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Voulgaridou GP, Mantso T, Chlichlia K, Panayiotidis MI, Pappa A. Efficient E. coli expression strategies for production of soluble human crystallin ALDH3A1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56582. [PMID: 23451057 PMCID: PMC3579847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1) is a recently characterized corneal crystallin with its exact functions still being unclear. Expressing recombinant human ALDH3A1 has been difficult in Escherichia coli (E. coli) because of low solubility, yield and insufficient purity issues. In this report, we compared different E. coli expression strategies (namely the maltose binding protein; MBP- and the 6-his-tagged expression systems) under conditions of auto-induction and co-expression with E. coli’s molecular chaperones where appropriate. Thus, we aimed to screen the efficiency of these expression strategies in order to improve solubility of recombinant ALDH3A1 when expressed in E. coli. We showed that the MBP- tagged expression in combination with lower-temperature culture conditions resulted in active soluble recombinant ALDH3A1. Expression of the fused 6-his tagged-ALDH3A1 protein resulted in poor solubility and neither lowering temperature culture conditions nor the auto-induction strategy improved its solubility. Furthermore, higher yield of soluble, active native form of 6-his tagged-ALDH3A1 was facilitated through co-expression of the two groups of E. coli’s molecular chaperones, GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE. Convenient one step immobilized affinity chromatography methods were utilized to purify the fused ALDH3A1 hybrids. Both fusion proteins retained their biological activity and could be used directly without removing the fusion tags. Taken together, our results provide a rational option for producing sufficient amounts of soluble and active recombinant ALDH3A1 using the E. coli expression system for conducting functional studies towards elucidating the biological role(s) of this interesting corneal crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia-Persephoni Voulgaridou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Medical School, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- * E-mail:
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202
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Peternel Š. Bacterial cell disruption: a crucial step in protein production. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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203
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Liu ZQ, Yang PC. Construction of pET-32 α (+) Vector for Protein Expression and Purification. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 4:651-5. [PMID: 23272309 PMCID: PMC3530323 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The construction of expression vector is a basic tool for biotechnology and production of desired proteins, this article summarized the construction of pET-32 α (+) vector techniques which are generally used in research laboratories. The procedures include that acquisition of the exogenous DNA fragment for construction of the vector, subcloning the DNA fragment into pET-32 α (+) expression vector, protein expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and protein purification under native conditions in E. coli lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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204
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Ebersbach H, Geisse S. Antigen generation and display in therapeutic antibody drug discovery -- a neglected but critical player. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1433-43. [PMID: 23139179 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Disease intervention by targeting a critical pathway molecule through a blocking antibody or interference by therapeutic proteins is currently en vogue. Generation of blocking antibodies or therapeutic proteins inevitably requires the production of recombinant proteins or cell-based immunogens. Thus, one could call the antigen molecule the neglected player in antibody drug discovery. The variety of methods available for making recombinant proteins or recombinant cell lines that present the target on the cell surface is extensive. These need to be addressed in conjunction with biochemical and biophysical quality criteria and the experimental application intended. Fundamentally, successful production and isolation of monoclonal antibodies requires optimized antigen preparation and presentation to the immune host. This review summarizes the most important aspects of antigen generation and display, enabling logical decision making to give rise to potent high-affinity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Ebersbach
- NBC/NT, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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205
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Bergeron ZL, Bingham JP. Scorpion toxins specific for potassium (K+) channels: a historical overview of peptide bioengineering. Toxins (Basel) 2012. [PMID: 23202307 PMCID: PMC3509699 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion toxins have been central to the investigation and understanding of the physiological role of potassium (K+) channels and their expansive function in membrane biophysics. As highly specific probes, toxins have revealed a great deal about channel structure and the correlation between mutations, altered regulation and a number of human pathologies. Radio- and fluorescently-labeled toxin isoforms have contributed to localization studies of channel subtypes in expressing cells, and have been further used in competitive displacement assays for the identification of additional novel ligands for use in research and medicine. Chimeric toxins have been designed from multiple peptide scaffolds to probe channel isoform specificity, while advanced epitope chimerization has aided in the development of novel molecular therapeutics. Peptide backbone cyclization has been utilized to enhance therapeutic efficiency by augmenting serum stability and toxin half-life in vivo as a number of K+-channel isoforms have been identified with essential roles in disease states ranging from HIV, T-cell mediated autoimmune disease and hypertension to various cardiac arrhythmias and Malaria. Bioengineered scorpion toxins have been monumental to the evolution of channel science, and are now serving as templates for the development of invaluable experimental molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Bergeron
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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206
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Arakawa T, Tokunaga H, Ishibashi M, Tokunaga M. Halophilic Properties and their Manipulation and Application. Extremophiles 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118394144.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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207
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Single mutation in Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence present in the amino terminal of lactate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium effects the production of an eukaryotic protein expressed in a prokaryotic system. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 54:602-8. [PMID: 23011788 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important step in structure-based drug design studies is obtaining the protein in active form after cloning the target gene. In one of our previous study, it was determined that an internal Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence present just before the third methionine at N-terminus of wild type lactate dehydrogenase enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum prevent the translation of full length protein. Inspection of the same region in P. vivax LDH, which was overproduced as an active enzyme, indicated that the codon preference in the same region was slightly different than the codon preference of wild type PfLDH. In this study, 5'-GGAGGC-3' sequence of P. vivax that codes for two glycine residues just before the third methionine was exchanged to 5'-GGAGGA-3', by mimicking P. falciparum LDH, to prove the possible effects of having an internal SD-like sequence when expressing an eukaryotic protein in a prokaryotic system. Exchange was made by site-directed mutagenesis. Results indicated that having two glycine residues with an internal SD-like sequence (GGAGGA) just before the third methionine abolishes the enzyme activity due to the preference of the prokaryotic system used for the expression. This study emphasizes the awareness of use of a prokaryotic system to overproduce an eukaryotic protein.
