201
|
Morita A, Takahashi T, Stockert E, Nakayama E, Tsuji T, Matsudaira Y, Old LJ, Obata Y. TL antigen as a transplantation antigen recognized by TL-restricted cytotoxic T cells. J Exp Med 1994; 179:777-84. [PMID: 8113675 PMCID: PMC2191422 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.3.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to broadly expressed classical class I antigens of the major histocompatibility complex, structurally closely related TL antigens are expressed in a highly restricted fashion. Unlike classical class I antigens, TL antigens are not known to be targets of cytotoxic T cells or to mediate graft rejection. Whereas classical class I antigens function as antigen-presenting molecules to T cell receptors (TCR), the role of TL is yet to be defined. To elucidate the function of TL, we have derived transgenic mice expressing TL in most tissues including skin by introducing a TL gene, T3b of C57BL/6 mouse origin, driven by the H-2Kb promoter. By grafting the skin of transgenic mice, we demonstrate that TL can serve as a transplantation antigen and mediate a TCR-alpha/beta+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response. This T cell recognition of TL does not require antigen presentation by H-2 molecules. Furthermore, we show that C57BL/6 F1 mice develop CD8+ T cells that are cytotoxic for C57BL/6 TL+ leukemia cells, providing further support for the concept that aberrantly expressed nonmutated proteins such as TL can be recognized as tumor antigens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Restriction Mapping
- Skin/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Morita
- Laboratory of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Abstract
It is now an accepted fact that peptides of self or non-self origin form an essential component of the MHC class I structure. The peptide component of the heterotrimer contains the essential determinants recognized by the T-cell receptors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, be it an antigen-specific, alloimmune or autoimmune response. Because of the importance of the recognition process, several methods have been developed to characterize naturally processed peptides presented by the class I molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey
| | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Joyce S, Tabaczewski P, Angeletti RH, Nathenson SG, Stroynowski I. A nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule binds a large array of diverse self-peptides. J Exp Med 1994; 179:579-88. [PMID: 8294869 PMCID: PMC2191392 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.2.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia molecules, which present a wide variety of peptides to T cells, it is generally assumed that the nonpolymorphic MHC class Ib molecules may have evolved to function as highly specialized receptors for the presentation of structurally unique peptides. However, a thorough biochemical analysis of one class Ib molecule, the soluble isoform of Qa-2 antigen (H-2SQ7b), has revealed that it binds a diverse array of structurally similar peptides derived from intracellular proteins in much the same manner as the classical antigen-presenting molecules. Specifically, we find that SQ7b molecules are heterodimers of heavy and light chains complexed with nonameric peptides in a 1:1:1 ratio. These peptides contain a conserved hydrophobic residue at the COOH terminus and a combination of one or more conserved residue(s) at P7 (histidine), P2 (glutamine/leucine), and/or P3 (leucine/asparagine) as anchors for binding SQ7b. 2 of 18 sequenced peptides matched cytosolic proteins (cofilin and L19 ribosomal protein), suggesting an intracellular source of the SQ7b ligands. Minimal estimates of the peptide repertoire revealed that at least 200 different naturally processed self-peptides can bind SQ7b molecules. Since Qa-2 molecules associate with a diverse array of peptides, we suggest that they function as effective presenting molecules of endogenously synthesized proteins like the class Ia molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461-1975
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Abstract
Non-classical class I genes are no longer clearly distinguished from classical ones in mammals, and they are found also in fishes, frogs and chickens. They contribute to immune responses against pathogens. Given the number and diversity of class Ib products, their various tissue distribution patterns, and the wide range of peptides they bind, new functions are to be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Stroynowski
- Gifford Laboratories for Diabetes Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Vyas JM, Rich RR, Howell DD, Shawar SM, Rodgers JR. Availability of endogenous peptides limits expression of an M3a-Ld major histocompatibility complex class I chimera. J Exp Med 1994; 179:155-65. [PMID: 8270862 PMCID: PMC2191314 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.1.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of our understanding of the peptide specificity of the major histocompatibility complex class I-b molecule M3a, we sought to determine why these molecules are poorly represented on the cell surface. To this end we constructed a chimeric molecule with the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of M3a and alpha 3 of Ld thereby allowing use of available monoclonal antibodies to quantify surface expression. Transfected, but not control, B10.CAS2 (H-2M3b) cells were lysed readily by M3a-restricted monoclonal cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Thus, the chimera bound, trafficked, and presented endogenous mitochondrial peptides. However, despite high levels of M3a-Ld mRNA, transfectants were negative by surface staining. This finding was consistent with inefficient trafficking to the cell surface. Incubation at 26 degrees C, thought to permit trafficking of unoccupied heavy (H) chains, resulted in detectable cell surface expression of chimeric molecules. Incubation with exogenous peptide at 26 degrees C (but not at 37 degrees C) greatly enhanced expression of M3a-Ld molecules in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting stabilization of unoccupied molecules. Stable association of beta 2-microglobulin with the chimeric H chain was observed in labeled cell lysates only in the presence of exogenous specific peptide, indicating that peptide is required for the formation of a ternary complex. These results indicate that surface expression of M3a-Ld is limited largely by the steady-state availability of endogenous peptides. Since most known M3a-binding peptides are N-formylated, native M3a may normally be expressed at high levels only during infection by intracellular bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Vyas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Morris A, Hewitt C, Young S. The major histocompatibility complex: its genes and their roles in antigen presentation. Mol Aspects Med 1994; 15:377-503. [PMID: 7837935 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(94)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Falk K, Rötzschke O, Grahovac B, Schendel D, Stevanović S, Gnau V, Jung G, Strominger JL, Rammensee HG. Allele-specific peptide ligand motifs of HLA-C molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:12005-9. [PMID: 8265661 PMCID: PMC48114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.24.