201
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Wan T, Xu Z, Zhou HJ, Zhang H, Luo Y, Li Y, Min W. Functional analyses of TNFR2 in physiological and pathological retina angiogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013. [PMID: 23188724 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the function of tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2) in retinal development and ischemia-induced revascularization in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. METHODS Mice with a global deletion of TNFR2 (TNFR2-KO) or with a vascular endothelial cell (EC)-specific TNFR2 transgene (TNFR2-TG) were compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT). Retinal vasculature development was visualized by whole-mount and cross-sectional isolectin staining. In the OIR model, neonatal mice were subjected to 75% oxygen from postnatal day (P)7 to P12 and then returned to normoxia from P12 to P17. Immunostaining and biochemical analyses were performed to assess the effects of TNFR2 deletion and TNFR2 transgenesis on retinal vascular repair. RESULTS TNFR2 deletion slightly delayed, while TNFR2 transgenesis weakly promoted, intraretinal vascular development and intraretinal vessel growth. TNFR2 deletion enhanced, while TNFR2 transgene reduced, hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration. However, hypoxia-induced revascularization and development of deep intraretinal vessels at P17 were reduced in TNFR2-KO but increased in TNFR2-TG mice without significant increase in preretinal neovascularization (NV). Moreover, TNFR2-TG/KO mice in which only vascular EC express TNFR2 sufficiently rescued the vascular defects of TNFR2-KO in the OIR model. Biochemical analyses of retina tissues showed that the phenotypic changes in retina correlated with TNFR2-dependent activation of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) survival and bone marrow kinase (Bmx)-VEGFR2 angiogenic pathways. CONCLUSIONS TNFR2 plays a marginal role during retinal vascular development. TNFR2 in vascular EC strongly prevents hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and promotes retinal repair by enhancing hypoxia-induced revascularization without increasing pathological neovascular tufts. Therefore, activation of TNFR2 signaling may be an ideal strategy for the treatment of OIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Eye Center, Affiliated Second Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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202
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Sumi H, Yabuki M, Iwai K, Morimoto M, Hibino R, Inazuka M, Hashimoto K, Kosugi Y, Aoyama K, Yamamoto S, Yoshimatsu M, Yamasaki H, Tozawa R, Ishikawa T, Yoshida S. Antitumor Activity and Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers of a Novel and Orally Available Small-Molecule Antagonist of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:230-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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203
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Manzoni L, Belvisi L, Bianchi A, Conti A, Drago C, de Matteo M, Ferrante L, Mastrangelo E, Perego P, Potenza D, Scolastico C, Servida F, Timpano G, Vasile F, Rizzo V, Seneci P. Homo- and heterodimeric Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitors as in vivo-active pro-apoptotic agents. Part I: Synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6687-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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204
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Zuo J, Schmitt SM, Zhang Z, Prakash J, Fan Y, Bi C, Kodanko JJ, Dou QP. Novel Polypyridyl chelators deplete cellular zinc and destabilize the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) prior to induction of apoptosis in human prostate and breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2567-75. [PMID: 22415943 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), inhibits the initiation and execution phases of the apoptotic pathway. XIAP is the most potent member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family of the endogenous caspase inhibitors. Therefore, targeting XIAP may be a promising strategy for the treatment of apoptosis-resistant malignancies. In this study, we systematically studied the relationships of chemical structures of several novel ligands to their zinc (Zn)-binding ability, molecular target XIAP, and tumor cell death-inducing activity. We show that treatment of PC-3 prostate cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with these membrane-permeable Zn-chelators with different Zn affinities results in varying degrees of XIAP depletion. Following decreased level of XIAP expression, we also show apoptosis-related caspase activation and cellular morphological changes upon treatment with strong Zn-chelators N4Py and BnTPEN. Addition of Zn has a full protective effect on the cells treated with these chelators, while iron (Fe) addition has only partial protection that, however, can be further increased to a comparable level of protection as Zn by inhibition of ROS generation, indicating that cell death effects mediated by Fe- but not Zn-complexes involve redox cycling. These findings suggest that strong Zn-chelating agents may be useful in the treatment of apoptosis-resistant human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zuo
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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205
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Santello M, Volterra A. TNFα in synaptic function: switching gears. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:638-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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206
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Espín R, Roca FJ, Candel S, Sepulcre MP, González-Rosa JM, Alcaraz-Pérez F, Meseguer J, Cayuela ML, Mercader N, Mulero V. TNF receptors regulate vascular homeostasis in zebrafish through a caspase-8, caspase-2 and P53 apoptotic program that bypasses caspase-3. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:383-96. [PMID: 22956347 PMCID: PMC3597020 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling plays a crucial role in vascular integrity and homeostasis, the contribution of each receptor to these processes and the signaling pathway involved are still largely unknown. Here, we show that targeted gene knockdown of TNFRSF1B in zebrafish embryos results in the induction of a caspase-8, caspase-2 and P53-dependent apoptotic program in endothelial cells that bypasses caspase-3. Furthermore, the simultaneous depletion of TNFRSF1A or the activation of NF-κB rescue endothelial cell apoptosis, indicating that a signaling balance between both TNFRs is required for endothelial cell integrity. In endothelial cells, TNFRSF1A signals apoptosis through caspase-8, whereas TNFRSF1B signals survival via NF-κB. Similarly, TNFα promotes the apoptosis of human endothelial cells through TNFRSF1A and triggers caspase-2 and P53 activation. We have identified an evolutionarily conserved apoptotic pathway involved in vascular homeostasis that provides new therapeutic targets for the control of inflammation- and tumor-driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Espín
- Departmento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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207
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Leu JH, Chen YC, Chen LL, Chen KY, Huang HT, Ho JM, Lo CF. Litopenaeus vannamei inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (LvIAP1) is essential for shrimp survival. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:78-87. [PMID: 22564858 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family are involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including apoptosis, signal transduction and mitosis. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of three IAP genes from Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: LvIAP1, LvIAP2 and LvSurvivin. LvIAP1, the orthologue of Penaeus monodon IAP (PmIAP), consists of three BIR domains and one RING domain; LvIAP2 consists of two BIR domains and LvSurvivin has only one BIR domain. Expression profiling by absolute quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that of the three IAP genes, LvIAP1 had the highest expression levels in almost all examined tissues and LvSurvivin had the lowest expression levels. Furthermore, among the examined tissues, the lymphoid organs most strongly expressed all three genes. When LvIAP1 expression was silenced by injection of its corresponding dsRNA, the shrimp died within 48h after injection, whereas injection of the other two dsRNAs did not cause shrimp death. In LvIAP1-silenced shrimp, the number of circulating haemocytes decreased dramatically because of extensive apoptosis. This suggested that LvIAP1 is central to the regulation of shrimp haemocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiann-Horng Leu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
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208
