [PMID: 27655368 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is fatal. The standard radiotherapy and chemotherapy (temozolomide) followed by an adjuvant phase of temozolomide provide patients with, on average, a 2.5 months benefit. New treatments that can improve sensitivity to the standard treatment are urgently needed. Herein, we review the mechanisms and utility of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors in combination with radiation therapy as a treatment option for GBM patients and the role of phosphatase and tensin homologue mutations as a biomarker of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lester
- University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - R Rapkins
- University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - S Nixdorf
- University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - M Khasraw
- University of Sydney, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - K McDonald
- University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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210
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Gewirtz DA, Alotaibi M, Yakovlev VA, Povirk LF. Tumor Cell Recovery from Senescence Induced by Radiation with PARP Inhibition. Radiat Res 2016; 186:327-332. [PMID: 27588595 DOI: 10.1667/rr14437.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are clinically used as single-agent therapy for tumors with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. One approach to expanding the use of PARP inhibitors to a wider range of tumors is to combine them with cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Preclinical studies in experimental animals and tumor cells in culture indicate that PARP inhibition modestly sensitizes most tumor cells to ionizing radiation. Studies of cell behavior after these combined treatments show that radiosensitization is manifested predominantly in an increase in prolonged growth arrest and senescence, with little or no contribution from apoptosis. The secretory phenotype associated with senescence can target these tumor cells for immune surveillance, and therefore increased senescence can effectively contribute to tumor control. However, the possible recovery of senescent cells and re-entry into cell cycle after prolonged arrest also needs to be considered. Such recovery could lead to tumor recurrence, yet may not be reflected in short-term assays commonly used to assess radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moureq Alotaibi
- Department of a Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine and.,c College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vasily A Yakovlev
- b Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298; and
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211
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Chen S, Cavazza E, Barlier C, Salleron J, Filhine-Tresarrieu P, Gavoilles C, Merlin JL, Harlé A. Beside P53 and PTEN: Identification of molecular alterations of the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas to determine potential novel therapeutic targets. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3264-3272. [PMID: 27899992 PMCID: PMC5103928 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite great histological and molecular heterogeneity, the clinical management of high-grade ovarian carcinomas remains unspecialized. As a major subgroup, high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs) require novel therapies. In addition to utilizing conventional histological prognostic markers and performing oncogenetic investigations, the molecular diagnostic method of next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to identify ‘druggable’ targets that could provide access to innovative therapy. The present study was performed in 45 HGSOC patients (mean age, 59.1 years; range, 25–87 years) with histologically proven HGSOC. Breast cancer 1/2 (BRCA1/2) germline mutations were screened in 17 patients with a familial or personal history of cancer, which was justified by oncogenetic investigations. Tumor protein 53 (P53) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression were assessed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using immunohistochemistry. Somatic mutations of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA) and MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) were screened using NGS on DNA extracts from frozen tumor specimens obtained at diagnosis. With a median follow-up of 38 months (range, 6–93 months), 20 patients are alive, 10 patients are disease-free and 14 patients progressed within 6 months following platinum-based therapy. P53 overexpression was detected in 67% of patients and PTEN loss was detected in 38% of the patients. The overexpression of mutant P53 was found to be associated with a longer progression-free and overall survival. In total, 2 NRAS (exon 3), 3 PIK3CA (exon 5 and 10) and 5 MET mutations (exons 14 and 18) were detected. In HGSOCs, in addition to P53 and PTEN alterations, somatic genetic abnormalities can be detected using NGS and provide molecular rationale for targeted therapies, potentially offering novel therapeutic opportunities to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, 54001 Nancy, France; CNRS UMR 7039 CRAN, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; Department of Biopathology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54519 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Elisa Cavazza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, 54001 Nancy, France
| | | | - Julia Salleron
- Department of Data Biostatistics, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54519 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | | | - Céline Gavoilles
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54519 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Merlin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, 54001 Nancy, France; CNRS UMR 7039 CRAN, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; Department of Biopathology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54519 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Alexandre Harlé
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Lorraine, 54001 Nancy, France; CNRS UMR 7039 CRAN, Université de Lorraine, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; Department of Biopathology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54519 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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212
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Wartenberg M, Centeno I, Haemmig S, Vassella E, Zlobec I, Galván JA, Neuenschwander M, Schlup C, Gloor B, Lugli A, Perren A, Karamitopoulou E. PTEN alterations of the stromal cells characterise an aggressive subpopulation of pancreatic cancer with enhanced metastatic potential. Eur J Cancer 2016; 65:80-90. [PMID: 27475963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoplastic stroma is believed to influence tumour progression. Here, we examine phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) status in the tumour microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) focussing especially at the stromal cells. METHODS We asses PTEN at protein, messenger RNA and DNA level using a well-characterised PDAC cohort (n = 117). miR-21, known to target PTEN, is assessed after RNA extraction from different laser-capture-microdissected cell populations, including cancer cells and juxta-tumoural and tumour-remote stroma. RESULTS PTEN deletion was the most frequent cause of PTEN protein loss in PDAC cells (71%) and correlated with vascular invasion (p = 0.0176) and decreased overall survival (p = 0.0127). Concomitant PTEN protein loss in tumour and juxta-tumoural stroma, found in 21.4% of PDACs, correlated with increased distant metastasis (p = 0.0045). Stromal cells with PTEN protein loss frequently showed PTEN genetic aberrations, including hemizygous PTEN deletion (46.6%) or chromosome 10 monosomy (40%). No alterations were found in the tumour-remote stroma. miR-21 was overexpressed by cancer- and juxta-tumoural stromal cells, in some cases without simultaneous PTEN gene alterations. No PTEN mutations or promoter methylation were detected. CONCLUSIONS We find various mechanisms of PTEN protein loss in the different tumour cell populations, including allelic PTEN deletions, gross chromosomal 10 aberrations and altered miR-21 expression. PTEN deletion is a major cause of PTEN protein loss in PDAC and correlates with aggressive characteristics and worse outcome. PTEN protein loss in juxta-tumoural stromal cells is mostly due to PTEN haplo-insufficiency and characterises a subgroup of PDACs with enhanced metastatic potential. In the tumour microenvironment of the invasive front, PTEN silencing by miR-21 in cancer and surrounding stromal cells acts not only cooperatively but also independently of the genetic aberrations to precipitate PTEN protein loss and promote further tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wartenberg
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Irene Centeno
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Haemmig
- Molecular Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Molecular Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - José A Galván
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Maja Neuenschwander
- Molecular Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Schlup
- Molecular Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Beat Gloor
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Insel University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 4, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Lugli
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland
| | - Eva Karamitopoulou
- Clinical Pathology Division, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland; Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, CH-3010, Switzerland.