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consensus motifs of HLA-Cw3, -Cw4, -Cw6, and -Cw7 ligands were determined by pool sequencing. Together with information obtained by sequencing of some prominent individual peptides, the results indicate the following: (i) all four HLA-C molecules are associated with peptides. (ii) These peptides adhere to allele-specific motifs that are similar to those of to HLA-A or -B molecules; they have a preferred length of nine amino acids and an anchor residue at the C terminus. (iii) All four HLA-C molecules analyzed exhibit related peptide motifs, although each allelic product shows individual characteristics in fine specificity. (iv) Processing and origin of peptides appear not to be different from that of other class I molecules. (v) No obvious difference at C-terminal position 9 was present in the peptides isolated from the two dimorphic variants of HLA-C that determine dominant resistance to natural killer NK1-specific cells (HLA-Cw4, -Cw6) or to NK2-specific cells (HLA-Cw3, -Cw7) and that differ in two residues in or near the pocket at position 9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Gambacorti-Passerini C. Immunogenicity of fusion proteins. An example of tumor-specific/transformation-related antigens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1993; 23:186-91. [PMID: 7510148 DOI: 10.1007/bf02592307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins are generated in some solid tumors and hematological neoplasias by inter- or intrachromosome translocations. These proteins are believed to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Fusion proteins, therefore, can be considered tumor-specific/transformation-related molecules. The targeting of such structures could lead in the future to significant progress in the therapeutic index of anti-cancer treatment, by allowing the selective destruction of neoplastic cells. In this article, the author reviews the different oncogenic fusion molecules so far known, the mechanism(s) by which they are generated and the available information regarding their immunogenicity, and analyzes their potential use as future targets for a specific immune response.
Collapse
|
209
|
Abstract
Great progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms bacteria use to invade, survive and move within eukaryotic cells. It is clear that bacteria have found ways to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways and the cytoskeleton to their advantage. To defend against prokaryotic invaders, the immune system has evolved mechanisms for the specific recognition of bacterial antigens.
Collapse
|
210
|
Marijt EA, Veenhof WF, Goulmy E, Kluck PM, Brand A, Willemze R, van Rood JJ, Falkenburg JH. Multiple minor histocompatibility antigen disparities between a recipient and four HLA-identical potential sibling donors for bone marrow transplantation. Hum Immunol 1993; 37:221-8. [PMID: 8300407 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(93)90505-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A patient with acute leukemia and her family including four HLA-identical siblings were analyzed to select a donor who was not only HLA- but also minor histocompatibility (mH) antigen compatible for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The HLA-A2 restricted mH antigen-specific HA-1, -2, -4, and -5 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones were used to type the family members for expression of these mH antigens. The patient and one HLA-identical sibling were compatible for these mH antigens. This sibling was selected as the bone marrow donor. The patient engrafted promptly but developed acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. To study the presence of other mH antigen disparities between recipient and donor, host-versus-graft CTL lines and clones were generated by stimulation of recipient peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with donor bone marrow cells, and graft-versus-host CTL lines were generated after BMT by stimulation of PBLs of donor origin with recipient bone marrow cells. These CTL lines were cytotoxic to cells from the bone marrow donor and from the recipient, respectively, and to cells from several other family members. T-cell lines, generated from the patient after BMT by stimulation of recipient-derived PBLs with donor bone marrow cells, exhibited no specific cytotoxicity to donor or recipient cells. Chimerism studies after BMT revealed that the PBLs and T-cell lines generated after BMT were of donor origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Marijt
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Verlant V, Amar-Costesec A, Godelaine D, Turu C, Van Pel A, De Plaen E, Dautry-Varsat A, Beaufay H. The tum- antigens P91A and P198 derive from proteins located in the cytosolic compartment of cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1727-30. [PMID: 8325344 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the proteins P91Ap and P198p, of which mutants generate the tum- antigens P91A and P198, respectively, rabbit antisera were raised with ovalbumin-coupled synthetic peptides that correspond to their respective C terminus. In immunoadsorption tests using immobilized protein A the antisera recognized the translation products synthesized by rabbit reticulocyte lysates programmed with the SP6 polymerase transcripts of the P91A and P198 cDNA. The presence of the two proteins was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting in all the mouse cells and organs examined. P91Ap is a constituent of the cytosol; despite a remarkable homology to the Drosophila diphenol oxidase DOX-A2, it separates from murine catechol oxidase activity in rate zonal sedimentation analysis. P198p is a ribosomal constituent, or a factor firmly linked to both the free and membrane-bound ribosomes. These subcellular localizations strengthen other evidence that the antigens presented to T lymphocytes by class I products of the major histocompatibility complex derive from proteins of the cytosol, or in direct contact with it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Verlant