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Feng P, Zhao H, Chai J, Huang L, Wang H. Expression and secretion of TNF-α in mouse taste buds: a novel function of a specific subset of type II taste cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43140. [PMID: 22905218 PMCID: PMC3419207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste buds are chemosensory structures widely distributed on the surface of the oral cavity and larynx. Taste cells, exposed to the oral environment, face great challenges in defense against potential pathogens. While immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, are rarely found in taste buds, high levels of expression of some immune-response-associated molecules are observed in taste buds. Yet, the cellular origins of these immune molecules such as cytokines in taste buds remain to be determined. Here, we show that a specific subset of taste cells selectively expresses high levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Based on immuno-colocalization experiments using taste-cell-type markers, the TNF-α-producing cells are predominantly type II taste cells expressing the taste receptor T1R3. These cells can rapidly increase TNF-α production and secretion upon inflammatory challenges, both in vivo and in vitro. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α expression in taste cells was completely eliminated in TLR2−/−/TLR4−/− double-gene-knockout mice, which confirms that the induction of TNF-α in taste buds by LPS is mediated through TLR signaling pathways. The taste-cell-produced TNF-α may contribute to local immune surveillance, as well as regulate taste sensation under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PF); (HW)
| | - Hang Zhao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinghua Chai
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liquan Huang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hong Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PF); (HW)
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209
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Lau R, Pratt MAC. The opposing roles of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:928120. [PMID: 22934195 PMCID: PMC3425795 DOI: 10.5402/2012/928120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2) are members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family that has been implicated in the pathology of human cancers due to their overexpression and function as blockers of cell death in various cancers. As a result, small molecule IAP antagonists have been developed and are currently under clinical evaluation for potential therapeutic use. In contrast, recent evidence has indicated a tumour-suppressing role for the cIAPs. Mutations in or loss of cIAPs have been identified as molecular lesions that contribute to constitutive activation of NF-κB in hematopoietic malignancies. These studies reveal a context-dependent role for the cIAPs wherein both their overexpression and loss may contribute to tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lau
- Breast Cancer Research Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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210
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Li S, He J, Li S, Cao G, Tang S, Tong Q, Joshi HC. Noscapine induced apoptosis via downregulation of survivin in human neuroblastoma cells having wild type or null p53. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40076. [PMID: 22848370 PMCID: PMC3406069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. It accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment in children with advanced neuroblastoma. Noscapine, a nontoxic natural compound, can trigger apoptosis in many cancer types. We now show that p53 is dispensable for Noscapine-induced cell death in neuroblastoma cell lines, proapoptotic response to this promising chemopreventive agent is mediated by suppression of survivin protein expression. The Noscapine treatment increased levels of total and Ser(15)-phosphorylated p53 protein in SK-SY5Y cells, but the proapoptotic response to this agent was maintained even after knockdown of the p53 protein level. Exposure of SK-SY5Y and LA1-5S cells to Noscapine resulted in a marked decrease in protein and mRNA level of survivin as early as 12 hours after treatment. Ectopic expression of survivin conferred statistically significant protection against Noscapine-mediated cytoplasmic histone-associated apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Also, the Noscapine-induced apoptosis was modestly but statistically significantly augmented by RNA interference of survivin in both cell lines. Furthermore, Noscapine-induced apoptotic cell death was associated with activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. In conclusion, the present study provides novel insight into the molecular circuitry of Noscapine-induced apoptosis to indicate suppression of survivin expression as a critical mediator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwang Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing He
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqing Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaotao Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Harish C. Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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211
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Abstract
Scaffold proteins play pivotal roles in the regulation of signal transduction pathways by connecting upstream receptors to downstream effector molecules. During the last decade, many scaffold proteins that contain caspase-recruitment domains (CARD) have been identified. Investigating the roles of CARD proteins has revealed that many of them play crucial roles in signaling cascades leading to activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In this review, we discuss the contributions of CARD proteins to NF-κB activation in various signaling cascades. In particular, we share some of our personal experiences during the initial investigation of the functions of the CARMA family of CARD proteins and then summarize the roles of these proteins in signaling pathways induced by antigen receptors, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase, and C-type lectin receptors in the context of recent progress in these field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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212
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LIU XIAOMEI, WANG AIYUAN, GAO HONG, YUAN ZHENGWEI, JIAO YISHENG. Expression and role of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein livin in chemotherapy sensitivity of ovarian carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1021-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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213
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Sakao K, Desineni S, Hahm ER, Singh SV. Phenethyl isothiocyanate suppresses inhibitor of apoptosis family protein expression in prostate cancer cells in culture and in vivo. Prostate 2012; 72:1104-16. [PMID: 22161756 PMCID: PMC3310272 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cruciferous vegetable constituent phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) causes apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through mechanisms not fully understood. The present study was designed to determine the role of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins in PEITC-induced apoptosis induction. METHODS Effect of PEITC treatment on protein and mRNA expression of IAP in cells was determined by Western blotting and reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the in vivo effect of PEITC administration on X-linked IAP (XIAP) and Survivin protein expression. Overexpression of desired protein was achieved by transient transfection. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion assay, whereas apoptosis was quantified by measurement of histone-associated DNA fragment release into the cytosol. Transwell chamber assay was used to determine cell migration. RESULTS Exposure of PC-3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells to PEITC resulted in downregulation of XIAP and Survivin proteins and Survivin mRNA. PEITC administration to transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate mice caused modest but significant downregulation of XIAP and Survivin proteins in the dorsolateral prostate. Proapoptotic response to PEITC was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of XIAP and Survivin proteins. Survivin overexpression also conferred modest but significant protection against PEITC-mediated inhibition of PC-3 cell migration. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that cellular responses to PEITC, including apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell migration, in prostate cancer cells are mediated by downregulation of XIAP and/or Survivin, which may serve as valid biomarkers of PEITC response in future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shivendra V. Singh
- Correspondence to: Shivendra V. Singh, 2.32A Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Phone: 412-623-3263; Fax: 412-623-7828;
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214