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208
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Pranchevicius MCS, Oliveira LL, Rosa JC, Avanci NC, Quiapim AC, Roque-Barreira MC, Goldman MHS. Characterization and optimization of ArtinM lectin expression in Escherichia coli. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:44. [PMID: 22857259 PMCID: PMC3431236 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ArtinM is a d-mannose-specific lectin from Artocarpus integrifolia seeds that induces neutrophil migration and activation, degranulation of mast cells, acceleration of wound healing, induction of interleukin-12 production by macrophages and dendritic cells, and protective T helper 1 immune response against Leishmania major, Leishmania amazonensis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections. Considering the important biological properties of ArtinM and its therapeutic applicability, this study was designed to produce high-level expression of active recombinant ArtinM (rArtinM) in Escherichia coli system. Results The ArtinM coding region was inserted in pET29a(+) vector and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)-Codon Plus-RP. The conditions for overexpression of soluble ArtinM were optimized testing different parameters: temperatures (20, 25, 30 or 37°C) and shaking speeds (130, 200 or 220 rpm) during induction, concentrations of the induction agent IPTG (0.01-4 mM) and periods of induction (1-19 h). BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RP cells induced under the optimized conditions (incubation at 20°C, at a shaking speed of 130 rpm, induction with 0.4 mM IPTG for 19 h) resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of soluble rArtinM. The culture provided 22.4 mg/L of rArtinM, which activity was determined by its one-step purification through affinity chromatography on immobilized d-mannose and glycoarray analysis. Gel filtration showed that rArtinM is monomeric, contrasting with the tetrameric form of the plant native protein (jArtinM). The analysis of intact rArtinM by mass spectrometry revealed a 16,099.5 Da molecular mass, and the peptide mass fingerprint and esi-cid-ms/ms of amino acid sequences of peptides from a tryptic digest covered 41% of the total ArtinM amino acid sequence. In addition, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy of rArtinM indicated that its global fold comprises β-sheet structure. Conclusions Overall, the optimized process to express rArtinM in E. coli provided high amounts of soluble, correctly folded and active recombinant protein, compatible with large scale production of the lectin.
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209
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Xu J, Qian Y, Skonezny PM, You L, Xing Z, Meyers DS, Stankavage RJ, Pan SH, Li ZJ. Reduction of N-terminal methionylation while increasing titer by lowering metabolic and protein production rates in E. coli auto-induced fed-batch fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:1199-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A standard fed-batch fermentation process using 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction at 37 °C in complex batch and feed media had been developed for manufacturing of a therapeutic protein (TP) expressed in inclusion bodies (IBs) by E. coli BL21 (DE3) driven by T7 promoter. Six unauthentic TP N-terminal variants were identified, of which methionylated TP (Met-TP) ratio was predominant. We hypothesized that lowering metabolic and protein production rates would reduce the Met-TP ratio while improving TP titer. The standard process was surprisingly auto-induced without added IPTG due to galactose in the complex media. Without changing either the clone or the batch medium, a new process was developed using lower feed rates and auto-induction at 29 °C after glucose depletion while increasing induction duration. In comparison to the standard process, the new process reduced the unauthentic Met-TP ratio from 23.6 to 9.6 %, increased the TP titer by 85 %, and the specific production yield from 210 to 330 mg TP per gram of dry cell weight. Furthermore, the TP recovery yield in the purified IBs was improved by ~20 %. Adding together, ~105 % more TP recovered in the purified IBs from per liter of fermentation broth for the new process than the standard process. The basic principles of lowering metabolic and production rates should be applicable to other recombinant protein production in IBs by fed-batch fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Paul M Skonezny
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Li You
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Zizhuo Xing
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - David S Meyers
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Robert J Stankavage
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Shih-Hsie Pan
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- grid.419971.3 Biologics Process Science, Global Manufacturing and Supply Bristol-Myers Squibb 6000 Thompson Road 13057 Syracuse NY USA
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210
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Uno S, You Z, Masai H. Purification of replication factors using insect and mammalian cell expression systems. Methods 2012; 57:214-21. [PMID: 22800621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purification of factors for DNA replication in an amount sufficient for detailed biochemical characterization is essential to elucidating its mechanisms. Insect cell expression systems are commonly used for purification of the factors proven to be difficult to deal with in bacteria. We describe first the detailed protocols for purification of mammalian Mcm complexes including the Mcm2/3/4/5/6/7 heterohexamer expressed in insect cells. We then describe a convenient and economical system in which large-sized proteins and multi-factor complexes can be transiently overexpressed in human 293T cells and be rapidly purified in a large quantity. We describe various expression vectors and detailed methods for transfection and purification of various replication factors which have been difficult to obtain in a sufficient amount in other systems. Availability of efficient methods to overproduce and purify the proteins that have been challenging would facilitate the enzymatic analyses of the processes of DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Uno
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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211
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Lees WJ. Going non-native to improve oxidative protein folding. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1725-7. [PMID: 22764127 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Watson J Lees
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33172, USA.
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212
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Production and characterization of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) expressed in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:89-101. [PMID: 22627758 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its isolation, the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) has been proposed as a new class of therapeutic biological products in the treatment of various diseases. However, the toxicity of this cytokine towards its expression host constitutes a major obstacle to bioprocess development for large-scale production. In this work, the optimized gene encoding hGM-CSF was expressed in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in one and two copies under the control of the fatty acid-inducible POX2 promoter. Protein secretion was directed by the targeting sequence of the extracellular lipase (LIP2): preXALip2. After 48 h of induction, Western blot analysis revealed the presence of a nonglycosylated form of 14.5 kDa and a trail of hGM-CSF hyperglycosylated varying from 23 kDa to more than 60 kDa. The two-copy transformants produced hGM-CSF level which was sevenfold higher compared to the single-copy ones. Deglycosylation with PNGase F showed two forms: a mature form of 14.5 kDa and an unprocessed form of 18 kDa. The addition of two alanines to the signal sequence resulted in correct hGM-CSF processing. The production level was estimated at 250 mg/l after preliminary optimization studies of the cultivation and induction phases. The purified hGM-CSF was identified by N-terminal sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis; its biological activity was confirmed by stimulating the proliferation of TF1 cell line. This study demonstrated that Y. lipolytica is a promising host for the efficient production of active toxic proteins like hGM-CSF.
