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Policard M, Jain S, Rego S, Dakshanamurthy S. Immune characterization and profiles of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients reveals potential host therapeutic targets and SARS-CoV-2 oncogenesis mechanism. Virus Res 2021; 301:198464. [PMID: 34058265 PMCID: PMC8163696 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the increasing mortality rates of COVID-19 create an urgent need for treatments, which are currently lacking. Although vaccines have been approved by the FDA for emergency use in the U.S., patients will continue to require pharmacologic intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality as vaccine availability remains limited. The rise of new variants makes the development of therapeutic strategies even more crucial to combat the current pandemic and future outbreaks. Evidence from several studies suggests the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Consequently, host immune factors are becoming more recognized as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for COVID-19. To develop therapeutic strategies to combat current and future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding how the coronavirus hijacks the host immune system during and after the infection is crucial. In this study, we investigated immunological patterns or characteristics of the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection that may contribute to the disease severity of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed large bulk RNASeq and single cell RNAseq data from COVID-19 patient samples to immunoprofile differentially expressed gene sets and analyzed pathways to identify human host protein targets. We observed an immunological profile of severe COVID-19 patients characterized by upregulated cytokines, interferon-induced proteins, and pronounced T cell lymphopenia, supporting findings by previous studies. We identified a number of host immune targets including PERK, PKR, TNF, NF-kB, and other key genes that modulate the significant pathways and genes identified in COVID-19 patients. Finally, we identified genes modulated by COVID-19 infection that are implicated in oncogenesis, including E2F transcription factors and RB1, suggesting a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to oncogenesis. Further clinical investigation of these targets may lead to bonafide therapeutic strategies to treat the current COVID-19 pandemic and protect against future outbreaks and viral escape variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Policard
- Clinical & Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057-1469, United States
| | - Sidharth Jain
- Clinical & Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057-1469, United States
| | - Samantha Rego
- Clinical & Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057-1469, United States
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Clinical & Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057-1469, United States.
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202
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Fundamental and Advanced Therapies, Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060636. [PMID: 34064300 PMCID: PMC8224379 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been affecting the world since the end of 2019. The severity of the disease can range from an asymptomatic or mild course to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with respiratory failure, which may lead to death. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, scientists around the world have been studying the genome and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection to develop effective therapies and prevention. In this review, we summarize the progressive development of various treatments and vaccines as they have emerged, a year after the outbreak of the pandemic. Initially for COVID-19, patients were recommended drugs with presumed antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects that were previously used to treat other diseases. Thereafter, therapeutic interventions were supplemented with promising approaches based on antibodies, peptides, and stem cells. However, licensed COVID-19 vaccines remain the most effective weapon in combating the pandemic. While there is an enormous effort to enhance the vaccination rate to increase the entire population immunity, the production and delivery of vaccines is becoming limited in several countries. In this regard, there are new challenges needing to be addressed by combining non-pharmacological intervention with effective therapies until vaccination is accessible to all.
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203
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Sousa Neto ARD, Carvalho ARBD, Oliveira EMND, Magalhães RDLB, Moura MEB, Freitas DRJD. Symptomatic manifestations of the disease caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) in adults: systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 42:e20200205. [PMID: 34037180 DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify symptoms of COVID-19 in adults in the scientific literature. METHOD Systematic review of studies published from December 1, 2019 to April 21, 2020 from the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases, in order to answer the following research question: "What are the symptoms caused by COVID-19 in adults?" using the keywords "Symptoms", "Clinical Manifestations", "Coronavirus", "COVID-19". RESULTS Of the total 105 references, 13 references that addressed the symptoms of COVID-19 were selected. Fever and normal or dry cough were symptoms present in all studies. CONCLUSION The symptoms identified in adult patients were fever, normal or dry cough, headache, pharyngalgia, dyspnea, diarrhea, myalgia, vomiting, sputum or expectoration, anxiety or chest pain, fatigue, nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain, rhinorrhea, runny nose or nasal congestion, dizziness, chills, systemic pain, mental confusion, hemoptysis, asthma, taste disorder, smell disorder, belching and tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Raquel Batista de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Erika Morganna Neves de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Rosilane de Lima Brito Magalhães
- Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Colégio Técnico de Teresina. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Maria Eliete Batista Moura
- Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
| | - Daniela Reis Joaquim de Freitas
- Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Enfermagem, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Departamento de Parasitologia e Microbiologia. Teresina, Piauí, Brasil
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204
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Bui L, Zhu Z, Hawkins S, Cortez-Resendiz A, Bellon A. Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: A mini review. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211014073. [PMID: 34046177 PMCID: PMC8135207 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211014073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is at the origin of the current pandemic, predominantly manifests with severe respiratory symptoms and a heightened immune response. One characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 is its capacity to induce cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Consequently, agents with the ability to regulate the immune response, such as vitamin D, could become tools either for the prevention or the attenuation of the most severe consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vitamin D has shown antimicrobial as well as anti-inflammatory properties. While SARS-CoV-2 promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines, vitamin D attenuates the release of at least some of these same molecules. Inflammatory cytokines have been associated with the clinical phenomena of COVID-19 and in particular with its most dangerous complications. Therefore, the goals of this article are as follows: first, present the numerous roles vitamin D plays in modulating the immune response; second, gather data currently available on COVID-19 clinical presentation and its relation to cytokines and similar molecules; third, expose what it is known about how coronaviruses elicit an inflammatory reaction; and fourth, discuss the potential contribution of vitamin D in reducing the risk and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bui
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Zahra Zhu
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Hawkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alonso Cortez-Resendiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alfredo Bellon
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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205
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Naz S, Zahoor M, Sahibzada MUK, Ullah R, Alqahtani AS. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a unique type of pneumonia outbreak in the Wuhan city of China in 2019 and spread to all its provinces in a matter of days and then to every continent of the world except Antarctica within 3–4 month. This paper aims to comprehensively consolidate the available information about COVID-19 and present all the possible information about this disease in form of a single paper to readers. Unparalleled research and exhaustive studies of everything about the disease and its causative virus, i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are underway since its emergence. The genome sequence of the virus was made available within a record short time by China, making possible immediate study of its structure and characteristics. The routes of transmission of the disease, signs and symptoms, incubation period, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology have been extensively studied and presented in an organized way in this review paper. The number of confirmed cases and case fatality and mortality rates are updated regularly. The different diagnostic mechanisms have been characterized. Testing and management criteria and protocols have been adopted. Extensive efforts are underway for finding a treatment of the disease and developing a vaccine against it. A number of vaccines are available even in markets in different countries. More and more ways of personal protection, prevention, and mitigation of the disease are being explored and shared. While the outbreak has been declared as pandemic, the response of scientists was timely and enormous; thousands of publications about various aspects and impact of the diseases and its causative virus are there on the World Health Organization database and many more studies are underway. The purpose of writing this review article is to provide a comprehensive summary of the major aspects and important scientific findings so far, about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, in a single article for ready reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Naz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara , Dir Lower , 18800, KPK , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara , Dir Lower , 18800, KPK , Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , PO Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , PO Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
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206
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Eskian M, Rezaei N. Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:179-196. [PMID: 33973179 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third coronavirus causing an outbreak in the twenty-first century. It is related to a contagious coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which its high pace of spreading allowed it to lie to the whole world and be turned into a pandemic only a few months after the identification of the first case. Currently, the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test of throat swap is the gold standard of diagnosis; however, several studies have reported false-negative results with non-ideal sensitivity. Because this pandemic constitutes a significant burden on global healthcare systems and due to the high transmission rate of the virus, an accurate diagnosis algorithm is needed to reduce the missing case number. A comprehensive clinical examination and taking a history of all systems (not just limited to the respiratory system) combined with hematologic laboratory tests and chest imaging can lead to a sensitive diagnosis, severity assessment, and RT-PCT test interpretation. This chapter focuses on clinical characteristics, hematologic laboratory, and chest imaging features in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Eskian