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Li M, Liu Y, Wang QL, Chen SL, Sha ZX. BIRC7 gene in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): identification and expression analysis in response to Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae and Channel catfish Hemorrhage Reovirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:146-153. [PMID: 22510211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A family member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) termed baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 7 (BIRC7) from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was identified, the full length cDNA sequence of channel catfish BIRC7 (CcBIRC7) was 1686 bp, containing a 5'UTR of 93 bp, a 3'UTR of 399 bp with a poly (A) tail and an ORF of 1194 bp encoding a putative protein of 398 amino acids. The putative CcBIRC7 protein contains two BIR super-family conservative domains and a C-terminal RING finger motif. Phylogenetic analysis showed that catfish CcBIRC7 was moderately conserved with other BIRC7. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to examine the expression profiles of CcBIRC7 in healthy tissues and responding to different pathogens (Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae and Channel catfish Hemorrhage Reovirus (CCRV)). CcBIRC7 was widely expressed in healthy tissues of channel catfish and with the highest 37.28-fold expression in blood. E. tarda and S. iniae could induce CcBIRC7 gene expression drastically in head kidney, liver and spleen, which the peak value reached 31.6-fold, 613.9-fold and 34.4-fold increase by E. tarda infection, and 248.3-fold, 1540.3-fold and 120.4-fold increase post S. iniae challenge, respectively. While, CCRV virus could slightly induce CcBIRC7 expression in head kidney and liver but reduce it in spleen. The result suggested BIRC7 may play a potential role in channel catfish innate immune system against bacterial and virus infections, especially as the anti-bacteria immune gene. This is the first report of BIRC7 gene identification and its expression in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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215
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Ji W, Li Y, Wan T, Wang J, Zhang H, Chen H, Min W. Both internalization and AIP1 association are required for tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-mediated JNK signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2271-9. [PMID: 22743059 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proinflammtory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), primarily via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), induces nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent cell survival, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-dependent cell death, regulating vascular endothelial cell (EC) activation and apoptosis. However, signaling by the second receptor, TNFR2, is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to dissect how TNFR2 mediates NF-κB and JNK signaling in vascular EC, and its relevance to in vivo EC function. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that TNFR2 contributes to TNF-induced NF-κB and JNK signaling in EC as TNFR2 deletion or knockdown reduces the TNF responses. To dissect the critical domains of TNFR2 that mediate the TNF responses, we examine the activity of TNFR2 mutant with a specific deletion of the TNFR2 intracellular region, which contains conserved domain I, domain II, domain III, and 2 TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites. Deletion analyses indicate that different sequences on TNFR2 have distinct roles in NF-κB and JNK activation. Specifically, deletion of the TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites (TNFR2-59) diminishes the TNFR2-mediated NF-κB, but not JNK activation; whereas, deletion of domain II or domain III blunts TNFR2-mediated JNK but not NF-κB activation. Interestingly, we find that the TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites ensure TNFR2 on the plasma membrane, but the di-leucine LL motif within the domain II and aa338-355 within the domain III are required for TNFR2 internalization as well as TNFR2-dependent JNK signaling. Moreover, domain III of TNFR2 is responsible for association with ASK1-interacting protein-1, a signaling adaptor critical for TNF-induced JNK signaling. While TNFR2 containing the TNFR-associated factor-2-binding sites prevents EC cell death, a specific activation of JNK without NF-κB activation by TNFR2-59 strongly induces caspase activation and EC apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that both internalization and ASK1-interacting protein-1 association are required for TNFR2-dependent JNK and apoptotic signaling. Controlling TNFR2-mediated JNK and apoptotic signaling in EC may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Ji
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad St., 401B, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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216
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BIRC2 amplification in squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:123-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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217
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Christofferson DE, Li Y, Hitomi J, Zhou W, Upperman C, Zhu H, Gerber SA, Gygi S, Yuan J. A novel role for RIP1 kinase in mediating TNFα production. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e320. [PMID: 22695613 PMCID: PMC3388236 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is a Ser/Thr kinase with both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent roles in death receptor signaling. The kinase activity of RIP1 is required for necroptosis, a caspase-independent pathway of programmed cell death. In some cell types, the inhibition of caspases leads to autocrine production of TNFα, which then activates necroptosis. Here, we describe a novel role for RIP1 kinase in regulating TNFα production after caspase inhibition. Caspase inhibitors activate RIP1 kinase and another protein, EDD, to mediate JNK signaling, which stimulates Sp1-dependent transcription of TNFα. This pathway is independent of nuclear factor κB and also occurs after Smac mimetic/IAP antagonist treatment or the loss of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (Traf2). These findings implicate cIAP1/2 and Traf2 as negative regulators of this RIP1 kinase-dependent TNFα production pathway and suggest a novel role for RIP1 kinase in mediating TNFα production under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Christofferson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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218
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He BL, Yuan JM, Yang LY, Xie JF, Weng SP, Yu XQ, He JG. The viral TRAF protein (ORF111L) from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus interacts with TRADD and induces caspase 8-mediated apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37001. [PMID: 22615868 PMCID: PMC3352826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species of the Megalocytivirus genus of the Iridoviridae family. It causes a serious and potentially pandemic disease in wild and cultured fishes. ISKNV infection induces evident apoptosis in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and zebrafish (Danio renio). However, the mechanism is still unknown. After a genome-wide bioinformatics analysis of ISKNV-encoded proteins, the ISKNV open reading frame 111L (ORF111L) shows a high similarity to the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) encoded by fish, mice and mammals, which is essential for apoptotic signal transduction. Moreover, ORF111L was verified to directly interact with the zebrafish TNF receptor type 1 associated death domain protein (TRADD). A recombinant plasmid containing the DNA sequence of ORF111L was constructed and microinjected into zebrafish embryos at the 1–2 cell stage to investigate its biological function in vivo. ORF111L overexpression in the embryos resulted in increased apoptosis. ORF111L-induced apoptosis was clearly associated with significant caspase 8 upregulation and activation. The knockdown of zebrafish caspase 8 expression effectively blocked the apoptosis induced by ORF111L overexpression. Significantly, ORF111L overexpression resulted in much stronger effect on caspase 8 and caspase 3 upregulation compared to zebrafish TRAF2. This is the first report of a viral protein similar to TRAF that interacts with TRADD and induces caspase 8-mediated apoptosis, which may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of ISKNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Liang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Min Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yun Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Feng Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jian-Guo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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219
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Kofoed EM, Vance RE. NAIPs: building an innate immune barrier against bacterial pathogens. NAIPs function as sensors that initiate innate immunity by detection of bacterial proteins in the host cell cytosol. Bioessays 2012; 34:589-98. [PMID: 22513803 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of mammals encodes several families of immune detector proteins that monitor the cytosol for signs of pathogen invasion. One important but poorly understood family of cytosolic immunosurveillance proteins is the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing) proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that one subfamily of NLRs, the NAIPs (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory proteins), are activated by specific interaction with bacterial ligands, such as flagellin. NAIP activation leads to assembly of a large multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, which initiates innate immune responses by activation of the Caspase-1 protease. NAIPs therefore appear to detect pathogen molecules via a simple and direct receptor-ligand mechanism. Interestingly, other NLR family members appear to detect pathogens indirectly, perhaps by responding to host cell "stress" caused by the pathogen. Thus, the NLR family may have evolved surprisingly diverse mechanisms for detecting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Kofoed
- UC Berkeley-MCB, Life Sciences Addition, University of California-Berkeley, CA, USA.