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213
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Expression, purification and preliminary biochemical and structural characterization of the leucine rich repeat namesake domain of leucine rich repeat kinase 2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:450-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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214
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Industrial production of recombinant therapeutics in Escherichia coli and its recent advancements. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 39:383-99. [PMID: 22252444 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 30% of currently approved recombinant therapeutic proteins are produced in Escherichia coli. Due to its well-characterized genetics, rapid growth and high-yield production, E. coli has been a preferred choice and a workhorse for expression of non-glycosylated proteins in the biotech industry. There is a wealth of knowledge and comprehensive tools for E. coli systems, such as expression vectors, production strains, protein folding and fermentation technologies, that are well tailored for industrial applications. Advancement of the systems continues to meet the current industry needs, which are best illustrated by the recent drug approval of E. coli produced antibody fragments and Fc-fusion proteins by the FDA. Even more, recent progress in expression of complex proteins such as full-length aglycosylated antibodies, novel strain engineering, bacterial N-glycosylation and cell-free systems further suggests that complex proteins and humanized glycoproteins may be produced in E. coli in large quantities. This review summarizes the current technology used for commercial production of recombinant therapeutics in E. coli and recent advances that can potentially expand the use of this system toward more sophisticated protein therapeutics.
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215
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Klooster R, Rutgers KS, van der Maarel SM. Selection of VHH antibody fragments that recognize different Aβ depositions using complex immune libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 911:241-253. [PMID: 22886256 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-968-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology is frequently used to obtain antigen specific binders with predetermined characteristics. Phage display libraries are often constructed from animals immunized with the antigen of interest. An important point of consideration when making immune libraries is the availability of an appropriate antigen sources. When available, often either the amount is not sufficient for immunization or it is expensive to obtain. To overcome this problem, these antigens are typically obtained by over expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems. While this could solve the problem of obtaining sufficient quantities of antigen for a reasonable price and effort, correct folding and differences in posttranslational modification could potentially lead to binders that recognize the recombinant, but not the endogenous protein. In addition, selection of binders against specific modifications or structural epitopes could be missed.In this chapter we describe a particular selection of VHH antibody fragments from phage display libraries that were constructed from llamas immunized with different complex protein samples containing the antigen of interest. We show that this can result in binders that preferentially recognize the target of interest when present in specific structures depending on the antigen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinse Klooster
- Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Medical Genetics Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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216
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Bernaudat F, Frelet-Barrand A, Pochon N, Dementin S, Hivin P, Boutigny S, Rioux JB, Salvi D, Seigneurin-Berny D, Richaud P, Joyard J, Pignol D, Sabaty M, Desnos T, Pebay-Peyroula E, Darrouzet E, Vernet T, Rolland N. Heterologous expression of membrane proteins: choosing the appropriate host. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29191. [PMID: 22216205 PMCID: PMC3244453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane proteins are the targets of 50% of drugs, although they only represent 1% of total cellular proteins. The first major bottleneck on the route to their functional and structural characterisation is their overexpression; and simply choosing the right system can involve many months of trial and error. This work is intended as a guide to where to start when faced with heterologous expression of a membrane protein. Methodology/Principal Findings The expression of 20 membrane proteins, both peripheral and integral, in three prokaryotic (E. coli, L. lactis, R. sphaeroides) and three eukaryotic (A. thaliana, N. benthamiana, Sf9 insect cells) hosts was tested. The proteins tested were of various origins (bacteria, plants and mammals), functions (transporters, receptors, enzymes) and topologies (between 0 and 13 transmembrane segments). The Gateway system was used to clone all 20 genes into appropriate vectors for the hosts to be tested. Culture conditions were optimised for each host, and specific strategies were tested, such as the use of Mistic fusions in E. coli. 17 of the 20 proteins were produced at adequate yields for functional and, in some cases, structural studies. We have formulated general recommendations to assist with choosing an appropriate system based on our observations of protein behaviour in the different hosts. Conclusions/Significance Most of the methods presented here can be quite easily implemented in other laboratories. The results highlight certain factors that should be considered when selecting an expression host. The decision aide provided should help both newcomers and old-hands to select the best system for their favourite membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernaudat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, Grenoble, France.
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217
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Patel AS, Lees WJ. Oxidative folding of lysozyme with aromatic dithiols, and aliphatic and aromatic monothiols. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1020-8. [PMID: 22197395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro protein folding of disulfide containing proteins is aided by the addition of a redox buffer, which is composed of a small molecule disulfide and/or a small molecule thiol. In this study, we examined redox buffers containing asymmetric dithiols 1-5, which possess an aromatic and aliphatic thiol, and symmetric dithiols 6 and 7, which possess two aromatic thiols, for their ability to fold reduced lysozyme at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Most in vivo protein folding catalysts are dithiols. When compared to glutathione and glutathione disulfide, the standard redox buffer, dithiols 1-5 improved the protein folding rates but not the yields. However, dithiols 6 and 7, and the corresponding monothiol 8 increased the folding rates 8-17 times and improved the yields 15-42% at 1mg/mL lysozyme. Moreover, aromatic dithiol 6 increased the in vitro folding yield as compared to the corresponding aromatic monothiol 8. Therefore, aromatic dithiols should be useful for protein folding, especially at high protein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar S Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
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218
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Increasing recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli through metabolic and genetic engineering. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:1891-910. [PMID: 21901404 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Different hosts have been used for recombinant protein production, ranging from simple bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, to more advanced eukaryotes as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, to very complex insect and animal cells. All have their advantages and drawbacks and not one seems to be the perfect host for all purposes. In this review we compare the characteristics of all hosts used in commercial applications of recombinant protein production, both in the area of biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. Although the bacterium E. coli remains a very often used organism, several drawbacks limit its possibility to be the first-choice host. Furthermore, we show what E. coli strains are typically used in high cell density cultivations and compare their genetic and physiological differences. In addition, we summarize the research efforts that have been done to improve yields of heterologous protein in E. coli, to reduce acetate formation, to secrete the recombinant protein into the periplasm or extracellular milieu, and to perform post-translational modifications. We conclude that great progress has been made in the incorporation of eukaryotic features into E. coli, which might allow the bacterium to regain its first-choice status, on the condition that these research efforts continue to gain momentum.