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Radiology, Center for Evidence-Based Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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207
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Kosyreva A, Dzhalilova D, Lokhonina A, Vishnyakova P, Fatkhudinov T. The Role of Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682871. [PMID: 34040616 PMCID: PMC8141811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are cells that mediate both innate and adaptive immunity reactions, playing a major role in both physiological and pathological processes. Systemic SARS-CoV-2-associated complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, edema, and pneumonia. These are predominantly effects of massive macrophage activation that collectively can be defined as macrophage activation syndrome. In this review we focus on the role of macrophages in COVID-19, as pathogenesis of the new coronavirus infection, especially in cases complicated by ARDS, largely depends on macrophage phenotypes and functionalities. We describe participation of monocytes, monocyte-derived and resident lung macrophages in SARS-CoV-2-associated ARDS and discuss possible utility of cell therapies for its treatment, notably the use of reprogrammed macrophages with stable pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kosyreva
- Department of Neuromorphology, Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dzhuliia Dzhalilova
- Department of Immunomorphology of Inflammation, Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Growth and Development, Science Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
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208
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Srikanth N, Rana R, Singhal R, Jameela S, Singh R, Khanduri S, Tripathi A, Goel S, Chhatre L, Chandra A, Rao BCS, Dhiman KS. Mobile App-Reported Use of Traditional Medicine for Maintenance of Health in India During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:e25703. [PMID: 34032815 PMCID: PMC8110045 DOI: 10.2196/25703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background India follows a pluralistic system for strategic and focused health care delivery in which traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, yoga and naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Sowa Rigpa, and homoeopathy (AYUSH) coexist with contemporary medicine, and this system functions under the Ministry of AYUSH (MoA). The MoA developed a mobile app, called AYUSH Sanjivani, to document the trends of the use of AYUSH-based traditional and holistic measures by the public across India. Analysis of the data generated through this app can help monitor the extent of the use of AYUSH measures for maintenance of health during the COVID-19 pandemic and aid effective health promotion and communication efforts focused on targeted health care delivery during the pandemic. Objective The purpose of the study was to determine the extent of use of AYUSH measures by the public in India for maintenance of health during the COVID-19 pandemic as reported through the AYUSH Sanjivani mobile app. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the data generated through the Ayush Sanjivani app from May 4 to July 31, 2020, was performed to study the pattern and extent of the use of AYUSH-based measures by the Indian population. The responses of the respondents in terms of demographic profile, use pattern, and benefits obtained; the association between the use of AYUSH-based measures and symptomatic status; and the association between the duration of use of AYUSH-based measures and the outcome of COVID-19 testing were evaluated based on bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Data from 723,459 respondents were used for the analysis, among whom 616,295 (85.2%) reported that they had been using AYUSH measures for maintenance of health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these 616,295 users, 553,801 (89.8%) either strongly or moderately agreed to have benefitted from AYUSH measures. Ayurveda and homeopathic measures and interventions were the most preferred by the respondents across India. Among the 359,785 AYUSH users who described their overall improvement in general health, 144,927 (40.3%) rated it as good, 30,848 (8.6%) as moderate, and 133,046 (40.3%) as slight. Respondents who had been using AYUSH measures for less than 30 days were more likely to be COVID-19–positive among those who were tested (odds ratio 1.52, 95% CI 1.44-1.60). The odds of nonusers of AYUSH measures being symptomatic if they tested positive were greater than those of AYUSH users (odds ratio 4.01, 95% CI 3.61-4.59). Conclusions The findings of this cross-sectional analysis assert that a large proportion of the representative population practiced AYUSH measures across different geographic locations of the country during the COVID-19 pandemic and benefitted considerably in terms of general well-being, with a possible impact on their quality of life and specific domains of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Srikanth
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Rakesh Rana
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Richa Singhal
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Sophia Jameela
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Rajeshwari Singh
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Shruti Khanduri
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Arunabh Tripathi
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - Sumeet Goel
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | | | | | - B C S Rao
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
| | - K S Dhiman
- Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences Ministry of AYUSH Delhi India
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209
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Abstract
Causal Organism COVID-19 is a disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Positive-sense ssRNA viruses are about 30 kb long. Coronaviruses have a broad spectrum of action and affect multiple organisms. Origin of Disease The disease outbreak has been initiated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease has been originated from the wet animal market of Wuhan City, where a large number of peoples have come in contact with animals. It is known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. SARSCoV-2 is highly infectious, and its outbreak is worldwide (national and international level) and becomes pandemic. Control Presently, the number of cases continues to rise at a global level, and it is clear that these viruses pose a significant threat to public health. Consequently, extensive treatments, vaccines, and drugs have been developed by researchers to control the transmission of infection. This led to the isolation of patients that were administered a variety of treatments. Special attention and guidelines have been given by various government organizations to protect or reduce transmission between children, healthcare providers, and old-aged peoples.
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210
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Khan RJ, Jha RK, Amera GM, Jain M, Singh E, Pathak A, Singh RP, Muthukumaran J, Singh AK. Targeting SARS-CoV-2: a systematic drug repurposing approach to identify promising inhibitors against 3C-like proteinase and 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:2679-2692. [PMID: 32266873 PMCID: PMC7189412 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1753577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic associated with SARS-CoV-2, a virus of the Coronaviridae family, has resulted in an unprecedented number of infected people. The highly contagious nature of this virus makes it imperative for us to identify promising inhibitors from pre-existing antiviral drugs. Two druggable targets, namely 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) and 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) were selected in this study due to their indispensable nature in the viral life cycle. 3CLpro is a cysteine protease responsible for the proteolysis of replicase polyproteins resulting in the formation of various functional proteins, whereas 2'-O-MTase methylates the ribose 2'-O position of the first and second nucleotide of viral mRNA, which sequesters it from the host immune system. The selected drug target proteins were screened against an in-house library of 123 antiviral drugs. Two promising drug molecules were identified for each protein based on their estimated free energy of binding (ΔG), the orientation of drug molecules in the active site and the interacting residues. The selected protein-drug complexes were then subjected to MD simulation, which consists of various structural parameters to equivalently reflect their physiological state. From the virtual screening results, two drug molecules were selected for each drug target protein [Paritaprevir (ΔG = -9.8 kcal/mol) & Raltegravir (ΔG = -7.8 kcal/mol) for 3CLpro and Dolutegravir (ΔG = -9.4 kcal/mol) and Bictegravir (ΔG = -8.4 kcal/mol) for 2'-OMTase]. After the extensive computational analysis, we proposed that Raltegravir, Paritaprevir, Bictegravir and Dolutegravir are excellent lead candidates for these crucial proteins and they could become potential therapeutic drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Jabeer Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Rajat Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Gizachew Muluneh Amera
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Monika Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Ekampreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Amita Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi Prabha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, IILM College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Jayaraman Muthukumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P, India
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211
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Yazdanpanah F, Garg A, Shadman S, Asmarz HY. Literature Review of COVID-19, Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Disease. Am J Med Sci 2021; 361:567-574. [PMID: 33785204 PMCID: PMC7859706 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019 novel coronavirus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus2 (SARS-CoV2)-originated from Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly around the world. This literature review highlights the dynamic nature of COVID-19 transmission and presentation. Analyzing 59 relevant articles up to May 1st, 2020 reflects that the main reported clinical manifestation of COVID-19 pandemic is fever and respiratory involvement. Also, current literature demonstrates a wide spectrum of different and atypical presentation(s) of COVID-19. The definite route of SARS-CoV2 transmission is respiratory droplets, however, virus nucleic acid has been detected in the stool and urine specimens as well. The severity of symptoms and outcomes of COVID-19 vary based on the patient's medical background, age, sex, and concurrent medical conditions (e.g. pregnancy). This is the first review that classifies all essential points regarding COVID-19 manifestations at a glance to improve the outcome of the patients by a better insight into diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Yazdanpanah
- University of Maryland Medical System, Capital Region Health, Internal Medicine Department, Cheverly, MD
| | - Akash Garg
- University of Maryland Medical System, Capital Region Health, Internal Medicine Department, Cheverly, MD
| | - Shahrad Shadman
- University of Maryland Medical System, Capital Region Health, Internal Medicine Department, Cheverly, MD.
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Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spotlighted the link between viral infection and autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on coronavirus-induced autoimmunity based on evidence from experimental animal models, SARS-CoV infection with in vitro studies of molecular mimicry and COVID-19 with several clinical reports of autoimmune manifestations of this disease. Further studies will be needed to better characterize the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéry Salle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amiens University Hospital, 1 place Victor Pauchet, Amiens 80054, France.
