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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa K, Shibata K. Acute Effect of Dynamic Stretching on Endurance Running Performance in Well-Trained Male Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3045-52. [PMID: 25932984 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the acute effect of dynamic stretching (DS) on relative high-intensity endurance running performance. The endurance running performances of 7 well-trained middle- or long-distance male runners were assessed on a treadmill after 2 types of pretreatment. The pretreatments were nonstretching (NS) and DS treatment. In the DS treatment, DS was performed as 1 set of 10 repetitions as quickly as possible for the 5 muscle groups in lower extremities. The endurance running performances were evaluated by time to exhaustion (TTE) and total running distance (TRD) during running at a velocity equivalent to 90% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in each subject. The oxygen uptake (VO2) during running was measured as an index of running economy (RE). The TTE (928.6 ± 215.0 seconds) after DS treatment was significantly (p < 0.01) more prolonged compared with that (785.3 ± 206.2 seconds) after NS. The TRD (4,301.2 ± 893.8 m) after DS treatment was also significantly (p < 0.01) longer than that (3,616.9 ± 783.3 m) after NS. The changes in the VO2 during running, however, did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ between the pretreatments. The results demonstrated that the DS treatment improved the endurance performance of running at a velocity equivalent to 90% VO2max in well-trained male runners, although it did not change the RE. This running velocity is equivalent to that for a 3,000- or 5,000-m race. Our finding suggests that performing DS during warm-up before a race is effective for improving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Yamaguchi
- 1Laboratory of Food Ecology and Sports Science, Department of Foods Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan; 2Research Division for Lifelong Learning, Center for Research and Development in Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; and 3Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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202
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Janes WCI, Snow BBG, Watkins CE, Noseworthy EAL, Reid JC, Behm DG. Effect of participants' static stretching knowledge or deception on the responses to prolonged stretching. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1052-1056. [PMID: 27669019 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of the static stretching (SS) literature reports performance impairments with prolonged SS. However, it has been acknowledged that a limitation of these studies is participants' knowledge or bias. Since many participants have knowledge of the literature, their performance may be subconsciously influenced by expectations. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of stretching knowledge or deception on subsequent force output following SS. Two groups of male participants who were either aware (BIASED: 14) or unaware (DECEPTION: 14) of the SS literature participated. Unaware participants were misinformed that SS increases force production. Testing involved maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) of the quadriceps and hamstrings at pre-, post-, and 5 min post-intervention (three 30-s passive hamstring stretches to the point of discomfort with 30-s rest intervals) or control. While the DECEPTION group displayed impaired knee flexion force (p = 0.04; 3.6% and 10.4%) following hamstrings SS, there was no significant impairment with the BIASED (-1.1% and +0.9%) group. Both groups exhibited hamstrings F200 (force produced in the first 200 ms) impairments following SS. Whereas BIASED participants exhibited an overall decrease (p < 0.05; 1.8% and 4.2%) in knee extension MVC, DECEPTION participants showed (p = 0.005; 8.8% and 5.1%) force increases. The quadriceps F200 was not significantly affected with the BIASED group but overall there were 4.5% and 8.7% F200 impairments at 1 and 5 min post-intervention (p = 0.05) with the DECEPTION group. Thus while deception resulted in enhanced quadriceps muscle force output, there was no knowledge or deception advantage when stretching the hamstrings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Ian Janes
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Brandon B G Snow
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Caisie E Watkins
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Elecia A L Noseworthy
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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203
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Ayala F, Moreno-Pérez V, Vera-Garcia FJ, Moya M, Sanz-Rivas D, Fernandez-Fernandez J. Acute and Time-Course Effects of Traditional and Dynamic Warm-Up Routines in Young Elite Junior Tennis Players. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152790. [PMID: 27071014 PMCID: PMC4829215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the large number of studies that have examined the acute effects of different warm up modalities (WU) on physical performance, none of them have documented the time course of potential performance recovery in tennis players. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to analyze and compare the acute effects of two different WU modalities (traditional WU [TWU] and dynamic WU [DWU]) on physical performance (i.e., CMJ, sprint, serve speed and accuracy) in elite junior players, as well as (b) to monitor the time course of any WU-induced changes after 30 and 60 min of simulated match-play. Twelve junior elite players completed both WUs modalities (TWU and DWU) in a counterbalanced order on separate days. In each experimental session, counter movement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, tennis serve speed and accuracy tests were performed before (immediately after TWU or DWU) during (30 min) and after 60 min of a simulated match play. Measures were compared via four factorial (WU intervention and time) repeated measures ANOVAs. There were main effects of WU (TWU and DWU) throughout the time for all the variables analysed. The results indicate that DWU routine led to significantly faster 20 m sprint times and higher CMJs as well as faster and more accurate tennis serves at both post warm-up and 30 min match-play testing moments in comparison with the scores reported by the TWU routine (p < 0.05; positive effects with a probability of >75-99%). No significant intergroup differences were found at 60-min match-play testing moment in any variable (except for the 20 m sprint). Therefore, the findings of this study recommend for optimal performance in these elite tennis players, DWU routines should be performed prior to formal training and competition rather than TWU routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ayala
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | - Manuel Moya
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - David Sanz-Rivas
- Tennis Performance Research Group, Madrid, Spain
- Royal Spanish Tennis Federation (RFET), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
- Tennis Performance Research Group, Madrid, Spain
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204
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Brown BW, Lopez RM. Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Female Tackle Football Players. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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205
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MCCRARY JMATT, HALAKI MARK, SORKIN EVGENY, ACKERMANN BRONWENJ. Acute Warm-up Effects in Submaximal Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:307-15. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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206
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Mine K, Nakayama T, Milanese S, Grimmer K. Acute effects of stretching on maximal muscle strength and functional performance: A systematic review of Japanese-language randomised controlled trials. MANUAL THERAPY 2016; 21:54-62. [PMID: 26558707 DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus in the English-language literature regarding the best types or dosages of stretching to maximise muscle strength and functional performance. It is possible that primary research published in non-English languages provides different insights, and could add to the body of international knowledge. PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to identify and evaluate Japanese-language randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating acute effects of stretching on maximal strength and functional performance. METHODS Three Japanese databases and five English databases were searched from inception to 24 March 2015. Only Japanese-language RCTs examining acute effects of stretching on maximal strength and/or functional performance were included. Risk of bias in included studies was assessed using Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. Descriptive synthesis was attempted. RESULTS Seven RCTs with variable methodological quality were included. No two studies were the same, thus meta-analysis was not possible. Descriptively, because of heterogeneity of interventions and outcome measures, it was not possible to identify consensus on the benefits of stretching. GRADE approach indicated low to very low quality evidence for this topic. CONCLUSION This review of Japanese-language RCTs provided no additional information to strengthen or challenge the current English-language evidence base on acute effects of stretching on maximal strength and performance. Future Japanese-language studies should address methodological flaws exposed in this review and incorporate functional outcome measures to strengthen the international evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Mine
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Steve Milanese
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Grimmer
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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207