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Wang CR, Lindahl KF. Organization and structure of the H-2M4-M8 class I genes in the mouse major histocompatibility complex. Immunogenetics 1993; 38:258-71. [PMID: 8319975 DOI: 10.1007/bf00188802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized five new class I genes from the M region at the distal end of the H-2 complex of the BALB/c mouse. M4, M5, and M6 are clustered on two overlapping cosmids, and M7 and M8 are located on another cosmid together with the previously cloned M1 gene, to which they are most closely related. M4, M6, and M7 are full-length class I genes (exons 1 through 5 were identified) but with stop codons or frameshifts that mark them as pseudogenes, and only exons 4 and 5 remain of M8. M5 has complete open reading frames in exons 1 through 5 and intact splice signals; it has the potential to encode a divergent class I major histocompatibility molecule, but no transcripts were found. These genes provide probes for studying the evolution of class I genes in rodents and for the mapping and cloning of genes at the end of the distal inversion in t haplotype chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050
| | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Cullen MK, Lapierre LA, Kesari KV, Geliebter J. Identification of a recombinogenic major histocompatibility complex Q gene with diverse alleles. J Exp Med 1993; 177:1803-7. [PMID: 8496692 PMCID: PMC2191030 DOI: 10.1084/jem.177.6.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural diversity enables class Ia molecules to present a diverse repertoire of peptides to the T cell receptor. This diversity is thought to be generated by recombinations between class I genes. We have found that two class Ib Q2 alleles exhibit extremely high sequence diversity, even higher than class Ia alleles. Clustered nucleotide differences between Q2b and Q2k suggest that this sequence diversity was generated by microrecombinations between Q2 genes and other class I genes. The relatively high expression of Q2b in the thymus may be significant and perhaps suggests a novel role for a Q2b product in the education and selection of the T cell repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Cullen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Abstract
Several different types of mitochondrial DNA mutations have now been identified in a wide spectrum of human disorders. There is some correlation between certain of these mutations and the patient's clinical phenotype, although this relationship is not absolute. The mechanisms by which these mutations produce respiratory chain deficiency and the dysfunction of different tissues are unknown. It is becoming increasingly likely that the nuclear genome plays an important role in the expression of the mitochondrial DNA mutation and the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Schapira
- Department of Neuroscience, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Pamer EG, Bevan MJ, Lindahl KF. Do nonclassical, class Ib MHC molecules present bacterial antigens to T cells? Trends Microbiol 1993; 1:35-8. [PMID: 8143114 DOI: 10.1016/0966-842x(93)90023-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to bacterial antigens that appear unrestricted by the MHC may involve oligomorphic MHC class Ib molecules. One example is H-2M3, which binds N-formylated peptides and presents a Listeria peptide to cytotoxic T cells from infected mice. Lack of polymorphism makes these molecules a promising target for peptide vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Pamer
- Infectious Disease Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8056
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Wang CR, Lindahl KF. HMT, encoded by H-2M3, is a neoclassical major histocompatibility class I antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:2784-8. [PMID: 8464890 PMCID: PMC46180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.7.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
H-2M3 encodes HMT, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain of the maternally transmitted antigen (Mta). Like classical MHC class I genes, the expression of M3 can be stimulated by gamma-interferon and its message can be detected from mid-gestational embryos (day 8) through adulthood. HMTb, a nonimmunogenic allelic form of HMT, differs from the common HMTa molecule by four amino acids, of which only two (residues 31 and 95) are located in the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains that form the peptide-binding groove. Recognition of site-directed mutants by Mta-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes was hardly affected by the substitution of Met for Val31 but was abolished by the substitution of Gln for Leu95, which is located in the beta-sheet floor of the peptide-binding groove. Thus a single amino acid difference is responsible for the immunological silence of HMTb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050
| | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
de Bueger M, Verreck F, Blokland E, Drijfhout JW, Amons R, Koning F, Goulmy E. Isolation of an HLA-A2.1 extracted human minor histocompatibility peptide. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:614-8. [PMID: 8449209 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purified HLA-A2.1 molecules obtained by affinity chromatography of 6 x 10(10) Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B lymphocytes were used in an attempt to isolate the human HLA-A2.1-restricted minor histocompatibility (H) peptides H-Y and HA-2. Fraction 18 of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-separated HLA-A2.1 peptide pool was found to contain the natural HA-2 peptide. An HA-2-specific, HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone lysed HLA-A2.1+ HA-2- EBV-transformed B lymphocyte cell lines reproducibly and in a concentration-dependent fashion in the presence of fraction 18, but not in the presence of other HPLC fractions. By contrast, H-Y sensitizing activity was not found in any fraction. Amino acid sequencing of peptide fraction 18 revealed a mixture of peptides with maximal length of nine amino acids, in which the presence of Leu at positions 2 and 9 was dominant. Surprisingly, the HA-2 peptide could not be mimicked by any of the peptide mixtures synthesized according to the amino acid sequences found in fraction 18. Our failure to obtain the actual amino acid sequence of the human minor H peptide HA-2 from a peptide pool with the established pattern for binding to HLA-A2.1 may indicate that this CTL defined minor H peptide does not represent an abundant HLA-A2.1 binding peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de Bueger