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220
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Bluml S, Scheinecker C, Smolen JS, Redlich K. Targeting TNF receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunol 2012; 24:275-81. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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221
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Varfolomeev E, Goncharov T, Maecker H, Zobel K, Kömüves LG, Deshayes K, Vucic D. Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis are global regulators of NF-κB and MAPK activation by members of the TNF family of receptors. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra22. [PMID: 22434933 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members are essential for the development and proper functioning of the immune system. TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling is mediated through the assembly of protein signaling complexes that activate the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (c-IAP) proteins c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are E3 ubiquitin ligases that are recruited to TNFR signaling complexes through their constitutive association with the adaptor protein TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). We demonstrated that c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were required for canonical activation of NF-κB and MAPK by members of the TNFR family. c-IAPs were required for the recruitment of inhibitor of κB kinase β (IKKβ), the IKK regulatory subunit NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and RBCK1/Hoil1-interacting protein (HOIP) to TNFR signaling complexes and the induction of gene expression by TNF family members. In contrast, TNFRs that stimulated the noncanonical NF-κB pathway triggered translocation of c-IAPs, TRAF2, and TRAF3 from the cytosol to membrane fractions, which led to their proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. Finally, we established that signaling by B cell-activating factor receptor 3 induced the cytosolic depletion of TRAF3, which enabled noncanonical NF-κB activation. These results define c-IAP proteins as critical regulators of the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways by members of the TNFR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Varfolomeev
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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222
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Labbé K, McIntire CR, Doiron K, Leblanc PM, Saleh M. Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins cIAP1 and cIAP2 are required for efficient caspase-1 activation by the inflammasome. Immunity 2012; 35:897-907. [PMID: 22195745 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen and danger recognition by the inflammasome activates inflammatory caspases that mediate inflammation and cell death. The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) function in apoptosis and innate immunity, but their role in modulating the inflammasome and the inflammatory caspases is unknown. Here we report that the cIAPs are critical effectors of the inflammasome and are required for efficient caspase-1 activation. cIAP1, cIAP2, and the adaptor protein TRAF2 interacted with caspase-1-containing complexes and mediated the activating nondegradative K63-linked polyubiquitination of caspase-1. Deficiency in cIAP1 (encoded by Birc2) or cIAP2 (Birc3) impaired caspase-1 activation after spontaneous or agonist-induced inflammasome assembly, and Birc2(-/-) or Birc3(-/-) mice or mice administered with an IAP antagonist had a dampened response to inflammasome agonists and were resistant to peritonitis. Our results describe a role for the cIAPs in innate immunity and further demonstrate the evolutionary conservation between cell death and inflammation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Labbé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
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223
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Cabal-Hierro L, Lazo PS. Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1297-305. [PMID: 22374304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator in the inflammatory response which is implicated in the onset of a number of diseases. Research on TNF led to the characterization of the largest family of cytokines known until now, the TNF superfamily, which exert their biological effects through the interaction with transmembrane receptors of the TNFR superfamily. TNF itself exerts its biological effects interacting with two different receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 presents a death domain on its intracellular region. In contrast to TNFR1, TNFR2 does not have a death domain. Activation of TNFR1 implies the consecutive formation of two different TNF receptor signalling complexes. Complex I controls the expression of antiapoptotic proteins that prevent the triggering of cell death processes, whereas Complex II triggers cell death processes. TNFR2 only signals for antiapoptotic reactions. However, recent evidence indicates that TNFR2 also signals to induce TRAF2 degradation. TRAF2 is a key mediator in signal transduction of both TNFR1 and TNFR2. Thus, this novel signalling pathway has two important implications: on one hand, it represents an auto regulatory loop for TNFR2; on the other hand, when this signal is triggered TNFR1 activity is modified so that antiapoptotic pathways are inhibited and apoptotic reactions are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Cabal-Hierro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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224
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IAPs limit activation of RIP kinases by TNF receptor 1 during development. EMBO J 2012; 31:1679-91. [PMID: 22327219 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP (X-linked IAP) regulate apoptosis and cytokine receptor signalling, but their overlapping functions make it difficult to distinguish their individual roles. To do so, we deleted the genes for IAPs separately and in combination. While lack of any one of the IAPs produced no overt phenotype in mice, deletion of cIap1 with cIap2 or Xiap resulted in mid-embryonic lethality. In contrast, Xiap(-/-)cIap2(-/-) mice were viable. The death of cIap2(-/-)cIap1(-/-) double mutants was rescued to birth by deletion of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1, but not TNFR2 genes. Remarkably, hemizygosity for receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (Ripk1) allowed Xiap(-/-)cIap1(-/-) double mutants to survive past birth, and prolonged cIap2(-/-)cIap1(-/-) embryonic survival. Similarly, deletion of Ripk3 was able to rescue the mid-gestation defect of cIap2(-/-)cIap1(-/-) embryos, as these embryos survived to E15.5. cIAPs are therefore required during development to limit activity of RIP kinases in the TNF receptor 1 signalling pathway.
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225
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Bianchi A, Ugazzi M, Ferrante L, Lecis D, Scavullo C, Mastrangelo E, Seneci P. Rational design, synthesis and characterization of potent, drug-like monomeric Smac mimetics as pro-apoptotic anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2204-8. [PMID: 22342627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A set of phenyl-substituted Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitor analogues of lead compound 2a was synthesized, aiming to retain its strong cell-free potency while increasing its bioavailability. Seventeen compounds 2b-r were prepared and characterized in vitro, using cell-free and cellular assays. Among them, the p-CF(3) substituted analogue 2m showed the best permeability through cell membranes, and was selected for further in vitro and in vivo studies due to its strong, sub-micromolar cellular potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Bianchi
- CISI scrl, Via Fantoli 16/15, I-20138 Milan, Italy
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226
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Selimovic D, Sprenger A, Hannig M, Haïkel Y, Hassan M. Apoptosis related protein-1 triggers melanoma cell death via interaction with the juxtamembrane region of p75 neurotrophin receptor. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:349-61. [PMID: 21418516 PMCID: PMC3823298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chemotherapeutic drugs could theoretically target all metastatic sites, current treatments do not provide complementary therapeutics. Therefore, the development of an alternative approach replacing the traditional therapy is urgently needed. To assess the killing efficiency of the functionally identified apoptosis-related protein (APR)-1 in melanoma cells, we established a system for the regulated expression of APR-1. The induction of APR-1 expression caused apoptosis of melanoma cells via the interaction with the juxtamembrane region of p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and possible also via the competition with tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF6) and the catalytic receptor of neurotrophin (Trk) for the same p75NTR interacting site. The accumulation of APR-1 in melanoma cells may block the physical association of p75NRT with TRAF6 and/or Trk, leading to the disruption of both NF-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Also, accumulation of APR-1 protein enhanced the activity of both c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 pathways. However, the analysis of APR-1-modulated pathways demonstrated the involvement of apoptosis-regulating kinase 1-JNK/p38 pathway in the induction of Bax expression leading to both mitochondrial dysregulation [as demonstrated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of both cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor into cytoplasm, and cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)] and endoplasmic reticulum stress as demonstrated by the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) release. Thus, besides the analysis of its pro-apoptotic function, our data provide insight into the molecular mechanism of APR-1-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Selimovic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U977), University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Dental Faculty, University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Achim Sprenger