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Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:1-11. [PMID: 26642915 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a shift from static stretching (SS) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching within a warm-up to a greater emphasis on dynamic stretching (DS). The objective of this review was to compare the effects of SS, DS, and PNF on performance, range of motion (ROM), and injury prevention. The data indicated that SS- (-3.7%), DS- (+1.3%), and PNF- (-4.4%) induced performance changes were small to moderate with testing performed immediately after stretching, possibly because of reduced muscle activation after SS and PNF. A dose-response relationship illustrated greater performance deficits with ≥60 s (-4.6%) than with <60 s (-1.1%) SS per muscle group. Conversely, SS demonstrated a moderate (2.2%) performance benefit at longer muscle lengths. Testing was performed on average 3-5 min after stretching, and most studies did not include poststretching dynamic activities; when these activities were included, no clear performance effect was observed. DS produced small-to-moderate performance improvements when completed within minutes of physical activity. SS and PNF stretching had no clear effect on all-cause or overuse injuries; no data are available for DS. All forms of training induced ROM improvements, typically lasting <30 min. Changes may result from acute reductions in muscle and tendon stiffness or from neural adaptations causing an improved stretch tolerance. Considering the small-to-moderate changes immediately after stretching and the study limitations, stretching within a warm-up that includes additional poststretching dynamic activity is recommended for reducing muscle injuries and increasing joint ROM with inconsequential effects on subsequent athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- b Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kay
- c Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Health, The University of Northampton, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Malachy McHugh
- d Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10075, USA
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208
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Marchetti PH, Mattos VDJP, Serpa ÉP, Silva JJD, Soares EG, Paulodeto AC, Correa DA, Vilela Junior GDB, Gomes WA. ALONGAMENTO INTERMITENTE E CONTÍNUO AUMENTAM A AMPLITUDE DE MOVIMENTO E REDUZEM A FORÇA DOS FLEXORES DE PUNHO. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220152106152116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: A manipulação do intervalo entre séries pode influenciar o desempenho de atividades subsequentes. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito do intervalo de alongamento estático de forma continua e intermitente no desempenho de flexores de punho. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 14 adultos jovens, hígidos, do gênero masculino (idade 31±9 anos; estatura 178±0,7 cm; massa 85±12 Kg). Foi avaliada a amplitude de movimento passivo (ADMP) em extensão de punho, a força isométrica máxima de flexão de punho associado a eletromiografia superficial antes e depois de dois protocolos de alongamento com diferentes intervalos entre séries. Para cada sujeito, um dos membros superiores foi alongado com o protocolo contínuo (CON) e o outro com o intermitente (INT), de forma aleatória. O protocolo CON consistiu na realização do alongamento durante 6 minutos ininterruptos, e o INT consistiu na realização de seis séries de 1 minuto por 20 segundos de intervalo entre as séries. A intensidade foi mantida a 70-90% da percepção subjetiva de desconforto. Resultados Os resultados de ADMP mostraram aumento significante entre as condições pré e pós-intervenção, em ambos os protocolos INT (81°±10 e 94°±10, P<0,001) e CON (87°±12 e 96°±11, P=0,004). Os resultados para o pico de força mostraram redução significante nas condições pós-intervenção para ambos os protocolos: INT (205±54 Kgf e 148±56 Kgf, P<0,001) e CON (211±39 Kgf e 144±36 Kgf, P<0,001). Os resultados para a taxa de produção de força mostraram aumento significante nas condições pré e pós-intervenção, para ambos os protocolos INT (0,52±0,29 Kgf/ms e 1,24±0,45 Kgf/ms, P<0,001) e CON (0,43±0,29 Kgf/ms e 1,11±0,34 Kgf/ms, P<0,001). Conclusão Ambos os protocolos aumentaram a amplitude passiva de movimento, reduziram a força pico e taxa de produção de força, sem modificações na ativação dos flexores de punho.
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209
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated exercise-induced effects of static stretching and playing soccer on anterior tibial translation (ATT) of the knee joint. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one athletes were randomly assigned into a stretching (26.9 ± 6.2 years, 1.77 ± 0.09 m, 67.9 ± 10.7 kg) and a control group (27.9 ± 7.4 years, 1.75 ± 0.08 m, 72.0 ± 14.9 kg). Thirty-one amateur soccer players in an additional soccer group (25.1 ± 5.6 years, 1.74 ± 0.10 m, 71.8 ± 14.8 kg). All participants had no history of knee injury requiring surgery and any previous knee ligament or cartilage injury. INTERVENTIONS The stretching group performed 4 different static stretching exercises with a duration of 2 × 20 seconds interspersed with breaks of 10 seconds. The soccer group completed a 90-minute soccer-specific training program. The control group did not perform any physical activity for approximately 30 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anterior tibial translation was measured with the KT-1000 knee arthrometer at forces of 67 N, 89 N, and maximal manual force (Max) before and after the intervention. RESULTS There was a significant increase in ATT after static stretching and playing soccer at all applied forces. Maximal manual testing revealed a mean increase of ATT after static stretching of 2.1 ± 1.6 mm (P < 0.0005) and after playing soccer of 1.0 ± 1.5 mm (P = 0.001). The ATT increase after static stretching at 67 and 89 N is significantly higher than in controls. At maximum manual testing, significant differences were evident between all groups. CONCLUSIONS Static stretching and playing soccer increase ATT and may consequently influence mechanical factors of the anterior cruciate ligament. The ATT increase after static stretching was greater than after playing soccer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The observed increase in ATT after static stretching and playing soccer may be associated with changes in kinesthetic perception and sensorimotor control, activation of muscles, joint stability, overall performance, and higher injury risk.
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210
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Mascarin NC, Vancini RL, Lira CAB, Andrade MS. Stretch-Induced Reductions in Throwing Performance Are Attenuated by Warm-up Before Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1393-8. [PMID: 25426509 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations have suggested that static stretching (SS) performed before exercise reduces muscular performance. However, it is yet unknown whether dynamic warm-up exercises performed together with SS may actually minimize the detrimental acute effects of stretching on muscular performance. This study aimed to assess the effects of static shoulder stretching exercises, dynamic warm-up exercises, or both together, on muscular performance evaluated by ball throwing. Twenty-one female handball players (age: 16.2 ± 1.0 years [range: 14-18 years], height: 167.0 ± 10.0 cm [range: 158-179 cm], and body mass: 63.3 ± 7.6 kg [range: 50.4-77.4 kg]) performed SS, dynamic warm-up exercises or both, targeting the muscles of the upper limbs. Thereafter, medicine ball throwing distance and handball ball throwing speed tests were performed. Static stretching performed before the medicine ball throwing test reduced performance when compared with the warm-up exercises (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.17, p ≤ 0.05, effect size [ES] = 0.34). When a warm-up exercise routine was added to SS, the detrimental effects of SS were abolished (95% CI = -0.01 to 0.18, p > 0.05, ES = 0.31). The throwing speed was the same over the 3 conditions. In conclusion, warm-up exercises performed together with SS abolished the impairment in medicine ball throwing distance. We recommend that athletes perform warm-up exercises together with SS before activity to avoid detrimental effects on muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naryana C Mascarin
- 1Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; 2Physical Education and Sports Center (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria (ES), Brazil; and 3Human and Exercise Physiology Division, School of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
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211
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Couture G, Karlik D, Glass SC, Hatzel BM. The Effect of Foam Rolling Duration on Hamstring Range of Motion. Open Orthop J 2015; 9:450-5. [PMID: 26587061 PMCID: PMC4645924 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001509010450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Musculoskeletal health benefits from flexibility training and maintaining a functional, or sport specific, range of motion is important to one's overall fitness. Commercial foam rollers are commonly used in gyms, therapy clinics and homes, yet data are lacking on the optimal rolling duration and effect on range of motion. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of varied durations of a commercial foam roller treatment on hamstring range of motion. METHODS The knee extension range of motion of 33 college aged men and women (age= 20±1.5y, mass= 72.2±10.8 kg) was assessed after a short (2 sets of 10s) and long (4 sets of 30s) duration of hamstring self-administered myofascial release using a commercial foam roller. A one way ANOVA was performed to compare the mean knee extension angle for each condition to baseline measures. RESULTS Results indicated that neither the short duration (67.30 ± 10.60 deg) nor long duration (67.41 ± 10.81 deg) rolling condition produced significant increases in knee extension compared to baseline (67.70 ± 9.90 deg). CONCLUSION Self-administered foam rolling for a total duration of up to 2 minutes is not adequate to induce improvements in knee joint flexibility. Contributing factors may include the amount of pressure imparted by the commercial roller as well as duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Couture
- Human Performance Laboratory, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Dustin Karlik
- Human Performance Laboratory, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Stephen C Glass
- Human Performance Laboratory, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Brian M Hatzel
- Human Performance Laboratory, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
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213