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213
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Aksu SB, Öztürk GZ. A rare case of shingles after COVID-19 vaccine: is it a possible adverse effect? Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:198-201. [PMID: 34222134 PMCID: PMC8217581 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit mild to moderate symptoms, whereas 15% of COVID-19 cases progress to pneumonia, some associated cutaneous findings are also reported as maculopapular eruptions, morbilliform rashes, urticaria, chickenpox-like lesions, and livedo reticularis. The inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are authorized for use in some countries including Turkey. Here, we report an unusual case of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in a 68-year-old male patient who was vaccinated against COVID-19. The patient presented to family medicine clinic with a stinging sensation and pain radiating from the right side of his chest to his back. Physical examination revealed multiple pinheaded vesicular lesions upon an erythematous base occupying an area on his right mammary region and back corresponding to T3-T5 dermatomes. He reported that he got his second dose of COVID-19 vaccine 5 days ago. As COVID 19 decreases the cell-mediated immunity, it could also increase the risk of herpes zoster (HZ). Although the exact reason remains unsolved, vaccine-induced immunomodulation caused by live attenuated vaccines and attenuated alloreactivity caused by inactivated vaccines may be responsible mechanisms for the reactivation of HZ. Epidemiological studies are needed to clarify the possible connection between vaccination and reactivation of herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Güzin Zeren Öztürk
- Health Science University Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Khan A, Khan S, Saleem S, Nizam-Uddin N, Mohammad A, Khan T, Ahmad S, Arshad M, Ali SS, Suleman M, Wei DQ. Immunogenomics guided design of immunomodulatory multi-epitope subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 new variants, and its validation through in silico cloning and immune simulation. Comput Biol Med 2021; 133:104420. [PMID: 33930764 PMCID: PMC8064902 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reports of the novel and more contagious strains of SARS-CoV-2 originating in different countries have further aggravated the pandemic situation. The recent substitutions in spike protein may be critical for the virus to evade the host's immune system and therapeutics that have already been developed. Thus, this study has employed an immunoinformatics pipeline to target the spike protein of this novel strain to construct an immunogenic epitope (CTL, HTL, and B cell) vaccine against the new variant. Our investigation revealed that 12 different epitopes imparted a critical role in immune response induction. This was validated by an exploration of physiochemical properties and experimental feasibility. In silico and host immune simulation confirmed the expression and induction of both primary and secondary immune factors such as IL, cytokines, and antibodies. The current study warrants further lab experiments to demonstrate its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Saleem
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - N Nizam-Uddin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, HITEC University, Taxila, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
| | - Taimoor Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
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215
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Resál T, Bor R, Szántó K, Fábián A, Rutka M, Sacco M, Ribaldone DG, Molander P, Nancey S, Kopylov U, Vavricka S, Drobne D, Lukas M, Farkas K, Szepes Z, Molnár T. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the workflow of endoscopy units: an international survey. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211006678. [PMID: 33995580 PMCID: PMC8072846 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211006678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a challenge to healthcare. Staff and patients are at increased risk during an examination or intervention, so certain restrictions ought to be introduced. Hence, we aimed to measure the effect of the pandemic on endoscopy units in real-life settings. METHODS This was an observational, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study, carried out between 7 April and 15 June 2020. Responds came from many countries, and the participation was voluntary. The survey contained 40 questions, which evaluated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the endoscopy units and assessed the infection control. RESULTS A total of 312 questionnaires were filled, 120 from Hungary, and 192 internationally, and 54 questionnaires (17.3%) were sent from high-risk countries; 84.9% of the gastroenterologists declared that they read the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) statement, while only 32.1% participated in any advanced training at their workplace. Overall, 92.1% of gastroenterologists realized risk stratification, and 72.1% claimed to have enough protective equipment. In 52.6% of the endoscopy units, at least one endoscopist had to discontinue the work due to any risk factor, while 40.6% reported that the reduced staff did not affect the workflow. Gastroenterologists considered that the five most important examinations both in low and high-risk patients are the following: lower/upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding with hemodynamic instability, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in obstructive jaundice, foreign body in the esophagus, ERCP in acute biliary pancreatitis, and iron deficiency anemia with hemodynamic instability, which correlates well with the ESGE recommendation. Significant correlation was found in the usage of the necessary protective equipment in high-risk patients depending on the countries (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The survey found weak correlation in preliminary training depending on countries; nevertheless, in Hungary during the examined period, endoscopists considered the recommendations more strictly than in other countries. Although many physicians left the endoscopy lab, the workflow was not affected, probably due to the reduced number of examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Resál
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bor
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kata Szántó
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Fábián
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mariann Rutka
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marco Sacco
- Endoscopy Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Davide Guiseppe Ribaldone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Turin, Turin, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Pauliina Molander
- Abdominal Center, Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephane Nancey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon and INSERM U1111, CIRI, Lyon, France
| | - Uri Kopylov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - David Drobne
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Lukas
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Iscare a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Farkas
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szepes
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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216
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Dela Justina V, Giachini FR, Priviero F, Webb RC. COVID-19 and hypertension: Is there a role for dsRNA and activation of Toll-like receptor 3? Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 140:106861. [PMID: 33845201 PMCID: PMC8061373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidences suggest that COVID-19 could trigger cardiovascular complications in apparently healthy patients. Coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses acting as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)/ danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). Interestingly, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 recognize both PAMPs DAMPs and is activated by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) leading to activation of TIR receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) dependent pathway. New evidence has shown a link between virus dsRNA and increased BP. Hence, we hypothesize that COVID-19 infection may be over activating the TLR3 through dsRNA, evoking further damage to the patients, leading to vascular inflammation and increased blood pressure, favoring the development of several cardiovascular complications, including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dela Justina
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center - School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center - School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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217
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Savla SR, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Cytokine storm associated coagulation complications in COVID-19 patients: Pathogenesis and Management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1397-1413. [PMID: 33832398 PMCID: PMC8074652 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1915129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, attacks the immune system causing an exaggerated and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokine storm). Recent studies propose an active role of coagulation disorders in disease progression. This hypercoagulability has been displayed by marked increase in D-dimer in hospitalized patients. Areas Covered This review summarizes the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, generation of cytokine storm, the interdependence between inflammation and coagulation, its consequences and the possible management options for coagulation complications like venous thromboembolism (VTE), microthrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and systemic and local coagulopathy. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for relevant reports using COVID-19, cytokine storm, and coagulation as keywords. Expert Opinion A prophylactic dose of 5000–7500 units of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been recommended for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in order to prevent VTE. Treatment dose of LMWH, based on disease severity, is being contemplated for patients showing a marked rise in levels of D-dimer due to possible pulmonary thrombi. Additionally, targeting PAR-1, thrombin, coagulation factor Xa and the complement system may be potentially useful in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection induced lung injury, microvascular thrombosis, VTE and related outcomes like DIC and multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya R Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
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218
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Wang C, Xiao X, Feng H, Hong Z, Li M, Tu N, Li X, Wang K, Bu L. Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concise but Updated Comprehensive Review. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1718-1729. [PMID: 33847795 PMCID: PMC8042461 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously temporarily named 2019-nCoV) was reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic and a major public health concern. As of 18 January 2021, the virus has spread all over the world, resulting in over 99,026 cases in China and more than 95 million cases in another 216 countries. After three months of efforts, Chinese authorities have managed to control the outbreak by implementing aggressive and effective measures; by striking contrast, the number of confirmed patients outside China is still rapidly climbing following an exponential growth trend, especially in some European and American countries. To date, no specific therapeutic drugs still exist for COVID-19. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the updated comprehensive summary regarding COVID-19, in the hopes of providing a reference for the intervention and prevention of the COVID‐19 epidemic for public health authorities and healthcare workers around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengyuan Hong
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Li
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Tu
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Xuerong Li
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Wang
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Lihong Bu
- PET-CT/MR Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
- Molecular Imaging Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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Rathe JA, Hemann EA, Eggenberger J, Li Z, Knoll ML, Stokes C, Hsiang TY, Netland J, Takehara KK, Pepper M, Gale M. SARS-CoV-2 Serologic Assays in Control and Unknown Populations Demonstrate the Necessity of Virus Neutralization Testing. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1120-1131. [PMID: 33367830 PMCID: PMC7798987 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine how serologic antibody testing outcome links with virus neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we evaluated individuals for SARS-CoV-2 antibody level and viral neutralization. METHODS We compared serum Ig levels across platforms of viral antigens and antibodies with 15 positive and 30 negative SARS-CoV-2 controls followed by viral neutralization assessment. We then applied these platforms to a clinically relevant cohort of 114 individuals with unknown histories of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS In controls, the best-performing virus-specific antibody detection platforms were SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG (sensitivity 87%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value [PPV] 100%, negative predictive value [NPV] 94%), spike IgG3 (sensitivity 93%, specificity 97%, PPV 93%, NPV 97%), and nucleocapsid protein (NP) IgG (sensitivity 93%, specificity 97%, PPV 93%, NPV 97%). Neutralization of positive and negative control sera showed 100% agreement. Twenty individuals with unknown history had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with 16 demonstrating virus neutralization. Spike IgG3 provided the highest accuracy for predicting serologically positive individuals with virus neutralization activity (misidentified 1/20 unknowns compared to 2/20 for RBD and NP IgG). CONCLUSIONS The coupling of virus neutralization analysis to a spike IgG3 antibody test is optimal to categorize patients for correlates of SARS-CoV-2 immune protection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Rathe
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie Eggenberger
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Li
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan L Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caleb Stokes
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jason Netland
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kennidy K Takehara
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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220