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213
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Ali SO, Khan FA, Galindo-Campos MA, Yélamos J. Understanding specific functions of PARP-2: new lessons for cancer therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1842-1863. [PMID: 27725894 PMCID: PMC5043098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a widespread and highly conserved post-translational modification catalysed by a large family of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). PARylation plays an essential role in various cardinal processes of cellular physiology and recent approvals and breakthrough therapy designations for PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy have sparked great interest in pharmacological targeting of PARP proteins. Although, many PARP inhibitors have been developed, existing compounds display promiscuous inhibition across the PARP superfamily which could lead to unwanted off-target effects. Thus the prospect of isoform-selective inhibition is being increasingly explored and research is now focusing on understanding specific roles of PARP family members. PARP-2, alongside PARP-1 and PARP-3 are the only known DNA damage-dependent PARPs and play critical roles in the DNA damage response, DNA metabolism and chromatin architecture. However, growing evidence shows that PARP-2 plays specific and diverse regulatory roles in cellular physiology, ranging from genomic stability and epigenetics to proliferative signalling and inflammation. The emerging network of PARP-2 target proteins has uncovered wide-ranging functions of the molecule in many cellular processes commonly dysregulated in carcinogenesis. Here, we review novel PARP-2-specific functions in the hallmarks of cancer and consider the implications for the development of isoform-selective inhibitors in chemotherapy. By considering the roles of PARP-2 through the lens of tumorigenesis, we propose PARP-2-selective inhibition as a potentially multipronged attack on cancer physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed O Ali
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Farhaan A Khan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Miguel A Galindo-Campos
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Research Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM)Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Yélamos
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Research Program, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM)Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERehdSpain
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214
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Nielsen FC, van Overeem Hansen T, Sørensen CS. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: new genes in confined pathways. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:599-612. [PMID: 27515922 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities in the DNA repair genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 predispose to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). However, only approximately 25% of cases of HBOC can be ascribed to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Recently, exome sequencing has uncovered substantial locus heterogeneity among affected families without BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The new pathogenic variants are rare, posing challenges to estimation of risk attribution through patient cohorts. In this Review article, we examine HBOC genes, focusing on their role in genome maintenance, the possibilities for functional testing of putative causal variants and the clinical application of new HBOC genes in cancer risk management and treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Cilius Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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215
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Murata S, Zhang C, Finch N, Zhang K, Campo L, Breuer EK. Predictors and Modulators of Synthetic Lethality: An Update on PARP Inhibitors and Personalized Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2346585. [PMID: 27642590 PMCID: PMC5013223 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2346585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have proven to be successful agents in inducing synthetic lethality in several malignancies. Several PARP inhibitors have reached clinical trial testing for treatment in different cancers, and, recently, Olaparib (AZD2281) has gained both United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and the European Commission (EC) approval for use in BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer treatment. The need to identify biomarkers, their interactions in DNA damage repair pathways, and their potential utility in identifying patients who are candidates for PARP inhibitor treatment is well recognized. In this review, we detail many of the biomarkers that have been investigated for their ability to predict both PARP inhibitor sensitivity and resistance in preclinical studies as well as the results of several clinical trials that have tested the safety and efficacy of different PARP inhibitor agents in BRCA and non-BRCA-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Murata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Catherine Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Nathan Finch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Loredana Campo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Eun-Kyoung Breuer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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216
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Jdey W, Thierry S, Russo C, Devun F, Al Abo M, Noguiez-Hellin P, Sun JS, Barillot E, Zinovyev A, Kuperstein I, Pommier Y, Dutreix M. Drug-Driven Synthetic Lethality: Bypassing Tumor Cell Genetics with a Combination of AsiDNA and PARP Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1001-1011. [PMID: 27559053 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Cancer treatments using tumor defects in DNA repair pathways have shown promising results but are restricted to small subpopulations of patients. The most advanced drugs in this field are PARP inhibitors (PARPi), which trigger synthetic lethality in tumors with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency. Using AsiDNA, an inhibitor of HR and nonhomologous end joining, together with PARPi should allow bypassing the genetic restriction for PARPi efficacy.Experimental Design: We characterized the DNA repair inhibition activity of PARPi (olaparib) and AsiDNA by monitoring repair foci formation and DNA damage. We analyzed the cell survival to standalone and combined treatments of 21 tumor cells and three nontumor cells. In 12 breast cancer (BC) cell lines, correlation with sensitivity to each drug and transcriptome were statistically analyzed to identify resistance pathways.Results: Molecular analyses demonstrate that olaparib and AsiDNA respectively prevent recruitment of XRCC1 and RAD51/53BP1 repair enzymes to damage sites. Combination of both drugs increases the accumulation of unrepaired damage resulting in an increase of cell death in all tumor cells. In contrast, nontumor cells do not show an increase of DNA damage nor lethality. Analysis of multilevel omics data from BC cells highlighted different DNA repair and cell-cycle molecular profiles associated with resistance to AsiDNA or olaparib, rationalizing combined treatment. Treatment synergy was also confirmed with six other PARPi in development.Conclusions: Our results highlight the therapeutic interest of combining AsiDNA and PARPi to recapitulate synthetic lethality in all tumors independently of their HR status. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1001-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Jdey
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,DNA Therapeutics, Genopole, Evry, France
| | - Sylvain Thierry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France.,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Muthana Al Abo
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Andrei Zinovyev
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Inna Kuperstein
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Yves Pommier
- National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marie Dutreix
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France. .,Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INSERM, Orsay, France
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217
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Young K, Starling N, Cunningham D. Targeting deficient DNA damage repair in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1757-66. [PMID: 27488684 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1217992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over recent years our understanding of DNA damage repair has evolved leading to an expansion of therapies attempting to exploit DNA damage repair deficiencies across multiple solid tumours. Gastric cancer has been identified as a tumour where a subgroup of patients demonstrates deficiencies in the homologous recombination pathway providing a potential novel treatment approach for this poor prognosis disease. AREA COVERED This review provides an overview of DNA damage repair and how this has been targeted to date in other tumour types exploiting the concept of synthetic lethality. This is followed by a discussion of how deficiencies in homologous recombination may be identified across tumour types and on recent progress in targeting DNA repair deficiencies in gastric cancer. EXPERT OPINION Gastric cancer remains a difficult malignancy to treat and the possibility of targeting deficient DNA repair in a subgroup of patients is an exciting prospect. Future combinations with immunotherapy and radiotherapy are appealing and appear to have a sound biological rationale. However, much work remains to be done to understand the significance of the genetic and epigenetic alterations involved, to elucidate the optimum predictive signatures or biomarkers and to consider means of overcoming treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Young