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Markovic G. Acute effects of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization vs. foam rolling on knee and hip range of motion in soccer players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 19:690-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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214
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Effects of self-myofascial release: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 19:747-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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215
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Behm DG, Cavanaugh T, Quigley P, Reid JC, Nardi PSM, Marchetti PH. Acute bouts of upper and lower body static and dynamic stretching increase non-local joint range of motion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:241-9. [PMID: 26410819 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are conflicts in the literature concerning the crossover or non-local effects of stretching. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether static (SS) and dynamic (DS) stretching of the shoulders would affect hip flexor range of motion (ROM) and performance and reciprocally whether SS and DS of the lower body would affect shoulder extension ROM and performance. METHODS A randomized crossover study design examined the acute effects of upper and lower body SS and DS on lower and upper body performance measures, respectively. Experimental sessions included upper and lower body control tests, upper body (shoulder horizontal abduction) SS and lower body (hip abduction) SS, upper body (shoulder horizontal abduction and adduction) DS and lower body DS (hip abduction and adduction). Passive static and dynamic ROM (hip flexion, shoulder extension), leg flexor and elbow flexor maximal voluntary contraction isometric force, fatigue endurance and electromyography were measured. RESULTS There were significant shoulder ROM increases following lower body SS (P < 0.010, ∆% = 8.2%) and DS (P < 0.019, ∆% = 9%). There was a significant hip flexor ROM (P < 0.016, ∆% = 5.2%) increase following upper body SS. There were no significant main effects or interactions for dynamic ROM or muscle force and activation variables. CONCLUSION The lack of stretch-induced force and fatigue changes suggests that rather than a mechanical or neural drive mechanism, an enhanced stretch tolerance was likely the significant factor in the improved ROM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave. St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Tyler Cavanaugh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave. St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Patrick Quigley
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave. St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Christopher Reid
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave. St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Priscyla Silva Monteiro Nardi
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Marchetti
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Science of Human Movement, College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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216
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Shim JM, Jung JH, Kim HH. The effects of plantar flexor static stretching and dynamic stretching using an aero-step on foot pressure during gait in healthy adults: a preliminary study. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2155-7. [PMID: 26311944 PMCID: PMC4540839 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine whether plantar flexor static stretching
and dynamic stretching using an Aero-Step results in changes in foot pressure during gait
in healthy adults. [Subjects] Eighteen normal adults were randomly allocated to either a
dynamic stretching using an Aero-Step group (DSUAS) group (n = 8) or a static stretching
(SS) group (n = 10). [Methods] The DSUAS and SS participants took part in an exercise
program for 15 minutes. Outcome measures were foot plantar pressure, which was measured
during the subject’s gait stance phase; the asymmetric ratio of foot pressure for both
feet; and the visual analogue scale (VAS) measured during the interventions. [Results]
There were significant differences in the asymmetric ratio of foot pressure for both feet
and VAS between the two groups after intervention. However, there were no significant
differences in foot plantar pressure during the gait stance phase within both groups.
[Conclusion] DSUSAS is an effective stretching method, as pain during it is lower than
that with SS, which can minimize the asymmetric ratio of foot pressure for both feet
during gait due to asymmetric postural alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Myung Shim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Science, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gimhae College, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Hee Kim
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Semyung University, Republic of Korea
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Chatzopoulos DE, Yiannakos A, Kotzamanidou M, Bassa E. WARM-UP PROTOCOLS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. Percept Mot Skills 2015; 121:1-13. [PMID: 26226282 DOI: 10.2466/30.pms.121c11x3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the acute effects of three warm-up protocols on change-of-direction speed, reaction time, and movement time of upper extremities. Participants were 27 Greek high school students from an urban area (M age=17.2 yr., SD=0.2, range=16.5-18.0). All participants performed the following warm-up protocols on three different days: (a) 3 min. jogging followed by 5 min. static stretching, (b) 3 min. jogging followed by 5 min. dynamic stretching, and (c) 3 min. jogging followed by 5 min. of rest without stretching. At the end of each protocol, participants performed sprints of moderate to submaximal intensity. After the warm-up protocols, participants performed the following tests: "505-change-of-direction-speed," reaction time, and movement time (arm movements). There was no significant effect of protocols on the performance tests. Pre-exercise stretching may not be required for performance improvement in activities involving change-of-direction speed, reaction, and movement time if the final part of the warm-up involves sprinting. The advantage of a short duration warm-up is that it offers students more time to play in physical education lessons. However, it is generally important for students to learn the benefits of stretching and how to stretch for lifelong fitness.
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218
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Sim YJ, Byun YH, Yoo J. Comparison of isokinetic muscle strength and muscle power by types of warm-up. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1491-4. [PMID: 26157247 PMCID: PMC4483425 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of static stretching at
warm-up on the isokinetic muscle torque (at 60°/sec) and muscle power (at 180°/sec) of the
flexor muscle and extensor muscle of the knee joint. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects
of this study were 10 healthy students with no medically specific findings. The warm-up
group and warm-up with stretching group performed their respective warm-up prior to the
isokinetic muscle torque evaluation of the knee joint. One-way ANOVA was performed by
randomized block design for each variable. [Results] The results were as follows: First,
the flexor peak torque and extensor peak torque of the knee joint tended to decrease at
60°/sec in the warm-up with stretching group compared with the control group and warm-up
group, but without statistical significance. Second, extensor power at 180°/sec was also
not statistically significant. However, it was found that flexor power increased
significantly in the warm-up with stretching group at 180°/sec compared with the control
group and warm-up group in which stretching was not performed. [Conclusion] Therefore, it
is considered that in healthy adults, warm-up including two sets of stretching for 20
seconds per muscle group does not decrease muscle strength and muscle power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Je Sim
- Department of Physical Education, Kunsan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Byun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Sports Science, Dankook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Yoo
- Department of Health Management, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
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Pojskić H, Pagaduan JC, Babajić F, Užičanin E, Muratović M, Tomljanović M. Acute effects of prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric warm-up schemes on jump, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate soccer players. Biol Sport 2015; 32:129-34. [PMID: 26060336 PMCID: PMC4447758 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1140427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of different warm-up interventions on jump, sprint and agility performance in collegiate soccer players. Twenty-one healthy male college soccer players (age: 20.14 ± 1.65 years; body height: 179.9 ± 8.34 cm; body mass: 74.4 ± 13.0 kg; % body fat: 9.45 ± 4.8) participated in the study. Subjects underwent four different randomized warm-up protocols separated by at least 48 hours. The warm-up schemes were: 1. no conditioning contraction protocol (NCC); 2. dynamic stretching (DS); 3. prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric exercise (ST); and, 4. ST with an additional external load equal to 30% of body weight (ST + 30% BW). All interventions were preceded by a general warm-up. Results from one-way repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in countermovement jump (CMJ) at F(3,60) = 10.2, ηρ(2) = 0.337, p < 0.01. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in CMJ performance in DS when compared to NCC and ST + 30% BW. No significant difference in CMJ was observed between DS and ST. CMJ scores in NCC, ST, and ST + 30% BW were non-significant. There was a significant difference in speed; F(3, 60) = 6.61, ηρ(2) = 0.248, p < 0.01. Post hoc analysis revealed significantly better time in DS than NCC and ST. However, no difference in speed was observed between DS and ST + 30% BW. Similarly, speed was similar in NCC, ST and ST + 30% BW. A significant difference in agility performance was also observed; F(3, 60) = 24.1, ηρ(2)= 0.546, p < 0.01. Post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater performance gains in DS than NCC. No significant difference in agility was observed in DS, ST and ST + 30% BW. In conclusion, a prolonged intermittent low-intensity isometric protocol using bodyweight only showed similar benefits with dynamic stretching in countermovement jump performance. When the same isometric condition with additional load equal to 30% of bodyweight was applied, effects in speed and agility were similar to dynamic stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pojskić