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219
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Pacheco B, Crombet L, Loppnau P, Cossar D. A screening strategy for heterologous protein expression in Escherichia coli with the highest return of investment. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 81:33-41. [PMID: 21925270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous protein expression in Escherichia coli is commonly used to obtain recombinant proteins for a variety of downstream applications. However, many proteins are not, or are only poorly, expressed in soluble form. High level expression often leads to the formation of inclusion bodies and an inactive product that needs to be refolded. By screening the solubility pattern for a set of 71 target proteins in different host-strains and varying parameters such as location of purification tag, promoter and induction temperature we propose a protocol with a success rate of 77% of clones returning a soluble protein. This protocol is particularly suitable for high-throughput screening with the goal to obtain soluble protein product for e.g. structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Pacheco
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lissete Crombet
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Loppnau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doug Cossar
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada.
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220
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Hapuarachchi S, Fodor S, Apostol I, Huang G. Use of capillary electrophoresis–sodium dodecyl sulfate to monitor disulfide scrambled forms of an Fc fusion protein during purification process. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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221
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Wang H, Zheng X, Wei H, Tian Z, Sun R. Preparation and functional identification of a monoclonal antibody against the recombinant soluble human NKp30 receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1732-9. [PMID: 21718806 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NKp30 is an important activating receptor of human natural killer (NK) cells that participates in NK cell activation and cytotoxicity against tumor and infected cells. To study the function of NKp30, anti-human NKp30 monoclonal antibody was prepared. The human NKp30 ectodomain (rhNKp30) was expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies and refolded using the dilution method. The refolded rhNKp30 was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The activity of soluble rhNKp30 was confirmed by flow cytometry and NK cytotoxicity assays. Four hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against rhNKp30 were obtained. One of the monoclonal antibodies, designated as "3G5", was highly specific and could be used in western blotting, immunoprecipitation, ELISA, and flow cytometry assays. The preparation of soluble rhNKp30 and a monoclonal antibody against NKp30 may provide useful tools for further functional studies of human NKp30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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222
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Characterisation of monoclonal antibody against aflatoxin B1 produced in hybridoma 2C12 and its single-chain variable fragment expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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223
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Angov E. Codon usage: nature's roadmap to expression and folding of proteins. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:650-9. [PMID: 21567958 PMCID: PMC3166658 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical and biotechnological research relies on processes leading to the successful expression and production of key biological products. High-quality proteins are required for many purposes, including protein structural and functional studies. Protein expression is the culmination of multistep processes involving regulation at the level of transcription, mRNA turnover, protein translation, and post-translational modifications leading to the formation of a stable product. Although significant strides have been achieved over the past decade, advances toward integrating genomic and proteomic information are essential, and until such time, many target genes and their products may not be fully realized. Thus, the focus of this review is to provide some experimental support and a brief overview of how codon usage bias has evolved relative to regulating gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Angov
- Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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224
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Bartlow P, Uechi GT, Cardamone JJ, Sultana T, Fruchtl M, Beitle RR, Ataai MM. Identification of native Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) proteins that bind to immobilized metal affinity chromatography under high imidazole conditions and use of 2D-DIGE to evaluate contamination pools with respect to recombinant protein expression level. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 78:216-24. [PMID: 21575725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a widely used purification tool for the production of active, soluble recombinant proteins. Escherichia coli proteins that routinely contaminate IMAC purifications have been characterized to date. The work presented here narrows that focus to the most problematic host proteins, those retaining nickel affinity under elevated imidazole conditions, using a single bind-and-elute step. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, a favored technique for resolving complex protein mixtures and evaluating their expression, here discerns variation in the soluble extract pools that are loaded in IMAC and the remaining contaminants with respect to varied levels of recombinant protein expression. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase SlyD and catabolite activator protein (CAP) are here shown to be the most persistent contaminants and have greater prevalence at low target protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bartlow
- Department of Bioengineering, 306 Center for Biotechnology, 300 Technology Drive, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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225
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Das KM, Banerjee S, Shekhar N, Damodaran K, Nair R, Somani S, Raiker VP, Jain S, Padmanabhan S. Cloning, soluble expression and purification of high yield recombinant hGMCSF in Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2064-76. [PMID: 21673940 PMCID: PMC3111651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12032064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGMCSF), a cytokine of therapeutic importance, as a thioredoxin (TRX) fusion has been investigated in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cells. The expression of this protein was low when cloned under the T7 promoter without any fusion tags. High yield of GMCSF was achieved (∼88 mg/L of fermentation broth) in the shake flask when the gene was fused to the E. coli TRX gene. The protein was purified using a single step Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography and the column bound fusion tag was removed by on-column cleavage with enterokinase. The recombinant hGMCSF was expressed as a soluble and biologically active protein in E. coli, and upon purification, the final yield was ∼44 mg/L in shake flask with a specific activity of 2.3 × 10(8) U/mg. The results of Western blot and RP-HPLC analyses, along with biological activity using the TF-1 cell line, established the identity of the purified hGMCSF. In this paper, we report the highest yield of hGMCSF expressed in E. coli. The bioreactor study shows that the yield of hGMCSF could be easily scalable with a yield of ∼400 mg/L, opening up new opportunities for large scale production hGMCSF in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M.P. Das
- Clone Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.M.P.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Sampali Banerjee
- Clone Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.M.P.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Nivedita Shekhar
- Mammalian Bioassay Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Karpagavalli Damodaran