- a Department of Medicine , The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, GI and Lymphoma Unit , Sutton , UK
| | - Naureen Starling
- a Department of Medicine , The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, GI and Lymphoma Unit , Sutton , UK
| | - David Cunningham
- a Department of Medicine , The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, GI and Lymphoma Unit , Sutton , UK
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218
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Mullane SA, Werner L, Guancial EA, Lis RT, Stack EC, Loda M, Kantoff PW, Choueiri TK, Rosenberg J, Bellmunt J. Expression Levels of DNA Damage Repair Proteins Are Associated With Overall Survival in Platinum-Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2016; 14:352-9. [PMID: 26778300 PMCID: PMC5508512 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination platinum chemotherapy is standard first-line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Defining the platinum response biomarkers for patients with mUC could establish personalize medicine and provide insights into mUC biology. Although DNA repair mechanisms have been hypothesized to mediate the platinum response, we sought to analyze whether increased expression of DNA damage genes would correlate with worse overall survival (OS) in patients with mUC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified a clinically annotated cohort of patients with mUC, who had been treated with first-line platinum combination chemotherapy. A tissue microarray was constructed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from the primary tumor before treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of the following DNA repair proteins was performed: ERCC1, RAD51, BRCA1/2, PAR, and PARP-1. Nuclear and cytoplasmic expression was analyzed using multispectral imaging. Nuclear staining was used for the survival analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between the percentage of positive nuclear staining and OS in multivariable analysis, controlling for known prognostic variables. RESULTS In a cohort of 104 patients with mUC, a greater percentage of nuclear staining of ERCC1 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.9; P = .0007), RAD51 (HR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.7-18.3; P = .005), and PAR (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4; P = .026) was associated with worse OS. BRCA1, BRCA2, and PARP-1 expression was not associated with OS (P = .76, P = .38, and P = .09, respectively). A greater percentage of combined ERCC1 and RAD51 nuclear staining was strongly associated with worse OS (P = .005). CONCLUSION A high percentage of nuclear staining of ERCC1, RAD51, and PAR, assessed by immunohistochemistry, correlated with worse OS for patients with mUC treated with first-line platinum combination chemotherapy, supporting the evidence of the DNA repair pathways' role in the prognosis of mUC. We also report new evidence that RAD51 and PAR might play a role in the platinum response. Additional prospective studies are required to determine the prognostic or predictive nature of these biomarkers in mUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Mullane
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lillian Werner
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth A Guancial
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Rosina T Lis
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Edward C Stack
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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219
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Noll A, Illuzzi G, Amé JC, Dantzer F, Schreiber V. PARG deficiency is neither synthetic lethal with BRCA1 nor PTEN deficiency. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:53. [PMID: 27375368 PMCID: PMC4929728 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have entered the clinics for their promising anticancer effect as adjuvant in chemo- and radiotherapy and as single agent on BRCA-mutated tumours. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) deficiency was also shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of genotoxic agents and irradiation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PARG deficiency on BRCA1- and/or PTEN-deficient tumour cells. Methods Since no PARG inhibitors are available for in vivo studies, PARG was depleted by siRNA in several cancer cell lines, proficient or deficient for BRCA1 and/or PTEN. The impact on cell survival was evaluated by colony formation assay and short-term viability assays. The effect of simultaneous PARG and BRCA1 depletion on homologous recombination (HR) efficacy was evaluated by immunodetection of RAD51 foci and using an in vivo HR assay. Results The BRCA1-deficient cell lines MDA-MB-436, HCC1937 and UWB1.289 showed mild sensitivity to PARG depletion, whereas no sensitivity was observed for the BRCA1-proficient MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF10A and U2OS cell lines. However, the BRCA1-reconstituted UWB1.289 cell lines was similarly sensitive to PARG depletion than the BRCA1-deficient UWB1.289, and the simultaneous depletion of PARG and BRCA1 and/or PTEN in MDA-MB-231 or U2OS cells was not more cytotoxic than depletion of BRCA1 or PTEN only. Conclusions Some tumour cells displayed slight sensitivity to PARG deficiency, but this sensitivity could not be correlated to BRCA1- or PTEN-deficiency. Therefore, PARG depletion cannot be considered as a strategy to kill tumours cells mutated in BRCA1 or PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Noll
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Giuditta Illuzzi
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Amé
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, UMR7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, 300 Bd Sébastien Brant, CS 10413, 67412 Illkirch, France
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220
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Jenner ZB, Sood AK, Coleman RL. Evaluation of rucaparib and companion diagnostics in the PARP inhibitor landscape for recurrent ovarian cancer therapy. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1439-56. [PMID: 27087632 PMCID: PMC4976841 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rucaparib camsylate (CO-338; 8-fluoro-2-{4-[(methylamino)methyl]phenyl}-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-6H-azepino[5,4,3-cd]indol-6-one ((1S,4R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl)methanesulfonic acid salt) is a PARP1, 2 and 3 inhibitor. Phase I studies identified a recommended Phase II dose of 600 mg orally twice daily. ARIEL2 Part 1 established a tumor genomic profiling test for homologous recombination loss of heterozygosity quantification using a next-generation sequencing companion diagnostic (CDx). Rucaparib received US FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for treatment of platinum-sensitive BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer patients who received greater than two lines of platinum-based therapy. Comparable to rucaparib development, other PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, niraparib, veliparib and talazoparib, are developing CDx tests for targeted therapy. PARP inhibitor clinical trials and CDx assays are discussed in this review, as are potential PARP inhibitor combination therapies and likely resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B Jenner
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- McGovern Medical School, formerly The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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221
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Lim D, Ngeow J. Evaluation of the methods to identify patients who may benefit from PARP inhibitor use. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R267-85. [PMID: 27226207 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in treating cancers associated with BRCA1/2 mutations hinges upon the concept of synthetic lethality and exemplifies the principles of precision medicine. Currently, most clinical trials are recruiting patients based on pathological subtypes or have included BRCA mutation analysis (germ line and/or somatic) as part of the selection criteria. Mounting evidence, however, suggests that these drugs may also be efficacious in tumors with defects in other genes involved in the homologous recombination repair pathway. Advances in molecular profiling techniques together with increased research efforts have led to a better understanding of the molecular aberrations underlying this BRCA-like phenotype and helped broaden the concept of BRCAness. Hence, it is likely that the list of predictive biomarkers for PARPi therapy will increase in future. There is currently no gold standard method of testing for PARPi response and no universal guidelines are in place on how to incorporate biomarker testing into routine clinical diagnostics. In this review, we explore the concept of BRCAness and highlight the different methods that have been used to identify patients who may benefit from the use of these anticancer agents. The identification of predictive biomarkers is crucial in improving patient selection and expanding the clinical applications of PARPi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lim