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Center for Sports Excellence, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - J C Pagaduan
- College of Human Kinetics, University of the Philippines - Diliman, Philippines
| | - F Babajić
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Center for Sports Excellence, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - E Užičanin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Center for Sports Excellence, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Muratović
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Center for Sports Excellence, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Lopes CR, Soares EG, Santos ALR, Aoki MS, Marchetti PH. Efeitos do alongamento passivo no desempenho de séries múltiplas no treinamento de força. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220152103145780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Recentemente, a prática de exercícios de alongamento tem sido relacionada a déficit no desempenho de atividades força-dependentes. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito ao longo de séries múltiplas no treinamento de força. OBJETIVO: Determinar o efeito do alongamento passivo extensivo no desempenho de séries múltiplas e da dor percebida no treinamento de força. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta de 12 homens experientes com treinamento de força. O protocolo consistiu de três sessões. A primeira serviu como familiarização e determinação de 10 repetições máximas no supino reto (T10RM). A segunda e terceira condições foram aleatorizadas entre os sujeitos, sendo uma realizada com a avaliação do supino reto (SR) sem alongamento prévio (SEMA), e a outra com alongamento prévio (COMA). O protocolo de alongamento consistiu de seis séries de 45 seg de alongamento por 15 seg de intervalo visando o músculo peitoral maior. A intensidade do alongamento foi mantida entre 70 e 90% da percepção subjetiva de desconforto. Antes e após o exercício, a dor local foi avaliada por meio de breve alongamento e palpação. A Análise de Variância ANOVA (2x6) com medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparar o número de repetições. One-way ANOVA foi utilizada para comparar a carga da primeira série de cada condição (T10RM/SEMA/COMA). O teste-t de Student foi utilizado para comparar a carga total com a dor. RESULTADOS: Observou-se decréscimo no número de repetições ao longo das séries em ambas as condições, sem diferenças entre as mesmas, para a carga da primeira série, a carga total e a dor. CONCLUSÃO: O número de repetições em séries múltiplas é diminuído na mesma magnitude com e sem a realização do alongamento prévio, além de não alterar a carga total e a dor percebida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ricardo Lopes
- Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Brasil; Faculdade Adventista de Hortolândia, Brasil
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Chaouachi A, Padulo J, Kasmi S, Othmen AB, Chatra M, Behm DG. Unilateral static and dynamic hamstrings stretching increases contralateral hip flexion range of motion. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:23-29. [PMID: 26017182 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Static (SS) and dynamic stretching (DS) can lead to subsequent performance impairments or enhancement with the stretched limb. Crossover or non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF) refers to unilateral fatigue-induced impairments in a contralateral or non-exercised muscle. Whereas there are conflicting findings in the NLMF literature, there are few studies examining the effect of an acute bout of SS or DS on contralateral flexibility, torque or power. Fourteen highly trained subjects (means ± standard deviations: 18 ± 2 years; 179·4 ± 4·6 cm; 70·5 ± 6·3 kg; %body fat: 10·7 ± 2·5%) were tested before and following separate sessions of eight repetitions of 30 s of unilateral hip flexion SS or DS. Pre- and postintervention testing at 1 and 10 min included hip flexor range of motion (ROM), isokinetic leg flexion torque and power at 60°.s-1 and 300°.s-1 of the stretched and contralateral limbs. The stretched limb had a 6·3% (P = 0·01; ES: 0·91) ROM increase with DS at 10 min. The contralateral non-stretched hip flexors experienced ROM increases with SS of 5·7% (P = 0·02; ES: 0·68) from pretest to 1 min post-test, whereas DS showed 7·1% (P<0·0001; ES: 1·09) and 8·4% (P = 0·005; ES: 0·89) increases, respectively. There were no relative differences in ROM changes between conditions or limbs nor any stretch-induced changes in isokinetic torque or power. In conclusion, unilateral SS and DS augment contralateral limb ROM likely through an increased stretch tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Chaouachi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sofien Kasmi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Ben Othmen
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moktar Chatra
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada
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223
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Van Stan JH, Roy N, Awan S, Stemple J, Hillman RE. A taxonomy of voice therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2015; 24:101-25. [PMID: 25763678 PMCID: PMC6195037 DOI: 10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Voice therapy practice and research, as in most types of rehabilitation, is currently limited by the lack of a taxonomy describing what occurs during a therapy session (with enough precision) to determine which techniques/components contribute most to treatment outcomes. To address this limitation, a classification system of voice therapy is proposed that integrates descriptions of therapeutic approaches from the clinical literature into a framework that includes relevant theoretical constructs. METHOD Literature searches identified existing rehabilitation taxonomies/therapy classification schemes to frame an initial taxonomic structure. An additional literature search and review of clinical documentation provided a comprehensive list of therapy tasks. The taxonomy's structure underwent several iterations to maximize accuracy, intuitive function, and theoretical underpinnings while minimizing redundancy. The taxonomy was then used to classify established voice therapy programs. RESULTS The taxonomy divided voice therapy into direct and indirect interventions delivered using extrinsic and/or intrinsic methods, and Venn diagrams depicted their overlapping nature. A dictionary was developed of the taxonomy's terms, and 7 established voice therapy programs were successfully classified. CONCLUSION The proposed taxonomy represents an important initial step toward a standardized voice therapy classification system expected to facilitate outcomes research and communication among clinical stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad H. Van Stan
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | | | | | | | - Robert E. Hillman
- MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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224
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Ye X, Beck TW, Wages NP. Prolonged passive static stretching-induced innervation zone shift in biceps brachii. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:482-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a bout of repeated and prolonged passive static stretching on the innervation zone (IZ) location of the human biceps brachii muscle. Eleven men performed 12 sets of 100-s passive stretches on their biceps brachii. Before (Pre) and immediately after (Post) the stretching intervention, isometric strength was tested during the maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the forearm flexors. The subjects also performed several separate isometric forearm flexion muscle actions at 30%, 50%, and 70% of their predetermined MVCs for examining the locations of the IZ at different contraction intensities. The IZ was identified through multi-channel surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings from a linear electrode array. The stretching intervention induced an average of 10% isometric strength loss for the forearm flexors (mean ± SD: Pre-MVC vs. Post-MVC = 332.12 ± 59.40 N vs. 299.53 ± 70.51 N; p < 0.001). In addition, the average IZ shift was nearly 4.5 mm in average in the proximal direction. However, this shift was not specific to the contraction intensity. We believe that the IZ shift was caused by the elongation of the entire muscle-tendon unit in the proximal direction. Therefore, caution should be taken when using surface EMG technique to examine possible changes in the EMG variables after a stretching protocol, as these variables can be contaminated by the shift of the IZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Travis W. Beck
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Nathan P. Wages
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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225
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Kurt C. Alternative to traditional stretching methods for flexibility enhancement in well-trained combat athletes: local vibration versus whole-body vibration. Biol Sport 2015; 32:225-33. [PMID: 26424926 PMCID: PMC4577561 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1150305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of local vibration (LV) and whole body vibration (WBV) on lower body flexibility and to assess whether vibration treatments were more effective than traditionally used static and dynamic stretching methods. Twenty-four well-trained male combat athletes (age: 22.7 ± 3.3 years) performed four exercise protocols – LV (30 Hz, 4 mm), WBV (30 Hz, 4 mm), static stretching (SS), and dynamic stretching (DS) – in four sessions of equal duration 48 hours apart in a randomized, balanced order. During a 15-minute recovery after each protocol, subjects performed the stand and reach test (S&R) at the 15th second and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 15th minute. There was a similar change pattern in S&R scores across the 15-minute recovery after each protocol (p = 0.572), remaining significantly elevated throughout the recovery. A significant main protocol effect was found for absolute change in S&R scores relative to baseline (p = 0.015). These changes were statistically greater in LV than WBV and DS. Changes in SS were not significantly different from LV, but were consistently lower than LV with almost moderate effect sizes. After LV, a greater percentage of subjects increased flexibility above the minimum detectable change compared to other protocols. Subjects with high flexibility (n = 12) benefited more from LV compared with other methods (effect size ≥ 0.862). In conclusion, LV was an effective alternative exercise modality to acutely increase lower extremity flexibility for well-trained athletes compared with WBV and traditional stretching exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kurt