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Rahul Nair
- Upstream Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Downstream Development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mail:
| | - Veena P. Raiker
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Shweta Jain
- Analytical development Team, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India; E-Mails: (K.D.); (V.P.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- Biotechnology R&D, Lupin Limited, Biotechnology R & D, Gat #1156, Ghotawade Village, Mulshi Taluka, Pune-411042, India
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226
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Premsukh A, Lavoie JM, Cizeau J, Entwistle J, MacDonald GC. Development of a GMP Phase III purification process for VB4-845, an immunotoxin expressed in E. coli using high cell density fermentation. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 78:27-37. [PMID: 21421055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
VB4-845 is a recombinant immunotoxin comprised of an anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) scFv fused to a truncated form of the bacterial toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A. VB4-845, purified from TB fed-batch fermentation, showed clinical efficacy when administered locally to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). Here, we describe the implementation of an Escherichia coli high cell density (HCD) cultivation and purification process for VB4-845. HCD cultivation was a prerequisite for achieving higher yields necessary for Phase III clinical trials and commercialization. Using this process, the VB4-845 titer in the supernatant was increased by 30-fold over the original TB fed-batch cultivation. To obtain clinical grade material, a process involving a five-step column purification procedure was implemented and led to an overall recovery of ∼ 40%. VB4-845 purity of >97% was achieved after the first three columns following the removal of low-molecular weight product-related impurities and aggregates. Endotoxins were effectively separated from VB4-845 on the Q-columns and by washing the Ni-column with a detergent buffer while host cell proteins were removed using ceramic hydroxyapatite. Comparability studies demonstrated that the purified product from the Phase III process was identical to the Phase II reference standard produced using TB fed-batch fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjune Premsukh
- Viventia Biotechnologies Inc., 147 Hamelin St., Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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227
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Park JH, Dias CAO, Lee SB, Valentini SR, Sokabe M, Fraser CS, Park MH. Production of active recombinant eIF5A: reconstitution in E.coli of eukaryotic hypusine modification of eIF5A by its coexpression with modifying enzymes. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:301-9. [PMID: 21131325 PMCID: PMC3038461 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only cellular protein that contains the polyamine-modified lysine, hypusine [N(ε)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine]. Hypusine occurs only in eukaryotes and certain archaea, but not in eubacteria. It is formed post-translationally by two consecutive enzymatic reactions catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Hypusine modification is essential for the activity of eIF5A and for eukaryotic cell proliferation. eIF5A binds to the ribosome and stimulates translation in a hypusine-dependent manner, but its mode of action in translation is not well understood. Since quantities of highly pure hypusine-modified eIF5A is desired for structural studies as well as for determination of its binding sites on the ribosome, we have used a polycistronic vector, pST39, to express eIF5A alone, or to co-express human eIF5A-1 with DHS or with both DHS and DOHH in Escherichia coli cells, to engineer recombinant proteins, unmodified eIF5A, deoxyhypusine- or hypusine-modified eIF5A. We have accomplished production of three different forms of recombinant eIF5A in high quantity and purity. The recombinant hypusine-modified eIF5A was as active in methionyl-puromycin synthesis as the native, eIF5A (hypusine form) purified from mammalian tissue. The recombinant eIF5A proteins will be useful tools in future structure/function and the mechanism studies in translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Camila A. O. Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Bldg 30 Rm 211, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Sandro R. Valentini
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Bldg 30 Rm 211, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher S. Fraser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
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228
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Johri MK, Mishra R, Chhatbar C, Unni SK, Singh SK. Tits and bits of HIV Tat protein. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:269-83. [PMID: 21204735 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.546339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV-Tat protein displays an array of functions that are essential for HIV replication. The structural flexibility of Tat protein has been regarded as one of the unique features responsible for sustaining diverse functions, from facilitated membrane-crossing ability to strong affinity for RNA binding. AREAS COVERED RNA binding ability and presence of multiple interacting domains in the same protein are very important properties of HIV-Tat protein. Tat protein has shown great ability to influence cellular and viral gene expression. We discuss the functions of HIV Tat protein, describing its structural significance, secretion and uptake of HIV Tat protein by immune cells, post-translational modifications and role of HIV Tat protein in HIV pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Perturbation in expression of many cytokines and chemokines by HIV-Tat protein exhibits downstream immune suppressive function as well as activation of several apoptotic genes. This explains the massive death of immune cells due to bystander effect of HIV Tat protein among HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Johri
- Laboratory of Neurovirology & Inflammation Biology, Section of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, (A.P), India
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229
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García-García JF, Corrales G, Casas J, Fernández-Mayoralas A, García-Junceda E. Synthesis and evaluation of xylopyranoside derivatives as “decoy acceptors” of human β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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230
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An efficient system to generate monoclonal antibodies against membrane-associated proteins by immunisation with antigen-expressing mammalian cells. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:87. [PMID: 21159168 PMCID: PMC3019159 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for protein antigens usually depends on purified recombinant protein for both immunisation and hybridoma screening. Purification of recombinant protein in sufficient yield and purity is a tedious undertaking and can be demanding especially in the case of membrane proteins. Furthermore, antibodies generated against a purified recombinant protein are frequently incapable of binding to the endogenous protein in its native context. Results We describe a strategy to generate monoclonal antibodies against membrane or membrane-associated proteins that completely bypasses any need for purified recombinant antigen. This approach utilises stably transfected mammalian cells expressing recombinant antigens on their cell surface for immunisation of mice. The transfected cells are also used for measuring seroconversion, hybridoma selection and antibody characterisation. By presenting the antigen in its native conformation for immunisation and hybridoma selection, this procedure promotes the generation of antibodies capable of binding to the endogenous protein. In the present study, we applied this approach successfully for three predicted GPI-anchored proteins of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusions The described entirely cell-based technology is a fast and efficient approach for obtaining antibodies reactive with endogenous cell-surface proteins in their native conformation.