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Yanardag Acik D, Bankir M. Relationship of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic with Blood Groups. Transfus Med Hemother 2021; 48:161-167. [PMID: 34177420 PMCID: PMC8089448 DOI: 10.1159/000515609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV attaches to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor with the spike protein and infects cells. It can play a direct role in infection by acting as a receptor and/or co-receptor for blood group antigens, microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. Objectives We aimed to compare the blood group distribution of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to hospital and that of healthy donors. Methods A total of 823 patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test and clinical symptoms were included in the study. The results were compared with the normal blood group distribution in the region. Results While the prevalence of COVID-19 in the A, B, and AB blood groups was higher than that in the healthy blood donors, it was lower in the O blood group (p = 0.009). The distribution of demographic and clinical characteristics based on blood groups did not differ significantly. Conclusion Our results are in agreement with other studies suggesting that blood group O individuals are somewhat more resistant to clinically overt infection with SARS-CoV-2 than other blood groups. However, this tendency is not sufficiently established to allow special prophylaxis recommendations for non-O individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didar Yanardag Acik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Adana City Education and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bankir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Adana City Education and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
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221
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Arévalo AP, Pagotto R, Pórfido JL, Daghero H, Segovia M, Yamasaki K, Varela B, Hill M, Verdes JM, Duhalde Vega M, Bollati-Fogolín M, Crispo M. Ivermectin reduces in vivo coronavirus infection in a mouse experimental model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7132. [PMID: 33785846 PMCID: PMC8010049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of ivermectin for the treatment of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a type 2 family RNA coronavirus similar to SARS-CoV-2. Female BALB/cJ mice were infected with 6,000 PFU of MHV-A59 (group infected, n = 20) or infected and then immediately treated with a single dose of 500 µg/kg ivermectin (group infected + IVM, n = 20) or were not infected and treated with PBS (control group, n = 16). Five days after infection/treatment, the mice were euthanized and the tissues were sampled to assess their general health status and infection levels. Overall, the results demonstrated that viral infection induced typical MHV-caused disease, with the livers showing severe hepatocellular necrosis surrounded by a severe lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltration associated with a high hepatic viral load (52,158 AU), while mice treated with ivermectin showed a better health status with a lower viral load (23,192 AU; p < 0.05), with only a few having histopathological liver damage (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the group infected + IVM and control group mice (P = NS). Furthermore, serum transaminase levels (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) were significantly lower in the treated mice than in the infected animals. In conclusion, ivermectin diminished the MHV viral load and disease in the mice, being a useful model for further understanding this therapy against coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Arévalo
- Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Pagotto
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J L Pórfido
- Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Worm Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo/Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - H Daghero
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Segovia
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunobiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - K Yamasaki
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Pathology Unit, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - B Varela
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Pathology Unit, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Hill
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Immunobiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J M Verdes
- Pathobiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Pathology Unit, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Duhalde Vega
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Chemical Physics (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Bollati-Fogolín
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Crispo
- Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Policard M, Jain S, Rego S, Dakshanamurthy S. Immune characterization and profiles of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients reveals potential host therapeutic targets and SARS-CoV-2 oncogenesis mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.17.431721. [PMID: 33619493 PMCID: PMC7899457 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.17.431721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the increasing mortality rates of COVID-19 create an urgent need for treatments, which are currently lacking. Although vaccines have been approved by the FDA for emergency use in the U.S., patients will continue to require pharmacologic intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality as vaccine availability remains limited. The rise of new variants makes the development of therapeutic strategies even more crucial to combat the current pandemic and future outbreaks. Evidence from several studies suggests the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis. Consequently, host immune factors are becoming more recognized as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for COVID-19. To develop therapeutic strategies to combat current and future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding how the coronavirus hijacks the host immune system during and after the infection is crucial. In this study, we investigated immunological patterns or characteristics of the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection that may contribute to the disease severity of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed large bulk RNASeq and single cell RNAseq data from COVID-19 patient samples to immunoprofile differentially expressed gene sets and analyzed pathways to identify human host protein targets. We observed an immunological profile of severe COVID-19 patients characterized by upregulated cytokines, interferon-induced proteins, and pronounced T cell lymphopenia, supporting findings by previous studies. We identified a number of host immune targets including PERK, PKR, TNF, NF-kB, and other key genes that modulate the significant pathways and genes identified in COVID-19 patients. Finally, we identified genes modulated by COVID-19 infection that are implicated in oncogenesis, including E2F transcription factors and RB1, suggesting a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to oncogenesis. Further clinical investigation of these targets may lead to bonafide therapeutic strategies to treat the current COVID-19 pandemic and protect against future outbreaks and viral escape variants.
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Kazemi E, Soldoozi Nejat R, Ashkan F, Sheibani H. The laboratory findings and different COVID-19 severities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:17. [PMID: 33726761 PMCID: PMC7962428 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal laboratory findings are common in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of the level of some laboratory factors (C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and platelet count) on the severity and outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We collected the articles published before May 26, 2020. We gathered the laboratory factors in groups of patients with COVID-19, and studied the relation between level of these factors with severity and outcome of the disease. Results Mean CRP level, creatinine, hemoglobin, and the leukocytes count in the critically ill patients were significantly higher than those of the other groups (non-critical patients); mean CRP = 54.81 mg/l, mean creatinine = 86.82 μmol/l, mean hemoglobin = 144.05 g/l, and mean leukocyte count = 7.41 × 109. The lymphocyte count was higher in patients with mild/moderate disease (mean: 1.32 × 109) and in the invasive ventilation group (mean value of 0.72 × 109), but it was considerably lower than those of the other two groups. The results showed that the platelet count was higher in critically ill patients (mean value of 205.96 × 109). However, the amount was lower in the invasive ventilation group compared with the other groups (mean level = 185.67 × 109). Conclusion With increasing disease severity, the leukocyte count and the level of CRP increase significantly and the lymphocyte count decreases. There seems to be a significant relation between platelet level, hemoglobin, and creatinine level with severity of the disease. However, more studies are required to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reihane Soldoozi Nejat
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ashkan
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Sheibani
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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Nguyen LC, Yang D, Nicolaescu V, Best TJ, Ohtsuki T, Chen SN, Friesen JB, Drayman N, Mohamed A, Dann C, Silva D, Gula H, Jones KA, Millis JM, Dickinson BC, Tay S, Oakes SA, Pauli GF, Meltzer DO, Randall G, Rosner MR. Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.10.432967. [PMID: 33758843 PMCID: PMC7987002 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.10.432967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of COVID-19 underscores the need for new treatments. Here we report that cannabidiol (CBD), a compound produced by the cannabis plant, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection. CBD and its metabolite, 7-OH-CBD, but not congeneric cannabinoids, potently block SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung epithelial cells. CBD acts after cellular infection, inhibiting viral gene expression and reversing many effects of SARS-CoV-2 on host gene transcription. CBD induces interferon expression and up-regulates its antiviral signaling pathway. A cohort of human patients previously taking CBD had significantly lower SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence of up to an order of magnitude relative to matched pairs or the general population. This study highlights CBD, and its active metabolite, 7-OH-CBD, as potential preventative agents and therapeutic treatments for SARS-CoV-2 at early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chi Nguyen
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Dongbo Yang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont IL 60439
| | - Thomas J. Best
- Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Takashi Ohtsuki
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612
| | - J. Brent Friesen
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612
| | - Nir Drayman
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Adil Mohamed
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Christopher Dann
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Diane Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Haley Gula
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont IL 60439
| | - Krysten A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | | | | | - Savaş Tay
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- College of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612
| | - David O. Meltzer
- Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont IL 60439
| | - Marsha Rich Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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225
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Gogoi M, Borkotoky M, Borchetia S, Chowdhury P, Mahanta S, Barooah AK. Black tea bioactives as inhibitors of multiple targets of SARS-CoV-2 (3CLpro, PLpro and RdRp): a virtual screening and molecular dynamic simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7143-7166. [PMID: 33715595 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1897679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic due to the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken more than a million lives. Lack of definitive vaccine/drugs against this highly contagious virus has accelerated exploratory research on novel natural and synthetic inhibitors. Tea is a rich source of bioactives and known to have antiviral properties. In this study, an in silico strategy involving ADMET property screening, receptor-ligand docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was employed to screen potential tea bio-active inhibitors against three selected targets (RdRp, 3CLpro and PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Among the 70 tea bioactives screened, theaflavin 3,3'-di-gallate (TF3), Procyanidin B2 and Theaflavin 3-gallate (TF2a) exhibited highest binding affinities towards RdRp, 3CLpro/Mpro and PLpro targets of SARS-CoV-2 with low docking scores of -14.92, -11.68 and -10.90 kcal/mol, respectively. All of them showed a substantial number of hydrogen bonds along with other interactions in and around the active sites. Interestingly, the top bioactives in our study showed higher binding affinities compared with known antiviral drugs. Further, the top protein-ligand complexes showed less conformational changes during binding when subjected to MD simulation for 100 nanoseconds. The MMPBSA results revealed that RdRp-TF3, 3CLpro-Procyanidin B2 and PLpro-TF2a complexes were stable with binding free energies of -93.59 ± 43.97, -139.78 ± 16.51 and -96.88 ± 25.39 kJ/mol, respectively. Our results suggest that theaflavin 3,3'-digallate, Theaflavin 3-gallate and Procyanidin B2 found in black tea have the potential to act as inhibitors for selected targets of SARS-CoV-2 and can be considered as drug candidates in future studies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurjya Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Meghali Borkotoky
- Department of Biotechnology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sangeeta Borchetia
- Department of Biotechnology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Pritom Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Saurov Mahanta
- National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Barooah
- Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India
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226
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Milani M, Donalisio M, Bonotto RM, Schneider E, Arduino I, Boni F, Lembo D, Marcello A, Mastrangelo E. Combined in silico and in vitro approaches identified the antipsychotic drug lurasidone and the antiviral drug elbasvir as SARS-CoV2 and HCoV-OC43 inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105055. [PMID: 33713730 PMCID: PMC7944860 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current emergency of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 urged the need for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs as the first line of treatment. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that already challenged humanity in at least two other previous outbreaks and are likely to be a constant threat for the future. In this work we developed a pipeline based on in silico docking of known drugs on SARS-CoV1/2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase combined with in vitro antiviral assays on both SARS-CoV2 and the common cold human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. Results showed that certain drugs displayed activity for both viruses at a similar inhibitory concentration, while others were specific. In particular, the antipsychotic drug lurasidone and the antiviral drug elbasvir showed promising activity in the low micromolar range against both viruses with good selectivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Milani
- CNR-IBF, Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, I-10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edoardo Schneider
- High Throughput Screening Facility of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Irene Arduino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, I-10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Boni
- CNR-IBF, Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, I-10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- CNR-IBF, Istituto di Biofisica, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy.