- Trakya University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Coaching Education Department, Edirne, Türkiye
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226
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Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Protopapa M, Athanailidis I, Avloniti C, Leontsini D, Mavropalias G, Jamurtas AZ. The effects of static stretching on speed and agility: One or multiple repetition protocols? Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:402-8. [PMID: 25849415 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1028467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although static stretching (SS) is utilized during warm-up before training and competition, the results about its effects on performance remain controversial. We examined whether performing a stretch of short-to-moderate duration (<60 sec) in a single repetition produces a similar or different effect on speed and agility performance from the effect which is produced while performing the same stretch in multiple repetitions of the same total duration. According to a repeated measurement design, 40 trained males were randomly assigned to either (1) a single repetition group or (2) a multiple repetition group. The participants in each group performed five trials: a control trial (no stretches were performed) and four experimental trials of SS protocols consisting of five exercises performed at either 20 sec (2 × 10 in the second group), 30 sec (3 × 10 in the second group), 40 sec (4 × 10 in the second group) or 60 sec (6 × 10 in the second group) of total duration. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the participants in both group improved their speed performance in response to the 20-sec trial, whereas agility remained unaffected. Data analysis also revealed that the repetition number did not affect speed and agility performance. These data suggest that SS of short duration (<30 sec) may actually improve acute speed performance, whereas SS of moderate duration may not hamper speed and agility performance. Moreover, the effects of SS protocols are related to the total duration of each exercise and not to the number of repetitions in which each exercise is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Avloniti
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Maria Protopapa
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Ioannis Athanailidis
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Christina Avloniti
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Diamanda Leontsini
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - George Mavropalias
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , Democritus University of Thrace , Komotini , Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- b Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences , University of Thessaly , Trikala , Greece
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McCrary JM, Ackermann BJ, Halaki M. A systematic review of the effects of upper body warm-up on performance and injury. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:935-42. [PMID: 25694615 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review was conducted to identify the impact of upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes. METHODS Web of Science, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases were searched using terms related to upper extremity warm-up. Inclusion criteria were English language randomised controlled trials from peer-reviewed journals in which investigation of upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes was a primary aim. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. A wide variety of warm-up modes and outcomes precluded meta-analysis except for one group of studies. The majority of warm-ups were assessed as having 'positive', 'neutral', 'negative' or 'specific' effects on outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria with 21 rated as having 'good' methodological quality. The studies investigated a total of 25 warm-up modes and 43 outcome factors that could be grouped into eight mode and performance outcome categories. No studies of upper body warm-up effects on injury prevention were discovered. CONCLUSIONS Strong research-based evidence was found for the following: high-load dynamic warm-ups enhance power and strength performance; warm-up swings with a standard weight baseball bat are most effective for enhancing bat speed; short-duration static stretching warm-up has no effect on power outcomes; and passive heating/cooling is a largely ineffective warm-up mode. A clear knowledge gap in upper body warm-up literature is the lack of investigation of injury prevention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matt McCrary
- School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bronwen J Ackermann
- School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Andrade DC, Henriquez-Olguín C, Beltrán AR, Ramírez MA, Labarca C, Cornejo M, Álvarez C, Ramírez-Campillo R. Effects of general, specific and combined warm-up on explosive muscular performance. Biol Sport 2015; 32:123-8. [PMID: 26060335 PMCID: PMC4447757 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1140426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of general, specific and combined warm-up (WU) on explosive performance. Healthy male (n = 10) subjects participated in six WU protocols in a crossover randomized study design. Protocols were: passive rest (PR; 15 min of passive rest), running (Run; 5 min of running at 70% of maximum heart rate), stretching (STR; 5 min of static stretching exercise), jumping [Jump; 5 min of jumping exercises – 3x8 countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 3x8 drop jumps from 60 cm (DJ60)], and combined (COM; protocols Run+STR+Jump combined). Immediately before and after each WU, subjects were assessed for explosive concentric-only (i.e. squat jump – SJ), slow stretch-shortening cycle (i.e. CMJ), fast stretch-shortening cycle (i.e. DJ60) and contact time (CT) muscle performance. PR significantly reduced SJ performance (p =0.007). Run increased SJ (p =0.0001) and CMJ (p =0.002). STR increased CMJ (p =0.048). Specific WU (i.e. Jump) increased SJ (p =0.001), CMJ (p =0.028) and DJ60 (p =0.006) performance. COM increased CMJ performance (p =0.006). Jump was superior in SJ performance vs. PR (p =0.001). Jump reduced (p =0.03) CT in DJ60. In conclusion, general, specific and combined WU increase slow stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) muscle performance, but only specific WU increases fast SSC muscle performance. Therefore, to increase fast SSC performance, specific fast SSC muscle actions must be included during the WU.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Andrade
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, MEDS Clinic. Santiago, Chile
| | | | - A R Beltrán
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile ; Education Department, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - M A Ramírez
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - C Labarca
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - M Cornejo
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - C Álvarez
- Family Health Center of Los Lagos, Health Promotion Program, Los Lagos, Chile
| | - R Ramírez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile ; Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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229
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Koziris L(P. Preperformance Dynamic Flexibility Exercises. Strength Cond J 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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230
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Balle SS, Magnusson SP, McHugh MP. Effects of contract-relax vs static stretching on stretch-induced strength loss and length-tension relationship. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25:764-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Balle
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma; Lenox Hill Hospital; New York New York USA
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit; Bispebjerg Hospital; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. P. Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit; Bispebjerg Hospital; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. P. McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma; Lenox Hill Hospital; New York New York USA
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Lee JH, Gak HB. Effects of self stretching on pain and musculoskeletal symptom of bus drivers. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1911-4. [PMID: 25540496 PMCID: PMC4273056 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate the musculoskeletal symptoms, pain and
risk of postures as well as the effects of stretching exercise on the work-related
symptoms and pain of bus drivers. [Subjects and Methods] Eighty-one drivers were randomly
recruited from a bus corporation for this study. Information about pain levels, painful
regions, and general characteristics of subjects was obtained using the symptom research
form (KOSHA Code H-30-2003). The level of pain was assessed on a scale of numeric rating
scale (NRS) which is divided by 10. Ergonomic posture assessment was conducted using the
rapid upper limb assessment (RULA). Self-stretching exercise was performed for 4 weeks by
the bus drivers who suffered from neck and shoulder pain. [Results] Musculoskeletal
symptoms were present in the order of shoulder, neck, lower back and lower extremities.
Compared with other jobs, the final score, and the action level of bus drivers were very
high, showing 57.6% of action levels 3 and 4. A statistically significant decrease of pain
was shown after the self-stretching intervention. There was also a significant decrease of
musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and shoulders after the self-stretching exercise.