- Department of Immunohaematology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Rötig A, Cormier V, Chatelain P, Francois R, Saudubray JM, Rustin P, Munnich A. Deletion of mitochondrial DNA in a case of early-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness (Wolfram syndrome, MIM 222300). J Clin Invest 1993; 91:1095-8. [PMID: 8383698 PMCID: PMC288064 DOI: 10.1172/jci116267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wolfram syndrome (MIM 222300) is a disease of unknown origin consisting of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. Here we report on a generalized deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activities in skeletal muscle and lymphocyte homogenate of a girl suffering from the Wolfram syndrome. In addition, we provide evidence for a 7.6-kilobase pair heteroplasmic deletion (spanning nucleotides 6465-14135) of the mitochondrial DNA in the two tissues and show that directly repeated sequences (11 bp) were present in the wild-type mitochondrial genome at the boundaries of the deletion. Neither of the patient's parents was found to bear rearranged molecules. This study supports the view that a respiratory chain defect can present with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as the onset symptom. It also suggests that a defect of oxidative phosphorylation should be considered when investigating other cases of Wolfram syndrome, especially because this syndrome fulfills the criteria for a genetic defect of the mitochondrial energy supply: (a) an unexplained association of symptoms (b) with early onset and rapidly progressive course, (c) involving seemingly unrelated organs and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rötig
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant INSERM U12, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Rötzschke O, Falk K, Stevanović S, Grahovac B, Soloski MJ, Jung G, Rammensee HG. Qa-2 molecules are peptide receptors of higher stringency than ordinary class I molecules. Nature 1993; 361:642-4. [PMID: 8437623 DOI: 10.1038/361642a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transport peptides to the cell surface for surveillance by T cells. Ligand specificity is stringent and differs from allele to allele. Here we report analysis of natural ligands of 'unconventional' glycophosphatidyl-anchored mouse class I molecules, Qa-2. The function of these molecules is unclear; they can serve as recognition structures for 'unrestricted' cytotoxic T cells but have not been found to present peptides to T cells, although the DNA sequence suggests a similar peptide binding groove to that of 'conventional' class I molecules, and other unconventional class I molecules can present antigens in a few cases. Pool sequencing of natural Qa-2 ligands shows that Qa-2 molecules are indeed peptide receptors, having ligand specificity similar to that of conventional class I molecules, that is, a predominant length of nine amino acids, anchor positions, and hydrophobic termination of peptides. But ligand specificity is much more stringent than with other class I molecules: of the nine positions, two are anchors and four have rather limited occupancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Rötzschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Abstract
The highly polymorphic MHC class I molecules are a central part of the cellular immune response to viruses. They present peptides, processed from viral proteins synthesized in the cytosol, to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) that eliminate virus-infected cells. Here, Christopher Thorpe, describes the recent flurry of high resolution X-ray crystallographic structures that has allowed a general model of MHC-peptide interactions to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Thorpe
- Dept of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Beck Y, Sekimata M, Nakayama S, Müller GA, Müller CA, Yamamoto J, Nagao T, Uchida H, Akiyama N, Kariyone A. Expression of human minor histocompatibility antigen on cultured kidney cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:467-72. [PMID: 8382163 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Incompatibility of human minor histocompatibility (hmH) antigens can induce rejection of grafts in organ transplantation and graft-versus-host reactions in bone marrow transplantation. In spite of their importance in clinical transplantation, hmH antigens are not well studied. Previous studies have demonstrated the expression of hmH antigens on T and B cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells and keratinocytes. We have for the first time demonstrated the expression of hmH antigens on cultured kidney cells using HLA-B35-restricted, hmH antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones, which were previously established from a patient who rejected two kidneys from HLA-identical sisters. The CTL clones could not kill cultured kidney cells. Since cultured kidney cells expressed very low levels of HLA class I antigens it was thought that their failure to be killed by the CTL clones was due to lack of expression of HLA-B35 antigens. After induction of class I antigens on cultured kidney cells by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the IFN-gamma-treated cultured kidney cells were killed by the CTL clones. Furthermore, we isolated hmH antigens as peptides from cultured kidney cells after treatment with IFN-gamma. These results indicate that cultured kidney cells express hmH antigens when HLA class I antigen is induced by IFN-gamma and hmH antigens on cultured kidney cells are recognized by T cells as peptides presented by HLA-B35 molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Beck
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
Abstract
MHC class I molecules present degradation products derived from intracellular proteins, whereas MHC class II molecules generally present peptides derived from extracellular or surface proteins. Recent insights into the cell biology of MHC class I and II molecules explain this difference.