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227
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Colina SE, Serena MS, Echeverría MG, Metz GE. Clinical and molecular aspects of veterinary coronaviruses. Virus Res 2021; 297:198382. [PMID: 33705799 PMCID: PMC7938195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large group of RNA viruses that infect a wide range of animal species. The replication strategy of coronaviruses involves recombination and mutation events that lead to the possibility of cross-species transmission. The high plasticity of the viral receptor due to a continuous modification of the host species habitat may be the cause of cross-species transmission that can turn into a threat to other species including the human population. The successive emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in 2012, and the recent SARS-CoV-2 has incentivized a number of studies on the molecular basis of the coronavirus and its pathogenesis. The high degree of interrelatedness between humans and wild and domestic animals and the modification of animal habitats by human urbanization, has favored new viral spreads. Hence, knowledge on the main clinical signs of coronavirus infection in the different hosts and the distinctive molecular characteristics of each coronavirus is essential to prevent the emergence of new coronavirus diseases. The coronavirus infections routinely studied in veterinary medicine must be properly recognized and diagnosed not only to prevent animal disease but also to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Emanuel Colina
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Serena
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán Ernesto Metz
- Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), CCT La Plata, Argentina.
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228
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Development and Characterization of Inhaled Ethanol as a Novel Pharmacological Strategy Currently Evaluated in a Phase II Clinical Trial for Early-Stage SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030342. [PMID: 33808025 PMCID: PMC7999202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled administration of ethanol in the early stages of COVID-19 would favor its location on the initial replication sites, being able to reduce the progression of the disease and improving its prognosis. Before evaluating the efficacy and safety of this novel therapeutic strategy in humans, its characterization is required. The developed 65° ethanol formulation is stable at room temperature and protected from light for 15 days, maintaining its physicochemical and microbiological properties. Two oxygen flows have been tested for its administration (2 and 3 L/min) using an automated headspace gas chromatographic analysis technique (HS-GC-MS), with that of 2 L/min being the most appropriate one, ensuring the inhalation of an ethanol daily dose of 33.6 ± 3.6 mg/min and achieving more stable concentrations during the entire treatment (45 min). Under these conditions of administration, the formulation has proven to be safe, based on histological studies of the respiratory tracts and lungs of rats. On the other hand, these results are accompanied by the first preclinical molecular imaging study with radiolabeled ethanol administered by this route. The current ethanol formulation has received approval from the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices for a phase II clinical trial for early-stage COVID-19 patients, which is currently in the recruitment phase (ALCOVID-19; EudraCT number: 2020-001760-29).
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229
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Abdelghany TM, Ganash M, Bakri MM, Qanash H, Al-Rajhi AMH, Elhussieny NI. SARS-CoV-2, the other face to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV: Future predictions. Biomed J 2021; 44:86-93. [PMID: 33602634 PMCID: PMC7603957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is proving to be an unprecedented disaster that lays its dark shadow on global health, economics and personal freedom. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics provide scientific data that is useful in better understanding and resolution of COVID-19. Similarities among SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been investigated in the light of available data. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 evolved in bats and have positive-sense RNA genomes of 27.9 kb, 30.1 kb and 29.9 kb, respectively. Molecular and serological tools used for diagnosis of SARS and MERS patients resemble COVID-19 diagnostic tools. Stability and longevity data of SARS and MERS epidemics contribute in the current pandemic precaution policies. Trials to produce vaccines for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV failed, therefore different strategies were employed for SARS-CoV2 vaccines production and during the past period antiviral agents, Convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies provide potential treatments for sever patients. The mortality rate caused by the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV reached 15% and 37%, respectively. The first declarations about mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 was around 2-4% but now this rate differed globally and reached more than 13% in some countries. A realistic COVID-19 outbreak scenario suggest that the pandemic might last for three years with fluctuation in the number of infected cases, unless vaccination process goes faster and/or antiviral drug is discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Abdelghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwah M Bakri
- University College, Al-Ardah, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Qanash
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha M H Al-Rajhi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora Bent Abdularahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem I Elhussieny
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany; Life Sciences and Chemistry Department, Jacobs University Bremen GmbH, Bremen, Germany
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230
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Tyagi I, Mahfooz Y, Kashif M, Anjum A. COVID-19: Journey so far and Deep Insight Using Crowdsourced Data in India. MAPAN 2021. [PMCID: PMC7778698 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-020-00416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assemble the data and reflect the epidemiological statistics required as well as apply mathematical prototypical approach of the new outbreak that cover all perspectives of the facts and figures as of August 08, 2020, and thereby suggest the direction of the forthcoming epidemic situation in India for all policy makers. The outburst of the new fatal strain of coronavirus from an animal-to-human fall over in China has infected at least 204 countries as well as territories throughout the world. As of April 03, 2020, almost 972,303 confirmed cases and 50,321 deaths have been reported across the world due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attained a huge elevation to 19.3 × 106 confirmed cases on August 08, 2020, of which India contributes a major part of 2.09 × 106 confirmed cases. It is the first neoliberal virus that easily encompasses its danger chiefly to easily susceptible including the malnutrition, the ill, and old people. As the world struggles with pandemic, India with its second largest population of more than 1.3 billion people in the world is likely to have many more cases than the numbers currently being reported. This has put numerous thousand individuals under observation in the country due to clinical symptoms, recent travel to China, Italy, Iran, and concordant entries in the relevant tailing surveys. The novelty of this approach is to rely on the exclusive source of official data, for social media and daily tracking of news reports in India that collected and curated the pertinent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Tyagi
- Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306 India
| | - Yasser Mahfooz
- Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, P. O. Box 71115, Riyadh, 11587 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Kashif
- Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306 India
| | - Ansar Anjum
- Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306 India
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231
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Uversky VN, Elrashdy F, Aljadawi A, Ali SM, Khan RH, Redwan EM. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection reaches the human nervous system: How? J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:750-777. [PMID: 33217763 PMCID: PMC7753416 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Without protective and/or therapeutic agents the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 is quickly spreading worldwide. It has surprising transmissibility potential, since it could infect all ages, gender, and human sectors. It attacks respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, hepatic, and endovascular systems and can reach the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) through known and unknown mechanisms. The reports on the neurological manifestations and complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are increasing exponentially. Herein, we enumerate seven candidate routes, which the mature or immature SARS-CoV-2 components could use to reach the CNS and PNS, utilizing the within-body cross talk between organs. The majority of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients suffer from some neurological manifestations (e.g., confusion, anosmia, and ageusia). It seems that although the mature virus did not reach the CNS or PNS of the majority of patients, its unassembled components and/or the accompanying immune-mediated responses may be responsible for the observed neurological symptoms. The viral particles and/or its components have been specifically documented in endothelial cells of lung, kidney, skin, and CNS. This means that the blood-endothelial barrier may be considered as the main route for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the nervous system, with the barrier disruption being more logical than barrier permeability, as evidenced by postmortem analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of SciencesFederal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”PushchinoRussia
| | - Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and HepatogastroenterologyKasr Alainy School of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Abdullah Aljadawi
- Biological Science DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Syed Moasfar Ali
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology UnitAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology UnitAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
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232
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Onchonga D, Ngetich E, Makunda W, Wainaina P, Wangeshi D, viktoria P. Anxiety and depression due to 2019 SARS-CoV-2 among frontier healthcare workers in Kenya. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06351. [PMID: 33644428 PMCID: PMC7901492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease continues to spread across the globe, causing anxiety and depression among healthcare workers. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to determine the levels of anxiety and depression due to the coronavirus pandemic among healthcare workers in Kenya. METHODS A total sample of 476 respondents participated. The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and Patient-Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), together with a socio-demographic questionnaire, were applied. Stratified sampling was used. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package Programme for Social Science Version 23.0.0. Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed to establish the differences in levels of anxiety and depression across socio-demographic characteristics. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to establish the predictors of levels of anxiety and depression, and associations were considered significant at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 35.1% (n = 167) of the participants had mild anxiety, and 13.4% (n = 64) severe anxiety. Approximately 53.6% (n = 255) had mild depression while 9.2% (n = 44) had severe depression. The univariate analysis illustrated a statistical difference in anxiety levels in gender (p > 0.027), years of work experience (p = 0.005), and the cadre of respondents (p = 0.0028). Gender was statistically significant with the level of depression (p = 0.045). About 62.6% (n = 298) of healthcare workers had been trained, and only 9% (n = 43) were confident in managing COVID-19 cases. A large proportion, 98% (n = 458) had concerns about the availability of personal protective equipment. CONCLUSION The study findings indicated that the majority of healthcare workers had mild anxiety and depression. Female healthcare workers were more likely to experience severe anxiety and depression. Also, levels of anxiety and depression differed across different cadres of healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Onchonga
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Enoch Ngetich
- School of Public health, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Prémusz viktoria
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary
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233