- Laboratory for Molecular Tumour Therapy, Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of DuesseldorfDuesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Youssef Haïkel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U977), University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM U977), University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
- Laboratory for Molecular Tumour Therapy, Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of DuesseldorfDuesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
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227
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Abstract
Abstract
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228
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Petersen SL, Krishnan S, Aggison LK, Intlekofer KA, Moura PJ. Sexual differentiation of the gonadotropin surge release mechanism: a new role for the canonical NfκB signaling pathway. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:36-44. [PMID: 21741397 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in luteinizing hormone (LH) release patterns are controlled by the hypothalamus, established during the perinatal period and required for fertility. Female mammals exhibit a cyclic surge pattern of LH release, while males show a tonic release pattern. In rodents, the LH surge pattern is dictated by the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), an estrogen receptor-rich structure that is larger and more cell-dense in females. Sex differences result from mitochondrial cell death triggered in perinatal males by estradiol derived from aromatization of testosterone. Herein we provide an historical perspective and an update describing evidence that molecules important for cell survival and cell death in the immune system also control these processes in the developing AVPV. We conclude with a new model proposing that development of the female AVPV requires constitutive activation of the Tnfα, Tnf receptor 2, NfκB and Bcl2 pathway that is blocked by induction of Tnf receptor-associated factor 2-inhibiting protein (Traip) in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Petersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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229
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Greer RM, Peyton M, Larsen JE, Girard L, Xie Y, Gazdar A, Harran P, Wang L, Brekken RA, Wang X, Minna JD. SMAC mimetic (JP1201) sensitizes non-small cell lung cancers to multiple chemotherapy agents in an IAP-dependent but TNF-α-independent manner. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7640-8. [PMID: 22049529 PMCID: PMC3382117 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) are key regulators of apoptosis and are inhibited by the second mitocondrial activator of caspases (SMAC). Previously, a small subset of TNF-α-expressing non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) was found to be sensitive to SMAC mimetics alone. In this study, we determined if a SMAC mimetic (JP1201) could sensitize nonresponsive NSCLC cell lines to standard chemotherapy. We found that JP1201 sensitized NSCLCs to doxorubicin, erlotinib, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, and the combination of carboplatin with paclitaxel in a synergistic manner at clinically achievable drug concentrations. Sensitization did not occur with platinum alone. Furthermore, sensitization was specific for tumor compared with normal lung epithelial cells, increased in NSCLCs harvested after chemotherapy treatment, and did not induce TNF-α secretion. Sensitization also was enhanced in vivo with increased tumor inhibition and increased survival of mice carrying xenografts. These effects were accompanied by caspase 3, 4, and 9 activation, indicating that both mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptotic pathways are activated by the combination of vinorelbine and JP1201. Chemotherapies that induce cell death through the mitochondrial pathway required only inhibition of X-linked IAP (XIAP) for sensitization, whereas chemotherapies that induce cell death through multiple apoptotic pathways required inhibition of cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP. Therefore, the data suggest that IAP-targeted therapy using a SMAC mimetic provides a new therapeutic strategy for synergistic sensitization of NSCLCs to standard chemotherapy agents, which seems to occur independently of TNF-α secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Greer
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
| | - Jill E. Larsen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
| | - Adi Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
| | - Patrick Harran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Lai Wang
- Joyant Pharmaceuticals Inc., Dallas, TX 75207
| | - Rolf A. Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, China
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593
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230
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Silke J, Vince JE. IAPs, TNF, inflammation and Jürg Tschopp; a personal perspective. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:1-4. [PMID: 22158430 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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231
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Emmerich CH, Schmukle AC, Walczak H. The Emerging Role of Linear Ubiquitination in Cell Signaling. Sci Signal 2011; 4:re5. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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232
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Arockiaraj J, Vanaraja P, Easwvaran S, Singh A, Othman RY, Bhassu S. Bioinformatic characterization and gene expression pattern of apoptosis inhibitor from Macrobrachium rosenbergii challenged with infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1259-1267. [PMID: 21945707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is genetically programmed cellular killing processes that execute unnecessary or infected cells. It plays an important role in embryogenesis, homeostasis, insect metamorphosis and immunity. Apoptosis inhibitor (MrIAP) was sequenced from the freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii using Illumina Solexa Genome Analyzer Technique. MrIAP consisted of 1753 base pair nucleotides encoded 535 polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 60 kDa. MrIAP amino acid sequence contains IAP superfamily domain between 5 and 490. The deduced amino acid sequences of the MrIAP were aligned with the other IAP family members. The highest sequence similarity was observed in IAP-5 from ant Camponotus floridanus (67%) followed by IAP from body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (66%) and the lowest (62%) in IAP-5 isoform-5 from common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes and IAP-5 from Aedes aegypti. The IAP phylogenetic tree showed that MrIAP closely related to other arthropod blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis, formed a sister group with IAP from a hemichordate acorn worm Saccoglossus kowalevskii and finally clustered together with IAPs from fish groups. The quantitative real time PCR analysis revealed that significantly (P < 0.05) highest expression was noticed in hepatopancreas and significantly (P < 0.05) lowest expression in pleopods. Based on the results of gene expression analysis, MrIAP mRNA transcription in M. rosenbergii challenged to infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) was highly induced in hepatopancreas. The collective results of this study indicate that the MrIAP is an essential immune gene and influences the immune response against IHHNV infection in M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Centre for Biotechnology in Agriculture Research, Division of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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233
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Estrogen promotes breast cancer cell survival in an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-dependent manner. Discov Oncol 2011; 1:127-35. [PMID: 21152357 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-010-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a major prognostic and therapeutic marker that is expressed in nearly 75% of breast tumors. We have previously shown that the presence of inflammatory mediators can alter the genomic function of the estrogen receptor (ER) in a gene specific manner. In particular, 17β-estradiol (E2) works in combination with the pro-inflammatory cytokines to enhance the expression of a number of pro-survival factors, including the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family member, cIAP2. Here we confirm that mRNA and protein levels for cIAP2, but not the related family members cIAP1 and XIAP, are highly up-regulated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by E2 and cytokines. Similar regulation of cIAP2 is evident in other ER positive but not ER negative cell lines. In agreement with its role as a pro-survival factor, cIAP2 is highly expressed in a subset of invasive breast carcinomas but not in normal breast tissue or ductal carcinoma in situ. Antagonizing IAPs with mimetics of SMAC, which is a known endogenous IAP antagonist, or knockdown of IAPs by siRNA led to greater cell death by TNFα and prevented E2 from promoting cell survival. In addition, a SMAC mimetic reversed TNFα resistance in ER positive breast cancer cells that express high levels of endogenous IAPs. In summary, our findings indicate a new mechanism by which E2 allows breast cancer cells to evade cell death and suggest that an antagonist of IAPs may be a potential therapeutic option for a subset of ER positive breast tumors.