- Department of PathologyNational University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Cancer Genetics ServiceDivision of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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222
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Jackson RA, Chen ES. Synthetic lethal approaches for assessing combinatorial efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 162:69-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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223
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Twarog NR, Stewart E, Hammill CV, Shelat AA. BRAID: A Unifying Paradigm for the Analysis of Combined Drug Action. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25523. [PMID: 27160857 PMCID: PMC4861905 DOI: 10.1038/srep25523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With combination therapies becoming increasingly vital to understanding and combatting disease, a reliable method for analyzing combined dose response is essential. The importance of combination studies both in basic and translational research necessitates a method that can be applied to a wide range of experimental and analytical conditions. However, despite increasing demand, no such unified method has materialized. Here we introduce the Bivariate Response to Additive Interacting Doses (BRAID) model, a response surface model that combines the simplicity and intuitiveness needed for basic interaction classifications with the versatility and depth needed to analyze a combined response in the context of pharmacological and toxicological constraints. We evaluate the model in a series of simulated combination experiments, a public combination dataset, and several experiments on Ewing’s Sarcoma. The resulting interaction classifications are more consistent than those produced by traditional index methods, and show a strong relationship between compound mechanisms and nature of interaction. Furthermore, analysis of fitted response surfaces in the context of pharmacological constraints yields a more concrete prediction of combination efficacy that better agrees with in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Twarog
- Departments of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Developmental Neurobiology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Courtney Vowell Hammill
- Departments of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Departments of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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224
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Gong L, Govan JM, Evans EB, Dai H, Wang E, Lee SW, Lin HK, Lazar AJ, Mills GB, Lin SY. Nuclear PTEN tumor-suppressor functions through maintaining heterochromatin structure. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2323-32. [PMID: 25946202 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1044174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor, PTEN, is one of the most commonly mutated genes in cancer. Recently, PTEN has been shown to localize in the nucleus and is required to maintain genomic stability. Here, we show that nuclear PTEN, independent of its phosphatase activity, is essential for maintaining heterochromatin structure. Depletion of PTEN leads to loss of heterochromatic foci, decreased chromatin compaction, overexpression of heterochromatic genes, and reduced protein stability of heterochromatin protein 1 α. We found that the C-terminus of PTEN is required to maintain heterochromatin structure. Additionally, cancer-associated PTEN mutants lost their tumor-suppressor function when their heterochromatin structure was compromised. We propose that this novel role of PTEN accounts for its function in guarding genomic stability and suppressing tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gong
- a Department of Systems Biology ; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
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225
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Liu J, Westin SN. Rational selection of biomarker driven therapies for gynecologic cancers: The more we know, the more we know we don't know. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:65-71. [PMID: 27016231 PMCID: PMC4808566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a rapidly evolving area in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. Advances in sequencing technology have resulted in an increasing wealth of data regarding the genomic characteristics of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. These vast new datasets of information have led to novel insights into potential vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets for these cancers. However, unraveling the complex molecular changes within cancer cells to determine how best to attack these targets and to identify effective biomarkers of response remains a significant challenge. In this article, we review the current status of biomarker-driven targeted therapy in gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon N Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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226
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Wang D, Wang M, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Bian X, Wang X, Roberts TM, Zhao JJ, Liu P, Cheng H. Effective use of PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and PARP inhibitor Olaparib to treat PIK3CA mutant ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:13153-66. [PMID: 26909613 PMCID: PMC4914348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies revealed the efficacy of combined use of PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and PARP inhibitor Olaparib in breast and prostate cancers. The current study investigated the effect of such drug combination on ovarian cancer. Here we showed that combined inhibition of PI3K and PARP effectively synergized to inhibit proliferation, survival and invasion in the majority of ovarian cancer cell lines harboring PIK3CA mutations, including SKOV3, HEYA8, and IGROV1. Mechanistically, combined treatment of PARP and PI3K inhibitors resulted in an exacerbated DNA damage response and more substantially reduced AKT/mTOR signaling when compared to single-agent. Notably, ovarian cancer cells responsive to the PI3K/PARP combination displayed decreased BRCA1/2 expression upon drug treatment. Furthermore, the effect of the drug combination was corroborated in an intraperitoneal dissemination xenograft mouse model in which SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells responded with significantly decreased BRCA1 expression, suppressed PI3K/AKT signaling and reduced tumor burden. Collectively, our data suggested that combined inhibition of PI3K and PARP may be an effective therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancers with PIK3CA mutations and that the accompanied BRCA downregulation following PI3K inhibition could serve as a biomarker for the effective response to PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xing Bian
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Thomas M. Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pixu Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hailing Cheng
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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227
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Wang D, Wang M, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Bian X, Wang X, Roberts TM, Zhao JJ, Liu P, Cheng H. Effective use of PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and PARP inhibitor Olaparib to treat PIK3CA mutant ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26909613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7549] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent preclinical studies revealed the efficacy of combined use of PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and PARP inhibitor Olaparib in breast and prostate cancers. The current study investigated the effect of such drug combination on ovarian cancer. Here we showed that combined inhibition of PI3K and PARP effectively synergized to inhibit proliferation, survival and invasion in the majority of ovarian cancer cell lines harboring PIK3CA mutations, including SKOV3, HEYA8, and IGROV1. Mechanistically, combined treatment of PARP and PI3K inhibitors resulted in an exacerbated DNA damage response and more substantially reduced AKT/mTOR signaling when compared to single-agent. Notably, ovarian cancer cells responsive to the PI3K/PARP combination displayed decreased BRCA1/2 expression upon drug treatment. Furthermore, the effect of the drug combination was corroborated in an intraperitoneal dissemination xenograft mouse model in which SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells responded with significantly decreased BRCA1 expression, suppressed PI3K/AKT signaling and reduced tumor burden. Collectively, our data suggested that combined inhibition of PI3K and PARP may be an effective therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancers with PIK3CA mutations and that the accompanied BRCA downregulation following PI3K inhibition could serve as a biomarker for the effective response to PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xing Bian
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Thomas M Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pixu Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hailing Cheng