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Mehrzadi S, Karimi MY, Fatemi A, Reiter RJ, Hosseinzadeh A. SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses negatively influence mitochondrial quality control: beneficial effects of melatonin. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107825. [PMID: 33662449 PMCID: PMC7919585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of single stranded RNA viruses, of which some of them such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with deadly worldwide human diseases. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a condition caused by SARS-CoV-2, results in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with high mortality in the elderly and in people with underlying comorbidities. Results from several studies suggest that CoVs localize in mitochondria and interact with mitochondrial protein translocation machinery to target their encoded products to mitochondria. Coronaviruses encode a number of proteins; this process is essential for viral replication through inhibiting degradation of viral proteins and host misfolded proteins including those in mitochondria. These viruses seem to maintain their replication by altering mitochondrial dynamics and targeting mitochondrial-associated antiviral signaling (MAVS), allowing them to evade host innate immunity. Coronaviruses infections such as COVID-19 are more severe in aging patients. Since endogenous melatonin levels are often dramatically reduced in the aged and because it is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, melatonin has been proposed to be useful in CoVs infections by altering proteasomal and mitochondrial activities. Melatonin inhibits mitochondrial fission due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on cytosolic calcium overload. The collective data suggests that melatonin may mediate mitochondrial adaptations through regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. We propose that melatonin may inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced cell damage by regulating mitochondrial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Fatemi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mazzucchi E, Torricelli FCM, Vicentini FC, Marchini GS, Danilovic A, Batagello CA, Srougi M, Nahas WC. The impact of COVID-19 in medical practice. A review focused on Urology. Int Braz J Urol 2021; 47:251-262. [PMID: 32840335 PMCID: PMC7857770 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.99.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is a rapidly spreading virus that is changing the World and the way doctors are practicing medicine. The huge number of patients searching for medical care and needing intensive care beds led the health care system to a burnout status especially in places where the care system was already overloaded. In this setting, and also due to the absence of a specific treatment for the disease, health authorities had to opt for recommending or imposing social distancing to relieve the health system and reduce deaths. All other medical specialties non-directly related to the treatment of COVID-19 had to interrupt or strongly reduce their activities in order to give room to seriously ill patients, since no one knows so far the real extent of the virus damage on human body and the consequences of doing non deferrable procedures in this pandemic era. Despite not been a urological disease, the urologist needs to be updated on how to deal with these patients and how to take care of himself and of the medical team he works with. The aim of this article is to review briefly some practical aspects of COVID-19 and its implications in the urological practice in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Mazzucchi
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Correspondence address: Eduardo Mazzucchi, MD, Setor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255 / 7 andar, sala 710 F, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brasil. E-mail:
| | - Fabio C. M. Torricelli
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Fabio C. Vicentini
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Giovanni S. Marchini
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Alexandre Danilovic
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Carlos A. Batagello
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - Miguel Srougi
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | - William C. Nahas
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de MedicinaHospital das ClínicasSão PauloSPBrasilSetor de Endourologia, Divisão de Urologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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235
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Al-Qaaneh AM, Alshammari T, Aldahhan R, Aldossary H, Alkhalifah ZA, Borgio JF. Genome composition and genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1978-1989. [PMID: 33519278 PMCID: PMC7834485 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a type of Betacoronaviruses responsible for COVID-19 pandemic disease, with more than 1.745 million fatalities globally as of December-2020. Genetically, it is considered the second largest genome of all RNA viruses with a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail. Phylogenetic analyses of coronaviruses reveal that SARS-CoV-2 is genetically closely related to the Bat-SARS Like-Corona virus (Bat-SL-Cov) with 96% whole-genome identity. SARS-CoV-2 genome consists of 15 ORFs coded into 29 proteins. At the 5' terminal of the genome, we have ORF1ab and ORF1a, which encode the 1ab and 1a polypeptides that are proteolytically cleaved into 16 different nonstructural proteins (NSPs). The 3' terminal of the genome represents four structural (spike, envelope, matrix, and nucleocapsid) and nine accessory (3a, 3b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8b, 9a, 9b, and orf10) proteins. As the number of COVID-19 patients increases dramatically worldwide, there is an urgent need to find a quick and sensitive diagnostic tool for controlling the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. Today, molecular testing methods utilizing viral genetic material (e.g., PCR) represent the crucial diagnostic tool for the SARS-CoV-2 virus despite its low sensitivity in the early stage of viral infection. This review summarizes the genome composition and genetic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M. Al-Qaaneh
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Drug Information Center, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH), Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer Alshammari
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Aldahhan
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Aldossary
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahra Abduljaleel Alkhalifah
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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236
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Kim Y, Walser SA, Asghar SJ, Jain R, Mainali G, Kumar A. A Comprehensive Review of Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 and Management of Pre-existing Neurologic Disorders in Children. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:324-330. [PMID: 33112694 PMCID: PMC7859660 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820968995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the first reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection from China, multiple studies have been published regarding the epidemiologic aspects of COVID-19 including clinical manifestations and outcomes. The majority of these studies have focused on respiratory complications. However, recent findings have highlighted the systemic effects of the virus, including its potential impact on the nervous system. Similar to SARS-CoV-1, cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the expression of ACE2, a receptor that is abundantly expressed in the nervous system. Neurologic manifestations in adults include cerebrovascular insults, encephalitis or encephalopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. However, the presence of these neurologic findings in the pediatric population is unclear. In this review, the potential neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, known neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in children, and management of preexisting pediatric neurologic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Kim
- Penn State College of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Sheila J. Asghar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health,
Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gayatra Mainali
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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237
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Nakamichi K, Shen JZ, Lee CS, Lee A, Roberts EA, Simonson PD, Roychoudhury P, Andriesen J, Randhawa AK, Mathias PC, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Van Gelder RN. Hospitalization and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 viral clades in COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4802. [PMID: 33637820 PMCID: PMC7910290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic of 2019-20 is due to the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Following first case description in December, 2019 this virus has infected over 10 million individuals and resulted in at least 500,000 deaths world-wide. The virus is undergoing rapid mutation, with two major clades of sequence variants emerging. This study sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 sequence variants are associated with differing outcomes among COVID-19 patients in a single medical system. Whole genome SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequence was obtained from isolates collected from patients registered in the University of Washington Medicine health system between March 1 and April 15, 2020. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients and their outcome data including their hospitalization and death were collected. Statistical and machine learning models were applied to determine if viral genetic variants were associated with specific outcomes of hospitalization or death. Full length SARS-CoV-2 sequence was obtained 190 subjects with clinical outcome data. 35 (18.4%) were hospitalized and 14 (7.4%) died from complications of infection. A total of 289 single nucleotide variants were identified. Clustering methods demonstrated two major viral clades, which could be readily distinguished by 12 polymorphisms in 5 genes. A trend toward higher rates of hospitalization of patients with Clade 2 infections was observed (p = 0.06, Fisher's exact). Machine learning models utilizing patient demographics and co-morbidities achieved area-under-the-curve (AUC) values of 0.93 for predicting hospitalization. Addition of viral clade or sequence information did not significantly improve models for outcome prediction. In summary, SARS-CoV-2 shows substantial sequence diversity in a community-based sample. Two dominant clades of virus are in circulation. Among patients sufficiently ill to warrant testing for virus, no significant difference in outcomes of hospitalization or death could be discerned between clades in this sample. Major risk factors for hospitalization and death for either major clade of virus include patient age and comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakamichi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Campus Box 359608, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Jolie Z Shen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia S Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Campus Box 359608, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Aaron Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Campus Box 359608, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Emma A Roberts
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D Simonson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Andriesen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick C Mathias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Avenue, Campus Box 359608, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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238
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Gioti K, Kottaridi C, Voyiatzaki C, Chaniotis D, Rampias T, Beloukas A. Animal Coronaviruses Induced Apoptosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030185. [PMID: 33652685 PMCID: PMC7996831 DOI: 10.3390/life11030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed death that has also been observed in cells infected by several viruses. It is considered one of the most critical innate immune mechanisms that limits pathogen proliferation and propagation before the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Recent studies investigating the cellular responses to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that coronaviruses can alter cellular homeostasis and promote cell death, providing evidence that the modulation of apoptotic pathways is important for viral replication and propagation. Despite the genetic diversity among different coronavirus clades and the infection of different cell types and several hosts, research studies in animal coronaviruses indicate that apoptosis in host cells is induced by common molecular mechanisms and apoptotic pathways. We summarize and critically review current knowledge on the molecular aspects of cell-death regulation during animal coronaviruses infection and the viral–host interactions to this process. Future research is expected to lead to a better understanding of the regulation of cell death during coronavirus infection. Moreover, investigating the role of viral proteins in this process will help us to identify novel antiviral targets related to apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gioti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Christine Kottaridi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysa Voyiatzaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Dimitrios Chaniotis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Basic Research Center, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (K.G.); (C.K.); (C.V.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (A.B.)