[Conclusion] Performing stretching for musculoskeletal symptoms had a positive influence
on the symptoms and reduced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Bo Gak
- Department of Physical Therapy, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
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232
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Adelsberger R, Tröster G. Effects of stretching and warm-up routines on stability and balance during weight-lifting: a pilot investigation. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:938. [PMID: 25527262 PMCID: PMC4326506 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of warm-up and stretching in weight-lifting remains unknown, especially for the weight-lifter’s stability and balance during lifting. Methods 13 subjects were randomly assigned a 10-minute stretching routine (SR) or a 10-minute warm-up routine (WR) and compared against 5 controls (no stretching or warm-up). Before and after the individually assigned routine, the participants’ centre of pressure (CoP) was assessed using plantar-pressure sensors. The subjects were measured during 10 repetitions of air squat (no load, “AS”), front squat (FS; 20 kg/15 kg bar), overhead squat (OHS; m: 20 kg / f: 15 kg bar), and a deadlift lifting exercise (“DL”; 20 kg/15 kg bar). The impact on CoP dynamics of the warm-up and stretching routines were examined with repeated two-factor analysis of variances (ANOVA) of the mean and the coefficient of variance (CV, shown in %), as proxies for stability and balance. Results After stretching, the SR athletes shifted the mean CoP towards the toes (≈1 cm; p < 0.01) while the WR athletes shifted the CoP towards the heels (≈1 cm; p < 0.01) during AS. For the remaining exercises, the SR athletes shifted the CoP towards the heels (between 0.8 cm and 5.7 cm) compared to WR (≈1.9 cm towards the heels in FS, no significant change in OHS (≈1 mm) and DL (≈3 mm)). The controls did not show any change between pre- and post-datasets. After stretching, the CV decreased for the AS and OHS exercises (AS: 10.2% to 7.0%, OHS 9.8% to 7.8%), but increased after WR (AS: 7.1% to 10.1%) or did not change significantly (OHS). Both WR and SR resulted in increased CV values for FS and DL. No change of CV was observed in the controls. Conclusions SR had a stronger impact on CoP during the assessed exercises than either WR or controls. A reduction in CV after SR exercises (AS, OHS) suggests a clear improvement in stability and balance during weight-lifting. The lack of a significant effect for complex movements (OHS) suggests only a limited effect of a 10-minute warm-up routine on CoP features. 10 minutes stretching might therefore be more efficient for improving stability than a general 10 minute warm-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Adelsberger
- Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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233
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Does SAQ training improve the speed and flexibility of young soccer players? A randomized controlled trial. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 38:197-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bradbury-Squires DJ, Noftall JC, Sullivan KM, Behm DG, Power KE, Button DC. Roller-massager application to the quadriceps and knee-joint range of motion and neuromuscular efficiency during a lunge. J Athl Train 2014; 50:133-40. [PMID: 25415414 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.5.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Roller massagers are used as a recovery and rehabilitative tool to initiate muscle relaxation and improve range of motion (ROM) and muscular performance. However, research demonstrating such effects is lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of applying a roller massager for 20 and 60 seconds on knee-joint ROM and dynamic muscular performance. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING University laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Ten recreationally active men (age = 26.6 ± 5.2 years, height = 175.3 ± 4.3 cm, mass = 84.4 ± 8.8 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed 3 randomized experimental conditions separated by 24 to 48 hours. In condition 1 (5 repetitions of 20 seconds) and condition 2 (5 repetitions of 60 seconds), they applied a roller massager to the quadriceps muscles. Condition 3 served as a control condition in which participants sat quietly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Visual analog pain scale, electromyography (EMG) of the vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris during roller massage and lunge, and knee-joint ROM. RESULTS We found no differences in pain between the 20-second and 60-second roller-massager conditions. During 60 seconds of roller massage, pain was 13.5% (5.7 ± 0.70) and 20.6% (6.2 ± 0.70) greater at 40 seconds and 60 seconds, respectively, than at 20 seconds (P < .05). During roller massage, VL and biceps femoris root mean square (RMS) EMG was 8% and 7%, respectively, of RMS EMG recorded during maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Knee-joint ROM was 10% and 16% greater in the 20-second and 60-second roller-massager conditions, respectively, than the control condition (P < .05). Finally, average lunge VL RMS EMG decreased as roller-massage time increased (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Roller massage was painful and induced muscle activity, but it increased knee-joint ROM and neuromuscular efficiency during a lunge.
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235
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Pearcey GEP, Bradbury-Squires DJ, Kawamoto JE, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG, Button DC. Foam rolling for delayed-onset muscle soreness and recovery of dynamic performance measures. J Athl Train 2014; 50:5-13. [PMID: 25415413 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT After an intense bout of exercise, foam rolling is thought to alleviate muscle fatigue and soreness (ie, delayed-onset muscle soreness [DOMS]) and improve muscular performance. Potentially, foam rolling may be an effective therapeutic modality to reduce DOMS while enhancing the recovery of muscular performance. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of foam rolling as a recovery tool after an intense exercise protocol through assessment of pressure-pain threshold, sprint time, change-of-direction speed, power, and dynamic strength-endurance. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING University laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 8 healthy, physically active males (age = 22.1 ± 2.5 years, height = 177.0 ± 7.5 cm, mass = 88.4 ± 11.4 kg) participated. INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed 2 conditions, separated by 4 weeks, involving 10 sets of 10 repetitions of back squats at 60% of their 1-repetition maximum, followed by either no foam rolling or 20 minutes of foam rolling immediately, 24, and 48 hours postexercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Pressure-pain threshold, sprint speed (30-m sprint time), power (broad-jump distance), change-of-direction speed (T-test), and dynamic strength-endurance. RESULTS Foam rolling substantially improved quadriceps muscle tenderness by a moderate to large amount in the days after fatigue (Cohen d range, 0.59 to 0.84). Substantial effects ranged from small to large in sprint time (Cohen d range, 0.68 to 0.77), power (Cohen d range, 0.48 to 0.87), and dynamic strength-endurance (Cohen d = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Foam rolling effectively reduced DOMS and associated decrements in most dynamic performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E P Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
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Stafilidis S, Tilp M. Effects of short duration static stretching on jump performance, maximum voluntary contraction, and various mechanical and morphological parameters of the muscle-tendon unit of the lower extremities. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:607-17. [PMID: 25399312 PMCID: PMC4325183 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Static stretching is used in sport practice but it has been associated with decrements in force and performance. Therefore, we examined the effect of short duration static stretch on the mechano-morphological properties of the m. vastus lateralis (VL) muscle tendon unit (MTU) and on the jumping performance. Methods Eight males and three females (mean ± SD, 25.5 ± 3.1 years) stretched their lower legs for a 15 or 60 s duration or acted as their own control without stretching in a randomized order. In a pre-post design, a passive movement (5°/s) and a maximum voluntary knee extension contraction (MVC) were performed on dynamometer while the VL tendon and aponeurosis was observed via ultrasound. Furthermore, the participants performed countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ). Results Repeated measures ANOVA did not show significant differences in MVC, active and passive strain, stiffness, elongation, knee joint angle range, and jump performance between and within groups. Conclusions The applied stretch stimuli (15 or 60 s) were not sufficient to trigger adaptations in the mechano-morphological properties of the lower extremities MTU which therefore did neither affect jump performance nor MVC. As a possible mechanism, we hypothesized that the dose-time dependency effect of static stretch might have important implications when measuring functional parameters of the MTU and performance. Further examination is necessary to elucidate its impact in the examination of the MTU mechano-morphological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Stafilidis
- Institute of Sports Science, Graz University, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria,
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237
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Kim K, Lee T, Kang G, Kwon S, Choi S, Park S. The Effects of Diverse Warm-up Exercises on Balance. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1601-3. [PMID: 25364123 PMCID: PMC4210408 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To examine how stretching, plyometric, and treadmill exercises influence the
dynamic balance necessary for sports activities. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-two healthy
subjects participated in this study. The subjects conducted stretching, plyometric
exercises, and treadmill walking for set times over a period of three days. The subjects’
dynamic balance was then measured. The measurements were taken prior to the intervention,
immediately after the intervention, and 20 minutes after the intervention. All the
intervention times were set at 16 minutes, excluding resting times. The data were analyzed
with using the two-way ANOVA. [Results] There was no interaction between exercises and
time. There were no statistical differences among the exercises and no statistical
differences in changes over time. [Conclusion] This study found that warm-up exercises
such as plyometric exercises, stretching, and treadmill walking have no effect on the
dynamic of balance in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghoon Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyeob Kang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghun Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Dong-Eui Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea
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238