- Cancer Institute, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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228
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Ganguly B, Dolfi SC, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Ganesan S, Hirshfield KM. Role of Biomarkers in the Development of PARP Inhibitors. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:15-25. [PMID: 26997874 PMCID: PMC4786099 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s36679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair lead to genomic instability and play a critical role in cancer development. Understanding the process by which DNA damage repair is altered or bypassed in cancer may identify novel therapeutic targets and lead to improved patient outcomes. Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has an important role in DNA repair, and novel therapeutics targeting PARP1 have been developed to treat cancers with defective DNA repair pathways. Despite treatment successes with PARP inhibitors (PARPi), intrinsic and acquired resistances have been observed. Preclinical studies and clinical trials in cancer suggest that combination therapy using PARPi and platinating agents is more effective than monotherapy in circumventing drug resistance mechanisms. Additionally, identification of biomarkers in response to PARPi will lead to improved patient selection for targeted cancer treatment. Recent technological advances have provided the necessary tools to examine many potential avenues to develop such biomarkers. This review examines the mechanistic rationale of PARP inhibition and potential biomarkers in their development for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bratati Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sonia C. Dolfi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kim M. Hirshfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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229
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Kurfurstova D, Bartkova J, Vrtel R, Mickova A, Burdova A, Majera D, Mistrik M, Kral M, Santer FR, Bouchal J, Bartek J. DNA damage signalling barrier, oxidative stress and treatment-relevant DNA repair factor alterations during progression of human prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:879-94. [PMID: 26987799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoints provide an anti-cancer barrier in diverse tumour types, however this concept has remained unexplored in prostate cancer (CaP). Furthermore, targeting DNA repair defects by PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) as a cancer treatment strategy is emerging yet requires suitable predictive biomarkers. To address these issues, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of multiple markers of DNA damage signalling, oxidative stress, DNA repair and cell cycle control pathways during progression of human prostate disease from benign hyperplasia, through intraepithelial neoplasia to CaP, complemented by genetic analyses of TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and NQO1, an anti-oxidant factor and p53 protector. The DNA damage checkpoint barrier (γH2AX, pATM, p53) mechanism was activated during CaP tumorigenesis, albeit less and with delayed culmination compared to other cancers, possibly reflecting lower replication stress (slow proliferation despite cases of Rb loss and cyclin D1 overexpression) and progressive loss of ATM activator NKX3.1. Oxidative stress (8-oxoguanine lesions) and NQO1 increased during disease progression. NQO1 genotypes of 390 men did not indicate predisposition to CaP, yet loss of NQO1 in CaP suggested potential progression-opposing tumour suppressor role. TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and PTEN loss, events sensitizing to PARPi, occurred frequently along with heterogeneous loss of DNA repair factors 53BP1, JMJD1C and Rev7 (all studied here for the first time in CaP) whose defects may cause resistance to PARPi. Overall, our results reveal an unorthodox DNA damage checkpoint barrier scenario in CaP tumorigenesis, and provide novel insights into oxidative stress and DNA repair, with implications for biomarker guidance of future targeted therapy of CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kurfurstova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Radek Vrtel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Mickova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Burdova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dusana Majera
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kral
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Frederic R Santer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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230
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the biological functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. This has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target tumours with loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Tumours that share molecular features of BRCA-mutant tumours - that is, those with 'BRCAness' - may also respond to similar therapeutic approaches. Several paradigm shifts require a reassessment of the concept of BRCAness, how this property is assayed and its relevance to our understanding of tumour biology and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Lord
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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231
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Targeting Mismatch Repair defects: A novel strategy for personalized cancer treatment. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:135-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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232
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Edmonds CE, Makvandi M, Lieberman BP, Xu K, Zeng C, Li S, Hou C, Lee H, Greenberg RA, Mankoff DA, Mach RH. [(18)F]FluorThanatrace uptake as a marker of PARP1 expression and activity in breast cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 6:94-101. [PMID: 27069769 PMCID: PMC4749508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear enzyme PARP1 plays a central role in sensing DNA damage and facilitating repair. Tumors with BRCA1/2 mutations are highly dependent on PARP1 as an alternative mechanism for DNA repair, and PARP inhibitors generate synthetic lethality in tumors with BRCA mutations, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Zhou et al. recently synthesized an (18)F-labeled PARP1 inhibitor ([(18)F]FluorThanatrace) for PET, and demonstrated high specific tracer uptake in a xenograft model of breast cancer [1]. In the current study, we characterize the level of baseline PARP expression and activity across multiple human breast cancer cell lines, including a BRCA1 mutant line. PARP expression and activity, as measured by levels of PAR and PARP1, is correlated with in vitro [(18)F]FluorThanatrace binding as well as tracer uptake on PET in a xenograft model of breast cancer. Radiotracer uptake in genetically-engineered mouse fibroblasts indicates [(18)F]FluorThanatrace is selective for PARP1 versus other PARP enzymes. This motivates further studies of [(18)F]FluorThanatrace as an in vivo measure of PARP1 expression and activity in patients who would benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Edmonds
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian P Lieberman
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chenbo Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Hou
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hsiaoju Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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233
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Abstract
Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a disease with significant morbidity and mortality. The recent approval of abiraterone and enzalutamide highlight the improvements which can be made targeting the androgen receptor (AR) axis. Nonetheless, resistance inevitably develops and there is continued interest in targeting alternate pathways which cause disease resistance and progression. Here, we review non-AR targets in CRPC, with an emphasis on novel agents now in development. This includes therapeutics which target the tumour microenvironment, the bone metastatic environment, microtubules, cellular energetics, angiogenesis, the stress response, survival proteins, intracellular signal transduction, DNA damage repair and dendritic cells. Understanding the hallmarks of prostate cancer resistance in CRPC has led to the identification and development of these new targets. We review the molecular rationale, as well at the clinical experience for each of these different classes of agents which are in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Toren
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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234
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BRCAness revisited. NATURE REVIEWS. CANCER 2016. [PMID: 26775620 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2015.21]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the biological functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. This has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target tumours with loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Tumours that share molecular features of BRCA-mutant tumours - that is, those with 'BRCAness' - may also respond to similar therapeutic approaches. Several paradigm shifts require a reassessment of the concept of BRCAness, how this property is assayed and its relevance to our understanding of tumour biology and the treatment of cancer.