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239
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Sanchez-Russo L, Billah M, Chancay J, Hindi J, Cravedi P. COVID-19 and the Kidney: A Worrisome Scenario of Acute and Chronic Consequences. J Clin Med 2021; 10:900. [PMID: 33668833 PMCID: PMC7956338 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common finding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has been associated with higher rates of death when compared to COVID-19 patients without kidney injury. Whereas the definitive pathogenesis of COVID-19-related AKI (CoV-AKI) is not clear, histopathologic evidence seems to point at multiple etiologies for the disease, including indirect and direct viral kidney injury. The high incidence of CoV-AKI, along with the aggressive clinical presentation of this entity, have increased the demands for kidney replacement therapies, rapidly overwhelming the supplies of healthcare systems even in major tertiary care centers. As a result, nephrologists have come up with alternatives to maximize the efficiency of treatments and have developed non-conventional therapeutic alternatives such as the implementation of acute peritoneal dialysis for critically ill patients. The long-term implications of CoV-AKI are yet unknown, though early studies suggest that around one third of the patients who survive will remain dependent on kidney replacement therapy. Nephrologists and healthcare workers need to be familiar with the clinical presentation and therapeutic challenges of CoV-AKI in order to develop strategies to mitigate the burden of the disease for patients, and for services providing kidney replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (L.S.-R.); (M.B.); (J.C.); (J.H.)
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240
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Sun J, Liu M, Yang N. Insight into the origin of SARS-CoV-2 through structural analysis of receptor recognition: a molecular simulation study. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8718-8729. [PMID: 35423354 PMCID: PMC8695178 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats and pangolins are considered to be potential hosts of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, based on its genome similarity to coronaviruses of these species (Bat-CoV-RaTG13 and Pangolin-CoV). The receptor-binding domain (RBD), a functional component of the spike protein, is responsible for binding of SARS-CoV-2 by human ACE2 receptors and is also key to cross-species viral transmission. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using structures of hACE2 in complex with the RBD of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, Pangolin-CoV and Bat-CoV-RaTG13, respectively. By analyzing the hydrogen-bonding network at the RBD-hACE2 interface and estimating the binding free energies between RBD and hACE2, we found Pangolin-CoV bound hACE2 in a similar state as did SARS-CoV-2, and both of them bound hACE2 more strongly than did Bat-CoV-RaTG13 or SARS-CoV. We further identified two major adaptation mutations of SARS-CoV-2-RBD, which may have significant roles in regulating the recognition and binding between RBD and hACE2. Our results add to existing evidence that Pangolins have the potential to act as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2, and provide guidance for future design of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Meijiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University Tianjin 300353 China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University Tianjin 300353 China
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241
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Clinical predictors of poor outcomes in patients with sickle cell disease and COVID-19 infection. Blood Adv 2021; 5:207-215. [PMID: 33570644 PMCID: PMC7802524 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SCD patients with COVID-19 display a broad range of severity, with a higher case fatality than the non-SCD population (10.9% vs 3.3%). Older patients not treated with hydroxyurea with end organ damage who present with acute kidney injury, and elevated LDH and D-dimer level are at higher risk of death.
We aimed to identify predictors of outcomes and survival in patients living in 4 major metropolitan areas who had sickle cell disease (SCD) and COVID-19 to inform best approaches to prevention and care. Data were collected at baseline and during the clinical course in SCD patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in four COVID-19 epicenters. Patients were followed up posthospital discharge for up to 3 months. Of sixty-six SCD patients with COVID-19, fifty patients (75%) required hospitalization, and seven died (10.6%). Patients with preexisting kidney disease (chronic kidney disease) were more likely to be hospitalized. The most common presenting symptom was vaso-occlusive pain. Acute chest syndrome occurred in 30 (60%) of the 50 hospitalized patients and in all who died. Older age and histories of pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and stroke were more prevalent in patients who died, as were higher creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer levels. Anticoagulation use while inpatient was twice less common in patients who died. All deaths occurred in individuals not taking hydroxyurea or any other SCD-modifying therapy. Patients with SCD and COVID-19 exhibited a broad range of disease severity. We cannot definitively state that the overall mortality is higher in patients with SCD, although our case fatality rate was ∼10% compared with ∼3% in the general population, despite a median age of 34 years. Individuals with SCD aged >50 years, with preexisting cardiopulmonary, renal disease, and/or stroke not receiving hydroxyurea, who present with high serum creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer levels, are at higher risk of death, irrespective of genotype or sex.
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242
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Mascolo S, Carleo MA, Contieri M, Izzo S, Perna A, De Luca A, Esposito V. SARS-CoV-2 and inflammatory responses: From mechanisms to the potential therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulin. J Med Virol 2021; 93:2654-2661. [PMID: 33150961 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is originated in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Due to its extreme transmissibility with droplets and human contacts, in a few months, it has become a pandemic. Nowadays, no effective therapy is available, and the scientific community is moving to find a therapeutic choice to fight this silent enemy. Studies are ongoing on several therapeutic options, including antiviral agents, immunomodulant drugs, and immunotherapy. Due to viral features, including the ability to start an inflammatory response that seems to be the fulcrum of COVID-19 pathogenic action, immunotherapy could represent a promising alternative waiting for the vaccine. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), already used in other infectious diseases, could represent an effective help. The aim of this narrative review is to reassemble the clinical experiences on the use of IVIg in COVID-19 and the rationale of its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mascolo
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria A Carleo
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Contieri
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Izzo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Esposito
- UOC Immunodeficiencies and Gender-Related Infectious Diseases, AO dei Colli, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
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243
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Devaux CA, Lagier JC, Raoult D. New Insights Into the Physiopathology of COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2-Associated Gastrointestinal Illness. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:640073. [PMID: 33681266 PMCID: PMC7930624 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.640073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered a lung-tropic virus that infects the respiratory tract through binding to the ACE2 cell-surface molecules present on alveolar lungs epithelial cells, gastrointestinal symptoms have been frequently reported in COVID-19 patients. What can be considered an apparent paradox is that these symptoms (e.g., diarrhea), sometimes precede the development of respiratory tract illness as if the breathing apparatus was not its first target during viral dissemination. Recently, evidence was reported that the gut is an active site of replication for SARS-CoV-2. This replication mainly occurs in mature enterocytes expressing the ACE2 viral receptor and TMPRSS4 protease. In this review we question how SARS-CoV-2 can cause intestinal disturbances, whether there are pneumocyte-tropic, enterocyte-tropic and/or dual tropic strains of SARS-CoV-2. We examine two major models: first, that of a virus directly causing damage locally (e.g., by inducing apoptosis of infected enterocytes); secondly, that of indirect effect of the virus (e.g., by inducing changes in the composition of the gut microbiota followed by the induction of an inflammatory process), and suggest that both situations probably occur simultaneously in COVID-19 patients. We eventually discuss the consequences of the virus replication in brush border of intestine on long-distance damages affecting other tissues/organs, particularly lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Majumdar S, Verma R, Saha A, Bhattacharyya P, Maji P, Surjit M, Kundu M, Basu J, Saha S. Perspectives About Modulating Host Immune System in Targeting SARS-CoV-2 in India. Front Genet 2021; 12:637362. [PMID: 33664772 PMCID: PMC7921795 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.637362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus induced disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a type of common cold virus responsible for a global pandemic which requires immediate measures for its containment. India has the world's largest population aged between 10 and 40 years. At the same time, India has a large number of individuals with diabetes, hypertension and kidney diseases, who are at a high risk of developing COVID-19. A vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, may offer immediate protection from the causative agent of COVID-19, however, the protective memory may be short-lived. Even if vaccination is broadly successful in the world, India has a large and diverse population with over one-third being below the poverty line. Therefore, the success of a vaccine, even when one becomes available, is uncertain, making it necessary to focus on alternate approaches of tackling the disease. In this review, we discuss the differences in COVID-19 death/infection ratio between urban and rural India; and the probable role of the immune system, co-morbidities and associated nutritional status in dictating the death rate of COVID-19 patients in rural and urban India. Also, we focus on strategies for developing masks, vaccines, diagnostics and the role of drugs targeting host-virus protein-protein interactions in enhancing host immunity. We also discuss India's strengths including the resources of medicinal plants, good food habits and the role of information technology in combating COVID-19. We focus on the Government of India's measures and strategies for creating awareness in the containment of COVID-19 infection across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit Verma