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231
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Francis DM, Page R. Strategies to optimize protein expression in E. coli. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2010; Chapter 5:5.24.1-5.24.29. [PMID: 20814932 PMCID: PMC7162232 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps0524s61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is simple, fast, inexpensive, and robust, with the expressed protein comprising up to 50 percent of the total cellular protein. However, it also has disadvantages. For example, the rapidity of bacterial protein expression often results in unfolded/misfolded proteins, especially for heterologous proteins that require longer times and/or molecular chaperones to fold correctly. In addition, the highly reductive environment of the bacterial cytosol and the inability of E. coli to perform several eukaryotic post-translational modifications results in the insoluble expression of proteins that require these modifications for folding and activity. Fortunately, multiple, novel reagents and techniques have been developed that allow for the efficient, soluble production of a diverse range of heterologous proteins in E. coli. This overview describes variables at each stage of a protein expression experiment that can influence solubility and offers a summary of strategies used to optimize soluble expression in E. coli.
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232
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Enzyme replacement therapy for Morquio A: an active recombinant N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase produced in Escherichia coli BL21. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:1193-201. [PMID: 20582614 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) deficiency. Currently no effective therapies exist for MPS IVA. In this work, production of a recombinant GALNS enzyme (rGALNS) in Escherichia coli BL21 strain was studied. At shake scale, the effect of glucose concentration on microorganism growth, and microorganism culture and induction times on rGALNS production were evaluated. At bench scale, the effect of aeration and agitation on microorganism growth, and culture and induction times were evaluated. The highest enzyme activity levels at shake scale were observed in 12 h culture after 2-4 h induction. At bench scale the highest enzyme activity levels were observed after 2 h induction. rGALNS amounts in inclusion bodies fraction were up to 17-fold higher than those observed in the soluble fraction. However, the highest levels of active enzyme were found in the soluble fraction. Western blot analysis showed the presence of a 50-kDa band, in both soluble and inclusion bodies fractions. These results show for the first time the feasibility and potential of production of active rGALNS in a prokaryotic system for development of enzyme replacement therapy for MPS IVA disease.
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233
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Amorim JH, Porchia BFMM, Balan A, Cavalcante RCM, da Costa SM, de Barcelos Alves AM, de Souza Ferreira LC. Refolded dengue virus type 2 NS1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli preserves structural and immunological properties of the native protein. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:186-92. [PMID: 20399232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dengue virus NS1 protein has been shown to be a protective antigen under different experimental conditions but the recombinant protein produced in bacterial expression systems is usually not soluble and loses structural and immunological features of the native viral protein. In the present study, experimental conditions leading to purification and refolding of the recombinant dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) NS1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli are described. The refolded recombinant protein was recovered as heat-stable soluble dimers with preserved structural features, as demonstrated by spectroscopic methods. In addition, antibodies against epitopes of the NS1 protein expressed in eukaryotic cells recognized the refolded protein expressed in E. coli but not the denatured form or the same protein submitted to a different refolding condition. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the recombinant NS1 protein preserved important conformation and antigenic determinants of the native virus protein and represents a valuable reagent either for the development of vaccines or for diagnostic methods.
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234
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Pasek M, Boeggeman E, Ramakrishnan B, Qasba PK. Galectin-1 as a fusion partner for the production of soluble and folded human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-T7 in E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:679-84. [PMID: 20226765 PMCID: PMC2859968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli often leads to inactive aggregated proteins known as the inclusion bodies. To date, the best available tool has been the use of fusion tags, including the carbohydrate-binding protein; e.g., the maltose-binding protein (MBP) that enhances the solubility of recombinant proteins. However, none of these fusion tags work universally with every partner protein. We hypothesized that galectins, which are also carbohydrate-binding proteins, may help as fusion partners in folding the mammalian proteins in E. coli. Here we show for the first time that a small soluble lectin, human galectin-1, one member of a large galectin family, can function as a fusion partner to produce soluble folded recombinant human glycosyltransferase, beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-7 (beta4Gal-T7), in E. coli. The enzyme beta4Gal-T7 transfers galactose to xylose during the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker sequence attached to a Ser residue of proteoglycans. Without a fusion partner, beta4Gal-T7 is expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies. We have designed a new vector construct, pLgals1, from pET-23a that includes the sequence for human galectin-1, followed by the Tev protease cleavage site, a 6x His-coding sequence, and a multi-cloning site where a cloned gene is inserted. After lactose affinity column purification of galectin-1-beta4Gal-T7 fusion protein, the unique protease cleavage site allows the protein beta4Gal-T7 to be cleaved from galectin-1 that binds and elutes from UDP-agarose column. The eluted protein is enzymatically active, and shows CD spectra comparable to the folded beta4Gal-T1. The engineered galectin-1 vector could prove to be a valuable tool for expressing other proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pasek
- Structural Glycobiology Section, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
| | - Elizabeth Boeggeman
- Structural Glycobiology Section, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
| | - Boopathy Ramakrishnan
- Structural Glycobiology Section, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
| | - Pradman K. Qasba
- Structural Glycobiology Section, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA
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235
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Engineering, expression, and immuno-characterization of recombinant protein comprising multi-neutralization sites of rabies virus glycoprotein. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 70:179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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236
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Production of recombinant proteins from protozoan parasites. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:244-54. [PMID: 20189877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the past decade has witnessed sequencing from an increasing number of parasites, modern high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have the potential to generate complete genome sequences at even higher rates. Along with the discovery of genes that might constitute potential targets for chemotherapy or vaccination, the need for novel protein expression platforms has become a pressing matter. In addition to reviewing the advantages and limitations of the currently available and emerging expression systems, we discuss novel approaches that could overcome current limitations, including the 'pseudoparasite' concept, an expression platform in which the choice of the surrogate organism is based on its phylogenetic affinity to the target parasite, while taking advantage of the whole engineered organism as a vaccination adjuvant.