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Costa PB, Herda TJ, Herda AA, Cramer JT. Effects of dynamic stretching on strength, muscle imbalance, and muscle activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:586-93. [PMID: 24042312 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the acute effects of dynamic stretching on concentric leg extensor and flexor peak torque, eccentric leg flexor peak torque, and the conventional and functional hamstring-quadriceps (H:Q) ratios. METHODS Twenty-one women (mean ± SD age = 20.6 ± 2.0 yr, body mass = 64.5 ± 9.3 kg, height = 164.7 ± 6.5 cm) performed maximal voluntary isokinetic leg extension, flexion, and eccentric hamstring muscle actions at the angular velocities of 60°·s and 180°·s before and after a bout of dynamic hamstring and quadriceps stretching as well as a control condition. RESULTS Leg flexion peak torque decreased under both control (mean ± SE for 60°s = 75.8 ± 4.0 to 72.4 ± 3.7 N·m, 180°·s = 62.1 ± 3.2 to 59.1 ± 3.1 N·m) and stretching (60°·s = 73.1 ± 3.9 to 65.8 ± 3.3 N·m, 180°·s = 61.2 ± 3.3 to 54.7 ± 2.6 N·m) conditions, whereas eccentric hamstring peak torque decreased only after the stretching (60°·s = 87.3 ± 5.1 to 73.3 ± 3.6 N·m, 180°·s = 89.2 ± 4.4 to 77.0 ± 3.4 N·m) intervention (P ≤ 0.05). Stretching also caused a decrease in conventional H:Q (60°·s = 0.58 ± 0.02 to 0.54 ± 0.02, 180°·s = 0.67 ± 0.02 to 0.61 ± 0.03) and functional H:Q ratios (60°·s = 0.69 ± 0.03 to 0.60 ± 0.03, 180°·s = 1.00 ± 0.06 to 0.60 ± 0.03) (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Because dynamic stretching reduced concentric and eccentric hamstring strength as well as the conventional and functional H:Q ratios, fitness and allied-health professionals may need to be cautious when recommending dynamic rather than static stretching to maintain muscle force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Costa
- 1Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA; 2Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS; 3Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Prairie Village, KS; and 4Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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239
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Kruse NT, Scheuermann BW. Effect of self-administered stretching on NIRS-measured oxygenation dynamics. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 36:126-33. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Kruse
- Cardiopulmonary and Metabolism Research Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology; University of Toledo; Toledo OH USA
| | - Barry W. Scheuermann
- Cardiopulmonary and Metabolism Research Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology; University of Toledo; Toledo OH USA
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240
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Haddad M, Dridi A, Chtara M, Chaouachi A, Wong DP, Behm D, Chamari K. Static stretching can impair explosive performance for at least 24 hours. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:140-6. [PMID: 23615481 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182964836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of static vs. dynamic stretching (DS) on explosive performances and repeated sprint ability (RSA) after a 24-hour delay. Sixteen young male soccer players performed 15 minutes of static stretching (SS), DS, or a no-stretch control condition (CC) 24 hours before performing explosive performances and RSA tests. This was a within-subject repeated measures study with SS, DS, and CC being counterbalanced. Stretching protocols included 2 sets of 7 minutes 30 seconds (2 repetitions of 30 seconds with a 15-second passive recovery) for 5 muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstring, calves, adductors, and hip flexors). Twenty-four hours later (without any kind of stretching in warm-up), the players were tested for the 30-m sprint test (with 10- and 20-m lap times), 5 jump test (5JT), and RSA test. Significant differences were observed between CC, SS, and DS with 5JT (F = 9.99, p < 0.00, effect size [ES] = 0.40), 10-m sprint time (F = 46.52, p < 0.00, ES = 0.76), 20-m sprint time (F = 18.44, p < 0.000, ES = 0.55), and 30-m sprint time (F = 34.25, p < 0.000, ES = 0.70). The significantly better performance (p < 0.05) was observed after DS as compared with that after CC and SS in 5JT, and sprint times for 10, 20, and 30 m. In contrast, significantly worse performance (p < 0.05) was observed after SS as compared with that after CC in 5JT, and sprint times for 10, 20, and 30 m. With RSA, no significant difference was observed between different stretching protocols in the total time (F = 1.55, p > 0.05), average time (F = 1.53, p > 0.05), and fastest time (F = 2.30, p > 0.05), except for the decline index (F = 3.54, p < 0.04, ES = 0.19). Therefore, the SS of the lower limbs and hip muscles had a negative effect on explosive performances up to 24 hours poststretching with no major effects on the RSA. Conversely, the DS of the same muscle groups are highly recommended 24 hours before performing sprint and long-jump performances. In conclusion, the positive effects of DS on explosive performances seem to persist for 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monoem Haddad
- 1Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sports Performance Optimisation," National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia; 2University of Jandouba, ISSEP Kef, Tunisia; 3University of Manouba, ISSEP Ksar Saîd, Tunisia; 4Human Performance Laboratory, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), Hong Kong; 5School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada; and 6Research and Education Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha
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241
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Stretching versus transitory icing: which is the more effective treatment for attenuating muscle fatigue after repeated manual labor? Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2617-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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243
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Marchetti PH, Soares EG, Silva FHDO, Medeiros IID, Reis Neto ID, Lopes CR, Uchida MC, Bacurau RF. Efeito de diferentes durações do alongamento no desempenho de saltos unipodais. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922014200301579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A prática de exercícios de alongamento é muito comum como parte do aquecimento em diversas modalidades esportivas, porém, esta prática pode ser negativa para aqueles que desejam o aprimoramento da força e potência muscular, consequentemente, o rendimento dos saltos pode ficar reduzido após exercícios de alongamento, que depende do tempo de duração e intensidade do mesmo.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do tempo de permanência no exercício alongamento sobre o desempenho do drop jump unilateralmente (unipodal).MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 16 adultos jovens hígidos, com larga experiência em saltos. O protocolo de teste consistiu em realizar três drop jumps unipodais máximos a partir de uma plataforma de 15 cm sobre um tapete de salto (Hidrofit(r)), antes e após duas durações (i.e. uma série 3 min. de um lado, e 6 min. para outro, a escolha foi de forma aleatória) de alongamento dos músculos tríceps sural, utilizando uma intensidade entre 70-90% da percepção subjetiva de desconforto. A análise de variância ANOVA (2x2) foi utilizada para verificar diferenças para a altura de salto, tempo de contato e flexibilidade, utilizando um nível de significância de 5%.RESULTADOS: Apresentaram diferenças significativas entre condições pré e pós-alongamento para as durações de 3 e 6 minutos (P=0,002 e P=0,001, respectivamente), com a diminuição na altura máxima do salto. O tempo de contato foi maior apenas para a duração de 6 minutos (P=0,039).CONCLUSÃO: A realização de exercícios de alongamento do músculo tríceps sural por 3 ou 6 minutos de duração resulta na queda do desempenho do drop jumpunipodal, diminuição da altura do salto vertical (para 3 e 6 min. de duração) e tempo de contato (apenas 6' min.), reforçando a necessidade de mais debates na área sobre exercícios de alongamento antes daqueles de potência.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Marchetti
- Faculdade de Educação Física da Associação Cristã de Moços de Sorocaba, Brasil; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Brasil
| | - Enrico Gori Soares
- Faculdade de Educação Física da Associação Cristã de Moços de Sorocaba, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Carlos Uchida
- Fundação Instituto de Ensino para Osasco, Brasil; Universidade de Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
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Johnson MA, Gregson IR, Mills DE, Gonzalez JT, Sharpe GR. Inspiratory muscle warm-up does not improve cycling time-trial performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1821-30. [PMID: 24878690 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the effects of an active cycling warm-up, with and without the addition of an inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW), on 10-km cycling time-trial performance. METHODS Ten cyclists (VO₂ = 65 ± 9 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) performed a habituation 10-km cycling time-trial and three further time-trials preceded by either no warm-up (CONT), a cycling-specific warm-up (CYC) comprising three consecutive 5-min bouts at powers corresponding to 70, 80, and 90% of the gas exchange threshold, or a cycling-specific warm-up preceded by an IMW (CYC + IMW) comprising two sets of 30 inspiratory efforts against a pressure-threshold load of 40% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). The cycling warm-up was followed by 2-min rest before the start of the time-trial. RESULTS Time-trial performance times during CYC (14.75 ± 0.79 min) and CYC + IMW (14.70 ± 0.75 min) were not different, although both were faster than CONT (14.99 ± 0.90 min) (P < 0.05). Throughout the time-trial, physiological (minute ventilation, breathing pattern, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate, blood lactate concentration and pH) and perceptual (limb discomfort and dyspnoea) responses were not different between CYC and CYC + IMW. Baseline MIP during CONT and CYC was 151 ± 31 and 156 ± 39 cmH₂O, respectively, and was unchanged following the time-trial. MIP increased by 8% after IMW (152 ± 27 vs. 164 ± 27 cmH2O, P < 0.05) and returned to baseline after the time-trial. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in 10-km cycling time-trial performance following an active cycling warm-up were not magnified by the addition of an IMW. Therefore, an appropriately designed active whole-body warm-up does adequately prepare the inspiratory muscles for cycling time-trials lasting approximately 15 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Johnson
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK,
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Direct relation of acute effects of static stretching on isokinetic torque production with initial flexibility level. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2014; 10:117-9. [PMID: 24806355 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2013-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the acute effect of a single static-stretching session of hamstring muscles on torque production in relation with individual flexibility. METHODS Maximal voluntary concentric torque of hamstring muscles was measured before and after a static-stretching session (6 × 30 s). Torque changes were correlated with the flexibility level determined at the onset of the experimental procedure. RESULTS The hamstring-stretching intervention significantly reduced maximal concentric torque in participants with low and high hamstring flexibility. Hamstring flexibility and torque decrease, determined immediately after the stretching procedure, were negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Torque decrease measured after the static-stretching session is dependent on participant flexibility. Participants with low flexibility are much more likely to demonstrate large torque decreases poststretching.