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235
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the biological functions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 cancer susceptibility genes. This has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target tumours with loss-of-function mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2. Tumours that share molecular features of BRCA-mutant tumours - that is, those with 'BRCAness' - may also respond to similar therapeutic approaches. Several paradigm shifts require a reassessment of the concept of BRCAness, how this property is assayed and its relevance to our understanding of tumour biology and the treatment of cancer.
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236
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Weberpals JI, Amin MS, Chen BE, Tu D, Spaans JN, Squire JA, Eisenhauer EA, Virk S, Ma D, Duciaume M, Hoskins P, LeBrun DP. First application of the Automated QUantitative Analysis (AQUA) technique to quantify PTEN protein expression in ovarian cancer: A correlative study of NCIC CTG OV.16. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 140:486-93. [PMID: 26775196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platinum resistance is a dominant cause of poor outcomes in advanced ovarian cancer (OC). A mechanism of platinum resistance is the inhibition of apoptosis through phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway activation. The role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a negative regulator of this pathway, as a tumor biomarker is unclear. Quantitative analysis of PTEN expression as an alternative to immunohistochemistry has not been considered. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 238 patient tumors from the NCIC-CTG trial OV.16, PTEN protein expression was quantified by Automated QUantitative Analysis (AQUA). Cox model was used to study the association between PTEN expression and clinical outcomes using a minimum p-value approach in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was used to adjust for clinical and pathological parameters. RESULTS PTEN scores (range 13.9-192.3) of the 202 samples that passed quality control were analyzed. In univariate analysis, there was a trend suggesting an association between PTEN expression by AQUA as a binary variable (low ≤61 vs high >61) and progression free survival (HR=0.77, p=0.083), and in multivariate analysis, this association approached significance (HR=0.74, p=0.059). The relationship between quantitative PTEN expression and PFS differed (p=0.01 for interaction) by the extent of surgical debulking (residual disease (RD) <1cm or ≥1cm), with a numerically superior PFS in patients with high PTEN (23.5 vs 14.9m) only when RD<1cm (p=0.19). There was no association between PTEN levels and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS AQUA is a novel method to measure PTEN expression. Further study of PTEN as a biomarker in OC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Weberpals
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - M S Amin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B E Chen
- NCIC-CTG, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Tu
- NCIC-CTG, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J N Spaans
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - J A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - E A Eisenhauer
- NCIC-CTG, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Virk
- NCIC-CTG, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Ma
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Duciaume
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada
| | - P Hoskins
- BC Cancer Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D P LeBrun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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237
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Majuelos-Melguizo J, Rodríguez MI, López-Jiménez L, Rodríguez-Vargas JM, Martí Martín-Consuegra JM, Serrano-Sáenz S, Gavard J, de Almodóvar JMR, Oliver FJ. PARP targeting counteracts gliomagenesis through induction of mitotic catastrophe and aggravation of deficiency in homologous recombination in PTEN-mutant glioma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4790-803. [PMID: 25576921 PMCID: PMC4467115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumour in adults and one of the most aggressive cancers. PARP-1 is a nuclear protein involved in multiple facets of DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. In this study we dissected the action of PARP inhibition in different GBM cell lines with either functional or mutated PTEN that confers resistance to diverse therapies. In PTEN mutant cells, PARP inhibition induced a severe genomic instability, exacerbated homologous recombination repair (HR) deficiency and down-regulated the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) factor BUBR1, leading to mitotic catastrophe (MC). EGFR gene amplification also represents a signature of genetic abnormality in GBM. To more effectively target GBM cells, co-treatment with a PARP inhibitor and an EGFR blocker, erlotinib, resulted in a strong suppression of ERK1/2 activation and in vivo the combined effect elicited a robust reduction in tumour development. In conclusion, PARP inhibition targets PTEN-deficient GBM cells through accentuation of SAC repression and aggravation of HR deficiency, leading to the induction of genomic instability and eventually deriving to mitotic catastrophe (MC); the inhibition of PARP and co-treatment with an inhibitor of pro-survival pathways strongly retarded in vivo gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - F Javier Oliver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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238
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Rasmussen RD, Gajjar MK, Jensen KE, Hamerlik P. Enhanced efficacy of combined HDAC and PARP targeting in glioblastoma. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:751-63. [PMID: 26794465 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that targeting chromatin remodeling factors is as a promising strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). We and others have shown constitutive activation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in gliomas and suggested that targeting the DDR may improve the currently grim prognosis for patients. Based on our previous findings that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) increases radio-sensitivity of the notoriously radio-resistant GBM cells, we hypothesized that epigenetic down-regulation of the DDR responses and induction of oxidative stress via HDAC inhibition would contribute to more efficient targeting of this deadly disease. Our data show that SAHA, an HDAC class I + II inhibitor, in combination with olaparib (PARP inhibitor): i) enhanced inhibition of GBM cell survival, ii) induced apoptosis, and iii) impaired cell cycle progression. These results provide a pre-clinical rationale for combined administration of SAHA and olaparib, which are already individually in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke D Rasmussen
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madhavsai K Gajjar
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla E Jensen
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Brain Tumor Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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239
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Abstract
Discovered in 1997, PTEN remains one of the most studied tumor suppressors. In this issue of Methods in Molecular Biology, we assembled a series of papers describing various clinical and experimental approaches to studying PTEN function. Due to its broad expression, regulated subcellular localization, and intriguing phosphatase activity, methodologies aimed at PTEN study have often been developed in the context of mutations affecting various aspects of its regulation, found in patients burdened with PTEN loss-driven tumors. PTEN's extensive posttranslational modifications and dynamic localization pose unique challenges for studying PTEN features in isolation and necessitate considerable development of experimental systems to enable controlled characterization. Nevertheless, ongoing efforts towards the development of PTEN knockout and knock-in animals and cell lines, antibodies, and enzymatic assays have facilitated a huge body of work, which continues to unravel the fascinating biology of PTEN.