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237
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Singh D, Rani R, Rajendran R, Kaur NJ, Pandey A, Chopra P, Jain T, Jain MK, Grover S, Arya R, Saini KS. Human spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) recombinant expression systems for high-throughput assays. Biotechnol J 2009; 5:201-12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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238
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Comparative deacetylase activity of wild type and mutants of SIRT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:739-43. [PMID: 19944070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SIRT1, human ortholog of yeast SIR2 protein, deacetylates histones and several other transcription factors. Recently, SIRT1 has emerged as a drug target for treating age related diseases, type II diabetes, neurodegeneration, inflammation and cancer. Here, we have optimized production of functionally active wild type full-length SIRT1 protein and its N-terminal deleted mutants. In a comparative study, we found that the region containing 192-208 amino acids towards the N-terminus is critical for right conformational folding of the protein to retain its deacetylase activity. The EC(50) and IC(50) values obtained with standard modulators showed that the SRT(748) & SRT(556) can deacetylate substrate and are activated by resveratrol, whereas, deacetylase activity of all the other deletion mutants (SRT(540), SRT(532), SRT(507) and SRT(503)) was lost. We further report that the peptide substrate K(m) for SRT(748) (70+/-5.2 microM) was comparable to SRT(556) (93+/-5.4 microM). The K(m) for NAD(+) substrate was 176 & 274 microM for SRT(748) and SRT(556), respectively. Similar substrate affinity studies demonstrate that either of the protein (SRT(748) or SRT(556)) can be utilized for screening SIRT1 modulators. We have also examined critical regions in SIRT1 required for deacetylase activity as well as kinetic analyses of SIRT1 proteins.
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239
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Halophilic beta-lactamase as a new solubility- and folding-enhancing tag protein: production of native human interleukin 1alpha and human neutrophil alpha-defensin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:649-58. [PMID: 19902204 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid composition of halophilic enzymes is characterized by an abundant content of acidic amino acid, which confers to the halophilic enzymes extensive negative charges at neutral pH and high aqueous solubility. This negative charge prevents protein aggregation when denatured and thereby leads to highly efficient protein refolding. Beta-lactamase from periplasmic space of moderate halophile (BLA), a typical halophilic enzyme, can be readily expressed as a native, active form in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Similar to other halophilic enzymes, BLA is soluble upon denaturation by heat or urea treatments and, hence, can be efficiently refolded. Such high solubility and refolding efficiency make BLA a potential fusion partner for expression of aggregation-prone heterologous proteins to be expressed in E. coli. Here, we succeeded in the soluble expression of several "difficult-to-express" proteins as a BLA fusion protein and verified biological activities of human interleukin 1alpha and human neutrophil alpha-defensin, HNP-1.
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240
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Xie QM, Ji J, Du LQ, Cao YC, Wei L, Xue CY, Qin JP, Ma JY, Bi YZ. Preparation and immune activity analysis of H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus recombinant protein-based vaccine. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1608-15. [PMID: 19590075 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is a severe disease among farmed poultry and free-living birds and a constant threat to the commercial chicken industry around the world. Hemagglutinin (HA) is the major immunogen on the envelope of influenza A virus and is the predominant inducer of neutralizing antibody. To obtain the bioactive antigen proteins in large quantities, a new protein expression vector pBCX was constructed, which is based on the pET32a vector. The HA gene of the H5N1 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) was inserted into the pBCX vector and expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Fused expression of the exogenous gene and msyB produced a 97-kDa msyB-HA fusion protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE combined with scanning analysis demonstrated that the msyB-HA fusion protein accounted for 29.5% of the total bacterial protein, 90.5% being soluble. The msyB-HA fusion protein was purified with nondenaturing 50% Ni-NTA column chromatography, and the result showed that 24 mg of purified msyB-HA fusion protein could be obtained from 1 L of induced expression bacterial culture medium. The comparative results in the present study showed that pBCX was superior to pET32a as a protein expression vector. Western blotting showed the recombinant msyB-HA (rHA) to have better antigenic activity, which may be the result from the better posttranslation protein modification and folding in the pBCX expression system. With the rHA fusion protein as antigen, we successfully prepared and screened specific monoclonal antibodys against the H5N1 subtype AIV, which indicated that the rHA had antigen epitopes and biofunctions. The immune test confirmed that the rHA protein vaccine could also induce high neutralizing antibodies, and the AIV challenge test proved that the rHA protein-based vaccine could prevent the corresponding infection. This study demonstrates that the recombinant HA protein produced by the pBCX expression system could be used as a recombinant protein-based vaccine and has potential for further development for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q M Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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241
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Sivashanmugam A, Murray V, Cui C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Li Q. Practical protocols for production of very high yields of recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli. Protein Sci 2009; 18:936-48. [PMID: 19384993 DOI: 10.1002/pro.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli offers a mean for rapid, high yield, and economical production of recombinant proteins. However, high-level production of functional eukaryotic proteins in E. coli may not be a routine matter, sometimes it is quite challenging. Techniques to optimize heterologous protein overproduction in E. coli have been explored for host strain selection, plasmid copy numbers, promoter selection, mRNA stability, and codon usage, significantly enhancing the yields of the foreign eukaryotic proteins. We have been working on optimizations of bacterial expression conditions and media with a focus on achieving very high cell density for high-level production of eukaryotic proteins. Two high-cell-density bacterial expression methods have been explored, including an autoinduction introduced by Studier (Protein Expr Purif 2005;41:207-234) recently and a high-cell-density IPTG-induction method described in this study, to achieve a cell-density OD(600) of 10-20 in the normal laboratory setting using a regular incubator shaker. Several practical protocols have been implemented with these high-cell-density expression methods to ensure a very high yield of recombinant protein production. With our methods and protocols, we routinely obtain 14-25 mg of NMR triple-labeled proteins and 17-34 mg of unlabeled proteins from a 50-mL cell culture for all seven proteins we tested. Such a high protein yield used the same DNA constructs, bacterial strains, and a regular incubator shaker and no fermentor is necessary. More importantly, these methods allow us to consistently obtain such a high yield of recombinant proteins using E. coli expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sivashanmugam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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242