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
The central unit for regulation of the specific immune system is a trimolecular complex made up of the T cell antigen receptor, the MHC molecule, and the MHC ligand. The third component is a peptide derived as a degradation product from a protein. During recent years there has been some progress in understanding the interaction between MHC molecules and their peptide ligands: MHC molecules are peptide receptors of peculiar specificity, being able to accommodate millions of different peptides provided they share some common features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Rammensee
- Max-Planck Institute für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Affiliation(s)
- H G Rammensee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Affiliation(s)
- P J Travers
- Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WCl 7I-IX, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Affiliation(s)
- K D Gerbitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Krankenhaus München-Schwabing, FRG
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Abstract
Assembly of a functional mitochondrion requires import of proteins from the cytosol and export of proteins from the matrix. Most previous studies have focused on the import pathway followed by nucleus-encoded proteins. However, it is now clear that proteins encoded in the nucleus as well as those encoded in the mitochondrion also move from the matrix into and across the inner membrane, a process defined here as export. These exported proteins are found in at least three cellular locations: the inner mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane space and the cell surface. Here, we consider the pathways for export and the relationships between import and export.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R O Poyton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Prezant RT, Shohat M, Jaber L, Pressman S, Fischel-Ghodsian N. Biochemical characterization of a pedigree with mitochondrially inherited deafness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1992; 44:465-72. [PMID: 1442889 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320440416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A large kindred with a predicted 2-locus inheritance of sensorineural deafness, caused by the combination of a mitochondrial and an autosomal recessive mutation, was examined at the biochemical level. Because of the mitochondrial inheritance of this disease, we looked for defects in the oxidative phosphorylation Complexes I, III, IV, and V, the 4 enzymes that include all of the 13 mitochondrially encoded polypeptides. Biosynthetic labelling of lymphoblastoid cells from deaf patients, unaffected siblings, and an unrelated control showed no difference in size, abundance, rate of synthesis, or chloramphenicol-sensitivity of the mitochondrially encoded subunits. Since overall mitochondrial protein synthesis appears normal, these results suggest that the mitochondrial mutation is unlikely to be in a tRNA or rRNA gene. No change in enzymatic levels was seen in lymphoblastoid mitochondria of the deaf patients, compared to unaffected sibs and controls, for Complexes I and IV. Both affected and unaffected family members showed an increase in Complex III activity compared to controls, which may reflect the mitochondrial DNA shared by maternal relatives, or be due to other genetic differences. Complex V activity was increased in deaf individuals compared to their unaffected sibs. Since the family members share the presumptive mitochondrial mutation, differences between deaf and unaffected individuals likely reflect the nuclear background and suggest that the autosomal recessive mutation may be related to the increase in Complex V activity. These biochemical studies provide a guide for sequence analysis of the patients' mitochondrial DNA and for linkage studies in this kindred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Prezant
- Ahmanson Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Vayssière JL, Cordeau-Lossouarn L, Larcher JC, Basseville M, Gros F, Croizat B. Participation of the mitochondrial genome in the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1992; 28A:763-72. [PMID: 1483966 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using clonal cell lines isolated from murine neuroblastoma C1300, we investigated the mitochondrial changes related to neuronal differentiation and, more generally, the role played by the mitochondrion in this phenomenon. By different approaches (measurement of the mitochondrial mass, immunoquantification of specific mitochondrial proteins, or incorporation of Rhodamine 123), the differentiation of the inducible clone, N1E-115, was found associated with an important increase of the cellular content in mitochondria. This increase could be observed with differentiating N1E-115 cells maintained in suspension, i.e. under conditions where neurite outgrowth is prevented but other early stages of (biochemical) differentiation continue to occur. That these mitochondrial changes are likely to be correlated with these stages of neuronal differentiation, rather than with simple progression to the postmitotic stage, stems from comparative experiments with clone N1A-103, a neuroblastoma cell line variant that becomes postmitotic after induction but fails to differentiate and shows no modification in its cellular content in mitochondria. In accordance with these observations, chloramphenicol prevents differentiation when added together with the inducer. This effect is probably related to the inhibition of mitochondrial translation rather than to modification of the bioenergetic needs because oligomycine, a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthetase, shows no effect on neurogenesis. As a working hypothesis and in keeping with independently published models, we postulate that products resulting from mitochondrial translation could be involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton or of certain membrane components whose rearrangements should be the prerequisite or the correlates to early stages of neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Vayssière
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, Collège de France, Paris