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246
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Miller KC, Burne JA. Golgi tendon organ reflex inhibition following manually applied acute static stretching. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1491-7. [PMID: 24716521 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.899708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Golgi tendon organ disinhibition may contribute to exercise-associated muscle cramp (henceforth referred to as "cramps") genesis. Static stretching pre-exercise is prescribed to prevent cramps based on the assumption golgi tendon organ inhibition remains elevated post-stretching. We determined whether stretching increased gastrocnemius golgi tendon organ inhibition and, if so, the time course of this inhibition post-stretching. Twelve participants' dominant limb medial gastrocnemius inhibition was measured before, and at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min after investigators applied three, 1-min duration stretches. Participants maintained voluntary contraction intensities of 5% of their maximum while the Achilles tendon was stimulated transcutaneously 50 times. Five-hundred millisecond epochs of raw electromyographic activity were band-pass filtered, full-wave rectified and averaged. An algorithm identified inhibitory points and calculated the area, maximum and duration of inhibition. Area of inhibition (F1,14 = 1.5, P = 0.25), maximum inhibition (F1,14 = 0.2, P = 0.72) and duration of inhibition (F1,14 = 1.5, P = 0.24) were unaffected by static stretching over the 30-min post-stretching period. If pre-stretching does prevent fatigue-induced cramping, the mechanism is unlikely to involve the autoinhibition produced by the golgi tendon organ reflex. Further empirical research is needed to validate the proposed link between static stretching and cramping and then to investigate alternative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Miller
- a School of Rehabilitation and Medical Sciences , Central Michigan University , Mt Pleasant , MI , USA
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Dugan JM, Cartmell SH, Gough JE. Uniaxial cyclic strain of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and C2C12 myoblasts in coculture. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414530138. [PMID: 24812580 PMCID: PMC4014078 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414530138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering skeletal muscle in vitro is of great importance for the production of tissue-like constructs for treating tissue loss due to traumatic injury or surgery. However, it is essential to find new sources of cells for muscle engineering as efficient in vitro expansion and culture of primary myoblasts are problematic. Mesenchymal stem cells may be a promising source of myogenic progenitor cells and may be harvested in large numbers from adipose tissue. As skeletal muscle is a mechanically dynamic tissue, we have investigated the effect of cyclic mechanical strain on the myogenic differentiation of a coculture system of murine C2C12 myoblasts and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Fusion of mesenchymal stem cells with nascent myotubes and expression of human sarcomeric proteins was observed, indicating the potential for myogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cyclic mechanical strain did not affect the fusion of mesenchymal stem cells, but maturation of myotubes was perturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dugan
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ; Kroto Research Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah H Cartmell
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie E Gough
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kallerud H, Gleeson N. Effects of stretching on performances involving stretch-shortening cycles. Sports Med 2014; 43:733-50. [PMID: 23681447 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alongside its role in athletic conditioning, stretching has commonly been integrated in warm-up routines prior to athletic performance. Numerous studies have reported detrimental acute effects on strength following stretching. Consequently, athletes have been recommended to discontinue stretching as part of warm-ups. In contrast, studies indicate that chronic stretching performed as a separate bout from training or competition may enhance performance. However, the influence of stretching on complex performances has received relatively little attention. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to review both the acute and chronic effects of stretching on performances involving the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). METHODS A systematic search for literature was undertaken (January 2006-December 2012) in which only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or studies with repeated measures designs were included. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) rating scale was used for quality assessment of the evidence. RESULTS The review included 43 studies, from which conflicting evidence emerged. Approximately half of the studies assessing the acute effect of static stretching reported a detrimental effect on performance, while the remainder found no effect. In contrast, dynamic stretching showed no negative effects and improved performance in half of the trials. The effect size associated with static and dynamic stretching interventions was commonly low to moderate, indicating that the effect on performance might be limited in practice. Factors were identified that might have contributed to the conflicting results reported across studies, such as type of SSC performance and carrying out dynamic activity between the stretching bout and performance. Few studies since 2006 have addressed the chronic effect of stretching on functional and sports performance. Although negative effects were not reported, robust evidence of the overall beneficial effects within current bibliographic databases remains elusive. Plausible mechanisms for the observed effects from stretching are discussed, as well as possible factors that may have contributed to contradictory findings between studies. LIMITATIONS Considerable heterogeneity in study design and methods makes comparison between studies challenging. No regression analysis of the contribution of different predictors to variation between trials had previously been performed. Hence, predictors had to be selected on the basis of a qualitative analysis of the predictors that seemed most influential, as well as being identified in previous narrative reviews. CONCLUSION Different types of stretching have differential acute effects on SSC performances. The recommended volume of static stretching required to increase flexibility might induce a negative acute effect on performances involving rapid SSCs, but the effect sizes of these decrements are commonly low, indicating that the acute effect on performance might be limited in practice. No negative acute effects of dynamic stretching were reported. For athletes that require great range of motion (ROM) and speed in their sport, long-term stretching successfully enhances flexibility without negatively affecting performance. Acute dynamic stretching may also be effective in inducing smaller gains in ROM prior to performance without any negative effects being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Kallerud
- Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU, UK.
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Moesch J, Mallmann JS, Tomé F, Vieira L, Ciqueleiro RT, Bertolini GRF. Effects of three protocols of hamstring muscle stretching and paravertebral lumbar. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-5150.027.001.ao09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction the muscle stretching is widely used to gain extensibility and flexibility, it is important to know the duration of these effects, after return to usual activity level. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of three protocols of hamstring and paravertebral lumbar muscles stretching, and joint flexibility and muscle extensibility after six weeks. Methods participants were 40 volunteers, with limited hamstring extensibility, randomized into three groups: active stretching static (n = 14), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (n = 14) and kinesiostretching (n = 12). The protocol was divided into 3 stages: the 1st control (six weeks), the 2nd application of stretch (six weeks) and the 3rd follow-up (eight weeks). The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research Unioeste, under protocol number 25536/2008. Four evaluations were conducted with board coupled to a system and goniometry and Well´s bench, distributed at the beginning and end of each step. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA, and one-way, with a significance level of 5%. Results there was no significant difference for the three groups in the control stage. There were significant differences in the three protocols in the stage of stretching. After follow-up stage, there was significant difference in the ratings to the board goniometry, and there was no difference in the Well’s Bench. Conclusion the three techniques promoted significant gain in extensibility and flexibility, extensibility was not maintained after the follow-up stage, and the flexibility of the posterior chain continued gains.
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