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Rosano GL, Ceccarelli EA. Rare codon content affects the solubility of recombinant proteins in a codon bias-adjusted Escherichia coli strain. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:41. [PMID: 19630980 PMCID: PMC2723077 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli is strongly affected by codon bias. This phenomenon occurs when the codon usage of the mRNA coding for the foreign protein differs from that of the bacterium. The ribosome pauses upon encountering a rare codon and may detach from the mRNA, thereby the yield of protein expression is reduced. Several bacterial strains have been engineered to overcome this effect. However, the increased rate of translation may lead to protein misfolding and insolubilization. In order to prove this assumption, the solubility of several recombinant proteins from plants was studied in a codon bias-adjusted E. coli strain. Results The expression of eight plant proteins in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-pLysS and BL21(DE3)-CodonPlus-pRIL was systematically studied. The CodonPlus strain contains extra copies of the argU, ileY, and leuW tRNA genes, which encode tRNAs that recognize the codons AGA/AGG, AUA and CUA, respectively (RIL codons). The level of expression and solubility of the recombinant proteins were analyzed by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. We found that for all proteins the solubility was at least 25% in the BL21(DE3)-pLysS strain. However, when expressed in the BL21(DE3)-CodonPlus-pRIL strain, proteins having more than 5% of amino acids coded by RIL codons were localized mainly in the insoluble fraction. Also, their expression caused retarded growth and low cell yield in the codon bias-adjusted strain at all temperatures tested. On the contrary, the solubility of proteins containing less than 5% of amino acids coded by RIL codons remained unchanged in both strains and their expression caused no effect on cell growth. Conclusion Our results show that the expression of heterologous proteins coded by high RIL codon content coding sequences in a codon bias-adjusted strain is detrimental for their solubility. Our data support the hypothesis that the possible elimination of translational pauses that increase translation rate leads to protein misfolding and aggregation. This stresses the importance of strain selection according to codon content in any scheme where a large amount of biologically active product is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán L Rosano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina.
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243
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Madar DJ, Patel AS, Lees WJ. Comparison of the oxidative folding of lysozyme at a high protein concentration using aromatic thiols versus glutathione. J Biotechnol 2009; 142:214-9. [PMID: 19477205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of proteins using recombinant DNA technology often requires the use of in vitro protein folding. In order to facilitate in vitro protein folding, a redox buffer is added to the protein folding mixture. The redox buffer is composed of a small molecule disulfide and/or a small molecule thiol. Recently, redox buffers containing aromatic thiols have been shown to be an improvement over traditional redox buffers such as glutathione. For in vitro protein folding to be relevant to protein production on a larger scale, high protein concentrations are required to avoid large volumes of folding buffer. Therefore, we investigated the in vitro folding of lysozyme at 1 mg/mL instead of the traditional 0.1 mg/mL. Aromatic thiols and aromatic disulfides were compared directly with glutathione and glutathione disulfide, the most commonly used redox buffer. Folding experiments at pH 7 using aromatic thiols increased the yield by 20-40% and the folding rate constants by as much as 11 times relative to glutathione. At pH 8, improvements in yields of up to 25% and up to a 7-fold increase in folding rate constants were demonstrated. The effect of aromatic disulfide concentration was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Madar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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244
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Liu Z, Bartlow P, Varakala R, Beitle R, Koepsel R, Ataai MM. Use of proteomics for design of a tailored host cell for highly efficient protein purification. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2433-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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245
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Margittai É, Csala M, Mandl J, Bánhegyi G. Participation of low molecular weight electron carriers in oxidative protein folding. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1346-1359. [PMID: 19399252 PMCID: PMC2672033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10031346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative protein folding is mediated by a proteinaceous electron relay system, in which the concerted action of protein disulfide isomerase and Ero1 delivers the electrons from thiol groups to the final acceptor. Oxygen appears to be the final oxidant in aerobic living organisms, although the existence of alternative electron acceptors, e.g. fumarate or nitrate, cannot be excluded. Whilst the protein components of the system are well-known, less attention has been turned to the role of low molecular weight electron carriers in the process. The function of ascorbate, tocopherol and vitamin K has been raised recently. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that these redox-active compounds can contribute to the functioning of oxidative folding. This review focuses on the participation of small molecular weight redox compounds in oxidative protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +36-1-4591500; Fax: +36-1-2662615
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246
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Kim YM, Lee HJ, Lee JE, Kim HY, Kim J. Expression of human interferon α-1 with enhanced stability via the tagging system of a stabilizing peptide. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 63:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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247
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Zou C, Kumaran S, Walser R, Zerbe O. Properties of the N
-terminal domains from Y receptors probed by NMR spectroscopy. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:184-91. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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248
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Abstract
Tags are frequently used in the expression of recombinant proteins to improve solubility and for affinity purification. A large number of tags have been developed for protein production and researchers face a profusion of choices when designing expression constructs. Here, we survey common affinity and solubility tags, and offer some guidance on their selection and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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249
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Brondyk WH. Chapter 11 Selecting an Appropriate Method for Expressing a Recombinant Protein. Methods Enzymol 2009; 463:131-47. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)63011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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250
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Lees WJ. Small-molecule catalysts of oxidative protein folding. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:740-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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