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Murphy DB. Evolutionary junk or first class tag-along? Curr Biol 1992; 2:529-31. [PMID: 15336046 DOI: 10.1016/0960-9822(92)90012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D B Murphy
- The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Ulbrecht M, Kellermann J, Johnson JP, Weiss EH. Impaired intracellular transport and cell surface expression of nonpolymorphic HLA-E: evidence for inefficient peptide binding. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1083-90. [PMID: 1402654 PMCID: PMC2119380 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.4.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the classical, polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum requires the presence of peptide ligands and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Formation of this trimolecular complex is a prerequisite for efficient transport to the cell surface, where presented peptides are scanned by T lymphocytes. The function of the other class I molecules is in dispute. The human, nonclassical class I gene, HLA-E, was found to be ubiquitously transcribed, whereas cell surface expression was difficult to detect upon transfection. Pulse chase experiments revealed that the HLA-E heavy chain in transfectants, obtained with the murine myeloma cell line P3X63-Ag8.653 (X63), displays a significant reduction in oligosaccharide maturation and intracellular transport compared with HLA-B27 in corresponding transfectants. The accordingly low HLA-E cell surface expression could be significantly enhanced by either reducing the culture temperature or by supplementing the medium with human beta 2m, suggesting inefficient binding of endogenous peptides to HLA-E. To analyze whether HLA-E binds peptides and to identify the corresponding ligands, fractions of acid-extracted material from HLA-E/X63 transfectants were separated by reverse phase HPLC and were tested for their ability to enhance HLA-E cell surface expression. Two fractions specifically increased the HLA class I expression on the HLA-E transfectant clone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ulbrecht
- Institut für Immunologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Pamer EG, Wang CR, Flaherty L, Lindahl KF, Bevan MJ. H-2M3 presents a Listeria monocytogenes peptide to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell 1992; 70:215-23. [PMID: 1353418 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90097-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report evidence that a major histocompatibility complex-encoded nonclassic class I molecule presents a foreign peptide to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during an infection. Mice immunized with virulent Listeria monocytogenes generate CD8+ CTL with alpha beta receptors specific for a bacterial peptide presented by a conserved class I molecule encoded in the M region of the major histocompatibility complex. The Listeria peptide is digested by carboxypeptidase Y but resists aminopeptidase M, and only peptides with N-formyl methionine competitively block its presentation to CTL. Transfection with the H-2M3d gene enables a negative (H-2w17) cell line to present the bacterial peptide. One function, therefore, of H-2M3 is to present bacterial peptides to CTL during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Pamer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Rodgers JR, Shawar SM, Guenther MM, Rich RR. Kinetics of killing by monoclonal cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. Colorimetric detection of cryptic CTL determinants on adherent target cells and survivorship analysis. J Immunol Methods 1992; 152:159-69. [PMID: 1380047 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90137-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Some targets of cell-mediated cytolysis do not efficiently release 51Cr but manifestly are killed in direct viability assays. We characterize and validate an alternative and non-radioactive (colorimetric) method for measuring killing of adherent targets by monoclonal CTL. The method obviates concerns about the effects of trypsinization, is technically simple, quantitative and in some cases more sensitive than conventional 51Cr assays. Target loss obeyed first-order kinetics with respect both to [CTL] and time. These results are consistent with an exponential (Poisson) model of killing and support the use of a single kinetic parameter to describe the lytic activity of monoclonal CTL on adherent targets. When monoclonal CTL are used at appropriate effector:target ratios (less than or equal to 1:1), the residuals obtained after least squares linear regression are homoscedastic and normally distributed, justifying the use of commonly available statistical calculators or programs for the analysis of CTL data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Kurlander RJ, Shawar SM, Brown ML, Rich RR. Specialized role for a murine class I-b MHC molecule in prokaryotic host defenses. Science 1992; 257:678-9. [PMID: 1496381 DOI: 10.1126/science.1496381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although nonclassical (class I-b) gene products represent the majority of murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, the role of these relatively nonpolymorphic molecules remains uncertain. Recently, one such protein, H-2M3 (formerly designated Hmt), was shown to bind and specifically present N-formylated peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Because N-formylation is characteristic of prokaryotic proteins, this MHC molecule may be especially adapted for a role in the mammalian defense against bacterial attack. The current studies demonstrate that an MHC molecule, indistinguishable from H-2M3, presents antigens derived from the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to Listeria-specific CD8+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Kurlander
- Department of Medicine, Duke Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Affiliation(s)
- S M Hedrick
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0063
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Abstract