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234
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Saxena M, Busca A, Pandey S, Kryworuchko M, Kumar A. CpG protects human monocytic cells against HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis by cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 through the calcium-activated JNK pathway in a TLR9-independent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5865-78. [PMID: 22068233 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monocytic cells survive HIV replication and consequent cytopathic effects because of their decreased sensitivity to HIV-induced apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying this resistance to apoptosis remains poorly understood. Lymphocytic cells are exposed to microbial products because of their translocation from the gut in persons with chronic HIV infections or following coinfections. We hypothesized that activation of monocytic cells by such microbial products through interaction with corresponding TLRs may confer antiapoptotic signals. Using HIV-viral protein R (Vpr)(52-96) peptide as a model apoptosis-inducing agent, we demonstrated that unlike monocyte-derived macrophages, undifferentiated primary human monocytes and promonocytic THP-1 cells are highly susceptible to Vpr(52-96)-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, monocytes and THP-1 cells stimulated with TLR9 agonist CpG induced almost complete resistance to Vpr(52-96)-induced apoptosis, albeit through a TLR9-independent signaling pathway. Moreover, CpG selectively induced the antiapoptotic cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (c-IAP)-2 protein and inhibition of the c-IAP-2 gene by either specific small interfering RNA or synthetic second mitochondrial activator of caspases mimetic reversed CpG-induced resistance against Vpr(52-96)-mediated apoptosis. We demonstrated that c-IAP-2 is regulated by the JNK and calcium signaling pathway, in particular calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK and the calcium signaling including the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II by either pharmacological inhibitors or their specific small interfering RNAs reversed CpG-induced protection against Vpr(52-96)-mediated apoptosis. We also show that CpG induced JNK phosphorylation through activation of the calcium signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that CpG-induced protection may be mediated by c-IAP-2 through the calcium-activated JNK pathway via what appeared to be TLR9-independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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235
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Razani B, Reichardt AD, Cheng G. Non-canonical NF-κB signaling activation and regulation: principles and perspectives. Immunol Rev 2011; 244:44-54. [PMID: 22017430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors are activated by a wide variety of stimuli in diverse cell types and control key aspects of immune function and development. Receptor-mediated activation of NF-κB appears to occur through two distinct signaling pathways termed as the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. Although much work has demonstrated the physiological importance of non-canonical NF-κB signaling to immunity and its involvement in diverse pathologies, such as cancers and autoimmune disease, the architecture and regulation of the pathway is only beginning to be understood. The non-canonical pathway appears to be activated by a select set of receptors within the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, and we discuss the molecular mechanisms that connect ligation of these receptors to pathway activation. It has become increasingly clear that the key regulatory step of the pathway involves modulation of the post-translational degradation of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), the central activating kinase of non-canonical NF-κB signaling. How NIK post-translational stability is controlled before and after receptor ligation is an important aspect of understanding non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, how release of NF-κB dimers downstream of the pathway's activation is actually connected to its identified physiological and pathological roles is a key remaining question in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Razani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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236
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Dasgupta S, Wang G, Yu RK. Sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside promotes endothelial cell apoptosis in inflammation: elucidation of a novel glycosphingolipid-signaling pathway. J Neurochem 2011; 119:749-59. [PMID: 21916893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoglucuronosyl paragloboside (SGPG), a minor glycosphingolipid of endothelial cells, is a ligand for L-selectin and has been implicated in neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as Guillian-Barré syndrome. Inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-1β, up-regulate SGPG expression by stimulating gene expression for glucuronosyltransferases, both P and S forms (GlcATp and GlcATs), and the human natural killer antigen (HNK-1) sulfotransferase (HNK-1 ST). Transfection of a human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell (SV-HCEC) line with HNK-1 ST siRNA down-regulated SGPG expression, inhibited cytokine-stimulated T-cell adhesion, and offered protection against apoptosis. However, the precise mechanisms of SGPG elevation in endothelial cell apoptosis and the maintenance of blood-brain or blood-nerve barrier integrity in inflammation have not been elucidated. Blocking SGPG expression inhibited cytokine-mediated stimulation of NF-κB activity but stimulated MAP kinase activity. Furthermore, elevation of SGPG by over-expression of GlcATp and GlcATs triggered endothelial cell apoptosis, with GlcATs being more potent than GlcATp. Although SGPG-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis was preceded by inhibiting the intracellular NF-κB activity, interfering with Akt and ERK activation and stimulating caspase 3 in SV-HCECs, HNK-1ST siRNA transfection also interfered with IκB phosphorylation but stimulated ERK activation. Our data indicate that SGPG is a critical regulatory molecule for maintaining endothelial cell survival and blood-brain or blood-nerve barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsankar Dasgupta
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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237
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Sun JG, Liao RX, Zhang SX, Duan YZ, Zhuo WL, Wang XX, Wang ZX, Li DZ, Chen ZT. Role of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Livin in Radiation Resistance in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:585-92. [PMID: 21883015 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Sun
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Xia Liao
- Medical English Department, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhong Duan
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Lei Zhuo
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - De-Zhi Li
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Tang Chen
- Cancer Institute of People's Liberation Army, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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238
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Abstract
Fas (also called CD95 or APO-1), a member of a subgroup of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily that contain an intracellular death domain, can initiate apoptosis signalling and has a critical role in the regulation of the immune system. Fas-induced apoptosis requires recruitment and activation of the initiator caspase, caspase-8 (in humans also caspase-10), within the death-inducing signalling complex. In so-called type 1 cells, proteolytic activation of effector caspases (-3 and -7) by caspase-8 suffices for efficient apoptosis induction. In so-called type 2 cells, however, killing requires amplification of the caspase cascade. This can be achieved through caspase-8-mediated proteolytic activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homology domain (BH)3-only protein BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid), which then causes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation. This in turn leads to mitochondrial release of apoptogenic proteins, such as cytochrome c and, pertinent for Fas death receptor (DR)-induced apoptosis, Smac/DIABLO (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct IAP binding protein with low Pi), an antagonist of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), which imposes a brake on effector caspases. In this review, written in honour of Juerg Tschopp who contributed so much to research on cell death and immunology, we discuss the functions of Bid and XIAP in the control of Fas DR-induced apoptosis signalling, and we speculate on how this knowledge could be exploited to develop novel regimes for treatment of cancer.
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239
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Luong LA, Evans PC. Targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins to block vascular inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2165-6. [PMID: 21918207 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.235762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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240
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Kim WY, Lee SY, Jung YJ, Chae HB, Nawkar GM, Shin MR, Kim SY, Park JH, Kang CH, Chi YH, Ahn IP, Yun DJ, Lee KO, Kim YM, Kim MG, Lee SY. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like protein lacks a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain and attenuates cell death in plant and animal systems. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42670-42678. [PMID: 21926169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Arabidopsis thaliana inhibitor of apoptosis was identified by sequence homology to other known inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Arabidopsis IAP-like protein (AtILP) contained a C-terminal RING finger domain but lacked a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain, which is essential for anti-apoptotic activity in other IAP family members. The expression of AtILP in HeLa cells conferred resistance against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/ActD-induced apoptosis through the inactivation of caspase activity. In contrast to the C-terminal RING domain of AtILP, which did not inhibit the activity of caspase-3, the N-terminal region, despite displaying no homology to known BIR domains, potently inhibited the activity of caspase-3 in vitro and blocked TNF-α/ActD-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic activity of the AtILP N-terminal domain observed in plants was reproduced in an animal system. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing AtILP exhibited anti-apoptotic activity when challenged with the fungal toxin fumonisin B1, an agent that induces apoptosis-like cell death in plants. In AtIPL transgenic plants, suppression of cell death was accompanied by inhibition of caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of AtILP also attenuated effector protein-induced cell death and increased the growth of an avirulent bacterial pathogen. The current results demonstrated the existence of a novel plant IAP-like protein that prevents caspase activation in Arabidopsis and showed that a plant anti-apoptosis gene functions similarly in plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woe Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ganesh M Nawkar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Il Pyung Ahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Korea.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea.