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240
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Abstract
PTEN subcellular localization is fundamental in the execution of the distinct PTEN biological activities, including not only its PI(3,4,5)P3 phosphatase activity when associated to membranes but also its subcellular compartment-specific interactions with regulatory and effector proteins, including those exerted in the nucleus. As a consequence, PTEN subcellular localization is tightly regulated in vivo by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. The plasma membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm partitioning of PTEN has been the focus of several studies, both from a mechanistic and from a disease-association point of view. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on PTEN plasma membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm distribution, and present subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical methods to study the distribution and shuttling of PTEN between these subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Gil
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, 46013, Spain
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces s/n, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, 46013, Spain.
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces s/n, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
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241
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Leveraging DNA repair deficiency in gynecologic oncology. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2015; 28:24-31. [PMID: 26694829 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review discusses DNA repair deficiencies in ovarian cancer and how this has become the target for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition as a successful therapeutic strategy. RECENT FINDINGS Hereditary ovarian cancers arise from germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, or other important genes in the DNA repair process of homologous recombination. Sporadic ovarian cancers can also acquire a phenotype of homologous recombination deficiency through various other mechanisms. Recent studies have found the class of drugs called PARP inhibitors to selectively target ovarian cancers with homologous recombination deficiency. There are eight PARP inhibitors in various phases of clinical development with four being actively studied in phase III trials in ovarian cancer. In December 2014, the first-in-human PARP inhibitor olaparib was approved for ovarian cancer patients with two different clinical indications in Europe and the United States. SUMMARY Ovarian cancer has become a model for the successful translation of targeted therapy against DNA repair deficiencies in cancer.
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Liu IH, Ford JM, Kunz PL. DNA-repair defects in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and potential clinical applications. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 44:1-9. [PMID: 26924193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of DNA repair in pathogenesis and response to treatment is not well understood in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). However, the existing literature reveals important preliminary trends and targets in the genetic landscape of pNETs. Notably, pNETs have been shown to harbor defects in the direct reversal MGMT gene and the DNA mismatch repair genes, suggesting that these genes may be strong candidates for further prospective studies. METHODS PubMed searches were conducted for original studies assessing the DNA repair genes MGMT and MMR in pNETs, as well as for PTEN and MEN1, which are not directly DNA repair genes but are involved in DNA repair pathways. Searches were specific to pNETs, yielding five original studies on MGMT and four on MMR. Six original papers studied PTEN in pNETs. Five studied MEN1 in pNETs, and two others implicated MEN1 in DNA repair processes. RESULTS The five studies on MGMT in pNET tumor samples found MGMT loss of between 24% and 51% of tumor samples by IHC staining and between 0% and 40% by promoter hypermethylation, revealing discrepancies in methods assessing MGMT expression as well as potential weaknesses in the correlation between MGMT IHC expression and promoter hypermethylation rates. Four studies on MMR in pNET tumor samples indicated similar ambiguities, as promoter hypermethylation of the MLH1 MMR gene ranged from 0% to 31% of pNETs, while IHC staining revealed loss of MMR genes in between 0% and 36% of pNETs sampled. Studies also indicated that PTEN and MEN1 are commonly mutated or underexpressed genes in pNETs, although frequency of mutation or loss of expression was again variable among different studies. CONCLUSION Further studies are essential in determining a more thorough repertoire of DNA repair defects in pNETs and the clinical significance of these defects. This literature review synthesises the existing knowledge of relevant DNA repair pathways and studies of the specific genes that carry out these repair mechanisms in pNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Ford
- Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Pamela L Kunz
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5826, United States.
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de Haydu C, Black JD, Schwab CL, English DP, Santin AD. An update on the current pharmacotherapy for endometrial cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 17:489-99. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1127351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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244
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Alonso A, Pulido R. The extended human PTPome: a growing tyrosine phosphatase family. FEBS J 2015; 283:1404-29. [PMID: 26573778 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyr phosphatases are, by definition, enzymes that dephosphorylate phospho-Tyr (pTyr) from proteins. This activity is found in several structurally diverse protein families, including the protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP), arsenate reductase, rhodanese, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) and His phosphatase (HP) families. Most of these families include members with substrate specificity for non-pTyr substrates, such as phospho-Ser/phospho-Thr, phosphoinositides, phosphorylated carbohydrates, mRNAs, or inorganic moieties. A Cys is essential for catalysis in PTPs, rhodanese and arsenate reductase enzymes, whereas this work is performed by an Asp in HAD phosphatases and by a His in HPs, via a catalytic mechanism shared by all of the different families. The category that contains most Tyr phosphatases is the PTP family, which, although it received its name from this activity, includes Ser, Thr, inositide, carbohydrate and RNA phosphatases, as well as some inactive pseudophosphatase proteins. Here, we propose an extended collection of human Tyr phosphatases, which we call the extended human PTPome. The addition of new members (SACs, paladin, INPP4s, TMEM55s, SSU72, and acid phosphatases) to the currently categorized PTP group of enzymes means that the extended human PTPome contains up to 125 proteins, of which ~ 40 are selective for pTyr. We set criteria to ascribe proteins to the extended PTPome, and summarize the more important features of the new PTPome members in the context of their phosphatase activity and their relationship with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Martínez-Bosch N, Fernández-Zapico ME, Navarro P, Yélamos J. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases: New Players in the Pathogenesis of Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:234-41. [PMID: 26687988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes were initially characterized as sensors of DNA breaks but are now known to play key roles not only in the DNA damage response but also in regulating numerous molecular processes, such as gene transcription. Furthermore, these polymerases have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, providing promising therapeutic targets for pathologies such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In recent years, PARPs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and PARP inhibition has been proposed as a valuable strategy for treating these two important gastrointestinal tract disorders. For instance, in preclinical mouse models, pancreatitis was significantly attenuated after genetic or pharmacological PARP inactivation, and several clinical trials have demonstrated promising responses to PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of PARP functions in these two dismal pathologies and discuss the next steps necessary to determine whether PARP inhibitors will finally make the difference in treating pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Martínez-Bosch
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin E Fernández-Zapico