Proteins presented to the immune system must first be cleaved to small peptides by intracellular proteinases. Proteasomes are proteolytic complexes that degrade cytosolic and nuclear proteins. These particles have been implicated in ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and in the processing of intracellular antigens for cytolytic immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Goldberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Scott DM, Dyson PJ, Simpson E. A new approach to the cloning of genes encoding T-cell epitopes. Immunogenetics 1992; 36:86-94. [PMID: 1377172 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure of antigens recognized exclusively by T cells, such as minor histocompatibility antigens and some antigens that provoke autoimmune responses, has proved difficult to determine. Recently, several antigens induced on tumor cells by mutagen treatment have been cloned by transfection of genomic DNA libraries into P1.HTR cells, screening for antigen expression using T-cell clones, and subsequent recovery of the integrated DNA by cosmid rescue. We have modified this technique and have stably transfected P1.HTR cell lines with polyoma T antigen, which allows episomal replication of the shuttle vector, pCDM8. Using pCDM8-CAT constructs, we have determined the frequency of transfection and plasmid copies taken up per cell under optimal transfection conditions. Using a pCDM8 construct which expresses the tumor-specific antigen, P91A (pCDM8-tum-), that is recognized by a T-cell clone, we have found that cells transfected with this antigen can be recognized by the T-cell clone when they are present at only 1%-3% of a mixed population. Progeny of a single cell transfected with pCDM8-tum-: pCDM8-CAT at proportions of 1:10, 1:25, and 1:50 are recognized by the T-cell clone. Furthermore, Hirt extracted plasmid DNA from transfectants expressing the tum- antigen can be amplified in bacteria, transfected back into P1.HTR recipients, and recognized by the T-cell clone. This approach should enable reasonably rapid screening of cDNA libraries for even relatively low abundance messages encoding, for example, minor histocompatibility and alloantigens, and allow their subsequent cloning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Scott
- Transplantation Biology Section, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Falk K, Rötzschke O, Rammensee HG. Specificity of antigen processing for MHC class I restricted presentation is conserved between mouse and man. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:1323-6. [PMID: 1577071 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alloreactive mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for particular peptides presented by H-2Kb molecules on mouse cells were found to recognize human cells transfected with Kb. The CTL-recognized peptides (probably derived from conserved proteins) were extracted from Kb-expressing human or mouse cells, respectively, and compared biochemically by high resolution high performance liquid chromatography. The results strongly suggest identity of peptides processed by cells from both species and thus indicate that the specificity of the processing machinery used in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted pathway, probably including enzymes, transport mechanisms, and chaperons, is highly conserved across species. The results are consistent with the notion that MHC molecules themselves have an instructive role in processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, FRG
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Yewdell JW, Bennink JR. Cell biology of antigen processing and presentation to major histocompatibility complex class I molecule-restricted T lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 1992; 52:1-123. [PMID: 1442305 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Affiliation(s)
- T Boon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Abstract
In this article, Derry Roopenian relates the traditional view of minor histocompatibility (H) loci to recent advances in understanding of the tissue rejection process and the molecular nature of minor histocompatibility antigens. He proposes that minor H loci can be subdivided by the ability of their products to stimulate different T-cell subsets and discusses the implications of this concept in terms of the origins and behavior of minor H loci and their antigens, tumor immunology and autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
242
|
Shawar SM, Rodgers JR, Cook RG, Rich RR. Specialized function of the nonclassical MHC class I molecule Hmt: a specific receptor for N-formylated peptides. Immunol Res 1991; 10:365-75. [PMID: 1835490 DOI: 10.1007/bf02919723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Shawar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Rötzschke O, Falk K. Naturally-occurring peptide antigens derived from the MHC class-I-restricted processing pathway. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1991; 12:447-55. [PMID: 1723878 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90018-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of naturally-processed peptides from MHC class I glycoproteins has paved the way for a major advance in the understanding of the antigen processing pathway that ultimately induces cytotoxic T-cell responses. Here, Olaf Rötzschke and Kirsten Falk review these new developments and discuss their findings in terms of a novel hypothesis of MHC class-I-restricted processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Rötzschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Tübingen, FRG
| | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Abstract