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241
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Bertrand MJM, Lippens S, Staes A, Gilbert B, Roelandt R, De Medts J, Gevaert K, Declercq W, Vandenabeele P. cIAP1/2 are direct E3 ligases conjugating diverse types of ubiquitin chains to receptor interacting proteins kinases 1 to 4 (RIP1-4). PLoS One 2011; 6:e22356. [PMID: 21931591 PMCID: PMC3171409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIP kinases have emerged as essential mediators of cellular stress that integrate both extracellular stimuli emanating from various cell-surface receptors and signals coming from intracellular pattern recognition receptors. The molecular mechanisms regulating the ability of the RIP proteins to transduce the stress signals remain poorly understood, but seem to rely only partially on their kinase activities. Recent studies on RIP1 and RIP2 have highlighted the importance of ubiquitination as a key process regulating their capacity to activate downstream signaling pathways. In this study, we found that XIAP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 not only directly bind to RIP1 and RIP2 but also to RIP3 and RIP4. We show that cIAP1 and cIAP2 are direct E3 ubiquitin ligases for all four RIP proteins and that cIAP1 is capable of conjugating the RIPs with diverse types of ubiquitin chains, including linear chains. Consistently, we show that repressing cIAP1/2 levels affects the activation of NF-κB that is dependent on RIP1, -2, -3 and -4. Finally, we identified Lys51 and Lys145 of RIP4 as two critical residues for cIAP1-mediated ubiquitination and NF-κB activation.
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242
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Goncalves A, Bürckstümmer T, Dixit E, Scheicher R, Górna MW, Karayel E, Sugar C, Stukalov A, Berg T, Kralovics R, Planyavsky M, Bennett KL, Colinge J, Superti-Furga G. Functional dissection of the TBK1 molecular network. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23971. [PMID: 21931631 PMCID: PMC3169550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and inducible IκB-kinase (IKK-i) are central regulators of type-I interferon induction. They are associated with three adaptor proteins called TANK, Sintbad (or TBKBP1) and NAP1 (or TBKBP2, AZI2) whose functional relationship to TBK1 and IKK-i is poorly understood. We performed a systematic affinity purification–mass spectrometry approach to derive a comprehensive TBK1/IKK-i molecular network. The most salient feature of the network is the mutual exclusive interaction of the adaptors with the kinases, suggesting distinct alternative complexes. Immunofluorescence data indicated that the individual adaptors reside in different subcellular locations. TANK, Sintbad and NAP1 competed for binding of TBK1. The binding site for all three adaptors was mapped to the C-terminal coiled-coil 2 region of TBK1. Point mutants that affect binding of individual adaptors were used to reconstitute TBK1/IKK-i-deficient cells and dissect the functional relevance of the individual kinase-adaptor edges within the network. Using a microarray-derived gene expression signature of TBK1 in response virus infection or poly(I∶C) stimulation, we found that TBK1 activation was strictly dependent on the integrity of the TBK1/TANK interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Goncalves
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilmann Bürckstümmer
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (TB); (GS-F)
| | - Evelyn Dixit
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria W. Górna
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evren Karayel
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Sugar
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiina Berg
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Kralovics
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Planyavsky
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keiryn L. Bennett
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacques Colinge
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (TB); (GS-F)
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243
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Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by cIAP2 involves accelerating the ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated destruction of polymerase. J Virol 2011; 85:11457-67. [PMID: 21865390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00879-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) is a potent suppressor of apoptotic cell death. We have shown previously that cIAP2 is involved in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) response; however, the mechanism for this antiviral effect remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that cIAP2 can significantly reduce the levels of HBV DNA replication intermediates but not the total viral RNA or core protein levels. Domain-mapping analysis revealed that the carboxy-terminal domains of cIAP2 were indispensable for this anti-HBV ability and that an E3 ligase-deficient mutant of cIAP2 (termed cIAP2*) completely lost its antiviral activity. We further identified HBV polymerase as the target of cIAP2. Overexpression of cIAP2 but not cIAP2* reduced polymerase protein levels, while cIAP2 knockdown increased polymerase expression. In addition, we observed that cIAP2 promoted the degradation of the viral polymerase through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Further experiments demonstrated that cIAP2 can bind to polymerase and promote its polyubiquitylation. Finally, we found that cIAP2 downregulated the encapsidation of HBV pregenomic RNA. Taken together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for the inhibition of HBV replication by cIAP2 via acceleration of the ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated decay of polymerase and reduction of the encapsidation of HBV pregenomic RNA, making this mechanism a novel strategy for HBV therapy.
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244
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Oetjen KA, Duckett CS. Identifying the trigger of c-IAPs: structural and functional characterization of CARD-mediated modulation of ubiquitin ligase activity. Mol Cell 2011; 42:553-4. [PMID: 21658595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Lopez et al. (2011) examine the caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) of c-IAP1 to reveal an intriguing mechanism in which conformational changes of the CARD determine c-IAP1's ubiquitin ligase activity, with implications for regulation of cell proliferation and survival by the IAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyn A Oetjen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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245
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Abstract
The huge majority of myeloma cell lines express TNFR2 while a substantial subset of them failed to show TNFR1 expression. Stimulation of TNFR1 in the TNFR1-expressing subset of MM cell lines had no or only a very mild effect on cellular viability. Surprisingly, however, TNF stimulation enhanced cell death induction by CD95L and attenuated the apoptotic effect of TRAIL. The contrasting regulation of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death by TNF could be traced back to the concomitant NFκB-mediated upregulation of CD95 and the antiapoptotic FLIP protein. It appeared that CD95 induction, due to its strength, overcompensated a rather moderate upregulation of FLIP so that the net effect of TNF-induced NFκB activation in the context of CD95 signaling is pro-apoptotic. TRAIL-induced cell death, however, was antagonized in response to TNF because in this context only the induction of FLIP is relevant. Stimulation of TNFR2 in myeloma cells leads to TRAF2 depletion. In line with this, we observed cell death induction in TNFR1-TNFR2-costimulated JJN3 cells. Our studies revealed that the TNF-TNF receptor system adjusts the responsiveness of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms that generate a highly context-dependent net effect on myeloma cell survival.