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Network Center for Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Kovac M, Blattmann C, Ribi S, Smida J, Mueller NS, Engert F, Castro-Giner F, Weischenfeldt J, Kovacova M, Krieg A, Andreou D, Tunn PU, Dürr HR, Rechl H, Schaser KD, Melcher I, Burdach S, Kulozik A, Specht K, Heinimann K, Fulda S, Bielack S, Jundt G, Tomlinson I, Korbel JO, Nathrath M, Baumhoer D. Exome sequencing of osteosarcoma reveals mutation signatures reminiscent of BRCA deficiency. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8940. [PMID: 26632267 PMCID: PMC4686819 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are aggressive bone tumours with a high degree of genetic heterogeneity, which has historically complicated driver gene discovery. Here we sequence exomes of 31 tumours and decipher their evolutionary landscape by inferring clonality of the individual mutation events. Exome findings are interpreted in the context of mutation and SNP array data from a replication set of 92 tumours. We identify 14 genes as the main drivers, of which some were formerly unknown in the context of osteosarcoma. None of the drivers is clearly responsible for the majority of tumours and even TP53 mutations are frequently mapped into subclones. However, >80% of osteosarcomas exhibit a specific combination of single-base substitutions, LOH, or large-scale genome instability signatures characteristic of BRCA1/2-deficient tumours. Our findings imply that multiple oncogenic pathways drive chromosomal instability during osteosarcoma evolution and result in the acquisition of BRCA-like traits, which could be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kovac
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claudia Blattmann
- Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Klinikum Stuttgart Olgahospital, Kriegsbergstrasse 62, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ribi
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Smida
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Pediatric Oncology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität München and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikola S. Mueller
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Engert
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Joachim Weischenfeldt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Kovacova
- The Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Orthopaedic Department, Basel University Childrens Hospital (UKBB), Spitalstrasse 33, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimosthenis Andreou
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Sarcoma Center Berlin-Brandenburg, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Per-Ulf Tunn
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Sarcoma Center Berlin-Brandenburg, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Roland Dürr
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Marchionistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Rechl
- Clinic and Policlinic of Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Schaser
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingo Melcher
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Pediatric Oncology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität München and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Immunology and Pulmology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstrasse 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Heinimann
- Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Burgfelderstrasse 101, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bielack
- Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Klinikum Stuttgart Olgahospital, Kriegsbergstrasse 62, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gernot Jundt
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jan O. Korbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Nathrath
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Clinical Cooperation Group Osteosarcoma, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Pediatric Oncology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Technische Universität München and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Klinikum Kassel, Mönchebergstrasse 41-43, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Center at the Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Eustermann S, Wu WF, Langelier MF, Yang JC, Easton LE, Riccio AA, Pascal JM, Neuhaus D. Structural Basis of Detection and Signaling of DNA Single-Strand Breaks by Human PARP-1. Mol Cell 2015; 60:742-754. [PMID: 26626479 PMCID: PMC4678113 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a key eukaryotic stress sensor that responds in seconds to DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), the most frequent genomic damage. A burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis initiates DNA damage response, whereas PARP-1 inhibition kills BRCA-deficient tumor cells selectively, providing the first anti-cancer therapy based on synthetic lethality. However, the mechanism underlying PARP-1’s function remained obscure; inherent dynamics of SSBs and PARP-1’s multi-domain architecture hindered structural studies. Here we reveal the structural basis of SSB detection and how multi-domain folding underlies the allosteric switch that determines PARP-1’s signaling response. Two flexibly linked N-terminal zinc fingers recognize the extreme deformability of SSBs and drive co-operative, stepwise self-assembly of remaining PARP-1 domains to control the activity of the C-terminal catalytic domain. Automodifcation in cis explains the subsequent release of monomeric PARP-1 from DNA, allowing repair and replication to proceed. Our results provide a molecular framework for understanding PARP inhibitor action and, more generally, allosteric control of dynamic, multi-domain proteins. We identify the structural basis of DNA single-strand break detection by PARP-1 An NMR/X-ray approach reveals how multi-domain allostery underlies activity switch The molecular model of PARP-1 assembly couples damage detection to PAR signaling Automodification in cis releases enzyme so DNA repair and replication can proceed
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eustermann
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Wing-Fung Wu
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Marie-France Langelier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 804, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ji-Chun Yang
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Laura E Easton
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Amanda A Riccio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 804, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 804, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David Neuhaus
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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248
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Gunderson CC, Moore KN. Olaparib: an oral PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor with promising activity in ovarian cancer. Future Oncol 2015; 11:747-57. [PMID: 25757679 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Olaparib (Lynparza™; AZD2281) is a potent PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor with biologic activity in ovarian cancer as well as other solid tumors. It has been tested in Phase I and II trials and has single-agent activity in both germline BRCA mutated and sporadic ovarian cancer. Phase III trials assessing the efficacy of olaparib in the maintenance setting following first line and platinum-sensitive recurrence are underway for patients with a germline BRCA mutation, given the inherent molecular compatibility with the drug's mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille C Gunderson
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, 800 NE 10th Street, Suite 5040, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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249
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DNA Damage Signalling and Repair Inhibitors: The Long-Sought-After Achilles' Heel of Cancer. Biomolecules 2015; 5:3204-59. [PMID: 26610585 PMCID: PMC4693276 DOI: 10.3390/biom5043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were the two only approaches exploiting DNA repair processes to fight against cancer. Nowadays, cancer therapeutics can be a major challenge when it comes to seeking personalized targeted medicine that is both effective and selective to the malignancy. Over the last decade, the discovery of new targeted therapies against DNA damage signalling and repair has offered the possibility of therapeutic improvements in oncology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of DNA damage signalling and repair inhibitors, their molecular and cellular effects, and future therapeutic use.
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250
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Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of homologous recombination DNA repair. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3361. [PMID: 24553445 PMCID: PMC4017859 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) repair deficiency predisposes to cancer development, but also sensitizes cancer cells to DNA damage-inducing therapeutics. Here we identify an HR defect (HRD) gene signature that can be used to functionally assess HR repair status without interrogating individual genetic alterations in cells. By using this HRD gene signature as a functional network analysis tool, we discover that simultaneous loss of two major tumour suppressors BRCA1 and PTEN extensively rewire the HR repair-deficient phenotype, which is found in cells with defects in either BRCA1 or PTEN alone. Moreover, the HRD gene signature serves as an effective drug discovery platform to identify agents targeting HR repair as potential chemo/radio sensitizers. More importantly, this HRD gene signature is able to predict clinical outcomes across multiple cancer lineages. Our findings, therefore, provide a molecular profile of HR repair to assess its status at a functional network level, which can provide both biological insights and have clinical implications in cancer.
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