Mitochondria possess a small set of genes that are essential for respiratory function. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of mitochondrial gene organization and expression. These studies illustrate a remarkable diversity among eukaryotic lineages and an impressive complexity of events needed to achieve nuclear-mitochondrial harmony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Bonen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Shawar SM, Vyas JM, Rodgers JR, Cook RG, Rich RR. Specialized functions of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. II. Hmt binds N-formylated peptides of mitochondrial and prokaryotic origin. J Exp Med 1991; 174:941-4. [PMID: 1919442 PMCID: PMC2118972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.4.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of the mouse telomeric major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, including Hmt, are unknown. Hmt presents a polymorphic, N-formylated peptide encoded by the mitochondrial gene ND1 forming the cell surface maternally transmitted antigen (Mta). Because the N-formyl moiety is required for Hmt binding, we proposed that Hmt may function generally in presentation of N-formylated antigens. This hypothesis was validated by a competitive binding assay, demonstrating that synthetic N-formyl peptides from other mitochondrial genes also bound Hmt. Bacteria similarly initiate protein synthesis with N-formylmethionine; indeed, we established that Hmt can also present prokaryotic peptides in an N-formyl-dependent manner. These results indicate biochemical specialization of this MHC-peptide interaction and suggest a unique role for Hmt in prokaryotic host defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Shawar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Koseki H, Asano H, Inaba T, Miyashita N, Moriwaki K, Lindahl KF, Mizutani Y, Imai K, Taniguchi M. Dominant expression of a distinctive V14+ T-cell antigen receptor alpha chain in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7518-22. [PMID: 1881891 PMCID: PMC52332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinctive variable region 14-positive (V14+) alpha chain (V alpha 14+) of the T-cell antigen receptor is predominantly expressed in multiple mouse subspecies. The V alpha 14 family has two members, V alpha 14.1 and V alpha 14.2, which differ by only three amino acids at positions 50-52. Based on the EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the gene encoding V alpha 14, mice can be divided into three groups: type I with an 11.2-kilobase (kb) fragment, type II with a 2.0-kb fragment, and type III with the 2.0-kb and 11.2-kb fragments. Usage of V alpha 14-J alpha 281, where J alpha 281 is an alpha-chain joining segment, with a one-base N region dominates at the level of 0.02-1.5% of alpha chains in all laboratory strains, Mus musculus castaneus, and Mus musculus domesticus but not in Mus musculus molossinus, Mus musculus musculus, and Mus spicilegus samples. The preferential V alpha 14-J alpha 281 expression seems to be due to positive selection because the V-J junctional region is always glycine, despite the ability of the V alpha 14 gene to associate with J alpha other than J alpha 281. As V alpha 14-J alpha 281 expression is independent of known major histocompatibility complex antigens, including H-2, TLA, Qa, and HMT, the selecting ligand must be a monomorphic molecule of the mouse, expressed in a subspecies-specific manner. Additional observations, such as the expression of homogeneous V alpha 14-J alpha 281 in athymic mice, suggest that the positive selection of V alpha 14+ T cells occurs extrathymically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Koseki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Zinkewich-Péotti K, Parent M, Morais R. On the tumorigenicity of mitochondrial DNA-depleted avian cells. Cancer Lett 1991; 59:119-24. [PMID: 1884368 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(91)90175-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the tumorigenic potential of mitochondrial DNA-depleted (mtDNA-) cells derived from the tumorigenic chicken cell line DU24. The mtDNA- cells were unable to proliferate in the wing web of day-old chicks. Cytoplasmic hybrids resulting from crosses between the mtDNA- whole cells and cytoplasts from enucleated parental cells (mtDNA+) recover both mtDNA and tumorigenicity. These results are in accordance with those obtained in prior experiments where mtDNA was shown to modulate the anchorage-independent phenotype of transformed avian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Zinkewich-Péotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Wang CR, Loveland BE, Lindahl KF. H-2M3 encodes the MHC class I molecule presenting the maternally transmitted antigen of the mouse. Cell 1991; 66:335-45. [PMID: 1855254 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mta, the maternally transmitted antigen of mice, is a hydrophobic, N-formylated mitochondrial peptide, MTF, presented on the cell surface to cytotoxic T lymphocytes by a novel major histocompatibility complex class I molecule, encoded by H-2M3. We have cloned and sequenced two alleles of M3, which differ in their ability to present MTF despite greater than 99% identity in the coding regions. M3 is as divergent from classical, antigen-presenting H-2 molecules as from other class I genes of the Hmt and the Qa/Tla regions. Amino acids critical for folding of class I molecules are conserved in M3. Noncharged amino acids lining the peptide-binding groove and phenylalanine 171 may explain the unique interaction with MTF, and leucine 95 appears critical for immunological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
De Giorgi C, De Luca F, Saccone C. Mitochondrial DNA in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula: nucleotide sequence differences between two polymorphic molecules indicate asymmetry of mutations. Gene 1991; 103:249-52. [PMID: 1653758 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90281-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two polymorphic forms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from Arbacia lixula eggs were cloned and the nucleotide sequences of specific regions determined. A comparison of the sequences of the sense strand of the two molecules demonstrates that all the differences are transitions and only of the A----G type. A change such as G----A (or A----G) on the sense mtDNA strand results from either a direct G----A (or A----G) mutation on that strand or a C----T (or T----C) on the complementary strand. None of the C----T (or T----C) changes were detected on the sense strand, which implies that the A----G mutation bias on the sense strand is not reversed for the other strand. Our observation indicates the existence of mechanisms acting asymmetrically on the two mtDNA strands, possibly during mtDNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C De Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, University of Bari, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Affiliation(s)
- K F Lindahl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9050
| |
Collapse
|