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Avishek Saha
- Ubiquitous Analytical Techniques, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Pradipta Maji
- Biomedical Imaging and Bioinformatics Lab, Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Milan Surjit
- Virology Laboratory, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Division of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
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Profiling Laboratory Biomarkers Associated with COVID-19 Disease Progression: A Single-Center Experience. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6643333. [PMID: 33628256 PMCID: PMC7879328 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6643333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is clinical importance to investigate the disease progression through potential biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the significance of inflammatory markers in different categories of COVID-19 in admitted patients. Methods In a single-center, observational study of 50 in-hospital patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, infection biomarkers, including hs-CRP, serum ferritin, serum creatinine, ALT, ALP, cardiac troponin-I, and IL-6 were analyzed. Results The median age was 61.3 years. 70% (35) were male while 30% (15) were female. We noted significantly increased hs-CRP (9.32 mg/dL ± 10.03) and ferritin levels (982.3 ng/ml ± 601.9). A noteworthy increase was observed in neutrophil count (11.05 × 109/L) and a decrease was observed in lymphocyte count (0.27 × 109/L) (P < 0.05), and the platelet count was borderline decreased (244.1 × 109/L). IL-6 levels were markedly increased in all admitted patients (100.2 pg/ml ± 122.2 pg/ml). Conclusion The serum levels of CRP, troponin-I, ALP, ALT, serum creatinine, and ferritin are markedly increased in COVID-19 patients. Increased CRP and ferritin levels were also associated with secondary bacterial infection and poor clinical outcomes.
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Abstract
COVID-19 has plagued the world since it was first identified in December 2019. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis were limited by various factors such as the usage of non-peer reviewed data and were also limited by the lack of clinical data on a global scale. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the globe at unprecedented speed and is showing no signs of slowing down. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to significant health burden in infected patients especially in those with underlying comorbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between comorbidities and their role in the exacerbation of disease in COVID-19 patients leading to fatal outcomes. A systematic review was conducted using data from MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases published from 1 December 2019 to 15 September 2020. Fifty-three articles were included in the systematic review. Of those 53 articles, 8 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus were identified to be the most prevalent comorbidities in COVID-19 patients. Our meta-analysis showed that cancer, chronic kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were independently associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. Chronic kidney disease was statistically the most prominent comorbidity leading to death. However, despite having high prevalence, obesity was not associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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Mehmood I, Ijaz M, Ahmad S, Ahmed T, Bari A, Abro A, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Tahir ul Qamar M. SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041626. [PMID: 33567746 PMCID: PMC7915969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a great threat to public health, being a causative pathogen of a deadly coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has spread to more than 200 countries and infected millions of individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 has structural/genomic similarities with the previously reported SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the specific mutations in its genome make it a novel virus. Available therapeutic strategies failed to control this virus. Despite strict standard operating procedures (SOPs), SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally and it is mutating gradually as well. Diligent efforts, special care, and awareness are needed to reduce transmission among susceptible masses particularly elder people, children, and health care workers. In this review, we highlighted the basic genome organization and structure of SARS-CoV-2. Its transmission dynamics, symptoms, and associated risk factors are discussed. This review also presents the latest mutations identified in its genome, the potential therapeutic options being used, and a brief explanation of vaccine development efforts against COVID-19. The effort will not only help readers to understand the deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus but also provide updated information to researchers for their research work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Amna Bari
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Asma Abro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan;
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.T.u.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.T.u.Q.)
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248
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Comparison of Selected Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and HCoV-NL63. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review article presents the taxonomy of SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, which have been classified as the seventh known human pathogenic coronavirus. The etiology of COVID-19 is also briefly discussed. Selected characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and HCoV-NL63 are compared in the article. The angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as the receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry. ACE2 is well-known as a counter-regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) and plays a key role in the cardiovascular system. In the therapy of patients with COVID-19, there has been a concern about the use of RAAS inhibitors. As a result, it is hypothesized that ACE inhibitors do not directly affect ACE2 activity in clinical use. Coronaviruses are zoonotic RNA viruses. Identification of the primary causative agent of the SARS-CoV-2 is essential. Sequencing showed that the genome of the Bat CoVRaTG13 virus found in bats matches the genome of up to (96.2%) of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Sufficient knowledge of the molecular and biological mechanisms along with reliable information related to SARS-CoV-2 gives hope for a quick solution to epidemiological questions and therapeutic processes.
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Chakravarty D, Das Sarma J. Murine-β-coronavirus-induced neuropathogenesis sheds light on CNS pathobiology of SARS-CoV2. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:197-216. [PMID: 33547593 PMCID: PMC7864135 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has caused widespread infection and significant mortality across the globe. Combined virology perspective of SARS-CoV-2 with a deep-rooted understanding of pathophysiological and immunological processes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is of prime importance. The characteristic symptom of COVID-19 is respiratory distress with diffused alveolar damage, but emerging evidence suggests COVID-19 might also have neurologic consequences. Dysregulated homeostasis in the lungs has proven to be fatal, but one cannot ignore that the inability to breathe might be due to defects in the respiratory control center of the brainstem. While the mechanism of pulmonary distress has been documented in the literature, awareness of neurological features and their pathophysiology is still in the nascent state. This review makes references to the neuro-immune axis and neuro-invasive potential of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, as well as the prototypic H-CoV strains in human brains. Simultaneously, considerable discussion on relevant experimental evidence of mild to severe neurological manifestations of fellow neurotropic murine-β-CoVs (m-CoVs) in the mouse model will help understand the underpinning mechanisms of Neuro-COVID. In this review, we have highlighted the neuroimmunopathological processes in murine CoVs. While MHV infection in mice and SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans share numerous parallels, there are critical differences in viral recognition and viral entry. These similarities are highlighted in this review, while differences have also been emphasized. Though CoV-2 Spike does not favorably interact with murine ACE2 receptor, modification of murine SARS-CoV2 binding domain or development of transgenic ACE-2 knock-in mice might help in mediating consequential infection and understanding human CoV2 pathogenesis in murine models. While a global animal model that can replicate all aspects of the human disease remains elusive, prior insights and further experiments with fellow m-β-CoV-induced cause-effect experimental models and current human COVID-19 patients data may help to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2-induced multifactorial multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjana Chakravarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Haringhata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Haringhata, 741246, Mohanpur, India.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Vahey GM, Marshall KE, McDonald E, Martin SW, Tate JE, Midgley CM, Killerby ME, Kawasaki B, Herlihy RK, Alden NB, Staples JE. Symptom Profiles and Progression in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease, Colorado, USA, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:385-395. [PMID: 33496225 PMCID: PMC7853576 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.203729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve recognition of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and inform clinical and public health guidance, we randomly selected 600 COVID-19 case-patients in Colorado. A telephone questionnaire captured symptoms experienced, when symptoms occurred, and how long each lasted. Among 128 hospitalized patients, commonly reported symptoms included fever (84%), fatigue (83%), cough (73%), and dyspnea (72%). Among 236 nonhospitalized patients, commonly reported symptoms included fatigue (90%), fever (83%), cough (83%), and myalgia (74%). The most commonly reported initial symptoms were cough (21%-25%) and fever (20%-25%). In multivariable analysis, vomiting, dyspnea, altered mental status, dehydration, and wheezing were significantly associated with hospitalization, whereas rhinorrhea, headache, sore throat, and anosmia or ageusia were significantly associated with nonhospitalization. General symptoms and upper respiratory symptoms occurred earlier in disease, and anosmia, ageusia, lower respiratory symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms occurred later. Symptoms should be considered alongside other epidemiologic factors in clinical and public health decisions regarding potential COVID-19 cases.
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