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246
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Mei Y, Hahn AA, Hu S, Yang X. The USP19 deubiquitinase regulates the stability of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35380-35387. [PMID: 21849505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.282020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are critical regulators of apoptosis and other fundamental cellular processes. Many IAPs are RING domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligases that control the stability of their interacting proteins. However, how IAP stability is regulated remains unclear. Here we report that USP19, a deubiquitinating enzyme, interacts with cellular IAP 1 (c-IAP1) and c-IAP2. Knockdown of USP19 decreases levels of both c-IAPs, whereas overexpression of USP19 results in a marked increase in c-IAP levels. USP19 effectively removes ubiquitin from c-IAPs in vitro, but it stabilizes c-IAPs in vivo mainly through deubiquitinase-independent mechanisms. The deubiquitinase activity is involved in the stabilization of USP19 itself, which is facilitated by USP19 self-association. Functionally, knockdown of USP19 enhances TNFα-induced caspase activation and apoptosis in a c-IAP1 and 2-dependent manner. These results suggest that the self-ubiquitin ligase activity of c-IAPs is inhibited by USP19 and implicate deubiquitinating enzymes in the regulation of IAP stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide Mei
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Allison Alcivar Hahn
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shimin Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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247
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Jin HS, Park HS, Shin JH, Kim DH, Jun SH, Lee CJ, Lee TH. A novel inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-interacting protein, Vestigial-like (Vgl)-4, counteracts apoptosis-inhibitory function of IAPs by nuclear sequestration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:454-9. [PMID: 21839727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP), which include cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP, suppress apoptosis through the inhibition of caspases, and the activity of IAPs is regulated by a variety of IAP-binding proteins. Herein, we report the identification of a Vestigial-like 4 (Vgl-4), which functions as a transcription cofactor in cardiac myocytes, as a new IAP binding protein. Vgl-4 is expressed predominantly in the nucleus and its overexpression triggers a relocalization of IAPs from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. cIAP1/2-interacting protein TRAF2 (TNF receptor-associated factor 2) prevented the Vgl-4-driven nuclear localization of cIAP2. Accordingly, the forced relocation of IAPs to the nucleus by Vgl-4 significantly reduced their ability to prevent Bax- and TNFα-induced apoptosis, which can be recovered by co-expression with TRAF2. Our results suggest that Vgl-4 may play a role in the apoptotic pathways by regulating translocation of IAPs between different cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seung Jin
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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248
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Mayer BA, Rehberg M, Erhardt A, Wolf A, Reichel CA, Kracht M, Krombach F, Tiegs G, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Fürst R. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as novel targets in inflammatory processes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2240-50. [PMID: 21817100 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.234294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), such as X-linked or cellular IAP 1/2 (XIAP, cIAP1/2), are important regulators of apoptosis. IAP antagonists are currently under clinical investigation as anticancer agents. Interestingly, IAPs participate in the inflammation-associated TNF receptor signaling complex and regulate NFκB signaling. This raises the question about the role of IAPs in inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of IAP inhibitors and the role of IAPs in inflammatory processes of endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice, the small molecule IAP antagonist A-4.10099.1 (ABT) suppressed antigen-induced arthritis, leukocyte infiltration in concanavalin A-evoked liver injury, and leukocyte transmigration in the TNFα-activated cremaster muscle. In vitro, we observed an attenuation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by downregulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1. ABT did not impair NFκB signaling but decreased the TNFα-induced activation of the TGF-β-activated kinase 1, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These effects are based on the proteasomal degradation of cIAP1/2 accompanied by an altered ratio of the levels of membrane-localized TNF receptor-associated factors 2 and 5. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal IAP antagonism as a profound anti-inflammatory principle in vivo and highlight IAPs as important regulators of inflammatory processes in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina A Mayer
- Munich Center for System-Based Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, University of Munich, Germany
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249
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Che X, Yang D, Zong H, Wang J, Li X, Chen F, Chen X, Song X. Nuclear cIAP1 overexpression is a tumor stage- and grade-independent predictor of poor prognosis in human bladder cancer patients. Urol Oncol 2011; 30:450-6. [PMID: 21795072 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the tumor-related expression profile of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP2) in patients with bladder cell carcinoma (BCC) and to investigate its potential prognostic value. METHODS The expression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 was examined immunohistochemically in archival bladder specimens from 32 normal controls and 102 consecutive patients who underwent surgical operations at our department from January 2004 through December 2005. Cytoplasm cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression was scored as 0 (negative), +1 (weak), +2 (medium), and +3 (strong). Nuclear cIAP1 expression was scored as 0 (0%), +1 (1%-25%), +2 (26%-50%), and +3 (>50%). Proliferation was determined by Ki67 staining as percentage of positive cells. RESULTS cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression were significantly increased in bladder cancer compared with normal bladder urothelium (cIAP1-C: P < 0.01, cIAP2-C: P = 0.017, cIAP1-N: P < 0.01). Nuclear staining of cIAP1 (cIAP1-N) was significantly associated with tumor stage (muscle invasive vs. non-muscle invasive, P = 0.03) and tumor grade (low vs. high, P = 0.01). Both the mean overall survival and mean recurrence-free survival were significantly decreased in the high cIAP1-N group compared to the low cIAP1-N group (low cIAP1-N: mean overall survival 62.7 months, high cIAP1-N: mean overall survival 45.6 months, P < 0.01; low cIAP1-N: mean recurrence-free survival 44.2 months, high cIAP1-N: mean recurrence-free survival 30.1 months, P < 0.01). cIAP1-N expression correlated strongly with KI67 expression (r = 0.744, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Nuclear cIAP-1 expression strongly correlated to bladder cancer stage, tumor grade, tumor recurrence and tumor related death. This marker expression was also appears to be a marker in bladder cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Busca A, Saxena M, Kryworuchko M, Kumar A. Anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytic cells during infection. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:306-17. [PMID: 20119528 PMCID: PMC2729995 DOI: 10.2174/138920209788920967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the immune system that protect organisms against invading pathogens by fulfilling critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. They originate from circulating monocytes and show a high degree of heterogeneity, which reflects the specialization of function given by different anatomical locations. Differentiation of monocytes towards a macrophage phenotype is also accompanied by an increase of resistance against various apoptotic stimuli, a required characteristic that allows macrophages to accomplish their function in a stressful environment. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process, needed to maintain homeostasis by balancing proliferation with cellular demise. Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that are highly conserved in multicellular organisms, function as central regulators of apoptosis. FLIP (FLICE-inhibitory protein), anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) are the main three groups of anti-apoptotic genes that counteract caspase activation through both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Modulation of the apoptotic machinery during viral and bacterial infections, as well as in various malignancies, is a wellestablished mechanism that promotes the survival of affected cells. The involvement of anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytes/macrophages, either physiological or pathological, will be described in this review. How viral and bacterial infections that target cells of the monocytic lineage affect the expression of anti-apoptotic genes is important in understanding the pathological mechanisms that lead to manifested disease. The latest therapeutic approaches that target anti-apoptotic genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Busca
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Research Institute, Division of Virology
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